Giáo án Tự nhiên xã hội - Bài học: Mặt trời và phương hướng

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N G 6 N N G C & B 6 I S 6 N G S 6 12 (242>-2015

I N G Q N N G O * HQC - V I $ T N O g HQC - NGOAI NGU]

NHAC DI|;U TRONG THO CA VIET

' MUSICALITE IN VIETNAMESE POETRY

NGUYfiN QUANG H 6 N G

(GS.TSKH; Vi$n Hdn lfim Khoa hgc Xfi h$i Vi^t N a m )

Abstract: MTtsicalilte is a fundamental element regarding phonetic aspects of poetry 
wording, especially lyrical poetry. This paper is going to clarify this conception based on
Vietnamese lyrical poehy materials. Musicalilte is mostiy created by the tonal-harmony method 
to bear the aesthetic sounds that readers can feel while experiencing poetiy.

Key words: musicalilte; metre; food; Viemamese; poetiy.
Cd mOt k h ^ n i ^ thi hpc dupc gidi tiilm

blnh thi ca ti^g V i ^ thudng hay ndi tdi. Dd Id
*'nli9C £ ^ " (ho9c **nhac thih" - musicalitfi) cda
m$t ddi^ tho, mdt khd tha hay cua cd m$t bdi
tiio. "Nh^c di^u" vd "tilt tlu" Id hai dicic trung co 
b ^ thu$c blnh di$n fim thanh dupc <^m nhdn 
trong moi lifin h$ vdi tinh y cua tdc phim n ^ §
tiiu$t tiiica.

Dd cd khd nhieu vd khd phfin tdn nhfhig cdch
hilu, cdch h b h dung vh "idi^c di$u" trong tiia. 
Chdng h ^ vdi Tyuy$n Kieu cda Nguyen Du, cd 
ngudi khdng ngin n g ^ coi 4 do^n tha tdc ^ d md

td tilng diln ciJa Thuy Kieu Id 4 bdn n h ^ phd
diSn nhdng cung b§c tinh cdm khdc nhau cua
ndng. Ho$c ^ d hhih dung cd 7hfy$n Kieu Id mOt 
bdn "gjao hudng" Idn ve than ph$n Ihdy Kilu,
md mSi chuong nh^c tuong dng vdi mdt qufing
d ^ clito n6i cda ndng, v.v. L ^ cung cd khdng ft
ngudi i^idt huy tri tudng t u p i ^ vd khd nfing lifin
tudng kh&ig ^ d i h^n de ndi hSi nhffaig nhfu di$u
ndo dd cOa tdc p h ^ tiii ca, tii§m chf phdi v i ^
din cd nhdng ttilt If "do" - "thyc" ciSa Lfio Td dl
If gidi v l Slf chu chuyin cda ti^g tha, cda nh^c 
difu trong tha, v.v. Td cho ddng cda n ^ ngd
hpc trong m6i lifin hf vdi vdn hpc qua mdi gidi
Id nhthig thi lifu cy thl, chdng tdi khdng ddm
tiiam gia vdo nhdng cu$c i^fiu luu nhu till d l
cfim thy vfin chuong, md muon tilp c|n vdi khdi
nifm nh^c difu trong tha mpt cdch h^n h ^ hon
vd sdt tiiyc hon. c6 gfing phdt hifn vd phfin tich
nhfhig gid fri mT cdm td chhih chdt li$u cda dm 
thanh tilng ndi dupc thl hifn qua nhOng tdc 
j^ilm thi ca cy the.

1. Hda ph6i fim difu: c a c h l tyc nen n h ^
difu

7& dien thudt n^ vdn hpc [Nxb Gido dye, 
2004] cd ghi nhgn thu$t ngO- Nhpc di^u vk v\k. 
"[...] Y I U t6 h b h thdi v$t chit t90 nfin nhfc difu
Id difp fim, (£fp v$n v(A cdc Mnh thdc (h d^ng 
cilia chung: bfii^ trfic, nhip difu, nifim, d6i, vln,

ylu t6 tupng tiianh, ngft difu. Qu ldm n ^ h6n
cda nh^c difu Id sy lifin tudng cilia to chdc fim
thanh vdi cdm gidc fim nh^c (nh^c cdm) hong
Idng n^udi". Nhd nghien cdu L^ Todn TMnc c6
vfi '*cl^ lpe" vd rdnh m ^ h hon, khi cho rSng:
"Tho Vift Nam cd dupc nh^c ^ chd ylu ]&
nhd vdo 3 did "difu" sau: frudc hit Id dianli
difu, sau dd Id vln difu vd nhip ^ ^ u " {L^ Toiin 
Thine, fr. 455].

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S 6 l 2 ( 2 4 2 ) - 2 0 1 S N G d N N G f & B d l S 6 N G

gifi, ti&lg tfa*, ti&ig va chsm,...) hojc ve hhih 
dnh nilo d6.

Co chl de cic yeu t6 ngtt am t^o n€n nll^c 
di&i 1& "h6a ph6i": phii thanh vkpltoi van (phoi 
tiing ndi chun^. Hda ph6i c6 hai m$t: m ^ ]& 
Hip, hai ]k doi. "Di^" Ik l$p 1^ nhfhig c&i 
tutmg d6ng fao$c tirong tvr. "mi" 1& t^o ra s\r 
tuong b l ^ bao g ^ c i s y chuy&i dSi. NfaOng 
nguygn 11 h6a [ ^ i fim thanh niy khOng nfaQng 
thich dyng vdl t i ^ g Vl^t, md cihig thich fapp cho 
nhfing ngdn ngfi thuOc l o ^ falnfa don l^p - fim 
ti^ tlnh, cd CO cfal don tilt (monosyllabism) 
mang thanh di$u (sylhibic tone), nhur tilng H&i, 
ding Lio, v.v. Tiliig cd ngudi vilt iling: "Mang 
d$c dilm don fim, dd dii fim tilt n g ^ ticfa rdi, 
tilng Vi|t cd uu tfae tlnh n h ^ so vdi cic thii 
tilng cd nguySn fim, pfay i m It hon, v i khdng cd

dianh £ ^ " [Le Thj Bich H&ng. Tlnh nhpc cia 
tha...]. Cd till tin d6ng p h ^ nio vdi tic gii 
nhfing ddng vila din, nhung nlu nght r ^ t i ^ g 
Vi^ giiu nguySn fim v i phvi fim dil khdng hin 
di ding, v i cing khdng ding nlu cho ring hi c& 
ngdn ngfi nio "nghto" nhfing thdr fim niy (die 
biSt li phy fim) thl se "nghdo" ludn c i tinfa nh(ic 
trong tfao. Tilng Nh$t ching h«n, rit It nguySn 
fim v i phvi fim, khdng cd thanh di^u nhung cd 
hpng fim vhfc dnh, tiong ngdn ngfi ni^ chl cd c i 
thiy 50 fim tilt Nhung al dim bio ring tfao ca 
Nh$t nghSo nin v l nh(ic digu. Vin dl khdng 
phii li nhilu hay It nguydn fim, phvi im, fim tilt 
ndi chung, mi chfi yeu dt co chl hda phoi cic 
don V) fim thanh trong ngdn ngfi dl t ^ nen nhtu 
di$u.

Ndi din hda ph6i thanh diiu trong tho ca, 
trudc hit phii phfin bi|t nhfing ldp tuong dong 
vi tuong phin trong h$ thing thaiih di^u cd gii 
trj m^ cim, thl hi|n chiic ning thi ca. Vdi chite 
ning khu bi|t ngMa cda til don tilt hay ngfi t6, 
cic thanh diiu li bhih diing vdi nhau (vd: vo; vi, 
wi vd; v4 vti). Nhung tiong chte i ^ g dii ca, 
chdng lip diinh cic nfadm, cic ldp kuig khic 
nhau; Trudc hit, dd li svr dSl lip BSng - lyic. 
Svr dii l|p niy dit CO sd bSn die bung v l diioirg 
n^r diin biln dd cao cCia thanh digu. Nhdm BJIng 
g ^ cic thanh ATgting v i Oiyin l i nhfing dianh 
di$u cd dudng ndt bang phing, khdng d&i chilu.

Nhdm Trie ^ m nhfing thanh difu cdn 1^: Hdi,

Ngd, SSc, Ning (chi tilt hon: vdi fim culi li p, 
-t, -c, -cA ta cd: S& Nhip v i Ntfng Nhpp). DJc 
trung fim fapc cda nfadm Tr^ Ii dudng ndt dg 
cao cd biln chuyin da d^g: ho$c ldn cao, ho$c 
xuong dilp, hoic uln cao, hoic uln diip. Tat c i 
nhfing str (^1 lip Bing - Trie dd deu di vio im 
luit cic thl tho, v i cung li co sd fim hgc cda s\r 
t90 ndn gii trj nhfic cim cho nhfing ddng tho, 
nhfing khii tho cvi thl. Trong qui kfatit, ba dianfa 
Ngang - Hii - !& li nhdm cic thanh "Bing" cd 
fim VVIC cao, ba dianh Httyen-Ngd-Ning^tva^ 
nhdm cic thanh *Trim", cd fim vvrc thip. Nhung 
ngiy nay, d Hi Ngi v i Bic Bd ndi cfaung, thanh 
Ngd cd kit diuc cao, dll vj tri vdi dianh Mi 
trong hai diy niy. Svr dll lip "Bing - Trim" d 
hai thanh Bing (Ngang v i Httyen} chl di vio fim 
luit dll "lyc bit" v i "song dilt Ivic bit", nhung 
rit cd a i tri trong chOrc ning tfui nhfu: di^u trong 
mpi die tho v i qua dd thl hiSii khi ning ggi ti 
^ biSt cda chdng. C&i thanh Bing cua Hin 
ngfi cung phin blSt "Bong - Trim" nhung chua 
h i dim (hiong nhfing chftc ning dii ca giing 
nhu nhu cic thanh Ngang v i Huyln cda tilng 
V i | t

Ndng d t cda vdn trong thi ca tilng Vi^t li 
v ^ oil (vin mSu), nlu khdng tinh dianh dilu 
nhu di ndi d bSn, thl cd dil hiSp vin v i liy vfin

dieo "vin cfahifa" (lip UJ hoin toin) v i "vin 
didng" Oip lfl khdng faoiii toin). Cic don vj vin 
cii tilng ViSt lidn h | vdi nhau dieo tftng tilu hS 
diong: ^ m d (g6m 12 don vj), vin nfta md (20 
don vj), vin nfta khdp (vin Uiiip mui, kit fim li 
-m, -n, -ng -nh - glm 28 don vj) v i vin diyc 
kfadp (cd kit fim li -p, -t, -c, -ch - glm 28 don vj 
hrong ftng) [xem: Nguyin Quang Hing, 2012]. 
Svt phfin lip &^ < ^ ^ ^ HAtg vin v i svr hda 
phm gifla chftng cung li co sd t(U] nSn n h ^ di^u 
trong dw ca tilng Vift

HiSn tugng cic phy fim diu trong fim tilt 
tilng ViSt dugc lip lii cd dil phy bg cho nhfing 
tilr liy dl td (Qm hhih inh hoic cim xftc nio dd 
l i diudng diiy tanng dio ca, trong dd cflng cd dll 
bk gip mdt vii ttudng fagp dudng nhu liy pfay 
fim cd liSn quan vdi in higng v l fim dianfa. 
Ching h ^ nhu ttong mdt ciu dio cfta Thl Lfi 
(bii 'ning trie tttyit vdi):

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90 NGdNNGC&BtoSdNG SJ12 (242>-2015 
Njtuhdthiu (^ms Iioi eii Iteotnmf.

6 diy cd 4 Sm H- lip Uu v i nhd dd ngudl fei 
cim thiy nhu cd ti^lg gid xao xic Iudt qua. Vi 
sy lip lii mdt lo^t cic fim R- trong bii hit Nhpc 
rimg cfta nh^c sT Hoing ViSt cflng dudng nhu 
cho ta cim nhin dugc tieng suli chiy v i tieng li 
roi trong rftng:

Ric rich/rdc rich.: Lir^r^quakliesutSi; Lijtgi 
/litSi: VetisgkSumt&tman...

Tuy nhiSn, hau het cic trudng hgp khic, liy 
1^ phy fim diu d cic tilng trong ciu tho dft thyc 
svr gdp phin ggi t i hlnh inh (thj giic), nhung 
khdng t9o nSn nb^c diSu (thinh giic) 0 die biSt 
cho ciu tho, ching h ^ nhir "DuUtrib^ipQrSnda 
gt>ilti.\\ DSi tudngl^^^g^ dim l:dng"(Th0>fit 
Kiiu • Nguyin Du), hofc nlnr "Nhiing tuong runriv 
runerinhli... \\DdtnltdnhkhOg^xutmgmdngmanif' 
(Diy miia thu t&i - Xuin DiSu). Diy li hiSn 
tugng dugc ggi l i "dii ttung hfiu hga", khic biSt 
vdi "dli hung hfiu nh^". BJnh ring "hga" v i 
"nh^" cd the dugc 11^ tudng qua I9I vdi nhau 
trong cim diy thi ca, song chftng kfadng phii li 
mdt, v i phin tich khoa hgc li phii t ^ thdi trftu 
xuit chftng riSng ra, ngS hiu trinh dugc lli bhih 
tin nhip nhing, "cii ng xg cil Ida". Ciu chuySn 
mi chftng tdi muln trinfa biy ft diy cfainh li khia 
c^nh "thi trung hfiu nh^", li nhpc diiu cfta tho 
tilng ViSt

c i n Iuu ^ ring cic tft lip liy, trong dd cd 
nhfing tilr lip Iiy "tugng dianh" (idim Hmg doin^ 
lich tich, IfKh i^ich, 1^ Odp, t^ d^, om thdm, r^ 
rinh, rtrdo, nknSch, r^rit, s&ns^, Idchtdch, lluio, 
thim tH, thinh thdl, dlidi, xi^tinh, v.v.) lit cd gii 
tij trong chftc ning ggi ti nl^u; diSu cfta ciu tho,

cMnh li di dugc t ^ ra theo co chl fada pfaii fim 
diSu (kl c i im diii, vin v i thanh diSu), diln ra 
trong mdt khudn khi nhd nhit (tl hgp song tilt) 
vi mang gii tT[ bilu cim rS rSt nhit tiong tilng 
ViSt BSn ciuih fit "higng tiianh", tilng Vi|t cdn 
cd lit nhllu tilr lip liy "higng hhih" (nhu: cM 
chang, dSydd,dot^ dua, sS sing, g^gd, iao dao, t^ 
tde, long tanh, l^ linh, h dia, hing Iidng, sdng sinh, 
sdng suat, rim rfp, rur^ rinh, ryv r&, ulp n^, twig 
Ong, x^ xde, v. v.). Vai trd cfta tft liy "higng fahifa" 
li t ^ nSn fahih inh, cfaft khdng t{U) nSn im 
dianh, mic dft c i hai: "tugng thanh" v i "higng 
hhih" diu cd khi ning ggi cim nfait djnfa. Cd 
m$t ciu dio rit d ^ bong rit nfailu ciu dio d ^

cfta Thjyin Kieu: '^La tha ta liiu tmdng minh \\ 
Con oanh hpc nil tren canh mia mai ". Chilu 
theo chfi Ndm trong nguyen vin (bin Duy Mmh 
Thj - 1872, bin Lilu Vin Dudng - 1871 vi 
1876) dll tft liy Itr Iha cung cd till dgc li /un 
thua. Nhung khdng mdt nhi Kilu hgc nio 
khdng chgn dgc kr tha. Li 191 Iim sao viy? Li vl 
ngay sau hai tilng /a r/ur dS sin cd fim la, I$p 
diiiih m$t diy liy Uu vin ãô', khiln la "liy 
n^di" tit la tha ik giSp phin "khulcfa buong" 
cii hlnh inh vln cd cfta tft Iiy "tugng hlnh" la 
tha. N I U chgn dgc lua thua thl khdng d^t dugc 
hiSu qui niy, Cil co chl niy cflng ip dyng cho 
cic tft liy "tugng thanh", nhd dd tilng nfa^c cia 
ciu tho dugc "cdng hudng". Tuy nhiSn, vdi cfiu

dio di din d diy cfta Nguyin Dii, ta chl cd hlnh 
inh, chft khdng cd im thanh, mic dft ddng dudi 
cd ndi din tilng chim hdt **mla mar (chft khdng 
phii rA>r^ buy Ihinh Ihit ching h^).

Dudi (My chftng ta tiift xem x6t sy hda phli 
im diSu s6 tfO nSn nhfing hiSu qui nh^ diSu ra 
sao bSn mdt s l dd liSu tieng V i | t

2. Hda phli tm di|u v i of hii hda lm 
hwVngciuthQr

Hda phli fim diSu bon^ flio bmic hit li nhim 
bio dim svr hii fada, cfin bang v i nfajp nhing cho 
ciu dio. Mli till dxrcd fim lu$t cfta nd, vi ngudi 
lim ttio pRii cfin nhic sft dyng fim diSu ttieo co 
chl hda phli nhit djnh dl bio dim fim hudng 
riSng cfta tftng dil ttio. Nhfing h i ^ tirgng gpi li 
"khd ddc" (khd dgc) hay "ngang tai", "bftc bic" 
chinh Ii da vi p h ^ nhu clu dd v l n h ^ diSu cfiu 
ttio.

Cd m|t cfiu taong Thiyin Kieu cfta Nguyin 
Du, ttieo nguySn vin chfi Ndm (bin Lilu VSn 
Dudng, l&71)phiidgcnfausau:

THh ins&icicon dao: Giiu dm ning di 
gdiviodokhin

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" S6 12 (242)-201S N G d N N G C & Bin S O N G 91

m$t im khic cd thanh Ngang (Bing), dftng tiieo 
luit cua dio lyc bit (7>^ii xia sin cd con dao), 
vi nhu viy im diSu ddng tho sS nhjp nhing, Sm 
tai hon. V l sau (bin Ki£i Oinh Miu, 1902), cy 
Gii Son dftt khoit chfia chfi Hin % dn ttiinh 
chfi Myen, v i ciu tho nghilm nhiSm dftng v6i 
im luit lyc bit, khdi cin phii din do gi nfia. Mri 
chfia chfi io tfainh chfi chio cho thdng nglda 
hon: ^'Dvnyin sSn c6 con tiao. Gidu cdm ning 
dd gii vio chio khin".

Mdt trudng luTp khic, cflng d Tho^n Kiiu, 
xiy ra V(5ri ciu "lyc" nhu sau:

Mi^^cichtivittlnhtlidn 
MdinfftdimSivi muiiphinvfnmudi 
Nlu ngit nhjp bhih tfaudng ttieo ciu bftc nfajp 
diSu 2 /2 /2 dll ciu tfao niy cflng p f a ^ lyit "nhj 
tft lyc phin mmh" nhu A tita. Nfaung Ididng, 
ddng ttio niy khdng n ^ nhjp chSn, mi ngfit lim 
ddl dieo ciu tiftc nhip IS 3/3 (mdt biln ttil vl 
ngit nhip mi luit dio lyc bit chip nhin) : Mai 
cdt oicA / Ao<^( (ftiA r/uk Vdi ciu bftc nhjp diSu 
"dio phich" niy, ciu tfao biln thinh m$t ciu 
tilu ^ 1 , chfl n g ^ v i thanh fim dli nhau ehan 
chit ttieo tftng vj tii mdt tfio nSn mOt im diSu 
cin dli, hii hda.

Trong ttii ca ttidi bung d^, cd khi bit ^

nhflng budng hgp, vl dl cho ciu ttio phft hgp 
vdi fim luit till dio, tic gii di phii tfun dftng 
ttianh Binjg ttiay cho thanh Tiic, ttianh Bing 
ttiay cho thanh Trim, hoic ngugc 1^:

Ttong Vital Nam ngfi ivc.

Die ning th^sSai hay. 
Conhtfytud^maijtgm \os^\sel3k 
Tn^4n Kieu cflng cd tiudng hgp tuong tvr:

Dmh ninh mit giat ch^ thu. 
C&ngir&itimt!^[tt>i\,dua0nhinnhe. 
Cd nhfing bii lyc bit do nhi dio Bftt Tre sing 
tic dieo lli chuyin dli thanh diSu cho hgp vdi 
fim hiit cfta till ttKn

-Oli sang cdng tic bdo ldng. 
CSngldcdngvticCiSchaMgbmtieitfiiocho 
- liln hoan d mit nii Ad/[chuli],

Ravinhimliciliaii9xiS\h6mncy. 
Qui ttiit nlu khdng "t?m dgc" nhu viy mi 
cft dgc dftng vdi thanh diSu cfta miy tft ngfi iy 
dll til chl cd nhftng ciu vin xudi d diy ttlSi, chft 
liy diu ra i m hudng cfta ttio lyc b i t Nhung mdt 
l(hi cii "sft bilu" (signifier) di chuyin dli nhu

viy rSi, dd cii "sd eU" (simified) cua miy tilr 
ng^ dd 1^ bj xuySn t ^ (ISn mftc ngudi dgc

khdng nhjn dugc cudi, v i diy mdi chhih Ii chft 
dich cfta nhi tho vui tinh niy.

Nhilu khi, ngay c i nhfing vj tri dugc ty do 
Ivra chgn tfaanh diSu, nfai ^ ciing td ra nh^y 
cim khi chgn thanh niy mi khdng chgn thanh 
khic. Xin dgc mdt khi ttio trong bii Tir^ biit 
hdnh cfta Tfaim Tfim v i quan sit nfafing tfaanh 
Huyln (Bing di^) dit c^nh thanh Ngang (Bing 
cao):

Dua Bgjsdita Uidng dua qua sdng 
Sao odtiStg sdng dtrong ldng 
Ningvdnglhdngth&n khdn^vingvat 
Sao d^bg^tghin trong mit trong. 
Ngoii chuySn trong khi tho niy cic vin 
-ong, -ong Xky I^i nhilu lin, tfo cim giic luyin 
liy xin XBng, cdn cd hiSn tugng dftng thanh 
Huyln d ciu 1 v i ciu 4 trong mdt diy nhihig 
thanh Ngang nli ttieo sau. V i hiSu ()ui li fim 
faudng cfta ciu ttio v i c i khi ttio nghe lit dju 
ding, Sm tai. hj Toin Tfaing tftng dift ttiay Dua 
ngudiX^itigDuaai.vkhoinghdnbinQmA'trdi, 
khdng p f a ^ "luit djnh", nhung cim diiy fim 
hudng cfta hai cfiu tho "cil biSn" niy tuy cd vd 
du duong; nhung nghe khdng Sm il mi ngang 
tai, vi thiiu di mdt syr cin bing, hii hda cin thiet 
[L^ Toin Thing, b . 468].

"Khdng" v i "ching" li ding nghta, nhung

mgt li bfing, m$t l i trie, chftng phil dugc dua 
vio ciu tho cfta Vfl Cao (bii JViW dot) sao cho 
thich hgp, nfau tic gii chgn Ivra:

Mdy nim cd iy Idm chi ktch 
KluSnf Ijldu vl sao chine iiy ching 
(Nlu Ididng sip xip nhu viy mi ngugc 1^, 
ta sS cd mdt ciu rat ngang tai: • "Miy nim cd iy 
lim iu Udi Ching hiiu vi sao khdng liy ching I).

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92 N G 6 N N G C & B(n S 6 N G S 6 12 (242)-2015

huyln, till Idm sao san bfing nhu nhau dupc?". 
Vd dng dl nghj dpc:

N^ienh ngang mQt cdi l)iin ddiy, 
Kim chicd qua, kem ^ bd vuang 
Chit khdng nen dpc: Kem £J cd qua, kdm gi 
bd vuong. Cung khdng nen dpc: "Tuong ^ Id 
giSng hdi tanif, md nSn dpc Id 'Tudng chi...". 
R5 rdng Id Ivm d i ^ cda nhd Iho Xufin Di$u dfi 
dem l^i mdt fim hiidng hdi hda vd nh^ nhdng hon 
cho cfiu tfao. Song dhig cd thl ng}^ khdc vdi 
trudng hpp cfiu "TuSng gi Id giSng hdi tadi*, 
nlu ta dong cfim hon vdi tfim tr^ng Thdy Kilu, 
khi t ^ thfin ngdn vdng cda ndng b) Mfi Gidm 
Sinh chd d ^ vd ndng khdng n ^ dupc nSi cfim 
tdc, khmh bl d6i vdi g$ ddn dng dung tyc vd tiiSp 
k6m kia. "Tu^r^ gt^ nghe cd vd chl chilt n$ng 
nl hon, chd khdng tiianh thofit nh? nhdng nhu Id

"TWng cAf". (Cdch cdm thy ndy l i ^ quan vdi 
nhflng ^ s3 ndi tdi d myc 4 dudi dfiy).

3. Hda phli fim di^u t^o nfin hlnh tupng 
fim nh^c

Hlnh tupng fim nh^c Id cdi dupc gpi Ifin, 
dupc cdm nli(ln nhu m$t giai di$u, m^t fim 
hudng ndo diy, td chhih blnh d i ^ fim tiianh cda 
cfiu tho hay kh6 tha, chd khdn^ phdi dan gidn Id 
mQt cdch so sdnh vi von. Chfing hfui, ta khdng 
''nghe" dupc nhQng tilng ddn cda Thdy Kilu khi 
Nguyin Du vilt: "livng nhu tiing hpc bay 
gua\\ D{ic nhu nudc sudi mdi sa nda vdi". Dfiy 
diyc ra chl Id cdch chuyin sy cdm thy tilng ddn 
td k€nh thhih gidc sang kfinh th} gidc. Nhung vdn 
hai tilng sam sdp trong cfiu "TUng mau smns^ 
nhu trdi dd mua" titi ta thyc sy nghe th&y fim 
tiianh cua con mua n$ng h^t dang tdi tdp din 
d||) vang ldn ben tai ta. M ^ s6 hhih tupng fim 
nh^c tuong ty cd till cfim n h ^ dupc khi ta dpc 
nhflng cau tha khdc cflng cda Dvy^n Kiiu:

-SdKhanh thit mdn^diing^aig 
Budc vio viia ri^ lhi hitng ra tav. 
- Ti$c hdy thudt^tud^ khao binh, 
Om thdm Irdns trdn rdp rinh nhac qudn. 
-Hdabditi^l^n^mau

Nam dinh n^^tg trdng chdu d^doaih

Vdi cfiu tiia cu6i cdng vda din, In tupng rd 
n^ v l tilng trdng dilu trim hdng md vang d^i 
dupc g ^ Idn khdng hfin Id do l^p l^i nhthig fim £) 
nhilu lin {dinh, ddng dpi), md chhih Id nhd cd 
sy phy hpa nhau cda nhthig tilng cd vln -dng

{ddng trong), cda nhthig tiianh di$u cd fim vyc 
tfiip Huyln vd N$ng (dHnh - chdu. d^ng - dpi) 
t^ondn.

Sau dfiy chdng ta hfiy quan sdt mpt s6 trudng 
hpp trong dd sy hda phoi fim di$u dfi t^o n£n 
nhflng hhih tupng fim n h ^ rit di$u Id. Trudc hit 
dd Id miy c$p tiiit ngdn tiong hid Nhf ho (1938) 
cda Xufin Di$u [xem: Thi nhdn Vi4t Nam, h. 
123]:

KM trdi quarA tdi ldm bdng ta 
KMtrdt quanh^ldm ba^dta

Hai cfiu tha song hdnh cdng nhau, hiu nhu 
l$p l$i hodn todn cd v l thanh di$u, cd vl tilng 
(fim tilt). Nhu trong fim nh^c, hai ddng tiio 
"d6ng tiianh d6ng fim" ndy diSn ra tiieo thfri 
gian, ^ ta hlnh dung nhu dang nghe hai cfiu 
n h ^ ndo diy cd cdng di^u thdc.

Nhthig hlnh tupng fim nh^c tuong ty nhu till 
ctbig gqn Idn td nhieu ddng tiia sdng ddi vdi 
nhau hong bdi tiia 7Ji> dd cda Bich Khfi, mQt W

tiia 7 Idil, mSi kh6 4 c&i, chl ddng todn tiianh 
Blbig vd gieo vln B k g . Nhu (hich kh6 3):

Cdy ddn ySuduar^ ldm bing tha 
D^cUBtySuduangrwi trong ma 
HdnvitrinmdikSu: Email 
Thuyen hdn khdngdi lin chd vai 
Hay nhu:

Oh^budnvuar^ cdy f^d ddng 
yimgrai,vitt^raidmmMimdng...

Cflng trong bdi Nl4 hd, ta l{u g$p mQt c$p tiilt 
ngdn noi tilng nihi v l gid tq gpi td Itinh tupng 
fim n h ^ tuong dng v<H tilng ddn nhi h6 g^m cd 
hai dfiy; mQt dfiy cao (thanh Ngang: la la la..0 
vd mQt dfiy tiil^ (tiianh Huyln: rl rl rl...). 0 
dfiv fim lu$t "BSng - Tr&c" hodn todn bj tiiay 
the bdi dli l$p "Bong - Trim" cda nhdm thanh 
Bfing:

Suang nucmg theo trdng ngiiTig lung trdi 
Tuang tu ndng ldng lin chai vai.

Xin dupe luu ^ rfing nhthig cfiu thd tren 
dfiy diu r4t gidu nh^c cdm, mic dd d dd chl cd 
hai tiianh Ngang vd H i ^ hda phli vdi nhau, 
chd dfiu cd d u vipn dm Id hit cdc thanh <fi$u 
khdc nfla tatmg tieng ViQt Cho nfin, sy "gidu 
tiianh diQu" hong tiliig Vi^ khdng h&a Id nhfin

t l q i ^ djnh cho "tliA nh9c" cda dia ViQt

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!- So 12 (242)-2015 N G 6 N N G f & D d l S 6 N G 9 3

trong kfai tho sau dSyd bii Em ai Ba Lai cfta 
T I H O U :

Emai,BaLanmtiatuyittan

Dwdngbach limng suong tring ning trdn. 
Anh a nghe tiing ddn xuin ^ 
CangdnnSm: BaLan, BaLan...

Nghe nhu cd tilng din duong cim ngfin vang 
tit nhftng kfaudn vin-on dugc lip lfi trong suot 
khi tfao (Ba Lan, tan, trin, din, ngin, Ba Lan 
BaLan!).

m y dgc bil ca dao sau diy, ta sS n ^ thiy 
tilng con chim khich kSu, dugc td dim bdi 
nhftng tilng cd vin -dch liy 1^ USn tilp tinng 
bin ciu tho liln, nhu bio tin cho ai dd dang thic 
ttidm mong chd ngudi ttiin:

Sdm mat em ngii bin vich 
Emriaciitr^i, 
EmngheconthimUiidi,

NdkSu chl cha chichi^ lidn but tre gtd 
Khich ail Cd phdi Uidch bio tin ngudi ban iudng

xa

Diem trdi chiiu, ^u& nhd cho nd tinh tuam. 
Cd ciu ca dao ring:

Ngudl xinh cit bdng cting xinh. 
Tdi 1^ nghe diiy m|t dj bin khic: 
Ngudixinh cH ndn cOngxtnh 
Nf^ ttnh nii tbih inh tinh dine tinh 
Ci hai phiSn bin diu "tl nhj" trinfa ggi tSn 
cii gl dd trong ciu "bit", m i dua vio diy ba nit 
nhjc dl ttiay dil (tinh, linh, linh). Tdi ttiich phiSn 
bin sau hon chftt xlu, vl d diy ciu "Ivic" l i ndi 
vS xuih d^p cfta ning kfailn chile ndn ning ddi 
diu (hay cim tay) cflng "ttiom" liy. Cdn ciu 
"bir khdng cin ndi v l vS d?p nfta, mi chft j ndi 
vl "cii tinh" cfta ning, dft ring chftng ta cung 
khd doin chic "cdi dnh tinh tinh" cfta ning li 
cii ^ viy. V i Ifu, d dj bin niy cdn cd them hai 
tilng tin* nfta, mdt budc mdt sau, "tiln fad hiu 
ftn^ dim cho ba tilng tinh tinh tlnh d gifta dugc 
nil bit hon ISn.

4. Hda phli i m dl^u v i g ^ t i flnh f 
Nh^c cim li mdt khia cfuih tinh vi trong 
ttiudng ttiftc ttio ca. Nhilu khi Ivra chgn dit mdt 
thanh diSu n i o d d v i o v j b i niy faay v j b i k l a 
trong ciu tho, nhi tho chin til thudng dugc 
n h ^ cim chl bio. Cdn ngudi diudng ttiftc ttil 
cflng phii nhsiy cim nfau tfil, hoic phii dvmg

cdng phin tich mdi tfiiy. Chit IiSu im dianh dd

cd thl phit huy kfai ning ggi ti nlu cfaftng dugc 
1)6 trf vio mdt khung cinh ngft nghia phft hgp. 
L{u din mdt ciu Ivic cfta Nguyin Du mi thc^ 
nhin li ph^m luit "nhj tft IVIC phin minh" d tilng 
thft hai. Dd li trong do^n Ho^n Thu day nghiln 
IfaftyKlIu:

liiu thuvdin?! lining: 
"Cudc VUl gfy Ihic doan tFii^4ydii?

SaodOisbiit^ti^

Cho clilaig imin bi tdl tH tai nguail" • 
Chfl chdng bong ciu thft ba li ph^m luit 
Bing-Tric. Vdi trudng hgp niy, ^ cftu vin dnh 
hlnh, cd thl 1^ ngit cfiu hfc cd cfaft ch&lg lim 
ddi diinfa hai nfajp 3 / 3: 5ix> c/a^g dj/r/j^ n^ gi. 
Nfaung cflng cd till xft 11 dieo cich khic: difta 
nhin cd svr phi cich vl fim lu$t v i vln ghi' ciu 
trftc nhjp diSu bfatti diudng 2 / 2 / 2 (Sao cA^f// 
diefy ftrgO, dl td ^ ling diy l i ndi ttieo gigng 
thd l3 "dfti dftc" cfta Ho^n Thu, nghe cft nhu 
dim vio tai viy. ThSm nfla, d diy cd bin tfianh 
bic liln nhau, die biSt Ii l a thanh sic vftt ISn, 
khiln gigng mvi nghe chii git, die thS chft khdng 
Sm dim im ip chftt nio.

Nhi tho Xuin DiSu tftng tfim s ^ "Ndi chung,

dio cin phii Sm tai. Tuy nlilSn, cd taim n^ib 
cich Sm tai, lit sudi dine, biln hda, chft chiiig 
phil Iftc nio cflng phii bocyc cic fim thanh trie 
bing ning nhf, dau huyln vdi khdng cd diu cho 
dilu hda nggt tai dieo mdt kilu quen tiu dl dii". 
Nhi ttio din ra hai ciu tho Ndm cfta NgiQ>ln 
Ttii mi dng ySu ttiich:

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N G 6 N N G C & B(n S 6 N G S 6 12 (242)-2015

vd diu n$ng vdo diy thl dye 1 ^ dd Id c$p m ^
cd d dudi difin ! "Con mSt xanh" ddng trfic md
d$t bfing, till sfiu tiifim tiifim, cdi sfiu cda uu di,
cda tfim h6n" pCufin DiQu. C^ng vi0c ldm tha, tr. 
27-28].

cdng cfin nhfic ve thanh Ngang vd thanh
Huyln trong chi vd gi, nhung trong tnidng hpp 
sau dfiy, nhd tha Xufin DiQu khdng chl cot sao
cho "toi thanh nghe h w hon", md cdn chd ^
din khfi nfing gpi td ve thto xdc my Td Bd:
"... nlu dpc I d ^ n gi thl cd tdi ba diu huyln d
nhflng vj Xd qud nfing n l ; "An chi cao ldn dSy 
dd ldm sao", v l phin diy dd cda mu Td Bd thl
cd hfu diu huyln dk n$ng xulng; v l phin cao 
ldn cda my iy, thl may tilng dn chi cao ldn 
ldm elm m{t <hng ddng phdn ndo " [Cdng vi^c 
ldm tha, ti-. 228].

Trong m l i lidn tudng td thinh gidc sang thj

gidc, ta cd thl dpc do9n tha Nguyin Du md td
hlnh dtog cao to vd bQ vQ cda Td Hdi qua cdch
hda phli htog Io;it fim tilt mang thanh huyln,
md phin ldn diu rai vto culi nhjp. Id vj trf
m ^ trong clu true nhip d>Qu cda tha lyc 1 ^ :

Rdu fdon. /hdm inJmiiy ng^ 
y^ ndm/tdc rdngj/thdn mudi/thudc cao. 
DudngAidng/mdt^ng anhhdo 
Cdn quyin/han sdcJ/luac thao/gdm tdl 
Ddi pdi/dq) ddt/dddi

Horn/ten Hdi/vdn r^udi/Viit Ddng 
Giang hS/quai thd/vdy •viing 
Guam ddn/nua gdnh.//non sdng/mdl chio 
Vd Tto Dd, bit chip sy hdi hda bfing b i c
trong tdng cfiu d tha that ngdn theo "lu^t
djnh", dng dfi vilt v l tfim trfuig vd hdnh tung
cda mQt khdch v t o chuang nhu sau:

Tdi cao ohdn thdo chl khi udt 
Giang ho mi chai quin qui huang 
Ddng trdn don d^p nhflng thanh h:^c, d$c
biQt 4 chfl culi ddng liSn tyc nhflng thanh Sfic
vut ldn cao, d6n n£n, nhu tinh than, ^ chi bj o
£p, cfiu thdc, khdng bung ra dupc. Thl ngupc
l9i, ddng dudi trdi ddi mQt m^ch nhdng thanh
Btog phy hpa cho hdnh vi ty do Iang b^t nai
tha huong cda k£ "bit dfic chl" dd.

Tha Ho Chf Minh cihig cd mQt cfiu dfic siic
trong bdi Cdnh kht^a v l cdch sd dyng thanh 
diQu:

Tiing sudi trong nhu tier^hdtxa

TySnglSngcddm. bdnglSnghoa 
Cfiu bdn gpi v i fim tiianh, cfiu dudi t d v l hhih
dnh. Cto tr€n cd tdi 4 tiianh Sfic vd 3 tiianh
Ngang, diu Id nhthig thanh cd fim vyc cao, gpi
Ien mpt fim hudng bay b6ng, trong trdo.

Luu Tipng L u . nhd tha "slu ryng" tiidi " t i ^
chiln" nli tilng vdi bdi Tieng thu gito nh^c 
<£Qu:

Em khdng nghe miia thu 
Duditrdngmdthdn thuc 
Emkhdr^n^rgoruc 
Hbihdnhkidimhpfm 
7>t»lg ldng nfftdi cdphu 
Em khdng nghe rikng dtu 
Lddmkeu xdoxgc 
Ctm nalvdng%ga ngdc 
D^ trin id vdng khd

Trong bdi tha tiiyc ra chi cd mQt td "tupng
tiianh" xdo xpc d l md td tilng chto nai d ^ Ifin U 
vtog khd.HNhung dd khdng phdi Id ch5 diQu kl
cda n h ^ tfnh bdi tiia trong moi giao hda vdi t&n

ti^ng u buon cda thi st. d dfiy cd 4 tieng thu 
dupc 1 ^ l{u, 3 ti^g d V) tri gieo VIIL Vin cdi -u
cdn dupc tdi hiQn trong tilng D/r{f vdi thanh d i ^
trim ntog hon. Am sfic cda van -u Id "trim, tli",
mQt khi (Ihrpc nhan ldy nhu vfiy, nd sS td d$m
mQt cdm gito u buln, md mjt dio bdi tho.

Huy Cfin cflng Id mQt "nhd tiia buln" tiidi
"tiln child", dng tiiudng td noi buln vdi hlnh
dnh con ngudi nhd nhoi gjGa khdng gian tihh
Itog hao la. Nhung trcmg kho tha s w dfiy d bdi
Thu rimg, Huy Cto dfi gfip gd Thl Lfl d tilng 
nh^c buon epi Idn td nhflng vln -u trong miy
tilng^eo van culi ddng tha:

Bdng dimg buSnbd khdng gitm 
M^tx^lOngdi^ gidng mdn dm u 
Nai cao gdt ldn trong mil 
Xu6ngrvngneodtudc.rd^dfumdivi. 
Ta cdn nhd trong bfii tiio Ddi tem n^ h^p, thi 
sT thdi "tien chlln" Vfl Hotog Chuoi^ g$m
nhim nSi buln trong ddm mua gitb mQt cto
phdng tli tfim vd chfit h ^ , tu ldng - dupc md tfi
bdi nhihig tilng cd van bfic vd kit fim tfic kh6p:

GK! liia dbt gdc j ^

</div>

Giáo án Tự nhiên xã hội - Bài học: Mặt trời và phương hướng

<b>NHAC DI|;U TRONG THO CA VIET </b>

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