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<b>Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao </b> <b>NGHIEN c a u TRAO OOI </b>

<b>MIEM PHAT DIMIG - MDT IVET DAC TRUIMG CLIA </b>

<b>• • • • </b>

<b>PHAT</b>

<b> G I A D X U H U E</b>

<b> GIAI DDAM</b>

<b> CAM H I E ^</b>

<b> DAI </b>

hat giio xii Hue""' cd nhieu dac trung
nhu dac didm truyen nhip, phuong
phap tu tip, each thue tmydn thira,
tfnh nhap the', ldi sdng Phit giao, co so thd
tu,... Xet ridng vd CP SP thd tu ciia Phit giao
xiir Hue cung cd nhung dac trung nhu binh
dd kie'n tnic, khdng gian thd tu, dd'i tupng
thdtu,...

Bai vie't nay dd cip de'n Niem Phat
Dudng, mdt loai hinh co so thd tu eiia Phit
giao xii Hue' xui't hien vao thip nien 40 ciia
the ky XX. Tuy xui't hien mudn hon so vdi
cic loai hinh co sd thd tu Phat giao khic
trong khu vuc, nhung do muc dfch, vai trd
cung nhu chirc nang ridng, nen Niem Phit
Dudng da tao them mdt net dac trung niia
cho chua Hud' ndi rieng, cho Phit giio xur
Hue ndi chung.

Hien nay, tai tinh Thira Thien - Hue, sd
lupng Niem Phit Dudng, cdn gpi la chiia
Khudn, nhieu gi'p khoang gin ba lan so vdi

tdng so ta't ca cac loai chua cdn lai (318/124)'^'.

<i>D6 thay dupe rd hon dac trung cua Niem Phat </i>

Dudng, tmdc het chiing ta nen bit diu tir viec
tim hieu bdi canh ra ddi cua loai hinh cp sd
Phit giao xiir Hue kha dac thu nay.

Ngupe ddng Ijch sir, chiing ta biet ring,
cudi the ky XIX, nhit la tir diu the ky XX, da
didn ra phong trio chin hung Phit ^ i i o d
nhidu nude chau A. Tir Sri Lanka, An Dp,
Tmng Hoa, vdi sir hoat ddng tich cue cua cic
nhin vat Phat giio xuat chiing nhu ngai
Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907), phip su
Anagarika Dharmapala (1864-1933), Hoa
thupng Thich Thii Hu (1889-1947),... ngpn
gid chin hung Phit giio, bing nhidu con
dudng va nhidu each thiic, da thdi sang cic

TS. LE TAM OAC *

nude chiu A khic nhu Nhit Ban, Myanmar,
Viet Nam,...

Phong trio chin hung Phit giio d Viet
Nam ehju inh hudng manh me nhit va true
tie'p nha't tir phong trio chin hung Phit giio
d 'Trung Qudc, dac biet li nhtrng tu tudng
cai cich Phit giio cua Hoa thuong Thfch

ThaiHu.

O Viet Nam, phong trio chan hung Phat
giao xuat hien tir ngay dau nhung nam 20 ciia
the ky XX, gin lidn vdi cic nhan vat Phat
giao tieu bidu duong thdi nhu Hoa thupng
Khinh Hoa, giao thu Thien Chieu,...(Nam
Ky); Hoi thupng Giic Tien vi cic thanh nien
tang Tjnh Khiet, Mat Khe, Mat Thd, Trf Thii,
Ddn Hau, cu si Ld Dinh TTiim,...(Trung
Ky); cic I loi thupng Thanh Hanh, Tue Tang,
Thanh At, Doan Hii, cung mdt so nhi su tre
nhu Trf Hai, Td Lien, cic cu .si Nguyen Htru
Kha, Nguydn Trpng Thuat,.. .(Bic Ky).

Ban diu, vdi mong mudn phong trio
chin hung Phit giao dat ke't qua td't, nhung
ngudi khdi xudng phong trio nay nhu Hoa
thupng Khinh Hoi, cic nhi su Thfch Thien
Chieu, Thich Tam Lai,.., da dting din khi
mong mudn va van dpng thinh lap mdt td
chiic Giio hdi (Tdng hdi) Phat giio chung
cho toin Viet Nam. Nhung do nhidu ly do
khich quan va chii quan, y tudng niy liie diu
chua thanh cdng. Do vay, cic td chirc Phat
giio lin lupt dupc thanh lap d ba midn, bit
dau tir Nam Ky vdi Hpi Nghien ciru Phat hpc
Nam Ky (1931), d Trung Ky vdi Hpi' Phat
hoc An Nam (1932) vi d Bic Ky vdi Hdi
Phat giio Bic Ky (1934).

<i>Vien Nghien citit Ton gido </i>

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<b>NGHIEN cau TRAO OOI </b> <b>_{Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao}</b>

Chi'n hung vd td chuc li mdt trong nhting
van dd trpng yeu ma nhimg ngudi chu trupng
chi'n hung Phit giao d Viet Nam y thiic dupc
va cai cich trude tien vira nhim khic phuc
hinh thurc Tang doin theo kieu truyen thdng
dupc cho la da gdp phin lam suy yeu Phit
giao Viet Nam, vira cd the tien hanh chi'n
hung Phit giio dupc thanh cdng. Vdi viec
thanh lip cic hdi phit giio/phit hpc p khip
ba mien diu nhtrng nam 1930, cd the khing
djnh, lin diu tidn trong Ijch sir, Phat giio
Viet Nam cd sir ddi mdi cin ban vd mat td
chiic giio hdi. Hinh thiic Tang doin truydn
thdng la cic td dinh, son mdn binh ding nhau
trong tu tap vi dao tao Tang tii, turc li "md
hinh td chiic Phit giio hang ngang", nay
chuyen thanh cic Hdi Phit giio/Phit hpc,
dupe chia thinh cic ci'p tir cao xudng thip, tir
trung uong den dja phuong, tiire la "md hinh
td chire Phit giio hang dpc", bao gdm khdng
chi ed ngudi xuat gia mi cdn li nhidu thinh
phan khac trong xa hdi.

Trong cae td chu'c Phit giio khip ca
nude ndu tren, cd thd ndi, Hdi Phat hpc An

Nam 0 Trung Ky ed cP ciu td chu'c chat che
nha't, vdi nam cap: Trung uong hdi (gdm cic
tinh hdi), tinh hdi (gdm cac huyen hdi),
huyen hdi (gdm cic chi hdi), chi hdi (gdm
cic khudn hdi) va khudn hdi (gdm cic virc).
Td chu'c Phat giio mdi cip ddu cd mdt tru sd
hinh chfnh dao, dupc gpi chung la chiia hpi
quin. Ne'u nhu Tir Dim la chiia hdi quin
trung uong, thi Niem Phat Dudng chfnh li
chiia hdi quin ciia cic khudn hpi Tjnh Dp,
tiire la td chu'c giio hdi Phit giao co so thip
nha't cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam va sau nay li
cua Hdi Phit hpc Viet Nam.

Nam 1938, chua Tir Dam dupe chu sen
mdn nhudng lai cho Hdi Phit hpc An Nam
lim chiia Hdi quin Tmng uong. Ngiy 18

-12-1938, chiia Tir Dam dupc xiy dung lai vdi
md hinh kien triic, ddi tupng thd tu, cdng
nang sir dung,... vdi nhung thay ddi mang
tinh chit cich mang so vdi md hinh chtia
Vict truyen thdng ndi chung, chua Hue ndi
rieng. Tir dau nhting nam 1940 trd ve sau, tat

c i Niem Phit Duong ciia Hdi Phit hpc An
Nam deu dupc xiy dung theo md hinh Hdi
quin chiia Tir Dim va dupc xiy dung gin vdi
chiia ling.

<i>Ve binh dd kien triic. Khic vdi nhting binh </i>

<i>dd chiia Hue truydn thdng li hinh chir Khau, </i>
<i>hinh ehtr Pham, hay hinh chtf Nhdt, Niem </i>
Phit Dudng cd hinh ehtr T qudc ngtf. Do
cdng nang sir dung ed sir khic biet vdi cae
ngdi chiia truydn thdng (se dupc trinh biy P
phin sau), Niem Phit Dudng thudng cd hai
phin rd ret: phin ngdi chua ciing cac kidn
true thudc chiia, va phan giang dudng vdi cic
nhi lam vice cua cic td chu'c Phit giio dja
phuong cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam.

Phin Tidn dudng cua Niem Phit Dudng la
mdt kie'n true nim ngang khdng cd cua. Ben
trii cua Tidn dudng, ndi vdi Tien dudng bing
mdt hinh lang nhd, li Lau chudng. Ben phii
cua Tidn dudng, ndi vdi Tidn dudng bing mdt
hinh lang nhd, li Liu trdng. Phia trude Chfnh
dien, phin tiep giip vdi Tidn dudng, cd 3 cira
dd vio Phat dien. Chfnh dien cua Niem Phat
dudng la mdt kien true hinh dng, ddu cd kfeh
thupc khi dai va rdng neu so vdi Chfnh dien
cua ngdi chiia Viet truydn thdng.

<i>Ve ddi titgng thd phung. Ngay 16-10-1940, </i>

ong Nguydn Dinh Hdc, Hdi trudng Hpi Phit
hpc An Nam d i ra "Djnh" sd 18 ndi ve cich
thd tu va vice dpc kinh p cac chiia hdi quan.

Tir dd, tren co so lay md hinh chiia fir Dim
lim chuan miu, Phit dien cua cic Niem Phat
Dudng ddu thd duy nhat mdt pho tupng Dire
Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni ngu tren tda sen, tay
bit an Tam mudi. Diy chic chin li mdt trong
nhung dac diem ndi bat cua Niem Phat
Dudng so vdi ngdi chua Viet truydn thdng.

Ngdi chiia Viet truydn thdng d midn Bic
thudng thd phung khdng nhung cic vj Phat,
cac vj hd tri Phat phip, m i thd nhidu vj thin
cua cac ton giao tfn ngudng khic. Tuu trung
lai, cd the quy cic ddi tupng thd ngoii Phat
giio vio may nhdm co bin sau:

^ - Thin lu nhien vi thin nong nghiep, tieu
bidu li he thdng Tii' Phip.

<b>14 </b>

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<b>Tap chi Cong tac Ton giao </b> <b>NGHIEN c a u TRAO OOI </b>

- Thin ciia Nho giio, tidu bieu la Khdng
Tir va cac A thinh.

- Thin cua Dao giao, tieu bieu la bd ba
Ngpc Hoang - Nam Tao - Bic Diu.

- Thin linh ngudi Chim, vdi thin Po
Riyak, thin Po Yan Dari va tupng Phdng.

- Thin linh cua Dao Miu nhu Tam Phii,
Tiir Phil, cac dng Hoang, bi Chiia.

Ngoai ra, ngdi chiia cdn la noi thd cac vi
nhin than cd cdng vdi dat nude, nhtrng ngudi
cd cdng xay dung hay tdn tao chua,v.v...'".

Ddi tupng thd trong ngdi chiia xii Hue
tmydn thdng cung cd nhting didm tuong tu.
Ben canh cic nhin vit Phit giio, dd'i tupng
thd trong cic ngdi chiia noi day chung ta cdn
thiy thin linh ciia cic tdn giio, tin ngudng
khic tidu bidu nhu bp ba tupng Ngpc Hoing
- Nam Tao - Bic Dau, bd ba tupng than Phiic
- Ldc - Thp, bd ba tupng Quan Cdng - Quan
Binh - Chiu Xuong, cic thin Thd Cdng, Tao
Quin, Thanh Hoang, Thin Ndng, Thinh miu
Thien Yana, Thanh miu Van Huong, Nhj vj
Tdn Ong, Tii' phu Cdng Ddng,v.v...'"'

Vdi viec chi thd duy nhat Dii'c Phat Thfch
Ca Mau Ni tren Phat dien cho thay, Niem
Phit Dudng khdng nhiing da lupc bdt nhidu
nhin vat Phat giio (cic vj Phit, cac vj hd tri
Phit phap), m i cdn "thanh lpc" nhidu thin
linh ciia cic tdn giio, tfn ngudng khic dupc
thd phung trong ngdi chiia Viet Uuydn thdng
nhu da neu.

Cach bii trf ddi tupng thd trdn Phit dien
Niem Phat Dudng nhu viy toil len sir don
gian, nhung didu quan trpng la vin bao dam
tfnh tdn nghidm ciia mdt co sd thd tu Phat
giao. Tupng thd bai Uf gpn gang vdi muc
dfch danh nhidu khoang trdng trong Chfnh
dien dd phuc vu tdt hon cho viec lim le vi
thuyet phip.

Rd rang, ddi tupng thd phung eiia Niem
Phit Dudng mang tfnh cai each khi triet dd
neu dem so sinh vdi chtia Hue truydn thdng,
tham chf ca vdi chiia hpi quin ciia cic td
chu'c Phat giio d midn Bic trong thdi ky chin

hung Phil giio duong thdi (1924-1954).
Didu niy, theo chiing tdi, cd le do hai nguyen
nhan chfnh sau day:

<i>r/jM' nhdt, chii truong cua cic td chirc </i>
Phit giio p midn Bic trong thdi ky chin
hung la sir dung ngay hiu het nhting ngdi
chua da cd trong din gian dd lam chiia hdi
quin cho eae chi hdi Phit giio dja phuong.
Nhirng ngdi chiia niy thudng da dn djnh vd
kie'n true cinh quan, khdng gian thd tu vi
ddi tupng thd tu. Cho nen, viec dua them vio
hay bd bdt di ban thd hoac ddi tupng thd nio
dd trong ngdi chua la mdt viec lim khdng
may dd dang, thim chf li khdng the thuc

hien dupc. Trong khi dd, nhting ngoi Niem
Phat Dudng, ciing lu'c li cic chiia hdi quin
cua cic khudn hdi Phat giao ciia Hpi Phat
hpc An Nam giai doan nay, do chu truong tir
Trung uong Hdi ndn dupe xay dung mdi
hoan toan theo md hinh ciia chiia Tir Dim,
chua Hdi quin Trung uong, khdng nhifng vd
kie'n true canh quan ma cdn ca vd sir bii tri
ddi tupng Ihd phung tren Phat dien.

<i>Thu hai, vice cii cich noi thd tu ciia cic </i>

td chire Phat giio d midn Bic, tuong tu nhu
nhidu ndi dung khic, thudng mang tfnh chit
van ddng. Didu nay rat khic biet .so vdi Hpi
Phit hpc An Nam, noi hiu het cic npi dung
cai cich Phat giio ddu dupc thd hien mpt
each rd rang vi chfnh thu'c tir cap trung uong.
Trong Ilnh vuc dang dd cap, sau khi "Djnh"
sd 18 eiia Hdi trudng Hdi Phat hpc An Nam
Nguydn Dinh Hoe dupe cdng bd, nhting vj
thin linh khong phai cua Phat giio ddu bj
nghiem cim thd phung trong cic Niem Phat
Dudng ciia Hdi.

<i>Ve cdng ndng sit dung, Niem Phit Dudng </i>

dam nhiem hai chu'c nang. Ben canh la noi
thd tu, nd cdn la tru sd hanh chfnh dao va
sinh hoat dao ciia cic khudn hdi Tjnh Dp.

Cu the, Niem Phit Dudng li noi dd tit ca
cic hdi vien ciia khudn hdi, mdt ling hoac
hai de'n ba ling lan can nhau, thudc nhidu
ting Idp, nghd nghiep, gidi tfnh, dp tudi de'n
sinh hoat dao. Ben canh cic sinh hoat thudng

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<b>NGHIEN cau TRAO OOI </b> <b>Tap Chi Cong tac Ton giao </b>

ky trong thing vao cac ngay ba muoi, miing
mdt hoac ngay mudi bdn, ngay rim,... trong
nam nhu Ld Phit Dan, Ld Phit Thanh Dao,
Ld Vu Lan,... Niem Phit Dudng cdn la noi
didn ra cac sinh hoat tir thien, tham vie'ng, hd
niem, ciu an, cau sieu,... cho cac hdi vidn.
Nhiing sinh hoat niy ddu dupc thuc hien theo
<i>cudn Nghi thitc tung niem do Hoa thupng </i>
Thich Thien Sieu vi cu si Chpn An Le Van
Djnh soan, da dupe cac dai lao Hoa thupng
Chung minh duyet y. Noi bit nhit trong cac
sinh hoat cua cic khudn hdi tai Niem Phit
Dudng la Ld Bat Quan Trai va viec giang
phip cho ddng dio hdi vien do cac thanh vien
trong Ban Giang su dam nhiem'^'.

Kinh sach dupc Hdi Phit hpc An Nam quy
djnh dpc tung trong sinh hoat tai Niem Phit
Dudng, cung nhu tai gia dinh cic hdi vien cua
khudn hdi, ngoai cudn Nghi thiic tung niem,
<i>cdn la Kinh Phd Mdn (tiic la Pimm Plid Mdn </i>

<i>trong Kinh Dieu Phdp Lien Hoa), Kinh Di </i>
<i>Dd, Kinh Vu Lan, Sdm Hdng Danh. </i>

Nhu viy, rd rang la, tir tdn gpi eiia td chire
Giio hdi Phit giio cP sd cho den ten gpi cua
tru sd hanh chinh dao ddng thdi la cP sd thd
tu cua nd, cung nhu cae sinh hoat dao dupc
to chu'c thudng ky trong thing, trong nam tai
Niem Phat Dudng,... ddu nhim hien thuc
hoa chii truong cua Hdi Phit hpc An Nam la
phd bie'n rdng rai phuong phip tu tip Tjnh
Dp, hay cdn gpi la phip mdn Niem Phit.

Viec Hdi Phit hpc An Nam dd cao
phuong phap tu tip Tinh Dp, theo chiing
tdi, l i mdt diem hpp ly. Bdi phip mdn nay
ri't phij hpp vdi tim thiic tin ngudng truydn
thdng cua quang dai ngudi dan Viet Nam
de'n vdi tdn giio chu yeu qua thuc hanh
nghi thiirc, nghi Id chii khdng hoan toan d
giio ly. Do k h i dd dang thuc hinh, nen
trong ddi sdng Phit giio Viet Nam trong
lich sir cung nhu hien nay, phip mdn Tinh
Dp trd thanh thanh to uu thing so vdi
Thidn Tdng va Mat Tdng.

Tdm lai, nhiing trinh biy khii quit neu
trdn cho thi'y, Niem Phat Dudng la noi hdi tu

nhidu chii truong chi'n hung Phit giio ciia
Hdi Phat hpc An Nam va td chiire hiu than
cua nd sau nay la Hdi Phat hpc Viet Nam
nhu: td chirc giio hdi, dd'i tupng thd tu,
phuong phip tu tip, each thire sinh hoat
dao,... Didu dang ndi la, nhirng chu truong
nay ddu mang tfnh chit cai each k h i triet de,
cd anh hudng siu rdng trong quing dai Phit
tir va quin chiing nhin din xii Hue, tdn tai va
phit trien kha manh me tir giira the ky XX
cho de'n ngay nay, didu ma cac td chiire Phat
giao d midn Bic trong phong trio chi'n hung
Phit giio mac du cd nhimg y tudng tuong tu
nhung do nhidu nguydn nhin khich quan va
chu quan khic nhau da chua the hoac khdng
the thuc hien dupe nhu viy.

1. Khai niem "xU Hug" d day dupc hieu khong chi
bao gdm tinh Thira Thien - Hue' ma eon ea vung
phu can, tieu bieu nhu dnh Quang Trj.

2. Xem: Phu luc 2: Danh sach cac chua tai ThUa
Thien-Hue' va Phu luc 3: Danh sach cae Niem
Phat Dudng va Gia dinh Phat tir thupc tinh Thira
Thien-Hue, trong: Thfch Hai M va Ha Xiian
Liem. Ljch sir Phat giao xU Hu^.-Nxb Thanh phd
H6 Chf Minh, 2001, tr706-729. Theo each phan
chia cua Ha Xuan Liem, chiia Hue ed 6 loai: chua
Vua, chiia T6, chiia dan lap, chiia Khuon (chfnh
la cac Niem Phat Dudng), chua ling va chua ciia

Phat giao ITieravada. Xem: Ha Xuan Liem.
Nhirng ngoi chua Hue. Nxb Thuan Hoa. Hu^
2000,U.20-21.

3. Cu the ve ddi tupng thd phung trong ng6i chua
Viet truydn thdng va nguyen nhan ciia hien
uupng nay, xin xem: Lfi Tam Die, Ta Qudc
Khanh. Tinh hdn dung eiia ngudi Viet thd hien
qua ddi tupng thd ciing Uong cac ngPi chiia d Ha
N6i. Tap chf Nghien cuu T6n giao, sd 02-2003,
U.39-48.

4. Xem: Thich Hai An va Ha Xuan Liem. Ljch siJr
Phat giao xii' Hud. Nxb Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh,
2001, U.364-366; Ha Xuan Liem. Chua lang va
danh nhan lliuan Hoa. Tap chf Hud Xua va Nay,
sd 85 (1+2) nam 2008, u.50-54.

5. Xem: Thfch Hai An va Ha Xuan Liem. Ljch sir
Phat giao xir Hud. Nxb Thanh phd H6 Chf Minh,
2001,

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