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Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao VAN HOA DAO OCrC TON GlAO

<b>MOT S O VAN D E V E K I E N TR]&C </b>

<b>CHUA PHAT GlAO fi NlTOC TA </b>

HONG CHUONG.
10 khi dao Phat dope du

nhap vao Viet Nam den
nay da gin 20 the ky, khi
dd cung xuat hien kien trQc Phat
giao rat khoa hpc va mang dam
ban sic van hda kien true dan
tdc. Trong kien tme Phat giao thi
kien tme chua Phat giao la van de
quan trpng va chu yeu. Mue dfch
cua dao Phat, chua la ndi thd to,
<i>la ndi de cac phat tQ 6upc ciu </i>
<i>phue, ciu thien, la ndi 6upc giai </i>
bay ddi song tam linh cua con
ngodi theo ehan ly TQ bi Tri tue
<i>-Binh ding. Ndi dd phii 6upc xay </i>
dong trang nghiem, den vdi chua
<i>ngodi ta thay 6upc so tfiang hoa </i>

<i>giii thoat. trQt bd 6Upc nhong bQc xuc trong </i>
cude sd'ng. den vdi chQa mpi ngodi deu ciu
<i>mong cd 6upc cude sdng an lac. tdt lanh. Kien </i>
tme chQa d node ta deu mang nhQng dac
trung chung kien true eua dan tdc. song lai

phu hdp vdi tQng vung mien. tQng dan tde va
bien thien theo ljch sQ cQa xa hdi. Cd the khai
qudt nhong ndi dung chfnh sau day:

1. Mot sd net dac tnmg chung ve kien tme
<i>chua Phat giao cf nudc ta </i>

Qua eae tai lieu khao cd, sau thdi dong
node cQa cac Vua HQng den thdi Bic thudc,
thdi ky Oinh, Le, Ly, Trin. den thdi ky Phong
kien eho den ngiy nay kidn trQc chQa Phat
giao cd mdt sd net ehung dd la:

- Vd loa chpn dja diem va quy hoach mat
<i>bang: chQa thodng 6upc chpn dia diem d </i>
nhQng ndi thoang mat, yen tTnh, thuan ldi
trong giao thdng cQa nhan dan. ngOdi ta

<i>Chua Huang Tich </i> <i>Anh: TL </i>

thodng ndi la ndi "Oat lanh" Dien tfch dat dai
phu thudc vao quy md xay dong va dac trong
cQa vung mien nhong thodng phai cd cdng
chua, dodng vao ao, ehua, san te l l , ehua
chinh cd tien cung hau eung de thd Phat.

<i>Ve kien true: 6upc chia thanh cac hang </i>
mue cdng chua mdt sd chua Idn cd tam quan;
san chua (ndi te ll); nha sip l l ; tang xa va
nha khach, mdt sd ndi ed gae ehudng (nhQng

ndi khdng cd gae ehudng thi chudng dat ngay
trong chua) mdt sd ndi cdn ed thdp chua;
chua chfnh de thd thodng thd theo kieu "Ten
Phat, hau thin", mdt sd chQa ed thd Miu,
<i>thien so. thd cac vj dai nhan ed chQc sic d 6\a </i>
<i>phOdng va khu vOc. </i>

vat lieu xay dong: thodng sQ dung vat
lieu go lim. hoac dinh. sen. gu. mun vv. cdt.

<i>* Nguyen Gidm dd'c SdXay dung Thai Binh </i>

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<b>VAN HOA DAO DLTC TON GlAO </b> T9P Chi Cong tdc Ton gido
ehdng xa diu. cQa bong, todng xay gach dit

nung, xiy bang vQa mat hoac vQa vdi cac
<i>hang muc deu 6upc cham khic c i c hoa van </i>
ed Long. Li. Quy Phopng; mau sic thodng l i
mau gu, ban thd va tupng Phat sQ dung mau
dd. vang (sdn son thiep vang).

<i>Mai chua thodng 6upc ldp ngdi dit </i>
nung. mai eong d bd'n gde tao v l uy nghidm
cua ngdi chQa.

<i>2. Tuy nhien chua Phat giao d node ta lai </i>
dope kie'n true theo tQng giai doan lich so
cua da't nudc va bo may lanh dao da't node
CO the chia thanh 3 giai doan nhO sau:

a. Kidn tme chua Phat giao tOthdi ky dong
nude ddn thdi ky phong kien thinh dat. Thdi ky
nay to khi cac vua hQng dong node ddn thdi
Oinh. Le. Ly, Trin da cd hing loat eae chQa
nho d Ha Ndi. Hoa LO(Ninh Binh). Thai Binh.
mdt sd tinh d ddng bing Bic Bd, Tmng Bd.
kien tfiic chua thdi ky nay chQa thodng dupe
xay dong tren dien tfch vudng, cae bac them
kha eao, cd thap nhieu ting di kem, kien tme
theo kieu quin the nha. Mdt sd chua sau dien
thd Phat cd dien thd thin, thodng cd gae
chudng, vodn canh, ao sen. hd node.

b. Kien tme chQa Phat giao thdi ky phong
kien suy ttioai. TQ the ky XVI, xa hpi phong
kien Viet Nam suy thoai thdi ky Trinh Mae
<i>den Trinh - Nguyin sup 60 thi he thdng ehua </i>

<i>6upc cQng cd lai. mpt sd chQa mdi 6Upc mpc </i>

len. Kien true chua kieu "Ndi cdng. ngoai
<i>qudc" 6upc hinh thanh. kien tfiic chQa khdng </i>
tfiay ddi may so vdi thdi Trin tmdc dd, ed the
ke mdt sd chQa tfeu bieu nho: chua Keo (Thii
Binh)', Phat Tich (Van Phuc) Thien Mu, Qudc
An, Bao Qudc (Hue), Tam Thai (Ngu Hinh
Sdn), Tay Phuong, chua Kim Lien.v.v va mpt
sd ehua d Tmng va Nam Bd. Kien tme chQa
trong thdi ky nay nhin chung v i n sQ dung ket
ciu phQc hpp gd - da - gach dat nung, mdng

da. todng gach da't nung, khung sodn go. mai
ngdi. hinh thQc va lien ket mai ed thay ddi. Ve
ket eau hiu het kien tme ehua bp khung sOdn
<i>gd cd thay ddi va mdi vQng mien cd net dac </i>

trong rieng nhod Bic Bd he thdng ket cau x i ,
k l b I y chdng rodng. vi kdo gia chieng. 6
Trung Bd cd he thdng kdo gia thQ. 6 Nam Bd
ed h§ thdng kio ehdng cdi, k l chuyen v v

e. Kidn true chQa giai doan phong kien
cudi eung cho den nay

Sau khi vua Quahg Tmng chdt. trieu dinh
<i>Tiy Sdn suy yeu va sup 66. Nguyen Anh </i>
<i>gianh 6upc ngdi vj va lap n§n trieu dinh nha </i>
Nguyin, day la tridu dai cudi cung cQa phong
kien node ta. Bit d i u tO Gia Long (Nguyen
Anh) den Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, To OQc, Phit
giao luc dope ehu y nho thdi Minh Mang,
Thi§u Tri luc lai bj han che nho thdi To OQt.
Tuy the nhung nhieu ngdi chQa Idn vin dope
tu bd v i mpc len nhat la tai Hue va cac tf'nh
phfa Nam. Kien tme chQa thdi ky nay ed sO
bien ddi lam ed sd cho so phat trien kien tfQc
chQa sau nay, bit d i u xua't hien be tdng cdt
thep, todng vQa xi mang, voa vdi, kinh bit diu
dope sQ dung, gach hoa, gach xi mang,
<i>khung go 6upc bit d i u thay bang be tdng. </i>

Sau khi cich mang thanh cdng, tfianh lap
<i>node Viet Nam Dan chQ cdng hoa til 66 den </i>
nay trai qua thdi ky chien tranh ehdng Phap va
ehdng My, nhieu ngdi chQa tren ca ba mien bi
tan pha. Song tQ khi thd'ng nhit dat nudc nam

1975 den nay cong tae xay dung mdi, tdn tao,
tai tao. nang cap sQa chQa eae chua da dupc
cap Qy chfnh quyen eae cap quan tam ehi dao.
Nhieu chQa bi pha hQy do chidn tfBnh dupe
khdi phue lai. nhieu ehua dupc tu sQia nang
cap, mdt sd ndi da xay dung cac chQa mdi ca
vd quy md va chat lOOng dope Nha nu6c quan
<i>tam diu to, nhin d i n va cac phat tQ td ddng </i>
<i>gdp, kdt hpp vdi cac td chQt trong xa hpi tai tip. </i>

Nhin chung kidn tme chQa d nUdc ta qua
tQng giai doan ljch sQ, tuy tQng giai doan cd
mQt dp khac nhau, song ludn cd so nhat quan
ve phuong thQt va npi dung kien tnic chua,
tiep thu va cd chpn Ipc cac tien bp trong kien
tme, ludn c6 so sang tao, phu hpp vdi tQng
vung mien cQa dat node.

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Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao <b>VAN HOA DAO DLfC TON GlAO </b>

<i>3. Dac diem kie'n true chua 6 cac mien </i>
node ta.

a, Kidn true chQa Phat giao d mien Bic.

Oai da sd chua d mien Bic l i noi thd Phat,
mdt sd ndi ket hpp thd thin hoac thanh (tien
Phat, hau thanh) va la ndi tu hpc cQa tang sy,
cd mdt sd ndi chQa cdn thd miu, thd cac vi dai
nhan cd chQc sic hoac nhQng ngodi cd cdng
tfx)ng Phat giao. Vd kien tme ehua d mien Bic
thodng ed khudn vien rpng, bd cue ngdi chua
thudng bd tri tiieo mpt tme "chinh tmng" xuyen
tam to tam quan, gae ehudng den hau dodng,
dai da sd cd ddi xQng hai ben, bd cue mat bang
theo quy md, tQ ddn gian den phQc tap. theo
dang tQ chQ "Nhat" chQ "Nhi".... den "Ndi cdng,
ngoai qudc" Khd'i nha chfnh thodng la 3 tda:
Ten dodng. thien huong. tiiUOng dien. Kien
tfijc ehua tiiudng dupe chd'ng dd bdi he cdt va
he vi keo lien ket vdi nhau bang "ke ngdi" "xa
bay" va "xa tQ'. sau nay kien tme chua ed thay
ddi. xa tfiodng vuon dai ra tfiay xa bay bang
<i>eon sdn. tfian chQa thodng thap so vdi 66 cao </i>
<i>mai cong. ChQa d mien Bic thodng 6upc dieu </i>
khic tinh vi, hien dai, dQ la tdn tao, tu sQa nang
cap hoac xay mdi, vdi quy md Idn nhd khac
nhau nhung vin bao dam kien tfiic eua mien
que ndng tfidn vQng ddng bang.

b. Kien tme chQa Phat giio d midn Tmng
Chua d mien Tmng vdi chQe nang chfnh la
tfid Phat va la ndi tu hpc cua tang sy, mdt sd
ndi sau tf-d thanh trodng hpc giao ly cQa Phat
giao. Ve kidn tfiic chQa d mien Tmng tiiodng

cd khudn vien kha rdng cd khi tdi vai hec ta. bd
<i>cue chQa thodng 6upc dang ddi theo mdt tme </i>
"chinh tmng" va bd cue to do trai tren khudn
vien, nha thd ehinh tfiodng ed Ten dodng va
Hau sd dupc ndi kdt chat che vdi nhau. Ve kien
<i>tfiic chQa 6upc chdng dd bdi he edt va he keo </i>
dOde lien ket vdi nhau bang he "chdng nidng
-gii thQ" dac biet kieu nha "tmng thiem. diep
dc" (nha ddi chdng mai) theo kieu cung dinh
kha phd bien, mai chua eao hdn so vdi ehua
<i>mien Bic, mdt sd chQa 6upc sisa chua, riang </i>
cap, dai tmng tu da xuat hien eac ehi tiet be
tdng va vat lieu xay dung mdi.

c. Kien true chua Phat giao d mien Nam.
Ve chQc nang chua d mien Nam ed ban
gid'ng nho ehua d mien Trung, song chQa d
Nam Bd thodng rdng hdn nen bd cue mat
bang thodng vQa dang dd'i tren mdt tme
"chfnh trung" vQa bd cue to do tren khudn
vien. nha chfnh thodng chia lam ba phin:
chfnh dien. giang dodng. trai dodng, ket hpp
them tang xa va bep. Kien true thodng la hinh
vudng, he thdng khung sOdn "ke chuydn
dam trfch - cdt ke", ndn ehua thodng cao, ed
vodn cay xung quanh, chua d mien Nam
<i>cung 6upc cham khic tfnh vi, mau sic hai </i>
hda bdi mau dd va vang. Khdng ciu ki, phQc
tap song hpa tiet tinh xao.

Cd the ndi kien tme chua Phat giao d node
ta, qua nhieu giai doan thang trim cQa lich sQ
dat node, phu thudc vao dac diem cae vQng
mien, lai trai qua nhieu thdi ky dat node bi ke
thu dd hd va xam lope, bi tan pha bdi chien
tranh va xud'ng cap theo thdi gian. Song eac
<i>chua trong ca node vin 6Upc nhan dan ta tu </i>
sQa, nang cap, xay dong mdi. kien tme ehua
<i>vin ludn giQ 6Upc ban sic rieng cQa van hda </i>
kien tme Phat giao ddng thdi ludn phu hpp vdi
van hda kien tme dan tdc, la ndi linh thieng. hdi
tu eac yeu td tam linh. yeu td giao due totodng,
giao due mpi ngodi sdng tdt lanh, hda hdp va
hodng thien. Tuy nhien, ve kien tfxic mdt sd ndi
qua trinh xay dong cdn cdch dieu each tan
nhieu. cdn mdm ra lang phf tdn kem da dupe
chin ehinh kip thdi. Song ve tdng quan. trong
<i>nhieu nam qua Ding va Nha node, chfnh </i>
quyen eae cip da het sQt quan tim den kien
tme eae chua. nhieu chua trong ca node tu sQa
ning cap, xay mdi ngay cang dep hdn, quy
md Idn hdn, kidn tme chQa ludn bao dam quy
trinh. quy pham, nguyen tie xay dong ed ban
to quy hoach den tham dmh, thi edng xay lip
bao dam dung luat xay dong nhong vin bao
dam nhQng net ddc dao cQa van hda kien tme
Phat giao. Hy vpng trong tfidi ky mdi kien tme
chQa Phat giao d node ta ngay cang dupe
quan tam hdn va cd bode phat tf-ieh

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