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<b>CHAN LAP:</b>

<b> 0 U 6 N G T 6 |</b>

<b> KY NGUYEN </b>

<b>ANGKOR HUY HOANG (790 - 1000) </b>

<b>NGO VAN DOANH* </b>

S

au mdt thdi gia kha dai phat trien
va hung thinh. tif dau the ky VIII,
nudc Chan Lap bi chia ddi thanh Luc
Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap. Rdi thi, den
giiia the'ky VIII, nudc Thuy Chan Lap lai
hi phan quyen ra thanh mdt so'tieu qud'c.
Chinh vao thdi diem nay, qud'c gia bien
hiing manh Srivijaya da tan cdng, chem
dau vua Khdme va chiem ludn nha nUdc
Indrapura ciia Chan Lap d mien nam
Campuchia'^'.

Sau khi Srivijaya riit ve, d Campuchia
da cd mdt vi vua mdi. Vay, vi vua bi chem
dau va vi tan vUdng kia la ai? Theo cac
nha nghien cijfu, khdng cdn nghi ngd gi,
chinh Jayavarman (G.Coedes dat la
<i>Jayavarman I bis de phan biet vdi </i>
Jayavarman I) ma cac bia ky ndi la da tri
vi d Sambor vao nhUng nam 770- 781. Va,
ngUdi ma sau nay trd thanh vua
Jayavarman II cua nUdc Chan Lap chfnh
la con trai ciia vi vua bi chem dau.

Qua cac tai lieu Arap, ina dac biet la
ghi chep cua Abu Zaid, ngUdi ta biet dUdc

rang, sau khi da danh chiem Indrapura
vao nam 782, Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tif
nam 782 den nSm 802) kiem soat dUdc

vUOng qud'c Cambodia. Ciing cac tai lieu
Arap cho biet, mdt hoang than Cambodia
ten la Jayavarman II dUdc Samaratunga,
ngUdi ke vi cua Sangramadhananjaya,
phai tit Java ve nUdc de cai quan dd thi
Indrapura cua Cambodia. Ma, nhu
thUdng le, ngiidi cai quan thUdng chi dUdc
cif di den nhiing nUdc chu hau. Do vay,
Indrapura chac la da nam dudi sU kiem
soat cua Srivijaya.

Cho den nay, nam ma Jayavarman tit
Java ve nUdc van cdn nhieu dieu chUa rd.
Nhieu bia ky ndi rang, Jayavarman II da
xay diing thu dd d niii Mahendra vao nam
802. The nhung, trUdc khi den day, dng ta
da cai tri d ba thu dd khac, ma mdt trong
ba thu dd a'y la do dng lap ra. Mac dau cd
nhiing y kien khac nhau, nhUng, theo cac
nha nghien ciiu, cd the Jayavarman II tit
Java ve nUdc vao nam 790, khi vi tan
VUdng khoang 20, va, ma't vao nam 850,
khi dng 80 tudi.

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<b>12 </b> <i>Ngliicii cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

(cd the la cho den nay chiia p h a t hien
dugc). The n h u n g , cac bia ky mudn sau
nay, ma dac biet la bia ky Sdok Kak Thom
cd nien dai n a m 1052, lai cho biet nhieu
thong tin ve vi vua s a n g lap ra vudng
trieu Angkor nay. Ben canh nhiing thdng
tin ve viec lap ra cac cd sd tdn giao cua
ddng tdc Sivakaivalya, ddng tgc cd nhiing
ngudi lam qudc su cho cac t h a n vua
(devaraja) trong sud't hai the ky rudi (tii
802 den 1052), bia ky Sdok Kak Thom cdn
cho biet ca mgt b a n g ])ha he cac vua tri vi
trong thdi gian nay. Theo cac tai lieu bia
ky, khi tit J a v a trd ve (trudc n a m 802 mgt
thdi gian), J a y a v a r m a n da n h a n mgt
ngudi cd ten la Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tif
te. NgUdi nay thd p h u n g Sivalinga va da
diing mdt S i v a l i n g a d s r u k (lang)
B h a d r a y o g i , t r o n g vijaya (viing)
I n d r a p u r a . Trong khi dd thi ddng tgc
S i v a k a i v a l y a lai cd x u a t xif tii s r u k
S a t a g r a m a d A n i n d i t a p u r a . Vua (kurung)
cua Bhagajiura cho ddng tdc na>' mgt
khoanh dat d I n d r a p u r a va, d day, hg da
lap ra lang Bhadrayogi va diing len mdt
S i v a l i n g a . Va I n d r a p u r a c u n g la ndi
J a y a v a r m a n II dii'ng lai khi tit J a v a trd ve
nudc, n h u nhiing ldi cua bia ky: "Hoang
t h u d n g tit J a v a trd ve va trd t h a n h vua tai
viing d a t t h a n h I n d r a p u r a va

Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tU te cho ngai".
Theo G.Coedes, I n d r a p u r a n a m d phia
ddng sdng Me Cdng, trong viing n a m giiia
Pbnom Penh va Kratie hien nay.

Ciing cac tai lieu bia ky mudn cho biet,
trong thdi gian dau, J a y a v a r m a n II chua
chinh jihiic ditg'c Luc C h a n Lap va ciing
chifa kiem soat dUdc loan bg T h u y C h a n
Lap. Do vay, trong thdi gian tri vi tai

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<i>Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difaiig toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - J000) 13 </i>

Thom viet: "Tiep theo, n h a vua lap ra
t h a n h phd A m a r e n d r a p u r a va vi t u te
cung di theo den d t r o n g t h a n h de phuc vu
nha vua".

Cd nh>iing y kien khac n h a u ve vi trf
cua A m a r e n d r a p u r a . Vi du, n a m 1924,
G.Groslier da ddng nha't A m a r e n d r a p u r a
vdi ngdi den ldn B a n t e a y C h m a r ; sau da'y,
cd y kien day dd t h a n h nay den t a n viing
tay bac nudc C a m p u c h i a . The rdi, nhiing
nghien citu gan day ve k h a o co, bia ky...
da dinh vi cho A m a r e n d r a p u r a d ngay
vung ngoai vi cua Angkor Thom, ben bd
n a m cua B a r a y (hd) T a y . Tai day,
J a y a v a r m a n II da cho diing mgt linga
thieng vdi ten ggi la G a m b h i r e s v a r a , mgt

den thd h i n h kim t h a p ba t a n g , n a m t h a p .
T h e n h u n g , A m a r e n d r a p u r a cUng
khdng dUdc J a y a v a r m a n II hai'Idng. The
la, dng lai mdt lan nUa (Ian cudi ciing) ddi
dd. Va, dd t h a n h lAn nay dUdc biet cd ten
la M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a . C u n g bia ky Sdok
Kak Thom cho biet: "Sau day, n h a vua di
den tri vi d M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a , va diic dng
Sivakaivalya ciing di den d trong kinh
t h a n h dd de p h u c vu nha vua n h u trUdc
day". Vdi viec ddi dd va lap ra dd t h a n h
M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao n a m 802,
J a y a v a r m a n II da md ra mdt thdi ky mdi
trong lich srf C a m p u c h i a : thdi ky
Kambuja h a y thdi ky Angkor (802 - 1432).

Viec q u a n trgng dau tien, sau khi lap
ra dd t h a n h mdi M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao
n a m 802, ma J a y a v a r m a n II lam la tuyen
bd sU doc lap cua minh ddi vdi J a v a . Bia
Sdok Kak Thom chep ve viec nay nhU sau:
"Liic dd, n h a v u a di den tri vi d
M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a . Khi ay, mgt l a n g Id

b a - l a - m o n cd ten la H i r a n y a d a m a tinh
thdng ma t h u a t phii chii, da tdi xif sd cua
ngai. N h a vua ben mdi dng ta td chifc mdt
nghi le de cho da't nudc ciia ngUdi
Kambuja khong phai p h u thudc vao J a v a
niia, va de cho chi cdn mdt vi q u a n vudng

duy nha't lam chua te thien ha ggi la
C h a k r a v a r t i n . Vi b a - l a - m o n da tien h a n h
mdt nghi le theo t h a n h t h u Vinasikha va
lap ra thiet che T h a n - Vua. Ong ta giang
day t h a n h t h u V i n a s i k h a , N a y o t t a r a ,
S a m m o h a , Siraccheda. Ong dgc tif dau
den cudi de viet va giang nhiing sach dd
cho Difc dng Sivakaivalya vao viec te le va
thd Cling T h a n - Vua va khdng chiu de cho
n h i i n g ngUdi k h a c te le. Diic dng
Sivakaivalya, vi t u te, da chi dinh mgi
ngUdi hg h a n g cua ngai vao cdng viec ciing
le nay". Vdi budi tuyen bd'dgc lap nay, thdi
ky Kambuja hay thdi ky Angkor
(802-1432) bat dau md ra. Va, cung tit day, cac
bia ky thiidng ggi J a y a v a r m a n II, ngUdi
md ra mdt ky nguyen mdi huy hoang, ky
nguyen K a m t u j a , la "nha vua diing dd
t h a n h tren dinh niii Mahendra".

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<i>14 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

t u d n g linh d a u t i e n t r o n g so' dd la Dd la mdt so' kien triic gach da dd n a t 6
P r i t h i v i n a r e n d r a . ma bia ky ca ngdi la Vat P h u ( C h a m p a s a c , Lao), cac cdng t r i n h
"nhu lifa dot chay cac loan q u a n dich". kien triic tdn giao d S a m b o r Prei Kuk...
ngudi dUdc giao n h i e m vu t h u phuc lai Trong sd' nhiing kien triic hien cdn, tieu
Malyang. tii'c mien n a m tinh B a t t a m b a n g bieu nha't va cdn k h a n g u y e n ven nha't cua
bay gid. The nhu'ng. n h u cac tai lieu da kien triic gach C h a n L a p la P r a s a t
cho biet. trudc n a m 813 hai nudc C h a n Bayang. n k m each Angkor Borei khdng xa
Lap van chua dUdc thdng nha't lai. (phia n a m C a m p u c h i a hien nay).

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<i>Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Duniig tdi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - 1000) 15 </i>

Khdng biet vi ly do gi. sau mdt thdi
gian tri vi (khdng biet la bao lau) d dd
t h a n h M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a (nui P h n o m
Kulen). J a y a v a r m a n II. n h u ldi mdt bia ky
"Sau dd, n h a vua trd ve tri vi trong do
t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a va bifc tudng t h a n
-vua cung dUdc m a n g tdi dd. Vi thay tU te
va n h d n g ngUdi trong gia dinh cua dng ta
van h a n h le n h u trUdc. Vi tU te m a t kbi
vua cdn tri vi. Rdi n h a vu m a t trong t h a n h
H a r i h a r a l a y a cd bifc tUdng T h a n - Vua"..
J a y a v a r m a n II m a t d H a r i h a r a l a y a nam
854, sau 54 n a m tri vi. Ong dUdc m a n g ten
t h u y la P a r a m e s v a r a (than td'i thUdng =
Siva) - hien tUdng mgt ong vua ditdc
phong t h a n d a u tien d Kambuja.

Trieu vua J a y a v a r m a n 11 keo dai 52
n a m da de lai nhUng da'u an sau dam cho
da't nudc C a m p u c h i a . Du r a n g , nhU cac tai
lieu bi ky cho biet, quyen h a n h cua dng
chac chi dugc thiic thi khdng qua viing
Bien Hd, n h u n g J a y a v a r m a n II la ngiidi
da md dau cho cdng cudc binh djnh va
thdng nha't d a t niidc C h a n Lap. Trong qua
t r i n h de tien tdi t u y e n bd ddc lap, dng da
tim ra dia diem cho t h u dd tiidng lai trong

vung p h u can (each khu vUc bi lut lgi h a n g
n a m mdt chiit) cua Bien Hd. Rdi thi each
dd khoang 30 km. la cdng trUdng khai
thac da sa t h a c h ldn t r e n niii Kulen va
kha gan nhUng deo di tdi cao nguyen Cd
R a t va luu vilc .sdng Me N a m .
J a y a v a r m a n II da d a n h cho difa chau ndi
va la ngiidi ke vi thii ba ngdi vua cua dng
la Y a s o v a r m a n t h a n h lap dd t h a n h
Y a s o d h a p u r a , mgt dd t h a n h se trd t h a n h
kinh dd cua de qud'c Khdme trong 600
nam. Ve m a t ton giao. J a y a v a r m a n da lap

ra le thd ciing T h a n - Vua. Ma, n h u bia ky
Sdok Kak Thom noi. T h a n - Vua "ngii tri
trong t a t ca mgi kinh t h a n h ma cac nfta
vua da rudc dUa T h a n den. vdi tU each vi
t h a n linh bao hg vUdng trieu cho nhiing vi
q u a n vUdng ke tiep sau".

Tuy den tit ngoai vao. nhu'ng trieu vua
J a y a v a r m a n II da td ra q u a n t a m den viec
nd'i ket lai vdi nhiing t r u y e n tho'ng dan
tdc. Mdt b a n g chiing q u a n trgng ve viec
nay la, trong nghe t h u a t , da d a n h da'u sU
qua do tit thdi ky tien Angkor ma nd van
gan bd chat che den thdi ky Angkor. Theo
cac n h a nghien citu, khdng mgt vi vua nao
cua Campuchia cd t h e sanh dUdc vdi
J a y a v a r m a n II ve quy md va sii lau ben

cua nhiing a n h hUdng ma minh da de lai
cho lich sif, Khdng gid'ng n h u nhiing ngudi
ke vi cua minh, J a y a v a r m a n II khdng de
lai mgt bia ky nao ca t u n g ve sii nghiep
cua ban t h a n . Va, n h u mdt bia ky cua mgt
trong nhUng ngUdi ke vi va la hau due cua
dng da ndi: "Ngai ngU t r e n nhiing con sU
til t r a n g diem cho ngai vang cua Ngai.
Ngai ban lenh chi huy den cac vi vua.
Ngai thiet lap dinh thii cua ngai t r e n dinh
niii M a h e n d r a . Ngai cd tat ca, nhUng
khdng he kieu ngao".

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16 <i>Nghien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

va da d a n h t h a n g nhiing ke t h u cua minh
(nhung lai khong cho biet cac ke thii dd la
ai). Vdi J a y a v a r m a n III. chiing t a lan dau
tien biet dUdc dng la mgt trong ra't it vua
Khdme theo Visnu giao (ten t h u y cua vua
la Visnuloka) va la dng vua dau tien ma
mgi ngUdi biet den cai ten trudc khi len
ngdi vua ( J a y a v a r d h a n a ) .

Sau khi J a y a v a r m a n III chet (cd the la
c h e t k h i di s a n ) vao n a m 877,
I n d r a v a r m a n I da len ngdi vua. Cac n h a
nghien citu cho r a n g , cd the vi t a n vu'Ong
nay la ngUdi em hg cua vi v u a trUdc.
Chfnh bia ky cua I n d r a v a r m a n I ndi rang,

ngiidi dng d a n g me cua dng la
R u d r a v a r m a n (ngudi ditdc ddng nha't vdi
vua R u d r a v a r m a n tri vi d D v i r a d a p u r a
trong may n a m cudi ciing ciia the ky VIII),
cha dng la P r i t h i v i n d r a v a r m a n thudc
ddng tdc k s h a t r i y a va dng d a n g me ciia
me dng la vua N r i j j a t i n d r a v a r m a n . Mdt
bia ky t h e ky X cho b i e t cu t h e
I n d r a v a r m a n 1 la chau ciia hoang h a u , vO
ciia J a y a v a r m a n II. Nhii vay la, dii cd
chiit it q u a n he ve ddng tdc vdi hai vi vua
tien boi. I n d r a v a r m a n I van la mdt vi vua
ngoai tdc. Cd n h a n g h i e n citu (nhU
Diipont) cho r a n g . Id lien cua
I n d r a v a r m a n I la nhiing Ihii linh chu hau
cai q u a n I n d r a p u r a , mdt viing ma cho don
khi I n d r a v a r m a n I l^n tri vi, van chUa la
mgt bg p h a n lanh Ihd t h a t sii cua de qud'c
Khdme. Cung iheo cac tai lieu bia ky,
I n d r a v a r m a n I cd ngudn gdc (ca hai phia
ngi ngoai) tit N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n : cdn vd
cua dng lai la c h a u gai cua
R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I, ngiidi ma diidng nhu,
vao giiia the ky VIII, da t h d n g nha't dUdc
ba viidng qud'c cd bat ddng vdi n h a u . Cd

the, I n d r a p u r a lai trd t h a n h nUdc chu hau
cua C h a n Lap s a u k h i J a y a v a r m a n II tii
bd ndi n a y de den H a r i h a r a l a y a .

Sau khi len ngdi, I n d r a v a r m a n I van
tiep tuc tri vi tai dd t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a .
Ngay tii thdi gian d a u sau khi len ngdi,
I n d r a v a r m a n I da lam cho kinh dd cua
minh rdng hdn va dep hdn, it nha't la dd'i
vdi nhiing ngdi den luu giii devaraja va cac
vi t h a n linh khac cd lien q u a n den viec thd
p h u n g cua h o a n g gia. Ngay tit n a m thif
n h a t s a u khi len ngdi vua, I n d r a v a r m a n I
da cho xay diing d phfa bac k i n h t h a n h
mgt hd nUdc ldn cd ten la I n d r a t a t a k a (hd
cua I n d r a v a r m a n ) h i n h chii n h a t vdi chieu
dai chay theo hudng ddng tay, ngay phia
bac den Bakong (nay hd da can nUdc). Hd
niidc nay la ndi giU va cung fcap nUdc cho
dd t h a n h va cac den thd cung n h u cho he
thd'ng tudi tieu ciia nhiing c a n h ddng liia
xung q u a n h . Ngoai r a , t r o n g thdi gian tri
vi khdng dai, I n d r a v a r m a n I da cho xay
nhieu ngdi den thd ldn: n a m 879, dng ciing
hien 6 ngdi den t h a p xay b a n g gach gia d
P r e a h Kd de thd a n h tUdng cua bd' me dng,
ong ba ngoai dng, cua J a y a v a r m a n II va
hoang hau, dUdc t h a n linh hda diidi nhiing
net cua Siva va Devi; cuo'i ciing, n a m 881,
dng k h a n h t h a n h cdng t r i n h kien triic ldn
dau tien bang da xay diing len tUdng hnga
VUdng quyen I n d r e s v a r a (ket hdp ten nha
v u a - I n d r a v a r m a n - vdi ten cua t h a n
Siva-Isvara) - nay la den Bakong d phia nam

P r e a h Kd.

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<i>Ngd Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Dirdiig toi ky nguyen Angkor liiiv hodng (790 - /OOO) 17 </i>

each Roluos. Cac cdng trinh xay diing thdi trai dng ten la Y a s o v a r d h a n a ditdc ton len
ky nay chu yeu b a n g gach; da chi cd vai lam vua vdi vUdng hieu la Yasovarman I.
trd i)hu va lhU(Jng dugc diing de lam cac Vdi Yasovarman I, thdng qua ngUdi me,
cot nhd, cac lan Id, cac k h a m thd. Cac den vudng trieu Kambuja do J a y a v a r m a n II
ihd t h u d n g difg'c xep t h a n h nhdm sau hoac Lap ra, da ditdc ket no'i vdi cac vua thdi lien
tam den t r e n mgt nen chung, nhUng moi Angkor. Cac bia ky cho biet, me cua
den van cd be rieng b a n g gach hay bang Yasovarman I, ba Indradevi, la con gai cua
da. Net ndi b a t va la mdi trong kien triic M a h i p a t i v a r m a n , ngud'i dUdc ggi la "vua"
thdi ky nay la, lan dau tien trong kien va dUdc ngdi ca la ngudi chien binh so'mgt
true Khdme, cac nhdm den thd dUdc bao trong chien t r a n . M a h i p a t i v a r m a n la con
q u a n h bang mdt so' vdng rao ddng tam, trai ciia R a j e n d r a v a r m a n In ngudi diidc
trong dd, hai vdng ben trong cd tUdng coi la t h u linh td'i cao ciia Thuy Chan Lap
b a n g da laterite va cac cdng t h a p (gopura) trong sud't gida va nita cudi the ky VIII.
hay cdng t h a p gia d moi m a t tUdng, cdn ^ g a y sau khi len ngdi, Yasovarman I
<i>vdng rao ngoai cung thi bang da't vdi ^^ h a t dau sU ngWep xay diing vi dai, ma, </i>
nhUng rao gdc cd chan song. Cdn trong ^e cd ban, nhiing cdng trinh do vi vua nay
<i>nghe t h u a t t r a n g tri cua phong each "^ay dUng da trd t h a n h mku hinh cho </i>
Roluos, thi, n h u ba Coral R e m u s a t da nhiing vua ke ngdi sau nay. Vao ngay nam
<i>n h a n tha'y, cd bdn c'li mdi; 1. dau Kala vdi jj^^^ 15^ \^^ y^^^ Yasovarman I da cho xay </i>
cac hinh M a c a r a quay dau ra (yeu td du jij,-,g ^fong nhieu tinh cda vUdng qud'c
n h a p tif J a v a ) ; 2. xua't hien nhiing n h a n hang t r a m tinh xa (asrama) ciing cac hanh
vat dugc n a m nggc day dac (cung anh ^.m^g (rajakuti) danh cho vua moi khi di
hUring cua J a v a ) ; 3. xua't hien nhieu hinh vien du. N a m 893, dng cho xay len d giUa
Visnu trdn vat cUdi G a r u d a , va 4. thay cac hd I n d r a t a t a k a mdt den thd gdm 4 t h a p
hinh kien triic t h u nhd d dudi cac vdm gach danh de dat cac bifc tUdng thd cua bd
cudn tren cac k h o a n g tudng n a m giiia hai ,-^3 g^ig, dng ba dng (ngay nay la Lolei).

col dp tren cac m a t tudng b a n g cac hinh q^he nhUng, Yasovarman I khong d lai
Dvarapala va A p s a r a . Cac cot nhd thi da H a r i h a r a l a y a lau. Chi sau khi d day mdt
chuyen t h a n h b a t giac, the nhUng, cac cot ^hdi gian ngan, Ya,sovarman I da chuyen
<i>trdn lac dac \kn cdn. Ckt hinh cay la da ^^j t h a n h dien T h a n - Vua va t r u n g tam </i>
mang tinh t r a n g tri cao va da lam cho mgt quyen lUc the tuc den mdt ndi mdi va dat
sd chiec cot cua phong each nay trd t h a n h ten cho kinh dd mdi dd la Yasodharapura.
nhiing chiec cdt dep nha't trong nghe y d sii viec nay, bia kya Sdok Kak Thom
t h u a t Khdme'"'. viet: "The la nha vua cho lap ra kinh

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<b>18 </b>

<i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

Sivasrama cho diing tUdng linga t h i n
thanh d chinh giiia". Cac nha khoa hgc da
xac dinh dUdc vi tri ciia Yasodharapura la
khu viic hinh tit giac dUdc danh da'u bdi
qua ddi Phnom Bakheng.

Cho den nay, cac nha khoa hgc da cd'tim
ra nhiing ly do de giai thich vi sao
Yasovarman I lai ddi dd den mdt dia diem
mdi. Theo G. Coedes, chac la, dd thanh cii
Hariharalaya vdi be bgn nhiing cdng trinh
kien true dUdc xay diing trong cac trieu
vua trUdc da can trd cho nhiing dii an xay
dung cua vi vua tre. Do vay, ndi mdi, vdi
tam diem la niii Phnom Bakheng, that
thich hdp cho mdt kinh thanh rdng ldn va
cd diem cao d trung tam de xay diing ngdi
den cho pho tUdng linga Yasodharesvara"'*.
Theo cac nha nghien cifu, cac cdng

trinh kien triic thdi Yasovarman I da tao
thanh mdt phong each nghe thuat ldn:
phong each Bakheng. Phong each nay cd
nhiing net dac trUng sau: 1. xay diing cac
den thap Idn bang sa thach tren cac gd dat
cao tu nhien vdi cac hdi lang md bang da;
2. cac trang trf khdng qua khac so vdi cua
thdi ky trudc; 3. dieu khac hinh ngud'i cd
phat trien, nhUng di vao each dieu hda*'*.
Ciing liic vdi viec chinh trang dd thanh
mdi, Yasovarman I cdn cho dao mgt hd
nudc rdng Idn d phia ddng bac kinh thanh
mdi. Hd niidc cd ten Yasodharatataka, dai
7 km va rdng 1.800 m. va dUdc bao quanh
bdi mdt con chach dap bang da't viing
chac. Rdi thi, dudi trieu vua Yasovarman
I, cac den thd Siva gia da bat dau dUdc xay
diing, nhu cac den Sikharisvara (than
Siva tren dinh niii), d Preah Vihear va
den Bhadresvara d Sivapura.

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<i>Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difdng toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - WOO) 19 </i>

va ma't ra sao, c u n g khdng cd mdt tai lieu
bia ky nao ndi tdi'*^'.

Theo p h a n tich cua cac n h a khoa hgc,
du Y a s o v a r m a n I m a t trong trUdng hdp
nao di nfla, thi dieu dd cung xay r a trUdc
nam 910, vi mdt bia ky d P h i m e a n a k a s , cd

the cd xua't xfl tfl P h n o m B a k h e n g , , trong
p h a n chfl P h a n , coi n h u den nien dai nay
thi dng da m a t ; cdn trong p h a n chfl
Khdme cd, thi tdn xUng ten t h u y cua dng
la P a r a m a s i v a l o k a .

Dfla vao nhflng t r u y e n thuyet, mgt so'
n h a khoa hgc, n h u Aymonier, cho rang,
hau het nhflng b o a t dgng tich cUc cua
Ya.sovarman I dien ra vao nhflng n a m dau
tri vi. Sau dd, nha't la vao nhflng n a m sau
nay, Y a s o v a r m a n I bi bui va p h a i r u t ve
nghi tai mgt v u n g ddng b a n g gan dd. The
n h u n g , gan day, cac n h a nghien cflu cho
rang, dng vua hui ma t r u y e n t h u y e t ndi
tdi la dng vua tri vi sau dd vai the ky, vua
Y a s a v a r m a n IP-". Cd the la vao khoang
n a m 910, ngfldi con t r a i ca ciia
Y a s o v a r m a n I la H a r s h a v a r m a n I da len
ngdi k e v i . Cac tai lieu cho biet, n a m 912,
H a r s h a v a r m a n I da xay cung hien mgt
den thd trong k i n h dd cfl cua nifdc P h u
Nam va la ngUdi s a n g lap r a ngdi mieu
Bak.sei C h a m k r o n g d c h a n ddi P h n o m
Bakheng. Chac vi vua nay cdn tri vi tdi

<b>nam 922 va, s a u khi mat, da dUdc n h a n </b>

ten t h u y la R u d r a l o k a . Bia ky viet ve vi
vua nay n h u sau: " Ong (Yasovarman I) cd

ngUdi con t r a i r a t dUdc yeu quy la Sri
Rudraloka ( H a r s h a v a r m a n I), ngUdi tao
ra niem vui cho t h e gidi nay; ddi chan cua
ngai rflc s a n g bdi a n h s a n g ehdi Ida cua
<i><b>nhflng t r a n g hoa ngoc gkn t r e n cac vfldng </b></i>

mien cua cac vua tfl k h a p bdn phUdng.
Ngai la ngfldi t i n h thdng vd nghe, riic rd
vinh q u a n g , ludn h o a t dgng vi ngfldi khac,
dflde trdi phfl cho sfle manh..".

Sau khi ngUdi a n h mat, ngUdi con thfl
hai cua Y a s o v a r m a n I len ngdi vdi vUdng
hieu la I s a n a v a r m a n II. C h u n g ta khdng
biet gi ve thdi tri vi ciia vi vua nay, chi
biet r a n g dng duOc m a n g ten thuy la
P a r a m a r u d r a l o k a va tri vi vao n a m 925.
The n h u n g , ngay tfl n a m 9 2 1 , mgt ngUdi
cau cua ong da, n h u ldi mgt bia ky, "di
khdi Y a s o d h a r a p u r a de den tri vi d Chok
G a r g y a r (vung Koh Ker), dem theo minh
pho tUdng T h a n - Vua. Cac n h a nghien
cuu cho r a n g , dfldng n h u da cd sii tiem
ngdi cua dng cau nay, ngUdi da tri vi dudi
cai ten J a y a v a r m a n IV. Mdt bia ky sau
nay cho biet, dng len ngdi vao n a m 928, cd
the cflng la n a m n h a vua I s a n a v a r m a n II
chet. nhd dd ma ngfldi cau mdi dUdc coi la
nha vua hdp p h a p .

Cho den nay, c h u n g ta h a u n h u khdng
biet gi ve gia tdc cua J a y a v a r m a n IV. Bia
ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cho biet, vd cua dng
la em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I. Bia cua Pre Rup
cho biet t h e m ve ten cua ba la Jayadevi.
Bia P r a s a t D a m r e i ndi r a n g , vua
J a y a v a r m a n IV cd ngUdi a n h t r a i "cflng
mgt me sinh ra" t e n la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n .
Do vay, J a y a v a r m a n IV ro r a n g la ke cfldp
ngdi. Vi la chdng em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I,
cho nen, cd the, ngfldi cau da cd mdt vai
trd nha't dinh trong thdi gian hai ngUdi
chau tri vi. Va, khi hai ngUdi chau ma't di,
dng cau da cd day du mgi cd sd de len ngdi
tri vi mgt each hdp p h a p .

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<b>20 </b> <i>Ni^hien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

ky ciia J a y a v a r m a n IV deu ditgc tim t h a y
d day. Cac bia ky cho biet, ngdi den thd
cua dd t h a n h nay dUg'c xay dflng vao
k h o a n g cac n a m tfl 921 ddn 937 va nhieu
do tien cung da dugc d a n g cho ngdi den
vao cac n a m lfl 928 den 932. Mdt sd'bia ky
c6 nien dai n a m 921 d P r a s a t Thom (Koh
Ker) cho biet ve viec J a y a v a r m a n IV diing
t h a n T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a . Cac bia ky da ca
ngdi ngdi den Devaraja ciia J a y a v a r m a n
IV d P r a s a t Thom. Ngoai ra. cflng cac bia
ky cho biet. J a y a v a r m a n IV cdn cho diing

n h i e u den thd khac, nhit den P r a s a t
K r a c h a p thd T r i b h u v a n a d e v a vao n a m
928; den P r a s a t K r a v a n , den Chong Ang...

Nhu'ng cdng trinh do J a y a v a r m a n IV
xay difng len da tao t h a n h c;i mgt phong
each nghe t h u a t va kien true: phong each
Koh Ker (lay ten ngdi den nui P r a s a t
Thom, tuc Koh Ker). Cac ngdi den d Chok
G a r g y a r da d a n h tlau mgt sit phat trien
liej) ciia linh t h a n kien t n i c Angkor,
nhu'ng vdi nhflng di biel dia iihifdng. Gach
van la nguyen lieu chinii, niufng da va dac
biet la sa t h a c h da dugc dflng nhieu. Cac
ngdi den kieu vuong t h u d n g cd dudng cat
hinh rang: cdn kieu kien true hinh chfl
nhat ihitdng d a n h cho cac t h a n h thit.
<i>Kieu den hinh kim t h a p da.]i cao, vdn da </i>
x u a t h i e n d M a h a d r a p a r v a t a , thi d
Gargyar. da la ca mgt hinh kim t h a p co
chieu cao cao hOn va thon t h a hdn so vdi d
thdi ky IrUdc. Viec sU d u n g cac vdng tudng
bao ddng t a m cd cac ihaji cong Gopura,
vdn rat ndi bat d H a r i h a r a l a y a , thi da
dugc ddi mdi 0 P r a s a t Thom b a n g viec
xuat hien mdt s d d e n thd ben canh, nhiing
chua gan ket vdi khdi kim t h a p dap cao.
Trong khi do lhi nghe t h u a t dieu khac

tugng trdn v a n cdn theo t r u y e n thdng cu

cua phong each B a k h e n g .

J a y a v a r m a n IV m a t n a m 941 va dudc
n h a n ten t h u y la P a r a m a s i v a p a d a . Con
trai dng la H a r s h a v a r m a n II len ke vi va
van tiep tuc tri \ i d Chok G a r g y a r . The
nhiing. vi t a n vudng lai chi tai vi dugc
chflng hai hoac ba n a m . N a m 944. mdt
ngudi a n h hg ten la R a j e n d r a v a r i n a n II
len ngdi vua. Cac tai lieu bia ky cho biet.
mot ngiidi em gai k h a c cua Y a s o v a r m a n 1
la M a h e n d r a d e v i , chi cua J a y a d e v i , da lay
mdt dng M a h e n d r a v a r m a n nao dd. Tfl
cudc hdn phd'i n a y da sinh ra ngUdi con
trai ldn ten la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n .

Ngay s a u khi len ngdi,
R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II da ddi dd trd ve lai
Y a s o d h a r a p u r a va rUdc tfldng T h a n Vua
ve dd. Mdt trong nhflng bia ky (bia Baksei
Chamkrong) da ca ngdi vi vua mdi: "Anh
ciia ngai (tflc H a r s h a v a r m a n II), ngud'i
anh ldn hdn ve tudi va ve dfle h a n h la dfle

vua Sri R a j e n d r a v a r m a n
( R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I I - 9 4 4 - 968), ngfldi

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<i>Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lap: Duang tdi ky nguyen Angkor liny hodng (790 - lOOO) 21 </i>

vd sd bdng sen. vdng day vinh q u a n g cua chem dau r a t nhieu vua".... Va. mdt trong

ngai qua'n quyt h a n g cay vu tru. Trong nhflng cudc chien ldn ma
t h a n h phd Siva. Ngai da diing R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II p h a t dgng la cudc
Siddh(>svara. linga cua sit vTnh cflu ky chien vdi C h a m p a . Theo cac bia ky, thi
dieu. rUc s a n g mgt (juyen lite dieu ky, va quan Kambuja da xam chiem Champa va
difng Iron dao cua hd nudc Yasodhara, mgt tieu buy t h u dd cua nudc nay. Bia k^' mo
linga va nhieu hinh tiidng. Dfle vua kheo ta Iran chien nay nhfl sau: "Dd t h a n h cua
loo cd l a m nhin t h a n t h a n h , da them vao vua C h a m p a cd bien d trudc mat, da hi
mgt hinh tiidng, b a n g vang khdng gi sanh q u a n dgi Kambuja bien t h a n h tro". Con
dudc, danh cho P a r a m e s v r a , vdi nhflng bia ky C h a m p a d ngdi den Pd Nagar cho
nghi le can thiet va ve huy hoang cua biet, quan Kambuja da lay di pho tugng
p r a s a t td dicm b a n g cam thach nay".. Mgt Bhagavati bang vang cua ngdi den.
bia ky khac (bia Bat Chum) cho biet them: R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II m a t vao n a m 968,
"Ong cho xay dflng lai do t h a n h t h a n gau 24 n a m tri vi, va dflde n h a n ten thuy
t h d n h Y a s o d h a r a p u r a tfl lau da bi bd la Sivaloka. Va, con trai ong, J a y a v a r m a n
hoang trdng, lam dd t h a n h trd nen long lay V len ngoi khi cdn r a t tre. Trieu dai cua vi
va duyen d a n g vdi vice xay dung mgt lau ^ua trd nay keo dai chflng 30 nam. Nhfl
<i>dai cd mgt dien thd bAng vang dng iinh j - ^^y^ ^ac vj vua trUdc, chung la biet r a t </i>
<i>gid'ng n h u lau dai cua M a h e n d r a Iron mat ^^ yg tinh hinh chinh Iri cua da't niidc </i>
<i>^*^^ Kambuja thdi ky nay. Qua cac bia ky, cd </i>

Th(>() cac nha nghifMi cuu, nhflng cdng the n h a n t h a y , tbdi ky tri vi ciia
trinh kien true ibd'i R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II J a y a v a r m a n V la mgt trong nhflng thdi ky
da lao t h a n h mgt gai doan hay phong each ma tri thflc dUdc de cao n h a t trong lich sit
chuyen tieji tii i)hong each Koh Ker sang cd Campuchia. Dudi thdi dng, ngUdi ta
phong each B a n t e a y Srei. Nhflng dac thay, nhieu ddng tdn giao khac n h a u cung
triing c h u y e n tiep nay ditdc hoc Id rd n h a t dUg'c ton tai, cac he phai tU tudng khac
d hai kien true ldn la Mebon va Pre R u p - n h a u cflng p h a t trien va cd nhflng nha trf
nhflng cdng trinh nghe i h u a t kien true vi thflc nUdc ngoai (An Do) den dinh cfl. Vi
dai cuo'i cung b a n g gach vdi n a m ngdi du, J a y a v a r m a n V ga ngfldi em gai cua
lb;ip Iron dinh d u n g iren nen cao hinh minh la I n d r a l a k s h m i cho vi t a n g lfl

kim tha)) cd cac hdi lang bao q u a n h . Cdn balamdn An Do la D i v a k a r a b h a t t a , tac
• ngdi den B a n t e a y Src-i, thi, du van d giai gia cua nhieu cdng trinh Siva giao. Rdi

doan chuyen tie]), nhu'ng da la cdng trinh thi, ditdi t n e u dng, cd hai tang lfl balamdn
dau tien ciia phong each Co Dien. ngUdi nUdc ngoai da mua da't va lap

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<b>22 </b> <i>Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009 </i>

nhflng cdng viec q u a n t r g n g n h a t ma
J a y a v a r m a n V trien k h a i trong sud't thdi
tri vi ciia minh la xay dflng den thd cac
t h a n . Vao nhflng n a m d a u tri vi cua ong,
ngoi den t u y e t dep B a n t a y Srei ditdc h o a n
t h a n h . Sau day, dng da b a t dau cho khdi
cdng hai cdng t r i n h ldn P h i m e a n a k a s va
T a k e o . T a t ca nhflng cdng t r i n h m a
J a y a v a r m a n V h o a n t h a n h h a y khdi cdng
deu da trd t h a n h nhflng kiet tac nghe
t h u a t kien true cua da't nflde C a m p u c h i a .

J a y a v a r m a n V m a t n a m 1001 va dUde
m a n g ten t h u y la P a r a m a v i r a l o k a . Ke vi
dng la ngudi c h a u t e n la
U d a y a d i t y a v a r m a n I. T h e nhUng, vi vua
mdi nay chi tri vi diidc cd vai t h a n g . Sau
U d a y a d i t y a v a r m a n I, len tri vi d a t nudc
Kambuja la S u r y a v a r m a n I (1002- 1050),
mdt ngUdi, ma theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd
ngudn gdc Ma Lai. Vdi sfl len ngdi cua
S u r y a v a r m a n I, da't nitdc Kambuja budc

vao mgt thdi ky hiing t h i n h ciia minh.

N h u vay la, trong hai t r a m n a m , ke tfl
khi "tuyen bd' ddc laj)" n a m 802, den khi
S u r y a v a r m a n I len ngdi n a m 1002, cac
dng vua cua vUdng t r i e u do J a y a v a r m a n
II lap ra, b a t d a u tfl J a y a v a r m a n II va ket
t h u c la J a y a v a r m a n V, da khdng chi dfla
da't nudc cua minh t h o a t khdi sii p h u
thugc vao J a v a ma cdn dan dan thd'ng
nha't dUdc hai khd'i C h a n Lap vao mgt n h a
nUdc thd'ng n h a t Kambuja. Khdng chi
ciing cd' va lam cho d a t nflde p h a t trien,
cac vua Kambuja thdi ky nay da thiet lap
va xay dflng xong nen mdng cho sU p h a t
trien vUdt bac ve mgi m a t ciia da't nUdc
trong bdn the ky tiep theo. Tdn giao thd
T h a n - vua, md h i n h den nui, he thd'ng cac

hd chfla nUdc..., nhflng di s a n cua thdi ky
dau, se dUdc cac v u a K a m b u j a t r o n g bd'n
t r a m n a m tiep t h e o tiep tuc h o a n thien va
day len d i n h cao./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

<i>1. Dan Iheo: Lawrence Palmer Briggs, The </i>
<i>ancient Khmer empire, American </i>
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1951,
tr.67 - 68.

<i>2. Coral Remusat, Uart khmer. Les grandes </i>
<i>etapes de son evolution. Trong Etudes d'art </i>
et d'ethnolog'ie Asiatique, 1. Paris, 1940.
3. Lunet de Lajongqiuere, E. 1902, 1907, 1912.

<i>Inventaire archeologique de ITndochine, 3 </i>
v. E.F, 4, 8 va 9. Paris Leroux.

4. Lunet de Lajongqiuere, E. 1902, 1907,
<i>1912. Inventaire archeologique de </i>
<i>ITndochine, 3 v. E.F, 4, 8 va 9. Paris </i>
<i>Leroux. H.Parmentier, 1927. Uart khmer </i>
<i>primitif P.E.F. 21 va 22. Paris, G. Van </i>
<i>Oest. P.Stern, Un nuoveau style khmer au </i>
<i>Phnom Kulen. A.I. & B.L., C.R., 1937, tr. </i>
<i>338-339. va Le style de Kulen; decor </i>
<i>archi-tectural et statuaire, B.E.. 38, 1938, tr. I l l </i>
<i>- 149. P.Dupont, Uart de Kulen et les </i>
<i>debuits de la statuaire angkorien. B.E. 36, </i>

1936, tr. 415-426.

<i>5. Coral Remusat, Influence javanaise dans </i>
<i>I'art du Roluoh (9 siecle) et influence du </i>
<i>Roluoh su de temple de Bantay Srei, J.A., </i>

1933, 223; tr. 190- 192.

<i>6. G.Coedes, The indianized states of </i>

<i>Southeast Asia, East- West center </i>
press-Honolulu, 1968, Ir. 114.

7. Dan theo L.P.Briggs, sdd, tr. 109-112.
8. DSn theo L.P. Briggs, sdd (ctl), tr. 113.
<i>9. L.P. Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire, </i>

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