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T C / N G H E N CUU DEN TRl^N KHAI - 5AN XUAT

<b>Nghien ciru irng dung cir dien tir </b>

<b>Che tao thiet b| thi cdng cong trinh GTVT ir Viet Nam </b>

<b>TS NGUYIN XUAN KHANG </b>

Vien KH&CN GTVT, Bo GTVT

<i><b>Nghien cuTu ultig dung ctf dien tuf (CDT) trong thiet ke, clie'tao cac thiet b| thi cong cong trinh giao thong van tai </b></i>
(GTVT) la djnh hu'dng quan trong gop phan nang cao muTc do hien dai, tang ci/tfng kha nang giam sat qua trmh
thi cong, dac biet la gop phan nang cao chat lUtfng xay dUhg cac cong trinh GTVT. Bing viec ihig dung ky thuat
do lu'dng, dieu khien dien tuf hien dai ke% htfp vdi cong nghe thong tin va kinh nghiem trong thie't ke va ehe tao
ctf khi, nhom cac nha khoa hoc thuoc Vien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe (KH&CN) GTVT da nghien cufU, thiet ke va ehe
tao thanh cong mot so' thiet bj phue vu thi cong, sufa chu'a cac cong trinh GTVT dam bao yeu cau ky thuat, co
kha nang thay the cac thiet bj cung loai nhap ngoai.

<b>Oatvan de </b>

BQiai niem CDT da hinh thanh tff
nhffng nam 60 cua the' ky XX, CDT la
mpt ITnh vffc KH&CN dffde hinh thanh
tff sff cpng nang cua ba nganh khoa hpc
chu yeu la cd khi, dien tff va edng nghe
thong tin. He thd'ng CDT la san pham
dac trffng cua nen kinh te' hau cdng
nghiep, ddng vai trd rat quan trpng va la
bp phan khdng the thieu trong hau bet
cac Hnh vffc ciia cupc sd'ng hien dai. Nd
CO mat trong ta't ea cac ITnh vffc nhff cdng
nghiep, qudc phdng, y hpc, sinh hpc...

He thdng CDT da dffde bat dau ffng
dung tren cac thie't bi thi cdng tff nhffng
nam dau thap ky 80 eua the ky XX.
Vao thdi diem dd, mpt so'hang san xua't
may mde, thie't bi thi cong edng trinh
GTVT ldn tren the gidi nhff: KOMATSU,
CATERPILLAR, LIEBHERR, KOBELCO...
da ffng dung he thdng CDT vao cac
thiet bi thi cdng cua minh. Viec thuy life
hoa tren cac may thi cong da trd thanh
khuynh hffdng phd bie'n nen he thdng
CDT dffde ffng dung chu yeu phue vu
cho viec lifa chpn ehe dp lam viec phu
hdp giffa cdng sua't cua dpng cd nd va
cong sua't tieu thu cua bdm thuy life,
dam bao hieu sua't lam viec cao nha't.
Cho tdi nhffng nam cud'i thap ky 80, he
thong CDT tren cac thie't bi thi cdng
da cho phep ngffdi van hanh Iffa chpn
cac ehe dp lam viee khac nhau, tff nang
nhpc den trung binh va nhe, thdng qua

viec dieu ehinh bd phan dieu khien, bao
gdm eac cam bie'n vdng quay dpng cd,
he thd'ng xff ly dff lieu trung tam, eac
num dieu khien ehe dp lam viec, cac
van dien tff chap hanh va he thdng dieu
khien bdm thuy life...

Den thap nien 90, he thd'ng CDT tren

cac thie't bi thi cdng da tien mdt bffdc
dai vdi muc dich nang cao dp thuan tien
khi sff dung, giam thieu sff met mdi cho
ngffdi sff dung, cai thien cac kha nang
thao tac mdi eho thie't bi, nang cao nang
sua't, tie't kiem nhien heu. Sff khac biet
ldn nha't ed the nhan tha'y la sff xua't hien
ciia man hinh giao dien dien tff. Thdng
qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh cd
the biet dffde mpi thdng tin hoat dpng
eiia thie't bi nhff so gid boat dpng, nhiet
dp dau, cac sff cd trffde do cua may...
Cung qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh
cd the dd dang dieu khien cac cbe dp,
thao tac lam viec khac nhau eua thie't bi
thi edng thdng qua cac nut bam. Ngay
ke ca cac tay dieu khien cung dffde sff
trd giup eua he thd'ng CDT. Cac thao tac
len tay dieu khien se gffi tin hieu den
eae bd phan chap hanh thdng qua tin
hieu dien tff da dffde xff ly tai bp vi xff
ly trung tam de dat dffde hieu qua cud'i
cung cao nhat.

Cung vdi thdi gian va sff phat trien
eiia cdng nghe, vdi nhffng ffu viet ndi
trdi cua minh, he thd'ng CDT tren cae
thie't bi thi cdng ngay cang dffde cai tien
va hien nay da dffde ffng dung rdng rai

trong cac nha san xuat may thi cdng tren
the gidi. Nhd viec ffng dung he thdng
CDT, da tao ra cac thie't bi thi edng cd
kha nang canh tranh cao, vdi nhieu tinh
nang vffdt trdi nhff thao tae linh hoat
hdn, xff ly thdng minh hdn...

Tren cac thie't bi thi cdng hien dai, he
thd'ng CDT dffde ffng dung va phat trien
kha nang tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy life,
khi nen, cdng nghe thdng tin, dien tff.
Dac biet, phan mem dieu khien ehinh
la phan chu dao trong edng viec sang
tao cua he thdng CDT. Viec ffng dung
ky thuat so', tin hpc vao cac he thd'ng
dieu khien hien dai, khdng chi dap ffng
nhu cau hien thi, lifu trff va truyen tai
thdng tin ma edn dap ffng dffde cac yeu
cau khat khe ve dp chinh xac, tinh an
toan va dam bao dieu kien lam viee cho
ngffdi van hanh. Hien nay, CDT dang
phat trien manh cac phffdng phap tao ra
phan mem nhung. Theo cdng nghe nay,
cd the ke't nd'i ta't ca cac phan tff cd san
trong mpt con chip chuyen dung. Nhff
vay, ehi can gdi gpn trong mpt con chip
la chung ta cd the thffc hien chffc nang
mpt thie't bi dieu khien hoat dpng cho
toan bp he thd'ng CDT.

Cung vdi sff phat trien ciia KH&CN
tren the gidi, he thd'ng CDT cung da
dffde cac chuyen gia trong nffde nghien
effu ffng dtang trong nhieu ITnh vffc. Trong
nhffng nam gan day, trong ITnh vffc thie't
bi thi cdng ndi chung va thiet bi thi cdng
cdng tnnh GTVT ndi rieng, chung ta da

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T O N O H E N C O U D E N T R I E N KHAI

- 5AN XUAT

cd nhieu khdi sac va da dat dffde nhffng
ke't qua nhaft dinh.

<b>Nhdng dac diem ciia cac may thi </b>

<b>cong duirc ap dung he thdng CDT </b>

He thdng CDT dffde ffng dung trong
ke't ca'u may da mang lai nhffng ffu diem
ndi bat cho cac thie't bi ndi chung va cac
thiet bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT ndi
rieng:

<i>XU ly thdng minh: Vdi cac cdng nghe </i>
micro va nano hien nay, he thdng CDT
ed the dffa eae cam bie'n, vi xff ly va cd
ca'u chap hanh vao bat ky vi tri khdng
gian hep, cd dpng nao trong ca'u true cd
khi cua san pham. Nhd dd, cae thie't bi
thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT cd dp
thdng minh cao, cd kha nang dieu khien

cac cd ca'u cdng tac lam viee d nhieu
ehe dp khac nhau, cho phep tff ddng liia
chpn ehe dp lam viec td'i ffu ciia thie't bi,
tuy theo dieu kien thi cdng trong tffng
dieu kien cu the.

<i>Tu dgng, bdn tU dgng qud trinh dieu </i>
<i>khien: Vdi sff tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy </i>
life, khi nen, cdng nghe thdng tin va
cdng nghe dieu khien thdng minh, he
thd'ng CDT cd kha nang dieu khien tff
ddng, ban tff dpng cac thao tac, hoat
ddng cua thie't bi thi cdng vdi mffc dp
ehinh xac eao.

<i>Thudn tien trong van hdnh: Cac cd </i>
ca'u cdng tac chuyen ddng em diu, thdi
gian chap hanh nhanh va chinh xac, tao
cam giac boa hdp giffa ngffdi van hanh
va thiet bi. De dang, thuan tien trong khi
dieu khien thie't bi, giam thieu met mdi
cho thd van hanh. Hien thi cac thdng sd
hoat ddng cua cac cum bd phan trong
qua trinb hoat ddng.

<i>Tdng ndng sudt khai thdc: Nhd kha </i>
nang xff ly thdng minh cua he thd'ng
CDT, cac thao tae dffde phd'i hdp mpt
each hdp ly, vdi dp chlnh xac cao, giam
thdi gian lam viec ciia thie't bi; ddng thdi

sff dung hdp ly cdng sua't ciia may, do
dd, nang sua't khai thae eua may thi cdng
trong mdt ddn vi thdi gian dffde tang len,
phat huy td'i da hieu qua sff dung may.

<i>Tiet kiem nhien lieu, ndng lugng: Nhd </i>
viee tti ddng Iffa chpn cbe dp lam viec
td'i ffu, phd'i hdp cac thao tae mpt each
hdp ly, dieu khien ehe dp lam viec cua

<b>30 </b>

<b>Hoat dong ^. ,^. </b>

K H O A H O C S°*^^"9 4-2010

ddng cd dan ddng phu hdp vdi tai trpng
tac dpng len cd ca'u edng tae... nen cac
thie't bi thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT
tie't kiem dang ke chi phi ve nhien lieu,
nang Iffdng cho mpt ddn vi san pham.

<i>Ndng cao tinh ndng ky thudt vd phgm </i>
<i>vi svC dung: He thd'ng CDT la mpt thie't </i>
ke tdng hdp td'i ffu, cho phep thay ddi
dffde ta't ca cac bp phan cd khi - thiiy lu'c
- khi nen, dau do, cam bie'n, ed ca'u chap
hanh va bd vi xff ly dieu khien de dat
dffde mpt thie't ke hoan hao, can bang.
Dp tff do trong thie't ke, tich hdp eac he
thd'ng tff dpng bd hep hdn nhieu so vdi
dp tff do cua thie't ke eac san pham CDT.

Viec ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren eae
thie't bi thi cdng da gdp phan nang cao
dffde nhffng gidi han cua truyen dpng cd
khi nhff dp chinh xac gia cdng, khe hd,
dp mai mdn, ehe' dp bdi trdn, dp tre eua
cd ca'u... Phan cd khi van ludn la "ed't
ldi", nhffng dffde "ddn gian boa" nhd
ffng dung nhffng ky thuat mdi va kha

nang "bu dap hai hoa " do phan mem va
ky thuat dieu khien tff dpng mang lai;
nhd dd nang cao dffde chat Iffdng cQng
nhff tinh nang ky thuat eiia thie't bi thi
cdng cdng trinh GTVT.

<i>Luu gid, canh bdo qud trinh kha </i>
<i>thdc: Nhd cac cam bien va bp vi xff ly, </i>
he tho'ng CDT cd kha nang Iffu trff, ghi
nhd eae dff lieu lien quan den qua trinh
hoat dpng, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho
cdng tac quan ly, van hanh, bao dffdng
va sffa chffa thie't bi thi cdng, ddng thdi
canh bao nhffng vi tri, trang thai gidi han
hoac nhffng nguy cd tiem an cd the xay
ra trong qua trinh hoat dpng eua thie't bi
nham bao dam an toan cho con ngffdi
thie't bi va cdng trinh.

<b>Nhung thiet bi co' han trong he thong </b>

<b>CDT </b>

Ket ca'u cua he thd'ng CDT tren thiet
bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT dffde mo ta
gdm nhffng bp phan chii yeu nhff (hinh 1):
Cac tin

hieu dieu
khien

Cac dai
lucmg

dieu
khien

NGUON

DONG L i r e Cac

dai
luong

do

BO XlT LY
TRUNG TAM

Dieu khien,
Dieu chinh.

Cac dai
lupng

dieu
khien

HE TRUYEN DONG
Ca khi, Thiiy lyc

<b>T </b>

CAC CO CAU
CHAP HANH
Cac dai

lupng
dieu
khien

Cac
dai
lupng

do

CAC
CAM BIEN
Lyc, Ap suat

Cac thdng tin
phan hdi

CAC CO CAU
CONG TAC

Cac
dai
luong

do

Cac
canh bao

<b>I </b>

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TL/N GHE N CUU DEN TRIEN KHAI - 5AN XUAT

Jgudn ddng life: La ddng cd nd, ddng
cd dien hoae eae loai ddng cd khac; he
thdng truyen ddng: Vdi cac kieu truyen
dpng cd khi, dien, thuy life, khi nen, hdn
hdp; cd ca'u chap hanh: Cac bp phan
dieu khien cae chuyen ddng eua cd eau
cong tac; cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu:
Gdm cac cam bie'n, eac dau do, cae thie't
bi canh bao, cac thie't bi dau vao...; bd xff
ly trung tam: Gdm PLC, vi dieu khien,
may tinh, eae thie't bi ngoai vi...; phan

mem tin hpc: Cac chffdng trinh tinh toan,
dieu khien, dieu chinh...; cac cd ca'u edng
tac: La cd ca'u thffc hien muc dich cua
thie't bi thi cdng...

Trong dd, cac bd phan tren lien he
mat thie't vdi nhau, tao ra sff thdng nha't
hffu cd trong toan bp thie't bi thi edng, tff
cd cau cdng tac tdi ngudn dpng life nhd
cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu truyen tdi
bp xff ly trung tam va ngffdc lai theo cac
chffdng trinh tinh toan, dieu khien, dieu
chinh da dffde thie't lap trffde.

<b>Ihig dung he thong CDT hien dai </b>

<b>hda mdt so thiet hi thi cong chuyen </b>

Trong qua trinh xay dffng eac cdng
trinh GTVT hien nay, muc tieu ludn
dffde quan tam la Chat Iffdng Tie'n dp

-Hieu qua. Mdt trong nhffng yeu td' quan
trpng de dat dffde dieu dd chlnh la chat
Iffdng etia thie't bi thi cdng tham gia xay
dffng cdng trinh. Chat Iffdng thie't bi thi
cdng dffde danh gia bang hang loat ehi
tieu, trong dd chi tieu ve tinh nang ky
thuat, dp tin cay va tinh kinh tela nhffng
chi tieu dffde quan tam nha't. Cac chi tieu
nay the hien pham vi sff dung cua thiet

bi, an toan, tien ldi, xff ly thdng minh,
tie't kiem nang Iffdng, mffc dp tff dpng
cac thao tac, Iffu giff sd lieu va canh bao
sff cd... Nhffng thie't bi thi cdng cd nhffng
tinh nang ffu viet tren day deu la nhffng
thie't bi sff dung he thd'ng CDT trong ket
ca'u may. Cung vdi sff phat trien eiia
KH&CN tren the gidi, theo nguyen ly
ed ban cua he thd'ng CDT, chung tdi da
bffdc dau ap dung thanh cdng he thd'ng
CDT vao ITnh vifc ehe tao cae thie't bi
thi cdng chuyen dung, phue vu xay dffng
cac cdng tnnh GTVT nhff thie't bi nang
dam thay gdi eau; thie't bi thi cdng cpc xi
mang gia ed' nen da't yeu; thie't bi cang
keo cap effdng dp cao dieu khien tff
ddng thi cdng dam be tdng ed't thep dff
ffng life; bd ngudn thuy life tff ddng bu tai
phue vu kiem tra sffc chiu tai cpc khoan
nhdi... Cac san pham tff ke't qua nghien
effu da dffde ehe thff, thff nghiem va ffng

<b>MAN HINH GIAO DIEN VA DIEU KHIEN </b>

<b>ENCODER </b>
<b>Do chieu sau cpc </b>

<b>LOAD CELL 1 </b>
<b>Do trgng lu-ong xi mang </b>

<b>LOAD CELL 2 </b>
<b>Do trpng lupTig xi mang </b>

<b>LOAD CELL 3 </b>
<b>Do trpng lirpTig xi mang </b>

<b>SENSOR </b>
<b>Ap suat khi nen </b>

i

Cac
dai
lirgng

do

<b>^ </b>

k „ , , ,

Cac tin
hieu
dieu
khien

<i><b>' </b></i>

<b>BO </b>

XULY

TRUNG

TAM

I f

i b

Cac
<b>c anh b ao </b>

Cac dai
lugng

dieu
khien

Cac dai
lutmg

dieu
khien

Cac t

<b>NGUON </b>
<b>DONG LUC </b>

<b>' r </b>

<b>CACHE </b>
<b>TRUYEN DONG </b>

<b>' r </b>
<b>CAC CO CAU </b>

<b>CHAPHANH </b>

<b>' ' </b>
<b>CAC CO CAU </b>

<b>CONG TAC </b>

hong tin pT an not

dung vao thffc te san xua't. Mdt so' thiet
bi da trd thanh thffdng pham, dffde cae
ddn vi thi cdng cua nganh GTVT chap
nhan dffa vao thi cdng thay the' nhap
ngoai, dap ffng phan nao nhu cau cap
bach ciia thffc te san xua't, gdp phan vao
nhffng thanh cdng cua nganh. HTnh 2 la
mdt vi dia ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren
thie't bi tbi cdng cpc xi mang da't gia cd
nen da't yeu do chung tdi thffc hien.

<b>Ket luan </b>

CDT la xu the phat trien ta't yeu eua
eac nganh KH&CN the ky XXI. L^ng

dung he thd'ng CDT tren cac thie't bi ndi
chung, thie't bi thi edng cdng trinh GTVT
ndi rieng la mdt bffdc di rat quan trpng
trong sff nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien
dai hda dat nffde; tao dieu kien de cac
thie't bi thi cdng cbe tao trong nffde dffde
chap nhan sff dung tren cac cdng trinh
xay dffng GTVT thay the nhap ngoai
trong giai doan hdi nhap qud'c te hien
nay. De tffng bffdc nang eao chat Iffdng
va hien dai hda cac thie't bi thi cdng cbe
tao trong nffde, ehung ta can phai tiep
tuc quan tam hdn nffa tdi viec ffng dung
he thd'ng CDT, nham tao ra eac san
pham cd tinh thffdng mai hda cao, mang
lai hieu qua trong khai thae thffc te va
phii hdp vdi kha nang tai chinh cdn rat
ban ehe cua cac ddn vi thi cdng trong
nffde •

<b>Tai lieu tham khao </b>

[1) Nguyen Thien Phiic: Tac dpng cua CDT den
dinh hu'dng phat trien cua nganh ehe tao thiet bi
-Hoi nghi Cd Idii ehe tao loan quoc lan thu' 2, Ha Noi
2009.

[2] B. Heimann, W. Gerth, K. Popp; CDT - Cac
thanh phan, cac phu'dng phap, cac vi du - Nha xua't
ban Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Npi 2008.

[3) Nguyen Xuan Khang: Nghien cu'u giai phap
dieu Ichien tir dpng thie't bi thi cong cpc xi mang da't
theo cong nghe trpn kho phue vu gia co' nen da't yeu
d Viet Nam - Tap chi GTVT, So 7.2009.

<b>L </b>

<i>Hinh 2: He thong CDT tren thiei bi thi cong eoc xi mdng ddt gia cd nen ddt yeu </i>

<b>^. , . . . Hoat dong ... </b>

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