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<b>llENJfiUC </b>

<b>SLf KET HOP HAI HOA </b>

<b>KIEN TRUC DAN GIAN </b>

<b>VA KIEN TRUC PHAT GIAO </b>

<b>DANG THI PHONO LAN </b>

D

<b>ugc x^p vao mOt trong nhihig ng6i </b>
chda khai ddu cho ki^u chiia tidn
phat hau thanh (1). chiia Thay la
mot hop th^ kie'n true ciia hai dang chiia va
<i>den. Vdi mOt s6 chiia ciing dang tiln phat hau </i>
thanh nhu Keo (Thai Blnh). Btfi Khe, Tram
<i>Gian (Ha Tay) thi ye'u t6 d6n duoc the' hien ro </i>
cf mot so' thanh phan kie'n tnic nhu nghi mOn, ta
<i>hiiu vu, hau cung. Rieng a chua Thay, tuy chi </i>
CO hau cung mang dac trung ciia den nhung
tinh cha't nay con bieu hien 6 mot .so' yeu to' nhu

<i>gac trS'ng. cay co, hien vat vh nghe thuat bai tri </i>
<i>66 thd. </i>

Trong m6t kh6ng gian kie'n triic Phat giao
vira trang nghiem. c6 kinh vira tinh mjch Iai gdn
giii v6i ddi, chua Thay la su ket hop ciia hai khoi
kie'n true thcJ phat va thcf thanh trong m6t ket ca'u
mat bang tiln c6ng (noi thcr phat) va hau nhat
(noi th6 ihanh), nam trong mpt chQ quoc, tao
bdl su ke't no'i cua hai day hanh lang va nha hau.
Day cung la mOt dang mat bang it gap trong
kien true chua ci^ Viet Nam bdi net nhan ciia tao

<i><b>Chua Tliiir \i mOt ngii </b></i>
<b>chua n£l tl^ng cua vung </b>
<i><b>QuCc Oai (Hi lil wtc </b></i>
<b>oay, Ha Noi hien nay), </b>
<b>gSnvtlvlsirUiliiiiiLyTiK </b>
<b>Bao Nanh, nguiii ct cOng </b>
<b>triiyin Di Phil giio, xiy </b>
<b>dung chua, chia binh, </b>
<b>day nghi' rii cho nguiil </b>
<b>dinnoidiy.Radiltirthtl </b>
<b>Ly, ngii chua i i mil I l i </b>
<b>chi quan trgng minh </b>
<b>chirng cho sd phuc hung </b>
<b>ciia Phil giio TK XVil, </b>
<b>l i e hiii i i su giao hia </b>
<b>gida giio ly niy vdi tin </b>
<b>ngding din gian cia </b>
<b>ngddi V i i l Mii glao hia </b>
<b>iy dddc thi hiin mil </b>
<b>cich sing tan qua qdin </b>
<b>the hiin trdc cda chda v i </b>
<b>hadg didg qdadh ddi Sii </b>
<b>son vdi nhdng hiiu Wddg </b>
<b>kiin trdc die Oio. </b>

<b>S5 3 3 4 | I J | </b>

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<b>VAN H h A NGHI: T H U A T T K O M C </b>

hinh ki^u chii nha't n^m d t6a diftn thdnh chiia

<i>Thky, tao su phong phii cho \6 hop cic don </i>
nguyen kitfn iriSc trfin mOt mat bang tdng ih^
<i>dang nOi cOng ngoai qu6c ph6 bitfn b cfic chCia </i>
TK XVll. Ti^n dudng, thupng di§n kft ntfi vdi
nhau bdi gian 6'ng mutfng dua trtn btfn h^ng cijt
va hai hang lan can, trSn song con tifin, khdng
c6 ludng bao xung quanh, tao khdng gian md,
gdn gui, noi giao hda cda hai ki^u anh sing tu
nhien va nhan lao cho khu thd phat. Khoang san
<i>gifla ti^n dudng vk thuong dlfin Ik nai dua dnh </i>
sdng lit nhien vao chua. noi bay cay canh, tao su
hai hda giiJa thien nhien vdi kieTn tnic. Hinh thiic
nay phai chang la goi y cho ki^u gi^ng trdi trong
nhOng kieh triic mai bang hinh chS lam sau nay
d chaa Kim Lien va Tay Phuong?

Dua tren bd vi ki^u gid chieng cho ph6p
nang cao bd mai, vdi hinh ihiic b^y gia (2) d^
md rdng khdng gian, ludng bao la he thdng cita
<i>biic ban, trd d cita tiSin song con lien, k^t hop </i>
vdi nhihig van nong cham thung nhi6u hoa tiS't,
tao cho dien phat mdt khdng gian tmh mich ma
<i>rdng md, ddy linh til bi, gdn ddi. Kfil hop vdi </i>
nghe thuat bai trf tupng, dd thd phat thdng
<i>thoang b tiin dudng, ddn dap d thupng dien, </i>
anh sang md ao cho con ngudi cam nhan ro net
triet 1^ sac khdng, vd thudng, su giai thoit,
hudng ve cdi niet ban ciia dao Phat. Dupc xiy
dung tren n^n ciJa kien triic thdi Ly, dien thinh
duoc coi la mdt hau cung cd trudc nhtft trong sd

<i>nhihig hau cung d cdc ngdi chua dang tiin phat </i>
hau thinh ctia Viet Nam TK XVII (3). Dien
thanh c6 mat bang g ^ vudng, tren mdt n^n cao
hon dien phat 0,96m, ngudng cCra cao, md cic
cita hep, bao ba mat la cita biic ban, mii Ipp
ngdi mui hai. Trong mdt khdng gian hep, tdi,
th^p, kien triic ndi that ft cd trang trf, he thdng
cdt ldn tuong phan vdi mat ngoai kien triic, tai
cd trang trf dai cinh sen cdng phu tren cic
ngudng, cham ldng, cham bong td hpp rdng,
phupng, lan, hoa tren cac vin nong, cinh sen,
hoa d di^m mii... da bitfn noi day thanh mdt
khdng gian linh thieng, ky bi. Trong dien, cd
<i>nhieu dd thd dam tmh din nhu ngai Ihd, bai vi, </i>
<i>kham thd. chSp kieh, long... Yeu td d^n b chiia </i>
Thay cdn bi^u hien qua su xuit hien cua gie

trdng, dat ddi xihig vdi gac chudng chiia thi
phat. Gac trdng chCia Thiy vdi chific trdng di
Idn, loai trdng chl cd d dang chiia lien phat hfi
thinh. Trdng da chiia Thiy la loai trdng ldn
ngudi xua thudng goi la trdng sJfm, vdn c6 J
<i>nghTa ve viec c&u phdn thirc th^ hien qua viec </i>
<i>ngudi dan thudng dCing nd d^ md man cac h[i6\ </i>
<i>ciu mua. Din din, nhiing trdng nay trd thanh </i>
trdng hdi iam nio mic ldng ngudi. ddng thdi
<i>cQng la ldi c&u phiic tdi mudn nha. Vdi nbihig </i>
ngdi chiia thuin thd phat, khi xua thudng khdng
cd trdng da (vl xuit phit tir tam tir bi).

Ngoai cic dd thd trong dien thinh, cdn c6 su
<i>xuit hien ciia hai tupng ngua g6 thudng tMyb </i>
<i>din: ngua hdng va ngua bach d tda tien dudng </i>
va thupng dien. Mdt loai cSy thieng trong quan
niem dan gian. mang tinh chit bieu trung cua
<i>din, mdt hinh anh khdng the thieu khi nhac din </i>
chiia Thiy, la cay gao. dupc xem nhu mdt uuc
ndi giita trdi va dit, gin vdi kien tnic den r^t ro.
Dupc xay dung trong mdt v&ng ban son dia
cd dac trung cua nen van hda ndng nghiep tii liu
ddi, chiia Thay la not bieu hien cho su hoa bcqi
CLia Phit giio vdi nhQng tfn ngudng ban dia,
irong dd, ndi bit nhit li tin ngudng ndng nghiep
<i>ciu mua vi tfn ngudng thd da, niii, td nghe. lii </i>
ca dupc in dudi nhung hinh tupng kien tnlc FhSl
giio. QiLia n ^ ngay dudi chin niii Sai Son,
ngpn niii tdn nha't vimg Qudc Oai, phfa tn«ic
mat la hd Long Trl cimg he thuc vit, hang done
di da dang bao quanh. Dupc bao hoc bdi)
<i>nudc, chiia Thay b irong mdt khdng gia </i>
tinh mich, cd kfnh. linh thieng nhung
dupm miu thetuc. Tdng the kien tnic iy nl
hien rd $ nghia Idn lao m i dao P h ^
hudng tdi: su hda hpp gi0a ddi va dao, |
<i>nhien va con ngudi. Ngay trong ban w </i>
ngudi cua Tir Dao Hanh cung nhu con du^
hanh cua dng cung li til ddi dfn dao. tilr^
ham mud'n, han thb, i n oin c i nhin man
ddi da dua dng d^n vdi con dudng tu hinti
ngd, giai thoit, phd dd chiing sinh.

Lich sit ngdi chita dupc khdi thuy tit'bai
Thinh Hda, noi ngii tu tap, thoat xic d^ W
phit trien thinh mdt ngdi chua be the dudi ct$n
mii l i noi giang dao va din trd thanh mdt ttung

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tam Phit giao ldn ciaa viing Qudc Oai. Day
cung la budc dudng Phit giao hda vio ddi sdng
the luc. Nuong theo the mii, hda cUng canh
quan, tin dung phong thuy, khai thic ve dep
cua kien tnic truyen thd'ng la nhiing thinh cdng
ciia nghe thuat kien tnic chtia Thay. Quay mat
<i>vi hudng nam, dua mii, dm sdng, chtla Thiy da </i>
khai thae dupc nhiing uu the theo quan niem
phong thiiy. Song hinh tupng tdng the kien tnic
chiia Thay la hinh tupng rdng. Chiia vdi cic ldp
kien tnic trai dii trong bd cue ndi tien cdng,
hau nhit, ngoai qudc, tao ten hinh tupng trin
rdng. Minh rdng la quin th^ mii Ham Rdng, Sai
Son, dudi l i ngon Long Diu dm vdng ra phfa
trudc. Ham tren cua rdng la bd di't Him Rdng,
phia trade tien dudng. Bd ben kia hd li him
dudi cua rdng. Dai dit chay vdng sang hai ben
chiia la chin rdng. Hai gieng hai ben chi^a li
mit rdng. Hai ciu Nhit - Nguyet Tien la rang
rdng. Hai cay gao moc dang ddi hai ben tren bd
dit Ham Rdng la riu rdng. Gac chudng va gie
trd'ng dupc diy ra sau hiu cung, ning cao hai
ting mai trong tdng th^ chiia, la hai lai rdng.
Thuy dinh ndi ten giua ao rdng (Long Tri) la

vien ngpc trong mieng rdng. Theo quan mSm
Phit giao, rdng la mdt bieu tupng thieng, cd 3?
nghta nhu mdt linh vat chuyen chd giao ly dao
Phit. Tiiy khdng phai la bieu tupng gdc, nhung
hinh tupng rong dupc sir dung nhieu trong cac

<i><b>Nhdt Hen Kieu. Anh frong boi eda VQ Phong </b></i>

<b>M V T H U A T - K | g N T R i : i C </b>

mdtip mang ^ nghia thieng trong kien tnic vi
dieu khic Phit giio nudc ta.

Viec lien ket cac thanh phin trong kien tnic
de tao ten mdt bieu tupng mang y nghia linh
thieng li mdt sing tao trong nghe thuit kien
tnic chiia Thiy. Khdng chi tao ten mdt tdng the
hoin chinh dep ve tao hinh, ket ciu, nhin manh
<i>su hda hop ciia tu nhien vdi nhan tao ma b diy </i>
cdn in chiia nhiing gii tri tu tudng, van hda.
Gat bd nhiing ldp y nghia Phit giao trong hinh
tupng rdng, cd the thiy, thuc chit ^ nghia hinh
tupng phong thiiy theo din gian vin Ii phan anh
tin ngudng ciu mua cua cu din ndng nghiep
(rdng hdt nudc lim mua). Gin vdi yeu id nudc
ciia viing ddng chiem trung Qudc Oai cdn cd
nhiing kien tnic, nhiing san phim nghe thuat
cung nhu tfn ngudng mang dac tnmg van hda
viing. Dd chfnh la ngdi thiiy dinh. mdt san khiu
<i>miia rdi nudc cd nhit cdn tdn tai b nudc ta. </i>

tuong truyen la do Phdng Khic Khoan xiy
dung tit TK XVII. nhung kien tnic hien cdn la
ciia TK XIX. C6ng vdi thiiy dinh, viing Qudc
Oai ciing la cai ndi ciia nghe thuat rdi nudc dieu
khien bang diy keo dac sic. Dd chfnh la mdt
dac san nghe thuat mang da'u in van hda Ma
nudc vdi nhung hinh tupng nghe thuat rdi dupe
tao hinh, van hanh, dieu khien theo cic tfch trd
dim sic thii van hda ndng nghiep. Nhan vit Tit
Dao Hanh mdt lin nua lai hien len nhung vdi
hinh tupng cua mdt vj thanh
hoang td nghe, ngudi cd cdng
sang lip va truyen nghe cho mdt
sd ling thudc dit Qudc Oai.
Trong dd, ndi tieng vi deh nay
vin bao Iuu duoc nghe truyen
thdng la rdi lang Phii Da hay cdn
goi la rdi lang Ra. Chfnh bdi vay
mi hang nam, trong ba ngay hdi,
Phu Da phai cd trach nhiem mang
rdi ciia ling sang trinh dien d ihiiy
dinh de hiu thanh Tit Dao Hanh.
Ngay dang ket ciu dieu khien
bing diy ddc dao ciia tupng thanh
trong kham d hiu cung chiia Thiy
ciing la md phong hoat ddng cua
nhflng rdi nudc. Bdn canh dd.

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<b>VAN H(^A NfiHI^ T H U A T I B O N C lltf»C </b>

dudi hinh thiic cua mdt kie'n tnic Phat giao vdi
bd'n mii. hai ting, tim dao cong viit, dupc bao
bdi nhung biic ludng trd cita dac rdng ndi giOa
mil hd Long Tri. thi ngdi thuy dinh lai mang
mdt bieu tupng diy y nghTa cua Phat giio - hoa
sen tren mat nudc.

Hai chie'c ciu Nhat - NguyCt TiCn kCl ndi
chiia vdi ling xdm cimg he thdng chtia hang
tren dinh niii Sii Son phi'u ben trii vi d^n Tam
Phii phfa ben phai. Dd dupc xem ii nhO'ng hinh
.itih lao net rieng biei cho chtia Thay. Lin diu
lien hinh anh quen thudc ciia nhu'ng chide ciu
ngoi kie'u Ihupng gia ha kidu bic qua cac con
kcnh, rach d cac lang que Vidt Nam lai hidn Idn
diy sang tao trong mdt khdng gian kie'n tnic
Phat giao. Dd cung la mdt hinh anh dep de. y
nghta cua su bao dung, chip nhan nhidu tdn
giao. tin ngudng (rong quan nidm Phit giao.
Trong ke't ciu gian d'ng mudng ndi tidn dudng
<i>va thupng dien a chua Thay. la cdn gap mdt kd't </i>
ciu dac biel dupc thd hien ngay d len goi, nhi
ciu. Kh6ng don thuin chi la dang ciu cd mil
nhu d Nhat - Nguyet Tidn, tda nha ciu chay doc
vdi each thiic tao tac dac bidt, hai bdn la vach
ngan bang gd tao thanh thanh ciu, chia bd'n
ling trang iri day dac hoa van may, ciic, rdng,
iren ciing la lan can cd bd tru hinh chin song
con lidn. Kd't ciu nay khid'n ta lidn ludng tda
nha gidng nhu mdi chide ciu kd't ndi lidn dudng

rdng ihoang vdi ihuong didn. mdt khdng gian
Phai giao Iinh ihidng. Nhung irong tdng thd
kien inic chtia Thay, nd lai cd J nghta irid'i ly
sau sic. Dd la chide ciu ciia tam. cua giac, din
chiing sinh tie'p can vdi phat va bd tat. dua con
ngudi rdi khdi bd'n md dd vd Ihd gidi phat; chide
ciu ndi thd gidi trin tuc ciia con ngudi vdi the
gidi ihanh linh ciia nha phat (4). Nhi ciu nay
cung da xuit hidn d chiia Biit Thip (Bic Ninh)
hay chiia Tram Gian (Ha Ndi) luy nhidn khdng
cd hanh lang vdi nghd thuat cham khic didu
luydn. diy y nghta nhu d nha ciu chiia Thay.

Ngoai ra, kidn tnic dldn thinh chiia Thiy vi
he thdng hang ddng trdn niii Sai Son ciing
nhiing truyen thuydt dupc luu truydn trong dan
gian cung phan inh rd net tfn ngudng thd da,
mil noi diy. Dien thanh dupc xay tren mdt cip
nen cao nha't trong chua. ldi len phfa trudc va

phfa sau la nhiing bac d i nhd. ddc. Xung quanh
didn thinh dupc xe'p d i hdc Id nhd, trdng xen
lin nhidu loai cay nhu ciy dai. tre, inic... goj
len hinh anh cua mdt ngdi chiia tren dinh
mii(5). Ngay hinh tupng thinh Tit Dao Hanh
cdng a'n giiu bdng ding ciia thin nui. Niii Sai
Son cung dupc xem li ngpn mil chd ldn nhit.
tit ca cac ngpn nui khae ddu phai chiu vd, nhir
<i>su hdi tu sinh luc vi vdi chda Thay. Trong ngiy </i>
hdi chda, mac dii chi la chua cua hai lang Tliuy

Khd va Da Phiic nhung bao gid cung phai cd du
kidu ciia bdn lang (tii phuong) Thuy Khe,
Khanh Tin, Da Phdc va Sai Khe chiu vd vol
kidu Ihinh (6). Hien nay, trong dien ihanh va
dldn phat chua Thay vin cdn luu diu in cua tih
ngudng thd di. Trong didn thinh, hidn cdn thit
mdt tang da phfa sau tupng vua Ly Thinh Tdng,
tuong iruydn la hdn d i Tir Dao Hanh da cho
trin yem khi xiy dung chua. Ngay Idi vao didn
phat, tit phfa hau cung, hidn cdn mdt phien da,
theo quan niem dan gian dd la noi tfch tu duoc
sinh khf cua trdi dit vi \ay ngudi vao chtia
thudng bo ddp d ben ngoai dd mong ddn nhin
dupc sinh khf idt lanh dd.

Nhu viy, cd the thiy, bing sit kheo Ido h&a
minh vdi nhiing Idp tin ngudng, van hda ban
<i>dia. Phat giao giai doan phuc hung trd lai ~^ </i>
XVII. iren vung Qudc Oai, H i Ndi, da ba
<i>ben chic trong ddi sd'ng. tinh ihin ciia i </i>
<i>din noi diy. Vita siu sic, nhin ban. via </i>
dung, gin ddi, Phit giao da cho chdng tai
bai hpc vd nhin ban, bidu hidn qua ngh^
xiy dung nhiJng bieu tupng trong kidn
Trong dd bii hpc Idn nhi't la hudng con ^
tdi su hai hda giira ddi va dao, giQa tu nhq
con ngudi •

<b>D: </b>
<i>I.DangTtij nong Lan. Nghe thudt kien u-ue^ </i>

<i>khde chda Thdy. lu^n dn tiCn .sT van ti6a h^c, 2 ~ </i>

<i>2.5. Nguyen Van Ti^n, Chua Thdy (Thien P </i>
<i>Nxb Khoa lipc Xa hdi, Hil Nfli. 2004. </i>

<i>3, 6. Ptiam TTii Thu Huong. Nhiing ngdi chit </i>
<i>phdt hdu thdnh & vUng chdu thd Bdc Bo. luan iiu </i>

van h(Sa hpc. 2004. ^
<i>4. Cue Di .'iiin van h&a. Mpi con dadng tiep can i </i>

<i>vdn hda, Nxb Hd Ndi. 2005. </i>

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