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<b>DIEN DAN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE </b>

<i><b>PAAM ^mm mww CAU % - i ^ i KB </b></i>

<b>M </b>

<b>Z7 </b>

<b>4 is </b>

<b>P G S . T S . N G U Y E N BAO H U A N - C D C </b>

Y t u d n g t h i l t k l :

Canh quan sa mac Rub Al Khali ket n i l vdi cang bien vung vjnh
Per-sic tupng trung cho sdc s i n g va p h i n vinh thjnh vupng cua Tieu vuong
quic Dubai. KTS Adrian Smith cam nhan r i n g dinh ciia toa nha Dubai
thilt k l da cao d i n tpt dinh mpt each "thanh nha & duyen dang" td day
cd the nhin toan canh dudng chan trdi nhpn nhjp. Hoa sa mac la nguIn
cam hung cho y tudng xay dyng thap Dubai, lam thay doi dudng v i i n
trung tam mdi Dubai. K i t c l u ngoai hinh k i l n true cd tinh on djnh d l k i t
hpp cac anh hudng van hda, Ijch sd truyin t h i n g ban dja va t i l p thu
kiln true hien dai Phuang Tay.

Cac tda nha mai vom va chdp nhpn, k i l n true H6i giao kieu x o l n I c
vdi c l u true loi trung tam bung ra xung quanh ba canh hoa la y tudng
kiln true nha d tao dyng mat bdng hinh hpc ba true. Thap vdi hinh khii
<i>xoay I c nhpn dan theo chilu cao, thap nhu mgt cay kim duac mieu ta </i>

<i>la "thanh phd thang dung" bdi no lam lu md mgi toa cao 6c hien co va </i>
<i>day lui mgi gidl han Kiin True & Xay Dung. </i>

Vdc dang canh hoa xoe nhj hoa vut cao la bieu trung ciia Thap n i l
tilp khdng gian k i l n true luon nhin t h i y canh mat trdi moc va lan, Thap

tao ra moi trudng d, nghi ngoi va giai tri vui choi d l chju vdi mdi trudng
<i>s i n g nhilu anh sang ty nhien, g i n k i t g i l c mo "decugc sdng va cdng </i>

<i>tac cua ngudi dan tdt dep han" </i>

Djnh nghTa "nhd cao nhat th§ g i d i "

Ngay td ddu, ngudi ta d i n r i n g r i n g thdp Burj
Dubai khdng chl Id k i l n true cao n h l t cua t h i gidi, md
Id vdt the nhan tao duyen ddng dpc ddo ddng ty do
giura sa mac cdc t i i u vuong q u i c A Rap.

Hpi d i n g Nhd cao t i n g vd C h l d do thj (CTBUH),
thanh ldp tai dai hpc Lehigh d Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, cd tru sdtai vien Illinois, Chicago (My).
Chu tjch, ong AntonyWood cong b l cdc chilu cao ky
luc qua b i n tieu chuan cho thap Burj Dubai (tfnh td via
hd cira vao chinh) sau:

1. Nhilu tdng nhlt: 162 t i n g , trudc day Tod nhd

<i>Hinhl: Toa thap nhff mot cay kim </i>

<i>Hinh 2: Maf bang kien true dien hinh khaeh san </i>

Taipei Ddi B a d 01 tang

2. Dinh mdi nhd 643,3m; trudc ddy nhd Taipei 101
Ddi B I C 449,2m

3. Oinh k i t c l u sdn nhd 624,1 m; trudc ddy Taipei
Ddi Bde 509,2m

4. Bom betdng t h i n g ddng 643,3m - ky luc trudc
day Taipei 439,2m

5. Oinh chdp Anten: 828m - Thdp Sears
Chicago-My cao 527m

c l u true dimg ty do: CN Toronto Tower Canada
cao 553m

Mac dii chilu cao c u l i cung ciia thdp Dubai ngdy
hdm nay mdi Ip dien, nhung thdp da dat phdn Idn s l
tieu chuan ddng ke trong t i t cd cdc chilu cao nhlt cua
Ban gidm khdo Hpi ddng trpng tdi CTBUH nhu trdn.

lUlo td K i t c l u

Mat bdng k i l n true thdp Dubai dang T " x o l n I c cd
Idi cung len cao d i n ngpn thdp (Hinh 3) Id y tudng
cua cong trinh su Bill Baker - SOM: nhdm gidm tdi
trpng gid va dap len thap, cOng nhu gid cho c l u true
bdtdng don gidn, k i l n true b i n virng dn djnh
(con-structability). Mat bdng ba cdnh (wing) thdp "Y" cd mpt
chuli cpt mui ddu h i i ndm tren sdn t i n g cung, nhimg
tudng ddi ngan khong gian k i l n true ba nhdnh thdnh
hdnh lang d i u dupc lidn k i t vdo Idi luc gidc gida tod
thdp nhdm c h i n g x o l n hidu qud (torsionally) cho
cdng trinh.

Vdn phdng K i l n true SOM dp dung quy ludt hinh

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<i>Hinh 3: Thap dang thi cong </i>

hpc k i l n true d l i xirng tuyet d l i de t i t ca cdc p h i n td
cpt tru betdng va mang vach ciia cac canh thap dupc
lien k i t tieu chuan qua loi trung tam.

Cac canh thap len cao thu hep d i n tao thanh nam
(5) bac san co hpc (tiers), m i l bac cd nhilu san k i t
c l u dien hinh thilt k l lap lai theo mpt md hinh xoan I c
nhdm day nhanh t i c dp xay dyng. Thap cdng len cao
cang nhpn d i n gay trd ngai to chdc so d l truyin tai
trpng dimg, nhu vay cac cpt m i l tdng tren ndn thing
tya tren cac tudng t i n g phfa dudi tao dudng truyin tdi
trpng lien tuc. D i l u nay cho phep xdy dyng m i l bac

san cirng thu hep md khong gap trd ngai lien quan
thudng xuyen d i n ehuyen ddi vj trf cac cpt tang tren.
Nhdng khoang lui thu hep b l rpng t i n g cimg nhu yay
lam thay ddi b l rpng cua mdi cdnh thap qua mdi ting
cdng. Theo SOM mpt sdng tao ciia ky su k i t e l u la gib
xoay khdng bao gid hinh thanh dupc tren kiln true
<i>thap. Ky su Bill Baker ndi: "Ket cau phai kit hgp cung </i>

<i>vdi kiin true va thiit ki ben vdng khdng the tach rdi". </i>

Phan ti'ch t h i l t k l & k i t cdu

Cac vach cdng chju cat ciia loi betdng hinh luc
giac cd dp ddy tU 1300 mm gidm d i n 500 mm cung
cac lanh td cira cao td 800 mm d i n 1100 mm hinh
thanh mpt k i t e l u tdm cdng khdng x o l n tuong ty lang
tru liln xung quanh thanh mpt k h i i . Cac tudng trung
tam thap b l trf thanh hinh luc gidc lai dupc gia cudng
bdi tudng hdnh lang va cpt d d i u hdi cde canh tao
thanh nhu mang ludi vd cac con son sdn dam gian
hdng cdng ngang de c h i n g e l t vd moment do gib.
D i m gian hdng (outrigger) betdng l i l n k h i i ndm tren
cac san tdng mechanic cho phep thay ddi nhip cot
dpc lap rpng hon tai cac tdng dudi, len t i n g tren thu
hep tham gia vdo chiu lyc, tang kha nang c h i n g dotal
trpng ngang truyin vdo Idi thap luc gidc, vi vay t i t ca
cac k i t c l u dung d i u tham gia h i trp ehing dd ca tai
trpng dung (lyc trpng trudng) vd tdi trpng ngang. V4
cudng dp betdng: mac cao thudng hiem nen kich
thudc k i t c l u sdn Idn, tai trpng ban than nang truyin
len Idi cimg vd cac cpt bien. Betdng Mdc cao cung
d i n g nghTa sddung vat lieu ft hon, gidm thieu dang ke
td b i l n bdng each tang ty trpng vd Idm tU b i l n cham
lai. Cf day sd dung xi mang Portland vdi M800 (C60)
d i n M l 000 (C80) cho tudng betdng ehju e l t . Thilt kl
sd dung c l p p h l i be tong tai chd.

Cu the c l p dp b i n C80 (cudng dp chiu nen cua
betdng cdn thilt phdi d l cap d i n cudng dp sau 48
ngdy vl cdng trinh chiu tai trpng dpng v l sau) dat gi^
tri quy djnh Md-dun dan hdi E = 43.800N/mm'
(6350ksi) cho tudng betdng d t i n g thdp hon. Sir dung

kfch thudc t l i uu cho trudng vd cpt lam viec theo cong
nang/phuong phap c l p s l nhan Lagrange r i t hieu
qua (Baker et al.2000). T h i l t k l k i t edu be tdng pliu
hpp yeu c l u Tieu chuan ACI 318-02.

<i>Hinh 4: Loi effng luc giac gdm cac tffdng chju cit </i>

NGUdi

XAY DUNG SO THANG

6 • 2011

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<b>P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE... </b>

Dp ddy tudng vd kfch thudc cpt dupc dieu chlnh de
giam bdt nhumg dnh hudng td biln vd co ngdt betdng
trong nhiJng clu kien dpc lap tao nen he kit clu. De
giam td biln chenh lech do co ngdt betdng giua cdc
cpt tren chu vi vd cdc tudng phid trong, kfch thudc cdc
cpt dupc t l i uu de ung suit trpng lupng trpng trudng
gay ra tren cpt ngang bdng vdi img suit tren cdc bUc
tudng hdnh lang ben trong mil canh.

Nam (5) sdn chuyen ting (sdn dat outrigger nhu
dim gian hdng cdng) se phdn phli lai tdi trpng tod
nhd, lien kit (tie) tit cd cdc clu kien thing ddng cung
chju tdi trpng, hon nda bdo ddm Ung suit trpng trudng
phan b l diu, vl vdy giam chenh lech chuyen djch
khdc nhau do be tdng co ngdt. Ndi chung dli vdi cpt
hodc tudng mdng thi td biln betdng xay ra nhanh
hon, CO ngin kfch thude kit clu do dd thilt k l chpn
dp ddy tilt dien cpt cdn 600mm (24") se phu hpp ciing
ty le vdi tudng hdnh lang (ty le tuong ty td the tfch din

b l mat).

<i>Hinh 6: Ket ciu chju Iffc chinh toa thap </i>

Mat cdt mdi thdp Id kit cdu he thanh thdp cheo
ngang, chdp (spire erection) nhpn thing ddng dupc
thiet k l chju tdi trpng trpng trudng, dp lyc gid dpng, lyc
dpng dit vd dp bin mdi theo yeu clu ciia Tieu chuan
tdi trpng cho thilt k l ddc biet dli vdi tod nha ket clu
<b>thdp -AiSC (1999). Cdc thep tilp xuc mdi trudng dupc </b>
boc nhdm de ching chdy. Kit cdu mdi chdp dupc
phdn tfch bdng phin mim ETABS phien bdn 8.4 (bao
gdm ca phdn tfch P-Delta) cho tdi trpng trpng trudng,
luc gid vd tdi trpng dpng dit. Cac md hinh phan tfch
ba chilu bao gdm cdc bUc tudng be tdng elt thep, cdc
dim lien kit tdm sdn, bdn mdng bd, cpc khoan nhii,
vd mdi chdp nhpn kit cdu thep. Cdc phdn tfch todn

Dang dao dong 1 Dana dao dong 2

D<7ng dao dong xoan

<i><b>Hinh 7: Cac dang mo hinh dgng </b></i>

dien md hinh
3D gdm hon
73.500 phin td
shells vd
75.000 phin td
nut. Dudi tac

dpng tdi tdi
trpng gid, thap
bj chuyen djch
ngang A ndi
Chung id binh
thudng: ngudi
lam viec
t r 0 n g V d n
phdng ting cao
nhlt elt
+ 6 0 4 , 9 m
[chuyen djch
ngang A
= 1 2 5 0 m m ]
ngudi d trong
can hp ting
cao nhdt
+ 3 7 5 , 3 m
[chuyen djch
ngang A =
540mm].

Phan tfch
cdc dang dao
dpng 1 cd

chuyen dich ngang v l mpt phfa vdi chu ky T =11,3
giay (H.7a). Dang dao dpng thU hai cd chuyen djch
ngang phuong vudng gde vdi mat thap cd chu ky T =
10,2 gidy (H.7b). Xoln Id dang dao dpng thd nam chu

ky T=4,3giay (H. 7c)

Tieu chuan UBC97 quy djnh rd thdnh phi ty trj
Dubai (DM) Id Khu vyc dja chin vung 2a (vdi dja chin
vung Z= 0,15 vd dit nin loai Sc). Cdc phan tfch dja
chin tucng umg phuong phap phd phdn umg ddn hdi.
Tieu chuan thilt k l dpng ddt khdng dilu chlnh cho
thilt k l kit clu betdng nha quay vd thap cd mdi chdp
kit clu gidn thep.

Tiln sy tu vin Max Irvine - Ky su cO hpc kit clu
vd dpng lyc hpc cdng trinh cd try sd dat tai Sydney
<i>-Australia - da bao do cu the vi mgi hiem hga tiem in </i>

<i>mang tinh huy diet cua mdi trudng cho Du in. Nguy </i>
<i>cd dat hoa long da duac dtiu tra ca ban dua tren </i>
<i>phuang phap bao cao xac dinh hda long khdng cd bat </i>
<i>ky tic dgng xau nao cho mdng sau cua Thip. </i>

<b>Thf nghiem 6ng thdi Gio: </b>

Dli vdi chilu cao vd dp mdnh ciia thdp Dubai thi
dp lyc gid vd dao dpng cdng trinh d dp cao ddn din
kit qud trdthanh ylu t l chii dao trong thilt k l kit clu.
Chuong trinh nghien cdu md rpng thf nghiem thdi gid
tunnel len tudng kfnh bao ehe xung quanh kiln true
mat thdp do Tiln sy Peter Irwin chl dao thyc hidn d
Guelph, Ontario

Cdng ty Rowan Williams Davies & Inwin (RWDI thf

nghiem Ing thdi gid bao gim nghien ciru cdc md hinh

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<b>PHAN TJCH K J T C ^ " ^ THIET KE. </b>

<i>Hinh 8: Kit ciu betdng cdt hep chju Iffc ciia thap phij hdp theo Yeu </i>
<i>ciu Tieu chuan xay dffng ACI 31802 ddi vdi kit cau betdng </i>

<i>-(ACI,2002) -Vlen betdng My. </i>

cdng - lyc can bang, nhilu md hinh khf dpng dan
h l l d l y dil mdc dp ty do (aeroelastic), nghien cdu mdi
trudng gid bao cho ngudi di bp tren t i n g cao, nghien
cdu mdi trudng khf hau (Md hinh danh gia cac hieu ung
gid ngang do gid xoay gay ra mpi tham hpa tiem an
mang tfnh hiiy diet).

Cac nghien cdu ve lyc can bang va khf dpng dan
hdi da sddung md hinh h l u h i t t i le 1:500.Tien sy Nick
Isyumov chuyen gia ky thuat I n g thoi gid ciia Cty
RWDI tai Oai hpc Western Ontario da thyc hien thf
nghiem thoi gid vao Idp bao che xung quanh k i l n true
thap. Ngoai cac thf nghiem chat tai ket cau thap Burj

<i>Hinh 9; Mo hmh ong thoi khi dan hoi & gio dong </i>

Dubai, CTy RWDI cdn nghien cdu vdn d l thdng gid va
an toan cho ngudi di bp tren cao, cd hieu qua (Inwin et
al, 2006).

De xae djnh tai gid bdng thf nghiern thoi gid len

chi'nh dupc thyc hien sdm trong cac t h i l t ke sddung
ky thuat cao t i n - ky thudt can b i n g lyc. Nhtmg s l lieu
I n g gid thdi sau dd dupc k i t hpp vdi cae tfnh c h i t dong
hpc ciia thap de dap ung tfnh toan hieu qua tdng the
phan trpng gid d ty le d l y dii. o l i ydi thdp Burj Dubai
k i t qua eua cde thf nghiem can bdng lyc da dupc siJr
dung nhu la d i u vao de t h i l t k l k i t c l u vd hinh dang
thdng s l de chi t i l t thap va eho phep nghien cdu thuc
hieri tren nhdng anh hudng b i l n ddi phdn p h l i khii

f,^cmnj( »«ooiiKx

£ i ^ M t f «IH,^ «i@N

I t

1

<i>o w s s wmo n o f ãôằ </i>

<i>Hinh 10a: Mo hinh tinh toan gid xoay </i>

lupng va dp cung thap.

Toa nha cd sau hudng gid ehii dao quan trpng. Cac
hudng gid chfnh la khi gid thoi vao "mui nhpn d i u hll"
/"mui hung gid" ciia mdi canh trong ba canh (mui ddu
hdi A, mui dau hdi B va mui d i u hdi C).

Ba hudng khae khi gid thoi vao gida hai nhanh la gib
hut, gpi la "mat hut gid" djnh hudng (mat hut gid A, B va

C). Chli y rang hinh anh lye d l i vdi cac hudng gid khao
nhau cho t h i y sy kfch thfch trong dai t i n s u i t ft quan

<i>Hinh 10: Gio thoi vao mui </i>
<i>C dffdi thip & gio hut giffa 2 </i>
<i>canh A&Bd tren cao </i>

<b>UWetHMCT </b>
<i>MjOoncnoH ^ </i>

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quan trpng d l i vdi gid thdi va dap vdo mui nhpn d i u hdi
culi ciJng hon Id td cdc hudng ngupc lai (mat hut gid).

D i l u nay da khang djnh khi lya chpn hudng ciia
thap so vdi cac hudng gid manh thudng xuyen nhdt
cho Dubai vd hudng ngupc lai. thf nghiem can bdng

<b>P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE. </b>

<i>Hinh 11: Bill Baker thi nghiem tunnel gio thoi va hut </i>

<i><b>wJ w ^ / "~^ ~a5 </b></i>

'-",^-*SJ @> s )

<i><b><B^ </b></i> « )

" " " ^ " " ^

^

^ 1

<i>Hinh 12: ap Iffc hut giam theo dien tich mat hffng gio giam len cao </i>

luc dupc thyc hien mpt vdi vung nhu thdp bj gid thdi
b i c len, bay ra vd hinh dang k i l n true dupc thilt k l
dilu chlnh lai. Ba cdnh thdp l l n lupt hung gid xoay
theo chilu kim d i n g h i vdi cdnh A hung gid ddu tien
(Hinh 10& 12).

Sau mdi dpt thd nghiem I n g thdi gid, cdc dd lieu
<i>dua vdo phan tfch vd kiin true toa nha lai dieu ehinh </i>
de gidm thieu hieu umg gid vd phu hpp vdi nhung thay
ddi md khdng lien quan trong ehuong trinh cua khdeh
hdng. Nhin chung, s l lupng vd khodng cdch giua cdc
l l n thyc hidn thay ddi nhu dd Idm Id c h i p nhdn dupc.
K i t qud qud trinh ndy ddn d i n dp lyc gid len thdp giam
ddng ke bdng cdch "xdo dpng" gid "khulch tdn" xody
khdng theo quy ludt md chi hudng theo chilu cao.

<b></b>

<i><b>ã:V:H^ô^*.--. t </b></i>

<i>M, </i>

<i><b>, .i:S' •'••'' </b></i>

<i><b>'if^^^^mmmm^mm. </b></i>

<i><b>•^'mm </b></i>

<i>Hinh 13: Hoan chinh kiin true sau nhiiu lin thi nghiem thoi gio. </i>

N h i m k i t thuc thilt k l c u l i ciing, b i t ddu thf
nghiem md hinh khf dpng dan hdi chfnh xdc hon.
Thdi khf dpng dan hdi lam md hinh bj udn dang tuong
ty nhu cdng trinh thyc: dung ty le dp cdng, dung k h i i
lupng vd giam dao dpng. Cdc thf nghiem khf dpng
dan hdi dd cd t h i thyc hien mpt s l md hinh cao hem
dang tjnh t i l n cua dao dpng.

Cdc dang cao hon nay chi p h l i cdc phan dng k i t
c l u vd thilt k l ciia thap, ngoai trU mdng d dd da kiem
tra thf nghiem. Dya tren k i t qua cua cdc md hinh khf
dpng dan hdi, cdc chuyen djch cdng trinh da dupc dy
bdo phij hpp vdi gid trj yeu c l u trong tieu chuan ISO
md khdng c i n phu trp gidm dao dpng. •

(Cdn nOra)

Abstract: The goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be
the world's highest building; it's to embody the world's highest
aspi-rations. The superstructure is final construction and as of fall 2008
and has reached over 162 stories, 818m tall. The final height of
building is not a" well - guarded secret". The heigh of the multi- use
skyscraper with 280 000 m^ (3,00G,000ff) Gross area tower
multi-use will " comfortably" exeed the current record holder, the 509
meter (1671ft) tall Taipei 101. The Dubai Renames world's Tallest
Tower Burj Khalifa, Official celebrace openning in January of 2010

and utilized for retail, Giorgio Armani Hotel, residential and office.

As with all super-tall project, difficult structural engineering
problems needed to be addressed and resolved. This paper
pres-ents the Super -tall Building Design Approach in Engineering
experi-ence for the Burj Dubai.

</div>

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