thư viện số dau hoa văn lào
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<b>HOA VAN LAO </b>
<b>NGUYEN LE THI* </b>
D
a cd nhieu tac gia treng nUdc vietve nghe thuat Lao nhu T r i n Thi
Ly viet ve tUdng Phat Lad, Ngd Van
Doanh viet ve kien true Lao va nhieu tac
gii viet ve nhieu linh vUc khac cua nghe
thuat Lao nhu hdi hoa, dieu khac gd vv...
NhUng cd the ndi hoa van Lao la de tai ma
h i u nhu chfla cd tac gia nao nghien cflu
mdt each t h i u dao. Bai viet nay se chu
yeu ndi ve hoa van Lao dudc the hien tren
cac chua Lao.
Cac hoa van the hien tren cic chua Lao
chu yeu dUdc nhflng ngfldi thd tai ba cua
Lao cham khic tren cac canh cUa, cac cfla
sd chua, cac tay dd cua mai chua (khen
nang), nhflng hinh ve tren cac t r i n nha
cua sim, cac kieu trang tri cdng chua va
dac biet la nhflng hoa van trang trf tren
nhflng dd thd cung nhfl khung dflng nen,
ngai ngdi cua sfl... Mae du chua Lae chu
yeu dupe lam bang gd va nhieu ngdi chua
dupe xay dung qua nhieu the ky nhUng do
cic cupc chien tranh nen nhieu ngdi chua
da bi pha hdng, gid da dUdc trung tu lai,
nhung treng mpt sd chua Lao cdn gifl dUdc
nhflng hien vat cham khac hoa van het
sflc ddc dao nhfl canh cfla chua Pha Keo
dUp'c lam vao the ky XVII, chiec khung
dung nen, chiec ngai ngdi cua sU cu va
chiec hang lin (mang nUdc tam Phat) d
chua Xi Xa Ket, ca ba hien vat tren deu
dUdc lam vao dau the ky XIX. Nhan dan
Lao cung truyen tung ve nhflng nghe
nhan hay ngUdi thd cham tai ba da lam
nen nhflng tac pham nghe thuat dfldc
ngfldi ddi ludn ghi nhd nhfl: dng Thi't Tan,
ngfldi mfldng Ludng Pha Bang ngfldi da
cham khic canh ciia chua Ong Tfl Vieng
Chan, cfla hoang cung cu d Ludng Pha
Bang, nhieu dd vat gd trong Hoang cung
cu d Ludng Pha Bang va dng cung la tac
gii cua nhieu cfla chua d Ludng Pha bang.
Ong Thi't Phu la hoa si tai ba, ngUdi da the
hien nhUng hinh ve tren hd Pha Keo
Vieng Chan va cdn nhieu tac gia tai danh
khac da tao nen nhflng t i c pham tieu bieu
cho cac hoa van cua nen nghe thuat Lao
(Bun Leng Vdn Vi La Vdng. Hda van Lao.
Nha xua't ban Van hoa Lao. Vieng Chan
nam 2001. Trg 2. Tie'ng Lao).
Neu nhin vao nhflng hoa van tren cac
c i n h cfla chua, cac cfla sd chfla, cic khen
nang va nhflng t r i n ehua, cic cdng chua
Lao ndi chung , ngudi ta thay cd rat nhieu
loai hoa van k h i c nhau khien cho ngUdi ta
l i m tudng rang cac nghe nhan cd the tuy
y mudn cham khac gi eung dfldc. Nhflng
neu nghien cflu ky, chung ta se tha'y cd
mdt quy dinh nghiem ngat ve tflng loai
hoa van dfldc sii dung trong nhflng thanh
p h i n nha't dinh trong chua. Tuy nhien,
khi thUc hien cdng viec, ngUdi thd cd the
chpn 1 trdng mdt sd' loai nhat dinh hoa
van chuyen dfldc the hien tren cac thanh
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<i>Nguyen Le Thi - Hoa Vdu Lao </i> <b>37 </b>
p h i n cua chua. N h u n g sU s a n g tao cua
ngUdi thd la d chd, hp cd t h e lam bien ddi
di chut it, ke't hdp gifla loai hoa van nay
va loai hoa v a n k h a c . Vi vay khi di t h a m
cac chua Lao, ta khd cd t h e b a t gap sfl
gid'ng n h a u cua cac hoa van vi c h u n g tuy
theo m i u nhUng bien ddi k h i e n cho khdng
tha'y hoa van d chfla nad gid'ng chua nao.
Tfl viec nghien cflu cac loai hoa van
tren cac chua Lao, c h u n g tdi tha'y cd the
tdng ke't t h a n h cac loai hoa van nhU sau:
1. L o a i h o a v a n dofn c o t h e ke't h d p v 6 i
c a c h o a v a n k h a c
Nhflng loai hoa van nay k h a phong
phu. NgUdi ta cd the tach c h u n g t h a n h
nhieu loai vdi cac ten gpi: hoa van qua bay,
hoa van Ian tay, hoa van m a t mia, hoa van
qua bay mdc ndi, hoa van thien dUdng, hoa
van lan tay phd'i hdp vdi hoa dUdng xi...
Mdi loai hoa van nay deu dUdc dat trong
khung cua nd va ngfldi ta gpi mdt cich cu
the nhfl vay nhflng nhin vao hoa van
chung ta se tha'y bet sflc trflu tfldng. Gpi la
hoa van qua bay nhflng khdng he tha'y cd
hinh con qua, ma chi tha'y hoac la nhflng
Ipn may ke't nd'i vdi n h a u hoac nhflng bdng
hoa dflpc ke't nd'i vdi n h a u b a n g nhflng
canh hoa bet sflc bay bfldm. Nhflng hoa
van m a t mia cd cu the hdn, cd the tha'y
ngfldi ta lam dfldi c h a n hea van mdt k h u n g
chan va k h u n g nay dfldc ve t h a n h nhflng
net khac nhfl h i n h cac det cua cay mi'a.
Hoa van qua bay mdc nd'i thi cd nhieu hinh
mdc d trdng ldng vv... Ta't ca cac loai hoa
van tren deu cd t h e phdi hdp vdi cac hoa
van k h i c , dd la cai de ngfldi thp tad nen sfl
dpc dao cua hoa van t r e n mdt cdng t r i n h
cham k h i c nao dd. (HI, H2 va H3). Nhflng
hoa van nay cd t h e cham khac t r e n cfla
chua, tren cfla sd c h u a hay cac k h u n g gd
trong ldng c h u a .
N h u n g nhflng hoa van neu t r e n chi cd
tinh phd'i hdp va thfldng la lam nen cho
h i n h t r u n g t a m cua canh cfla chua. d vi tri
t r u n g t a m cua mdi canh cfla chinh trong
chua hay cUa sd chfla t h u d n g cd n h a n vat
t r u n g t a m . Nhflng n h a n vat t r u n g t a m nay
thudng la dng P h a t , cac cd tien mua, nfl
t h i n chien dau, cac vi p h a n h a vv...Nhflng
n h a n vat nay chfnh la nhflng hoa van va
nhflng ddng tac tay hay chan cua hp deu
dUdc dinh san cho tflng loai n h a n vat. Vf
du neu la nfl t h i n Kinnaly thi tfl t h a t lung
trd len la mdt cd tien dep nhUng tfl t h a t
lung trd xud'ng p h a i la chim vdi hai chan
chim cd mdng vud't va cd canh xce r a sau.
Neu la nfl t h i n dang bay thi chac chan
t h a n minh tay chan deu nhfl ngfldi nhflng
cd ddi canh dang sai rdng t r e n b i u trdi.
Neu la t h i n dang chien dau vdi qui thi
nha't dinh t h i n p h i i d phia tren, tay c i m
kiem va ddi chan t h i n dang dap len ngUdi
qui w . . . nhflng h i n h chfnh bao gid cflng d
vi tri t r u n g t a m t r e n canh cfla va xung
q u a n h la nhflng hea van phd'i hdp.
2. H o a v a n t r a n g t r i dfltfc a n d i n h
t r o n g k h u n g
Loai hoa van nay thUdng t r a n g tri a n
dinh trong k h u n g . Loai n a y cd t h e t h a y cd
cac loai hoa v a n gid'ng nhfl sdng nfldc, hoa
van each dieu hoa h u d n g dfldng, hoa van
ca n h i n hoa, hoa van m a t va hoa sfla, hoa
v a n dfldng xi, hda van cang cua, hoa van
m i t mia va hoa sen vv... Loai hoa van
t r e n k h u n g nay cd loai hoa van cua Xieng
Khoang k h a ddc dao vdi h i n h hoa gid'ng
n h u ngpn t h a p d vi trf t r u n g t a m . (H4, H
5 va H 6)
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38 <i>Nghieu cdu Ddng Nam A 9/2009 </i>
heac dudi chan cac tfldng chua hoac phfa trf bang loai hoa van la dUdng xi udn
tren tUdng tiep giap vdi mai chua. cong. Hoa van trang trf t r i n chua thudng
la hda beo (H9).
<b>3. Hoa van trang tri tren cac loai do </b>
<b>dving va do thd cung 5. Hoa v a n trang tri k h e n n a n g </b>
Nhflng dd dung nay thudng trong chua
ngudi ta dflng hoa hay t r i u cau nen hoa
van thudng nhd. Nhflng hoa van nay cung
dUp'c cham khac trong cac dd gia dung
trong nha nhu do b i n g bac: tip xdi hay
khay bac, au bac w... Cd the la nhflng hoa
van la de, hoa van sdng nudc "w...
Trong cac dd thd cflng thi khung t h i p
nen la dd dung dUdc lam nhieu trong
chua, chua nao cung cd mdt chiec. Chiec
khung t h i p nen cd nha't va dep nha't tha'y
trong chua Xi Xa Ket dudc lam b i n g gd
qui va ket cau hoa van gdm nhieu con nac
(thudng ludng) hdp thanh. Nhflng dd la
chiec khung thap nen ddc nhat vd nhi.
Ngay nay ngUdi ta van tuan thu viec lam
khung t h i p nen gdm nhieu hinh nac
nhUng khdng cd rapt chiec nad cd hinh
dang dpc dao nhu chiec khung t h i p nen d
chua Xl Xa Ket (H 8). Trdng sd cac vat
dung trdng chua phai ke den nhflng chiec
ngai cho sU cu ngdi dpc kinh. Nhflng chiec
ngai nay cung dUdc lam b i n g gd qui, hda
van phd'i hdp nhieu loai rat dep m i t .
Mang nude t i m Phat thfldng dfldc treo
trudc cfla chua dung dd nude thdm t i m
Phat trdng cac li hdi. Ngfldi ta thfldng lam
thanh hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga vdi du ca dau
dudi va than dUdc cham khic vay dep m i t
rdi sdn son thep vang.
<b>4. Hoa van op chan cot chua va trang </b>
<b>tri cac goc chua va hoa van trang tri </b>
<b>tran mai chua </b>
Hoa van d'p chan cdt thfldng dfldc lam
hinh udn nhu sdng nfldc cdn hoa van
trang tri cac gdc chfla thi lai dUdc trang
Khen nang la nhflng tay dd dudi cac
mai chua (con xon). Tai vi tri nay ngUdi ta
cd nhieu loai hoa van nhfl hoa van dau
rdng, hoa van ca va qui, hoa van ca va
<b>r d n g w . . . H 10, H l l ) . </b>
<b>6. Hoa van trang tri noc chua va mat </b>
<b>tien chua </b>
Tren ndc cac chua cung dfldc trang tri
cac hinh thap thfldng la 3 hoac 5 hdac 7
hdac 9, cd khi den 13 thap. Phfa dfldi cac
thap thfldng la hoa van hoa hfldng dfldng
va la de phd'i hdp (H 12).
Trong mdt ngdi chua bao gid ngfldi ta
cung chpn hoa van ddc dao cho mat tien.
Gifla mat tien, ngfldi ta thfldng chpn hinh
PKat d gifla mdt rflng hoa van phd'i hdp,
hdac hinh Vdi ba dau d gifla rapt rflng hda
van phd'i hdp, hdac hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga d
vi tri trung tam gifla nhflng hda van phdi
<b>hdp khac. (H 13). </b>
<b>7. Hoa v a n trang tri c o n g chua </b>
Cdng cac chua Lae thfldng dfldc trang
trf b i n g hinh r i n t h i n Na Ga va hinh
thap
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H.4 H.5 H.6
c.. i ( ^
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