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=™^„ ,^... MY THUAT - KIEN TRUC

<b>Dl SAN KIEN TRUC CHUA THAP DOC DAO </b>

TRAN TUAN ANH

<b>BUOC meidi danh l i </b>
<b>iftng lift dl sin, trong </b>
<b>nhie'u nam qua, Huf da gin </b>

<b>giiilii nfng klin mic </b>
<b>cung OInh Irl jfu Nguyin vOI </b>

<i><b>hon 30 di tich vi quin «£ </b></i>
<b>dl lich, trSn 50 phU dC cda </b>

<b>cic vuong, cOngcf iiinh </b>
<b>vi nhie'u ChUa thip dOc </b>
<b>dio mang djc tnmg cda </b>
<b>vung djft idnh ii). Trong sf </b>
<b>d i e t ChUa QufcAn,if </b>
<b>linh cf xua cia Oiifn phii </b>

<b>Phit giio Um T f i Ding </b>
<b>Trong suft nhlfu Ihf iii, </b>
<b>noi bio IUU nhiing gii ttj </b>
<b>mang dim hin sic vin </b>

<b>hia Ph$t giio Huf. </b>

1. Noi khai son Ptiat giao

Lam Te Dang Trong

Chiia Qutfc An dugc hinh
thanh tit cu«i TK XVII, do t^ sir
Nguyen Thi^u IhuOc Thi^n phai
<i>Lam TC the he thiJ 33, que ft </i>
Trung Qudc, sang Dai Viet
<i>hoang ph^p. Nim Th^i TOng </i>
hoang de nam thli 17 (1665),
Nguyen Thieu di theo thuydn
budn den Quang Nam, luu tni tai
phu Quy Ninh, dung chiia Tliap
<i>Thap Di Bi (Blnh Dinh). Sau d6, </i>
ngai deh Thuan H6a lap am
Vinh An (vl sau la chiia Qutfc
An), xay thip Phd Ddng. Nam
1687, ngai phung mang ^ chi
ciia chiia Nguyin Phiic Thai Irft

ve Quang Ddng rude hoa thugng
Thach Liem sang truyen gidi
cho chu tang Dai Viet. LUc trd
ve, mac dil khdng rude dugc hda
thugng Thach Liem nhung thiln
su da thinh nhilu tugng phat,
chudng khanh. Nam 1695, thien
su phung sac trii tri chiia Phd
Thanh, lang Ha Trung (1). Trong
<i>thdi gian nay, thiln su da thinh </i>
mdt tugng Quin Thl Am Bd Tat

ldn tir Trung Qudc va nhilu
tugng, phap khl vl Dai Viet.
Thiln su vien tich nim 1728, thg
81 tudi. Hiln Tdng hoang diban
cho thuy hilu Hanh Doan thiln
su va lam mdt bai k^ ghi chip
cdng diic cua thiln su (2).

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<b>VAN H(^A NQHI^ THI I A T fRflMfl M B ^ </b>

Sau khi Ifip am VTnh An m(?l thdi gian ngfin,
thiln su Nguyfin Thilu dfi duoc ehda Nguyin
Phiic Tfin (1620-1687) ban ngfin khoan dl xfiy
dung chua. Sau khi chua Nguyin Phue Tfin mfit,
con irai ciia dng lfi Nguyin Phiic Thai ndi ngdi
(1687-1691), thudng goi lfi Ngai Vuong. Chda
<i>Nguyfin Phdc Thfii lilp tue trpng vong l6 ,su </i>
Nguyfin Thilu. dng dS ban lfinh miln giam thul
dfi't rudng eho nhfi chiia vfi dli tfin ehiia Ifi Qude
An ly, ddng thdi ban tfi'm biln "Sac tiJ Qudc An
<i>ty" (3), Cung trong ihdi gian nfiy, chua phai i6 </i>
Nguyfin Thilu vl Quang Ddng, Trung Qudc.
thinh danh tang lfi hda thupng Thach Lifim (6
chua Trudng Thp) din giang phfip tai Thufin
Hda. Tliy nhifin, t l Nguyfin Thilu khdng mdi
dupe hda Ihupng Thaeh Lifim din Dfing Trong,
chi thinh nhilu phfip khf, chudng iupng, kinh
.sfich khi trd lai,..

Nam 1728, Id Nguyin Thilu vifin tieh, hda

Ihupng Minh Hofing Dinh Nhifin k l vi tru iri
chua Qudc An va ed nhilu ddng gdp trong vific
kiln thifi't chiia, Trai qua nhilu Ifin trimg lu theo
su thang trfim eua thl cudc, cd lile chiia ehi luu
giQ dupc mdt sd bia ky, van khl vfi mdl sd
<i>tupng, phfip khl. D€n nhung ndm vl sau, khi </i>
trilu dinh nha Nguyin cai tri dfit nudc, nhilu
phat ti> la tfing ldp quy tdc, vuong cdng da hao
tam cung dudng cung vdi sy bao trp cua trilu
dinh, chiia Qudc An dupc xfiy dyng to ldn vfi
chd tao cfie tupng phat, lupng bd tfit, tupng
thfinh, phfip khl, long khfim thd efie vi chu tl...
<i>Mae dil trai qua nhilu dpt tu sira, chCia vfin gifi </i>
dupc kiln trde truyin thdng mang phong cfieh
kiln irdc thdi Nguyin. Cung trong khudn vifin
chua, nhilu thfip md dupc xfiy dung c6 kfnh,
dilm Id cho chiia thfim phfin uy nghi.

2. Noi bao Iim nhihig gifi tri van hda dde
dao

<i>Kien true chda thdp </i>

Chiia Qudc An tpa lac trfin viing dfit eao rfio
thudc chfin nui Hdn Thifin (cdn goi Ifi ntii Bfin
hay niii Tam tfing). Ibfin bd efic cdng trlnh cua
chua phfin bd dpc theo triln ddi. Khu vuc tda
chfnh difin, nhfi tfing, nhfi khfich, nhfi thd linh
tao thfinh hlnh chii "khfiu". Chiia quay mfit vl
hudng tay bfic, tCi ngofii vfio lfi edng tam quan,

.sau khi qua mdt khoang sfin rdng phia trudc, li
<i>din hi Ihdng bac cfi'p dfin vfio sfin trong ck </i>
chDa. Tai dfiy, bfin trfii chua Ifi bia dfi Qudc Ai
tu, dd'i difin vl bin trai la tfim bia khdng cd chO
Canh hai bia dfi lfi hai am thd Thanh mfiu vs
Ngu hfinh. tilp din lfi ngdi difin thd Phat, nhS
tang, nhfi khfich. nhfi thd Iinh. Sau lung ehCiaia
hfi thdng cfie md thfip, noi an tfing cae vj h6a
thuang trii irl chiia qua nhilu thl hi.

Kiln trde cua Ida diln Dai hiing gdm li^n
diln vfi chfnh difin. Tda difin Ifi ngdi nhfi rudng
dupe kiln iriie theo "trting ihilm dilp de", v6i
tiln diln gdm 5 gian 2 chfii vfi chfnh diln gim
3 gian 2 ehfii kip, eung tpa lae trfin mdt n^o
chfnh. Day lfi kilu kiln tnic ihudng thfiy trong
cfic cung difin cr Hul. Kilu kiln tnic nfiy khiln
<i>ngdi tda difin rdng Idn va ihofing dang. Di nli </i>
liln khdng gian gii^a tiln difin vfi chfnh diln
ddng thdi ed Ihl hung nude mua tir mfii sau liln
difin vfi mfii trude ehhih diln, ngudi ta da tao
mdt mfing xdi d giua hai phfin mfii vfi bfin du6i
cd trang tri htnh vdm cudn (trfin vo cua).

Tiln difin chiia Qude An irudc day duoc
dung vdi bd khung gd cua mdi ngdi nha rudng
truyin thdng. Tuy nhifin, qua qufi trlnh tdn tai,
ngdi nha bi hu hong nang nin da hi trifit gial
Nam 2004, su mi tri chua qudc An da cho khOi

phuc lai tiln difin trfin nin eu (rdng 21,1m, dai
7,9m) nhung hfi thdng cdt. klo, xuyfin, Uinfa
(U^lnh) dupc lam bfing bfi tdng vfi son quit mau
sfic nhu ehfit lifiu gd. Rifing cfic don tay, rui. m^
vfin dupc lam bfing gd vfi mfii Ipp ngdi lilL
Trang trf trfin mfii tiln difin vdi cfic d l tfii: long
chfiu mat hd phd chinh gifia dinh mfii, bin trong
mat h6 phil thilt trf chfi "van"; hai dfiu ndc co
trang u-f hdi long. Bd mfii trang tri cfic d hdc
<i>vudng vfi cha nhfit xen ke nhau. bin trong ck </i>
d hdc dap n6i nhilu d l tfii hoa lfi. Cfic dfiu niii
lrang tri cfic cd giao cfich dilu. Hfiu hit cfic phil
difiu trang trf trdn liln diln xfiy mdi tai chiia
<i>Qude An dupc Iam bang chfit lifiu vdi vSa vk </i>
son quit.

Chinh difin lfi bO khung gd truyin thdng vdi
52 cdt: 8 cdt hfing nhfit (cao 6,3m), 8 cdt hfing
nht (cao 4,Sm), 18 edt hfing ba (cao 2,9m), 12
cdt hang tu (cao 2,2m), 6 cdt hifin (cao

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8 cdt hfing nha't nang dd 4 bd keo lao thanh 3
gian, mdl gian rdng 3.9m, dfii 4m; 8 edi hang
nhi do cac dudi klo hfing nhi dai 3,5m: 18 cCil
hfing 3 dd eae keo hfing 3 dfii 2.1m. Hai ehai
lrong ta. hihi rdng 3.5m, hai ehai ngofii rdng
1,2m. Chung quanh dupc xay ludng gaeh bao
che. Hai chfii kep chfnh difin phfa trudc duoc
xfiy tucmg gaeh, trang tri dl tai liing ldc va ngu
phuc (hlnh 4 eon doi chfiu vao chff phiic d giua)

Mai Ida ehinh difin dupe trang tri khfi cfiu ky
bang nghfi thuai kham sfinh sii. C) giO'a dfiu ndc
la long chfiu mat hd phii. bfin trong chiia hinh
chit "van", hai dfiu ndc lrang tri hdi long, eae
dfiu dao trang trf eii giao cfich difiu. d hai dfiu
xdng Ifi hinh eon doi dang ddi cfinh. mifin ngflm
vdng trdn. 6 nhihig khoang giira cae bd mfii cd
cfic d hdc hinh vudng vfi chii nhai. bfin trong
kham sanh sii vdi dl tfii phong phu: hoa mai,
hoa cdc, long van. ngu phdc. qua luu, chff van
hdi van. mai dilu. dilm mfii trang trf la dl.

Bude vfio ehfnh difin, hai bfin ta, hSu thifi't iri
bd tuong Thap Difin Difim vucmg (mdi bfin 5
lupng). Ngay irfin gian gifla chfnh difin, cd bflc
hoanh phi bang gd son son thfi'p v&ng bfin trong
cham ndi 3 chfl Han "Qudc An ty" va chifi'c fin
hmh thoi, bin irong khfic 2 chfl Han "Sac tfl".
Day la bflc hoanh do vua Minh Mang ban cho

MYTHUAT-KlgNTROC

ehila Qud'c An vao thang 5 nam Minh Mang thfl
tu (nam 1823). Ttr hang cdt nhfit gian gifla phfa
trong trd vl trudc la noi thifi't trf bfin ihd phat.
Tu hang edt ihfl nhfil phia trong chfnh difin trd
vl sau chiia dupc thilt k l mdt vach ngan bfing
gd tao thfinh hau difin (phfa sau chfnh difin) va
trd hai ldi ra vao ehfnh difin vdi phfa sau. Day

la khu vue diing lam noi Ihd eae vi td su da khai
son va ird Iri chiia qua eae thdi ky. Tai day.
chiia thiet trf 3 ban thd ll. Ban giiia cd long
kham son son thfi'p vfing, cham trd linh vi: hai
bfin ta hull thill iri hai ban thd, bfin irfin cd hai
Idp long VI Ngan each gifla ba gian va hai ehai
la huu tfl hang cOi ihfl nhfit phfa ngoai din hit
hau difin lao ihanh d6ng phong va lay phdng lfi
noi sinh hoai eiia hoa thupng iru in vfi su quan
IU (phd tru tri).

Md thap chiia Qudc An cd mat dd day dac
vdi 14 ngOi ldn nhd phan bd phfa sau vudn
chtia. Md thap Idn va cao nhfil gdm 6 tfing ihap,
mo ihap be nhfit chi cao 1 tfing. Phfin ldn ihap
md 6 chiia Qudc An cd hinh bat giae, chung
quanh ihap xay la thanh bao bpc va cd cfla dl
vao; phia trudc thap cd dung bia da khfic chfl
Han, trfin dinh thap trang trf hoa sen. Thfip chii
ylu dupe xay bfing gach va voi vua, trang tri
don gian.

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<b>VAN H(^A NGHg T H U A T TBOItfiJIBiC </b>

Chua Qud'e An Ifi cdng trinh cd kiln trde
nhfi rudng truyin ihdng vdi hi thdng cdt, klo,
xuyfin. irfnh bfing gd, Chua ed kiln trde hlnh
chfl "khfiu" dupc xiy dung xen Ifin trong khdng
gian eanh quan cay xanh lao nfin mdt phong
canh hflu iinh. Kiln true ehiia dupc bd trf dpc

theo inln ddi ifl tam quan, diln dai hiing, nhfi
tang, nhfi khfich, nhfi linh din hi thing thap md
tao nin mdl qufin thl kiln true dae irung cua
ehua Qud'c An,

Nghl thuai lrang trf lai chtia Qud'c An vdi
nhilu thl loai phong phd Ihl hi|n ky ihuat dilu
luyin ciia nghfi nhan xua. Trong Irang Irf kiln
triic. cfic nghe nhan da su dung nhilu dl ifii
truyin thd'ng gfin liln vdi dao Phai: ehil "van",
chfl "van" hdi van, bfinh xe phap luan, hoa
sen... Nghl thuai kham sfinh sfl lai chua kha
tinh xao bfing ky Ihuat kham ndi vdi mfiu sfie
hai hda. efic hoa lilt trang tri tao canh tupng
khdng gian 3 chilu dde dao. Nghfi ihuai cham
ndi irfin cfic hofinh phi. ky thuai son son thip
vfing irfin cac dd titu... lao nfin sfic Ihfii rifing
cua ngdi chiia,

Chiia Qud'e An lfi mdt trong nhflng ngdi id
dinh (chiia Id) xua nhat eiia thifin phai Lam T l
cr Thi^a Thifin Hul. Tfl khi hinh ihanh va irai
qua cac ihdi ky, dac biet la ihdi ky phong kiln,
ehiia Qude An duoe sy hau dai cua cfic vi chda
Nguyfin eung nhu cfic vi vua vfi hoang tdc thdi
Nguyin. Nghifin eihi lieh sir vfi kifi'n trde ehiia
Qud'e An. chdng la cfing rd hon bflc Iranh Phat
giao Dfing Trong giai doan lfl TK XVII dl'n
TK XX.

Hfiu hit cfic vi ihiln su iru iri ehua Qudc
An Ifi Ifim lang cang cua cfie "qude tu" irilu
dinh nhfi Nguyin, cd vi trf dae bifit quan trpng
ddi vdi nin Phai gifio Dfing Trong. Do vay,
mac dil ehila Qudc An khdng phai Ifi "qud'e lu"
thdi phong kiln trilu Nguyin, nhung vfin cd
vai trd to ldn ddi vdi ddi sdng iam linh cija
tfing ldp quy tdc nha Nguyin cung nhu ngudi
dan dia phucmg.

Thiln su Nguyfin Thilu, ngudi khai lap am
Vuih An - sau dupc trilu dinh sfic tfl Qude An
<i>tu - lfi chu i6 cd cdng Iao to ldn trong vific </i>
truyin ba Phfit gifio 6 Dang Trong. Thiln phfii

do Ihiln su Nguyin Thilu truyin dao da phfii
iriln Idn manh vfi anh huong lo ldn din Riat
gifio phfa nam.

<i>Khdng gian eanh quan vfi bd cue tdng tiii </i>
kiln irdc ehua Qudc An mang mdl nit rfit rifing
<i>nhung khdng vuot ra ngofii nhiing nguyfin ik </i>
phong thuy ihdi xua. Chua Qudc An nfim trfin
mdl ddi cao, nhilu cfiy edi, la chdn hdi tu linh
khf theo quan nilm ciia ngudi xua. Kiln mic
ehila dupc ldng vao lrong mdt khdng canh thifin
nhifin nfin Iho. lam cho khach van canh khdng
thl phan bill mdi each rach rdi dfiu lfi cdng
Irinh kiln Irde. dau lfi edng trinh trang trf Id ve
cho di tfch, Thifin nhiln va cfiu irdc chiia nhir

hda quyfin vfio nhau, dan xen nhau iao nfin mOi
khung eanh chat ehe, nin tho. huu ilnh. Trang
iri 6 ehiia Qude An bfing nhilu ky ihuai khic
nhau nhung mang phong cfich eua Hul, dd la
kham sfinh su, dap ndi, cham ldng. vdi cac
mdiip Irang iri dudi nhilu dang thl phong {4»i.
Tupng Ihd va cfie di vat d chiia Qudc An Ii
nhflng Ifie phfim nghl thuat dde dao ghi dfiu
phong cfich my Ihuat cua thdi dai. Ifi di san van
<i>hda nghfi thuat cua qudc gia. Cfie pho iuong a </i>
day cd Ifnh my ihuai vfi ky thuat eao, thl hifin
Irinh dd due ddng va cham khfic rfit tfii llnh
eua eha dng. Cfie bfii minh, bai tho lfi nhflng tu
lifiu cd gifi trj vl nhilu mat: ljch siJr, van hoc,
ngdn ngfl...

Vdi nhflng gifi iri trfin, chfla Qudc An xung
dfing lfi dilm tham quan hfip dfin cho khfich du
lich trong vfi ngoai nudc, lfi noi thu hflt cfic nha
nghifin eflu vfi nhung ai mudn tlm hilu vl van
hda H u l a

<b>TTA </b>

<i>1. DAy \k ngOi qutfc IU Ihdi chua Nguyin. Oiiia hien </i>
<i>c6ii glil nhilu ph^p khf. tuong c6. dac bi£l 1^ pho tirmig </i>
Quin The' Am B6 T^t b ^ g da. cao 2.46m. diroc cfic nghe
nhan Trung Hoa cham I r l Unh xao, bd tirong Phat Di Da
bfing gd son ihCp. tuong Dia Tang bfing d6ng. dai h6ng
chung diic n&m 1762.

<i>2. Hk Xuan Lifim. Nhiing ngdi chiia Hue. Nxb Thugn </i>

<i>Hoa. Hu(f. 2000. lr49-52. </i>

3. Biic hoiuih "Sac Hi Qu6c An ly" do chua Nguyfin Phiic
Thfii ban lang hifin dtiix ihis't tri tai gian giila chbih dien.

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