Tiếng anh 9: Hướng dẫn tự học Anh 9 HKII 2019-2020

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LANGUAGE FOCUS . UNIT 6
+ Adverbs of manner

+ Adjective + that clause

+ Adverb clause of reason . ( because , since , as ) 
+ Conditional sentences type 1

I/ ADVERBS OF MANNER(trạng từ chỉ thể cách- trả lời cho câu hỏi how))
1- FORM:

ADJ + LY -> ADV
Ví dụ:

Fluent -> fluently
Beautiful -> beautifully
Interesting -> interestingly
Quick -> quickly

2. Chú ý khi thêm đi “ly”:

- Khi tính từ tận cùng là “le” ta bỏ “e” rồi cộng thêm “y”
Ví dụ:

Gentle -> gently
Simple -> simply
Terrible -> terribly
Horrible -> horribly
Probable -> probably

- Tính từ tận cùng bằng đuôi “ic” ta thêm “al” rồi cộng thêm “ly”

Ví dụ:

Economic -> economically
Tragic -> tragically
Dramatic -> dramatically
Fantastic -> fantastically

- Tính từ tận cùng bằng “y” ta đổi “y” -> i + ly
Ví dụ:

Easy -> easily
Happy -> happily
Angry -> angrily
Busy -> busily

3. Tính từ biến đổi hồn tồn khi chuyển sang trạng từ:
Good -> well

4. Một số tính từ biến đổi sang trạng từ giữ NGUYÊN
Ví dụ:

Hard -> hard
Fast -> fast
Late -> late
Early -> early
Monthly -> monthly
Daily -> daily

Near -> near
Far -> far

Right -> right
Wrong -> wrong
Straight -> straight
Low -> low
High -> high
Ví dụ:

- This exercise is very hard. (Bài tập này rất khó.)
Ta thấy trong câu này “hard” đóng vai trị là một tính từ.

- She works very hard. (Cơ ấy làm việc rất chăm chỉ.)

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- Ta có trạng từ “hardly”: có nghĩa là: hầu như khơng
- Trạng từ “lately” có nghĩa là gần đây.

5. Cách thành lập khác

Đối với một số TÍNH TỪ có tận cùng bằng “ly” -> ta thành lập CỤM TRẠNG TỪ theo cấu trúc: in a/an 
+ adj-ly + way

Ví dụ:

Friendly -> in a friendly way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: friendlily
Lovely -> in a lovely way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: lovelily
Silly -> in a silly way -> Ta KHÔNG sử dụng: sillily

**.Use:

+ Đứng sau động từ thường, hoặc sau tân ngữ, diển tả mức độ hành động , bổ nghĩa cho động 
từ thường

Lan/ speaks/ English /very well.
S V O adv
 +Đứng trước tính từ hay trạng từ khác.
 She is extremely pleased
 +Đứng ở đầu câu thì bổ nghĩa cho cả câu

Luckily, she had enough time to finish her test on time.
II.ADJECTIVES + THAT – CLAUSE : ( Tính từ đặt sau là một mệnh đề danh từ )

A/ Form: S + BE + Adjective + that + S + Verb

Ex : I am happy that you won the first prize in English speaking contest

B/ Use: thường theo sau một số tính từ chỉ cảm giác (adjectives of emotion) như: afraid, angry, bad, 
certain, disappointed, glad, grateful, happy, helpful, hopeful, important, lucky, pleased, possible, sad, sorry,
sure, thankful, true, wrong....

III.ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON

1.Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do là mệnh đề phụ thường bắt đầu bằng các liên từ: because, since, as (do; vì;
bởi vì)

S1 + V (main clause) + because/ since/ as + S2 + V (adverb clause of reason)
Ví dụ:

 I turned the heating on because it was cold. (Vì trời lạnh nên tơi mở lị sưởi.)

 We watched TV all evening as we had nothing better to do. (Chúng tơi xem phim suốt buổi tối vì chúng 
tơi chẳng có gì hay hơn để làm.)

 Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off. (Vì anh ấy khơng thanh tốn hố đơn, nên điện 
bị cắt.)

2.Cụm từ chỉ lí do Because of:

S + V + because of + noun/ noun phrase
Ví dụ:

 We cancelled our flight because the weather was bad. = We cancelled our flight because of the bad
weather. (Chúng tôi phải hủy chuyến bay vì thời tiết xấu.)

** Lưu ý:

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đê chính. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ đứng
trước, giữa hai mệnh đề có dấu phẩy (,).

Ví dụ:

 Since/As/ Because he won't help me, I must do the job myself. (Vì anh ấy khơng giúp tơi nên tơi phải tự
làm việc đó.)

 Joe started jogging because/ since/ as his doctor told him to. (Joe bắt đầu chạy bộ vì bác sỹ bảo anh ta
làm thế.)

3.Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
a. …. because + đại từ + be + adj .

→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
Ex: He failed the exam because he is lazy.

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→ because of + the + adj + N

Ex: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad.
They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather.
c. . …because + S + V + O

→ because of + V-ing + O (thường dùng khi 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
Ex: She got ill because she worked hard.

She got ill because of working hard.

IV.CONDITIONAL Type 1:

đ ề

i u ki n có th x y ra hi n t i ho c t

ệ

ể ả

ở ệ ạ

ặ ươ

ng lai

If clause Main clause

If + S + V1 / V s(es) (don’t / doesn’t + V1) S + will / can/ may + V1 (won’t / can’t + V1)
Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor.
BÀI TẬP

Bài 1: Từ các tính từ sau biến đổi sang trạng từ tương ứng
1. attractive -> ……….

2. slow -> ……….
3. difficult -> ……….
5. lazy -> ……….
6. far -> ……….
7. quiet -> ……….

8. sudden -> ……….
9. frequent -> ……….
10. crazy -> ……….
11. light -> ………
12. heavy -> ……….
13. terrific -> ………
14. traditional -> ……….
15. lively -> ……….
Bài 2: Chọn đáp án đúng để điền vào chỗ trống:
1. I didn’t do the test ... yesterday.

A. good
B. well
C. goodly

2. My friend lives ... the station.
A. nearly

B. near

C. in a near way

3. She can run very ...
A. in a fast way

B. fastly
C. fast

4. The cost of goods is increasing ...
A. dramatically

B. dramatic
C. dramaticly

5. She is lying ... on the grass.
A. comfortablely

B. comfortably

C. in a comfortable way
6. My friend made up ...
A. ugly

B. uglily

C. in an ugly way

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A. monthly

B. in a monthly way
C. monthlily

8. The plane flew ... in the air, then landed suddenly.
A. highly

B. high

C. in a high way

9. My father often goes to work ...

A. early

B. in early way
C. earlily

10. My brother is a hard worker. He works very ...
A. hardly

B. in a hardly way
C. hard

EXERCISE 3:Complete the sentences with adjectives given below.

a. happy b. disappointed c. excited d. sorry e. pleased.

f. afraid g. worried h. delighted i. amazed

j. annoyed.

1. I’m in a hurry. I’m ……… that I can’t wait for you.
2. Sam didn’t study for the exam. I’m ………….. that he won’t pass it.
3. The student was ………… that he got good marks on the English test.
4. I’m ………… that the manager is out at the moment.

5. We were ……… that the boy could lift the heavy rock.
6. He was …………. that the film was so boring.

7. She is ………. that she hasn’t been invited to the party.
8. We are ……….. that you always work hard.

9. Paul was …………... that they offered him the job.

10. The children are …………. That we are taking them to the zoo at weekend.
Bài 4. Because or because of

1. We stopped playing tennis ... the rain
2. He was angry ………… I broke his bike.
3. We had to hurry indoors ... it was raining
4. I am late ... the traffic

5. We didn't arrive until seven o'clock ... the traffic was terrible
6. She found the exam easy ... she had worked hard during the course
7. He can't drive ... his illness

8. The restaurant closed down ... the recession

9. He found working in Japan very difficult ... the language problem
10. He's very difficult to understand ... his accent

Bài 5. Combine each pair of the sentences by using BECAUSE :
1- The weather was lovely, so we spent the whole day in the garden.

...
2- My homework is long and difficult. I can’t finish it on time.

...
3- He left school because of his hard life.

...
4- She can’t work hard because of her age.

...
5- I can’t buy this bike because of not having enough money.

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Bài 1:

1. attractive -> attractively
2. slow -> slowly
3. difficult -> difficultly
5. lazy -> lazily
6. far -> far
7. quiet -> quietly
8. sudden -> suddenly
9. frequent -> frequently
10. crazy -> crazily
11. light -> lightly
12. heavy -> heavily
13. terrific -> terrifically
14. traditional -> traditionally
15. lively -> in a lively way
Bài 2:

1. B. well
2. B. near
3. C. fast

4. A. dramatically
5. B. comfortably
6. C. in an ugly way
7. A. monthly

8. B. high
9. A. early
10. C. hard
Bài 4.

1. We stopped playing tennis because of the rain
2. 2. He was angry because I broke his bike.
3. We had to hurry indoors because it was raining
4. I am late because of the traffic

5. We didn't arrive until seven o'clock because the traffic was terrible
6. She found the exam easy because she had worked hard during the course
7. He can't drive because of his illness

8. The restaurant closed down because of the recession

9. He found working in Japan very difficult because of the language problem
10. He's very difficult to understand because of his accent

Bài 5. Combine each pair of the sentences by using BECAUSE :

1- Because the weather was lovely, we spent the whole day in the garden.
2- Because my homework is long and difficult, I can’t finish it on time.
3- He left school because his life was hard.

4- She can’t work hard because she was old.

5- I can’t buy this bike because I don’t have enough money.

LANGUAGE FOCUS . UNIT 7

+ Connectives: ( and , but , because , or , so , therefore , however)
+ Phrasal verbs : turn off , turn on , look after , go on , look for , give up
+ Make suggestions : suggest + V-ing , suggest ( that ) +S + should + inf 
I.Connectives : ( Từ nối)

+ AND : nối thêm ý vào mệnh đề trước nó

+ BUT : đưa ra một ý tương phản với mệnh đề trước nó

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+ SO : đề cập đến kết quả của hành động ở mệnh đề trước
Ex: - Lan is sick and she can not go to school

but she can go to school

for she was in the rain all day
or she is not fine today.

so she has to stay in bed .

+ Moreover - Furthermore ( hơn nữa): Dùng để thêm thông tin cho ý thứ nhất
Ex: This bike is very beautiful ; moreover , it wasn’t expensive.

+ However - Nevertheless : ( mặc dù , tuy vậy ) dùng để diển tả ý ngược với ý thứ nhất.
Ex: The weather is very beautiful today ; however , I don’t like to go for a picnic.
+ Therefore – Thus : ( vì vậy) nói lên kết quả của ý thứ nhất

Ex: the weather was too bad ; therefore, we decided not to go for a picnic
*Lưu ý: sau Moreover - Furthermore ,However - Nevertheless ,Therefore – Thus có dấu phẩy.
II.Making Suggestion: ( câu đề nghị )

1. S + Suggest + V-ing

Ex: I suggest going to the restaurant .

2. S + Suggest + that + S +( should ) + V ( Infinitive)/S + suggest + his/her/my … +Verb-ing
Ex: I suggest that we should go to the restaurant .

3. Why don’t we / Shall we + V ( infinitive) …?
Ex: Why don’t we go to the restaurant ?

4. Let’s + V ( Infinitive )=- Shall we + Verb Inf. …?

Ex:Let’s go to the restaurant.= Shall we go to the restaurant ?
5. What about / How about + V- ing ?

Ex : What about going to the restaurant ? = How about going to the restaurant ?
6- Why not + + Verb Inf. …?

Ex: Why not go to the restaurant ? 
7.Shall we + Verb Inf. …?

Ex: Shall we go to the restaurant ?

ex 1:I suggest going to the cinema. (Tôi đề nghị đi xem phim)

I suggest (that) we should save money. (Tôi đề nghị chúng ta nên tiết kiệm tiền.)
I suggest (that) we shouldn’t go there. (Tôi đề nghị chúng ta khơng nên đến đó.)
We suggest his taking a rest. (Chúng tôi đề nghị cậu ấy nghỉ ngơi.)

He suggest my flying to New York to see him. (Ông ta đề nghị tôi bay sang New York để gặp ông ta.)

I suggest we jog everyday. (Tôi đề nghị chúng ta đi bọ mỗi ngày.)

I suggest she no watch TV to much. (Tôi đề nghị cô ấy không xem tivi nhiều.)
ex 2: I think we should go on a travel. (Tôi nghĩ chúng ta nên đi du lịch.)

ex 3: Let’s go swimming. (Chúng ta hãy đi bơi.)

ex 4: Shall we have some lunch? (chúng ta ăn chưa nhé?)
ex 5: Why not stay for lunch? (Sao không ở lại ăn trưa nhỉ?)

ex 6: Why don’t we go now? (Sao chúng ta không đi ngay bây giờ nhỉ?)
ex 7: How about going out to dinner tonight? (Tối nay ra ngoài ăn tối nhé?)
What about going out for a walk? (Ra ngoài đi dạo nhé.)

III.Some Phrasal verbs: Cụm động từ (phrasal verb) là sự kết hợp của động từ với trạng từ hoặc giới từ.
ex:give up (từ bỏ), sit down (ngồi xuống), lock after (chăm sóc), come in (đi vào), look out (coi chừng), go 
on

(tiếp tục),put on (mặc vào), …
Turn down >< turn up: vặn xuống/ lên
Turn on >< turn off: mở/ tắt

Put on: mặc ( quần áo) / đi (giầy dép)
Put off: hoãn

Put out:dập tắt ( đèn, lửa)
Look after: trơng nom
Look up: tra cứu

Look at: nhìn chằm chằm

Look in: kiểm tra

Run out of= to be shortage of: hêt/ thiếu

Give up: từ bỏ

Go up >< go down: lên / xuống
Divide into: chia thành

Throw away:ném đi
Wait for: đợi/chờ....
Pick up: đón (bằng xe ơtơ)
Bring about:dẫn đến, gây ra

Go on / continute+V-ing = Keen on+ V-ing: tiếp tục
To be fond of + V-ing = enjoy + V-ing

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Bài 1- Choose the correct connectives in brackets :

1- I opened the door ... looked out. (and / but)
2- I arrived 20 minutes early, ... I had time for a cup of tea. (so / because)
3- We looked everywhere. ..., we could not find the keys. (However / Therefore)
4- The bus fare is expensive. ..., I prefer to walk. (However / Therefore)
5- There were many people at the concert, ... we couldn’t get seats. (so / however)
6- I read the book, ... did not understand it. (but / or)
7- We had to wait ... we arrived early. (because / so)
8- I would like to go swimming. ..., I have too much work to do. (However / Therefore)
9- I go for a walk ... the sun is shining. (because / so)
10- Do you know his address ... telephone number ? (but / or)

Bài 2. Complete the sentence with the one word given below. One word can be used for more than one 
sentence: for/ up/ after/ on/ off/ away/ in.

1. Who's going to look ______ the children while you're away?

2. "Turn ______ the TV for me, will you? I want to watch the cartoon.
3. She's looked ______ her keys everywhere.

4. Turn ______ the radio. I'm working.

5. If we go ______ littering, the environment will become seriously polluted.
6. Don't throw these newspapers ______.

7. Could you fill ______ this form?

8. Don't wake the baby ______. Let him sleep.

9. Don't believe her. She's just made ______ the story.
10. Susan took ______ her coat and put it on the sofa.

LANGUAGE FOCUS . UNIT 8 – 9
+ Relative clause: ( who , which , that)

+ adverb clause of concession.
+ defining and non-defining clause.
I.ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONCESSION.

1.Form: [ Though/ although/ even though + S + V, + S + V ]

⇒Though/ although/ even though + S + V: adverb clause of concession

⇒S + V: main clause

ex:Although/ Though the cafe was crowded, we found a table. (Mặc dù quán ăn rất đơng khách, nhưng chúng 
tơi cũng tìm được bàn.)

ex: We found a table, although the cafe was crowded
NOTES:

[ In spite of/ despite + noun/ noun phrase + S + V ]
[ In spite of/ despite + the fact that + S+V + S + V ]

ex:In spite of/ despite the heavy rain, we enjoyed our vacation. (Mặc dù mưa lớn, nhưng chúng tơi cũng có kỳ 
nghỉ thú vị.)

– In spite of/ despite the fact that he is rich, he is not happy. (Mặc dù anh ấy giàu có, nhưng anh ấy không hạnh 
phúc.)

Lưu ý:

– Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản cũng có thể đúng sau mệnh đề chính.
– Trong câu có ‘although’ thì khơng dùng ‘but’.

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EXERCISES.

Bài 1.Chọn một trong các từ thích hợp sau để điền vào chỗ trống: although, in spite of/despite
1. ________________ she is beautiful, everybody hates her.

2. The children slept deeply ________________ the noise.

3. ________________ earning a low salary, Sara helped her parents
4. Jane rarely sees Alan ________________ they are neighbors.

5. Kate did not do well in the exam ________________ working very hard.
6. ________________ I was very hungry, I couldn’t eat.

7. ________________ the difficulty, they managed to solve the math problem.
8. Liza never talked to him ________________ she loved him.

9. ________________ it was cold, Marie didn’t put on her coat.
Bài 2.Rewrite

1. Although Nam is not an intelligent student, he can learn very fast.
=> Despite / In spite of ______________________________________.
2. Although Hoa was sick, she went to school..

=> Despite / In spite of _____________________________.
3. Although the rain was so heavy, I could go to school.

=> Despite / In spite of _________________________________.
4. Athough there was an accident, He was on time.

=> Despite / In spite of _______________________.
Đáp án

Bài 1

1. Although

2. in spite of
3. In spite of
4. Although
5. In spite of
6. Although
7. In spite of
8. Although
9. Although

Bài 2

1. => Despite / In spite of not being an intelligent student, he can learn very fast_
2. => Despite / In spite of Hoa’s sicknes, she went to school

3. => Despite / In spite of the heavy rain , I could go to school.
4. => Despite / In spite of an accident, he was on time.

II.RELATIVE CLAUSE.

I. Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ là gì

- Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề
quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay
những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
Xét ví dụ sau:

- The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend.

Trong câu này phần được viết chữ nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau “the woman” và dùng
để xác định danh từ đó.

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Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.

1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng
trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, khơng có nó câu sẽ khơng đủ nghĩa. Nó
được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.
Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful.

(Defining relative clause)

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về
một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề khơng nhất thiết
phải có trong câu, khơng có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được
ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)

Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful.
(Non-defining relative clause)

Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:
– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng

– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)
– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those

-– Khi danh từ có bổ túc từ đi kèm.(the man with a black hat, the girl with a ponny tail,…)
III. PHÂN LOạI CÁC ĐạI Từ QUAN Hệ TRONG TIếNG ANH

* Who: .[ … N (person) + WHO + V + O ]thay thế cho N hoặc đại từ chỉ người, làm chức năng S cho mệnh đề

quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH và ngay sau N mà nó bổ nghĩa

EX: The man is my father. He has just given you a book.
- The man who has just given you a book is her father
* Whom: .[ … N (person) + WHOM + S + V ]

thay thế cho N hoặc đại từ chỉ người, làm chức năng O cho mệnh đề quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH và ngay sau N
mà nó bổ nghĩa

Ex: The woman is his mother. You met her yesterday
The woman (whom/that) you met yesterday is his mother

* Which: .[ … N (thing) + WHICH + V + O ]/ [ … N (thing) + WHICH + S + V ]

thay thế cho N hoặc đại từ chỉ vật, làm chức năng S hoặc O cho mệnh đề quan hệ, đứng đầu MĐQH và ngay
sau N mà nó bổ nghĩa

Ex: This is the book . It is about wild animals.
- This is the book which is about wild animals.
This is the book . I bought it yesterday

- This is the book which I bought yesterday.

* THAT có thể thay thế cho Who, Whom, Which trong mệnh đề xác định.
- Làm tân ngữ cho động từ: which/that (Có thể bỏ đi)

Ex: The book (which/that) you gave me is on the table
- Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ: which (Không dùng “that”)
* Whose:.[ … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V … ]

thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu hay sở hữu cáchEg: This is the man. His car was stolen
Ex: This is the man whose car was stolen

IV. CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:

1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.
[ … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … ]

Ex: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
→ I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.

2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there
[ … N (place) + WHERE + S + V … ]

(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.

3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then
[ … N (time) + WHEN + S + V … ]

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Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met?

→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
I don’t know the time. She will come back then.

→ I don’t know the time when she will come back.
V. MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với
whom và which.)

Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.
→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.
→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.
2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.

Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.
→ She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.

Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.

4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which.
Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend.

The book you lent me was very interesting.

5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước
whom, which và whose.

Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students.
She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.
V. CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:

Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại
phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).
Ex:

a/ The man who is standing over there is my father.
→ The man standing over there is my father.

b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors.
→ The couple living next door to me are professors.

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).
Ex:

a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important.
→ The instructions given on the front page are very important.

b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting.
→ The book bought by my mother is interesting.

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:

Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm
từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất.

Ex:

a/ John was the last person that got the news.
→ John was the last person to get the news.

b/ He was the best player that we admire.
→ He was the best player to be admired.

c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way.
→ He was the second man to be killed in this way.

10 TRƯỜNG HỢP DÙNG ‘THAT’ KHÔNG DÙNG WHICH.

1. Phía trước là “all, little, much, few, everything, none ” thì dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which”.
Ex: There are few books that you can read in this book store.

(Có một vài cuốn sách mà bạn có thể đọc ở tiệm sách này).

2. Từ được thay thế phía trước vừa có người vừa có vật thì dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which”.
Ex: He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.

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3. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là tính từ ở cấp so sánh nhất thì dùng “that” mà khơng
dùng “which”.

Ex: This is the best novel that I have ever read.
(Đây là cuốn tiểu thuyết hay nhất mà tôi từng đọc).

4. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là số thứ tự thì dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which”.
Ex: The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.

(Cảnh tượng đầu tiên về Vạn lý trường thành đập vào mắt ông ấy gây được ấn tượng khó qn với ơng).

5. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là “the only, the very, the same, the right” thì dùng “that” mà khơng
dùng “which”.

Ex: It is the only book that he bought himself.

(Đó là cuốn sách duy nhất mà anh ta đã tự mình mua).

6. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là “all, every, any, much, little, few, no” thì dùng “that” mà khơng
dùng “which”.

Ex: You can take any room that you like.

(Anh có thể lấy bất cứ phịng nào mà anh thích).
– There is no clothes that fit you here.

(Ở đây chẳng có bộ quần áo nào phù hợp với bạn cả).

7. Trong câu hỏi (Mệnh đề chính) mở đầu bằng “which” thì dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which” làm từ nối.
Ex: Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?

(Những cuốn sách có tranh ảnh thì đáng đọc đúng khơng?)

8. Trong câu nhấn mạnh “It is … that …” thì dùng “that” mà khơng dùng “which” làm từ nối .
Ex: It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.

(Cách đây hai mươi năm chính trong căn phịng này ơng ấy đã được sinh ra).

9. Trong câu dùng cấu trúc “such (the same) … as …” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which”.
Ex: We need such materials as can bear high temperature.

(Chúng tôi cần những vật liệu có thể chịu được nhiệt độ cao như thế này).
10. Diễn tả ý “giống như…..” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which”.
Ex: Mary was late again, as had been expected.

(Mary lại đi muộn, như đã được dự kiến)

2 TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG DÙNG ‘THAT’:
– Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
– Sau giới từ.

EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:
1. The men _______ lives next-door are English.

2. The dictionary _______ you gave me is very good.

3. Do you know the girls _______ are standing outside the church?

4. The police are looking for the thieve _______ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate _______ you like comes from the United States.

6. I have lost the necklace _______ my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone _______ breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses _______ go to the airport run every half hour.

9. I can't find the key _______ opens this door.
10. I gave you a book _______ had many pictures.

II. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:
1. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car.
2. The man ______ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
3. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.

4. The woman ______ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ______ works in the village is very old.

6. The family ______ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ______ carries lots of people.

9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics.

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1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.

... ... ...

2. I don't remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.
... ... ...

3. The only thing is how to go home. It make me worried.

... ... ...
4. The most beautiful girl lives city. I like her long hair very much.
... ... ...
5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.

... ... ...

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then.
... ... ...

7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost the way in the forest.

... ... ...

8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.
... ... ...
9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife
... ... ...

10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.
... ... ...

. Đáp án

I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:

1. The men ___who___ lives next-door are English.

2. The dictionary ___which___ you gave me is very good.

3. Do you know the girls ___who___ are standing outside the church?

4. The police are looking for the thieve ___who___ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate ___which___ you like comes from the United States.

6. I have lost the necklace ___which___ my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone ___that___ breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses ___that___ go to the airport run every half hour.

9. I can't find the key ___which___ opens this door.
10. I gave you a book ___which___ had many pictures.
II. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:
1. He arrived with a friend ___who___ waited outside in the car.

2. The man ___whose___ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
3. The car ___which___ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.

4. The woman ___whose___ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ___who___ works in the village is very old.

6. The family ___whose___ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ___who___ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ___which___ carries lots of people.

9. The volunteers, ___whose___ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ___who___ like music are often good at mathematics.

III. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns:
1. The first boy who knows the truth has just moved.

2. I don't remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week.
3. The only thing which make me worried is how to go home.

4. The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city.
5. The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom.

6. The children often go swimming on Sundays when they have much free time.
7. They're looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest.
8. The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers.

9. My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner.
10. I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm.

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1.Form: S+ may/might + V(ìnf)

Ex: You may be right. (Có thể bạn đúng.)

She might not want to come with us. (Có thể cơ ấy khơng muốn đi với chúng ta.)
+ May và might là động từ khiếm khuyết, không thêm s/es ở ngơi thứ 3 số ít.

Ex: She may be here tomorrow. (Ngày mai cơ ta có thể ở đây.)[Not She mays be…]

+ Câu hỏi và câu phủ định khơng mượn trợ động từ ‘ do’ mà đảo chính may/might ra trước.
Ex:May I help you? (Tơi có thể giúp bạn?)[NOT do I may help you?]

2.Use:

+ Suy đoán khả năng có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại và tương lai. Sự khác biệt là might thường nói đến những tình
huống kém chắc chắn hơn.

ex: I may go to London tomorrow (Có thể ngày mai tơi sẽ đi London) ⇒ Cơ hội 50%.
John might come with me. (Có thể John sẽ đi với tôi.) ⇒ Cơ hội 30%.

– Khi diễn tả sự chắc chắn hơn, ta dùng must + V (infinitive).

ex: What’s that? It must be a star. (Cái gì thế? Chắc hẳn là một ngơi sao.)
– Khi chắc chắn là điều gì đó khơng thể; ta dùng can’t hoặc couldn’t.
ex: It can’t be an eye. (Nó khơng thể là con mắt.)

– Chúng ta có thể dùng các trạng từ perhaps, maybe hoặc probably thay cho may/ might.
ex: Perhaps Tuan knows this. = Tuan might know this. (Tuan có thể biết điều này.)

Maybe she’s sick now. = She may be sick now. (Có thể bây giờ cơ ấy bị ốm.)
She is probably French. = She may be French. (Có thể cô ấy là người Pháp.)
II. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

1. Type 2:

đ ề

i u ki n có th x y ra hi n t i ho c t

ệ

ể ả

ở ệ ạ

ặ ươ

ng lai.

If clause Main clause

If + S + V1 / V s(es) (don’t / doesn’t + V1) S + will / can/ may + V1 (won’t / can’t + V1)
Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

If Mary doesn’t feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor.
2. Type 2:

đ ề

i u ki n không có th t hi n t i

ệ

ậ ở ệ ạ

If clause Main clause

If + S + V-ed / V2/ 
 (didn’t + V1)/

To be: were / weren’t

S + would / could / should + V1 
 (wouldn’t / couldn’t + V1)

Ex: If I were you, I would tell the truth.

If she knew your address, she would send you a letter.
3. Type 3:

đ ề

i u ki n khơng có th t trong quá kh

ệ

ậ

ứ

If clause Main clause

If + S + had + P.P

(hadn’t + P.P) S + would / could / should + have + P.P (wouldn’t / couldn’t + have + P.P)
Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her.

I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder.
4. Những cách khác để diễn đạt câu điều kiện:

a. Unless = If ….not

If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.

= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.

b. Suppose / Supposing (giả sử như), in case (trong trường hợp), even if (ngay cả khi, cho dù), as long as, 
so long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (miễn là, với điều kiện là)

Suppose the news is true, what will you do?

I’ll change my decision provided that you accept my offer.
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.

c. Without: không có

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= If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist.

d. Mệnh đề chính trong câu điều kiện loại 1 có thể là một câu đề nghị hoặc lời mời.
If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book.

If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me.

5. Đổ ừ

i t if sang unless:

IF UNLESS

Khẳng định Khẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủ định)
Phủ định Khẳng định (mệnh đề chính khơng thay đổi)

Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.

→ Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster.
If she doesn’t work harder, she will fail the exam.

→ Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam.
6.

Dạng câu: Mệnh lệnh + or + Clause
– If you don’t + V1, Clause

– If you aren’t + …, Clause

Ex: Go away or I will call the police. → If you don’t go away, I will call the police.
Be careful or you will cut yourself. → If you aren’t careful, you will cut yourself.

EXERCISES:

I. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Conditional sentence Type 1):

1. If I find it, I (give)……….you a call.

2. If you (like)………, I can get you a job in this company.

3. If he pays me tonight, I (have)………..enough money for the tickets.
4. If I (pass) …………the exam, I will go to the university next October.

5. If I tell the police the truth, I’m sure they (believe )………..you.

6. We (be)………able to walk across the river if the ice is thick enough.
7. If it (be)………fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a walk.

8. You can see my phone if yours (not work)……….
9. Unless I (hear)…………..the alarm, I won’t wake up.

10. if you put these glasses into very hot water, they (crack)……….

II. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Conditional sentence Type 2):

1. If you ate less, you (not be)………..healthy enough
2.If you (have)………a typewriter, I would type it myself.

3. If he worked more slowly, he (not make)……….so many mistakes.
4. You could get a job easily if your degrees (be)………good.