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<b>T H i r N H I N LAI N H O GIAO V I E T N A M </b>
<b>T H E O T H i r C N H A N </b>

* PHAN NGOC*
Cac cong trinh, cac bai viet ve Nho giao d Viet Nam 1^
nhieu khong the ke bet. Nhung nhin chung, cac bai chi x6t d
hien tUdng, khong xet ci chinh cai nguyen nhan triet hoc tai
sao no lai la the, khong xet tai sao trong thuc te hanh dong
mot nh^ Nho Viet Nam lai khac mot nh^ Nho Trung Quoc
<i>den nhu vky. Neu nhu muc dich cua triet hoc la de thay doi </i>
xa hoi, thi nhijtng each nhin ay khong giiip ich cho ta trong
<i>hoan canh hien nay khi the gidi da chuyen t\X doi d^u sang </i>
doi thoai, chung song hoa binh, chskp nhan nhau de cung
phat trien.

Khi noi den triet hoc, thi cau hoi d^u tien l^ tai sao tin
<i>ngUdng h^u nhU c6 tif khi \oki ngUdi,song thanh b^y, mi </i>
<b>triet hoc lai ra ddi muon den nhu vay? The ky ra ddi cua triet </b>
hoc la vao khoang the ky thii VI tr. CN d Hy Lap, roi ih^nh
triet hoc phUdng Tay, triet hoc Trung Hoa ra ddi v6i Khong
Tu vao khoang the ky V tr. CN. Con d An Do kho tim hdn vi
anb hudng ton giao qua rong khap, nhung den kinh Vedanta
<i>cung dai khai vao thdi gian nay thi triet hoc da ra ddi. D6 U </i>

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ba nguon goc chinh cua triet hoc the gidi. Nhin chung, chi
khi n^o xa hoi dat den mot trinh do san xuat kha cao, d i n tdi
<i>mot each to chiic xa hoi phan t i n g hkc kha ro rang, can den </i>
mot che dp chinh tri benh vuc sU phan chia t i n g bac nay, do
do doi hoi mot he thong ly luan it nhieu chat che va c6 tac
dung pho quat khien moi ngUdi c6 the theo, luc do triet hoc
m6i ra ddi. Roi lai c6 nhiJtng nha triet hoc khac chong lai, tao

nen sif t r a n h lu^n triet hoc. Den the ky XVII, d phUdng Tay
vdi sU thay doi ciia lao dong thu cong sang lao dong cd khi,
mot Idp tri thijfc mdi ra ddi chong lai cai triet hoc cu va tu
than ho dUng len nhOng he thong triet hoc m6i nhU chung ta
deu biet.

Mot triet hoc c6 nhieu phan, nhUng cai phan khien no la
triet hoc la phan nhan sinh quan, noi len each song nhU the
nao mdi la diing. Nhieu nha triet hoc, de bien ho cho each ly
giai ciia minh con them phan noi ve vu tru hay nguon goc
loai ngUdi, lay no de benh vUc p h a n nhan sinh quan. NhUng
cho den nay, van de nay khoa hoc con dang giai quyet, cho
nen p h i n the gidi quan d moi triet hoc chi la phan gia thuye't.
Neu danh gia Nho giao theo quan diem the gidi hau cong
nghiep - ma chung ta cd quyen lam the vi nhiem vu nghien
<i>cxlu la de doi mdi xa hoi vi quyen Idi cua ngUdi lao dong - thi </i>
dao Nho cd nhiJtng khuyet diem dudi day khong the nao bac
bo dudc.

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<i>Hai la, no khong may may nghl den ky thuAt san xui't, </i>
con ngUdi lao dong ky thuat la ke se gop p h i n thay doi xa
hoi, trong liic do muon la con ngUdi cua thdi dai ngay nay,
thdi dai ky thuat, minh phai chon mot llnh vUc khong chi
trong cong nghiep, ma ca trong thUdng nghiep, nong nghiep,
van hoa, nghe thuat de tu doi mdi minh. Trong cong vi^c n^y,
phai nhin ra the gidi de hieu tinh binh nUdc minh, va nhin
tinh hinh nUdc minh trong van de cu the minh ebon de doi
mdi n6, ma khong de Viet Nam bi le thuoc. Cd hai kha nftng:
<i>hoSc \k nhin tinh hinh biet phai lam gi va kha n^ng chinh </i>
minh lam dUdc dieu can lam. Kha nang thii nhat la can thiet

<i>cho ngUdi lanh dao. Kha nang thU hai \k cong viec cua </i>
chuyen gia. De khoi noi chuyen xa xoi, trong chinh tri, Chu
tich Ho Chi Minh cd ca hai kha n^ng nay va trong quan sU
Dai tudng V6 Nguyen Giap cung vay. Nhin chung cai hoc
<i>ngan xUa thien ve vSn chUdng de lam quan, cac tri ihxlc c6 </i>
chii y den y hoc, phong tuc nen trong vSn hoa Viet Nam cac
loai sach ve vSn chudng, y hoc, ton giao, te le, phong tuc kha
phong phii. Con khong cd sach day nghe, ngay ca nghe l^m
ruong, thu cong, chSn nuoi, d^c biet ve nghe buon. Day chinh
la nguyen nhan cua sU ngheo ddi. NhUr^g ca hai dieu n^y chi
cd the ra ddi khi cd cong nghiep la cai tU nd thay doi the gidi
tao nen khai niem tien bo va tac dung to Idn cua ky thu^t.

<i>Mot nen vkn hoa phai chap nh^n cai "Idi" chung cua moi </i>
ngUdi. Con ngUdi phai cd nhOng cai Idi chung khong ai tudc
bo dUde khi anh lam diing trach nhiem cua minh. Cai l<?i Ay
phai la cu the: cdm An, ao mac, nha d, c6 vd cd chong, nudi
dudc con cai. Roi sau do mdi ban den chuyen cao xa. Nho giao
<i>Trung Hoa lay cai "le" lam then chot. Nhung tu cai le Ay dkn </i>

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tdi bA't binh dAng qua dang. Mot ong quan cd tren chuc ba vd,
nuoi hAng tram thuc khach, v6 so toi td. Tren cd sd nay cai
goi la pKap luat chi la de benh vUc ton ty. Mot nude nhu vay
luc nAo Cling chiia dUng sU noi day cua nhan dan lao dong va
nhiing cuoc dan ap, t a n sat.

Nhung mot van hoa chiu anh hucing Nho giao lai cd nhiing
Uu the rieng:

Do thdi quen hoc tAp tren ngan nAm va pho bien, nhan

dan hoc rA't gioi. Chi c i n chuyen cai hoc cho dung vdi xu
<i>hudng la ho khong thua kem bA't cd nude nao. Ngay d My </i>
trong so' cac hoc gia cua My thi theo tho'ng ke so' ngUdi go'c
Trung Hoa nhap quoc tich My da chiem qua niia. Chuyen
nAm con rong chau A theo van hoa Nho giao (Nhat Ban, Dai
Loan, Singapore, Hudng Cang, Malaysia) dUdc noi den nhieu.
Con rong thii sau phai la Viet Nam.

Con ngUdi theo Nho giao lA'y cuoc song tran the lam muc
dich nen tU tUdng xa hoi chu nghia xam nhap d l dang.
Khong phai ngAu nhien ma Trung Quoc va Viet Nam da tU
minh pha vd vdng vay cua chu nghia de quoc bAt chap bao
khd khAn, trd lUc.

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<i>hai cha nay lay d Dao diCc Kinh, Kinh Dich nhUng each trinh </i>
bay lai dua vao Phat giao. Do la dieu khong cd trong Khdng
tU, Manh tu. Nhung khong phai ngAu nhien mA Td'ng Nho
gAn nhu lA hinh thUc Nho giao duy nhat d Trung Hoa tir ddi
Td'ng vA d Viet Nam tU Le Thanh Tong. Theo Td'ng Nho, moi
vat deu cd Am va cd Dudng. Xet rieng ra thi Trdi lA Dudng,
Dat la Am, con trai la Dudng. con gai la Am. Vua lA Duong,
DAn la Am vA d nhiJng linh vUc nAy khong cd chuyen Am hay
Dudng chuyen hoa cho nhau. NhUng Tong Nho lai dUa ra cai
thuyet khi mot trong hai cai Am hoac Dudng qua manh thi
<i>nd se chuyen sang cai kia. BAng chUng lay d khi hAu do \k </i>
khi nang qua lAu vA qua manh (Dudng) thi se cd mUa to, lyt
bao (Am), khi mot che do chinh tri qua chuyen chinh (Dudng)
<i>thi dan se noi len sinh loan lac (Am). Roi cxi the vii tru, xa </i>
hoi d trong mot chu ky Am-DUdng, khong cd tien bo da dAnh,
cung khong cd chuyen boa, vudt buc, thUc sU. Khong the nAo

cd chuyen A khi vUdt qua mot gidi ban thi thanh B.

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kinh te, hoc thuAt Trung Hoa diing dau the gidi, roi sau dd te
li^t de trd thAnh mot ban thuoc dia. Ve chinh tri, chi ke giai
doan nhiJtng ngoai toe chiem ca Trung Hoa (Mong Co, Man
Thanh) ttt khi nhA Td'ng thAnh lap (960) den each mang Tan
Hdi nAm 1911 tA't ca 990 nam da cd 365 nam toan qudic bi
nhiing ngUdi nUdc ngoai cai tri ma so' dan dung bAng mot
phAn hai mUdi ngUdi Han: Nguyen (1271-1368, 87 nam),
Thanh (1644-1919, 268 nam).

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y trong cac cuoc hop lang, hop ho. te le... Chu nghia yeu nUdc
Viet Nam khdng he thien ve kinh te, chung toe mA lay tinh
nghia lAm then chdt.

Gid tdi thu xet nhiing dac diem cua tarn ly lAng nUdc nAy
qua nhiing tiep xuc van boa quan trong vAo niia dau the ky XX.

1. P h o n g t r a o T a n ThU. Vao dau the ky XX. cd the n6i
cuoc xam lUdc cua Phap dA thanh cong. Nam 1901 ToAn
quyen Paul Doumer trong mot bao cao tuyen bd' khdng mot
ngUdi Phap nao tif 1897 den 1901 bi giet. Trong tang Idp tri
thUc, long tin tUdng vao Dao Nha ctia Nguyen Dinh Chieu,
Phan Van Tri dA nhUdng cho cho mot bAn khoAn, tU thA'y
minh thua kem, bat lUc mA ta thay d Nguyen Khuyen, Tr^n
Te Xudng. TrUdc dd, ngUdi ta chi thA'y Phap manh lA nhd
Sling dan. NhUng gid dAy ngUdi ta bAt d i u thA'y ngoAi sung
dan ra, con cd ca vAn boa niia.

Ke ra, khdng phai den thdi Tan thu mdi cd hien tUdng nAy.

Cd the ndi vao the ky XIX, Nguyen TrUdng To mot ngUdi
chinh nhd theo Cong giao mA hieu dUdc phUdng TAy, cung da
thA'y dieu nay vA da de nghi nhiing siia ddi. NhUng cac bAi
<i>dieu trAn tam huyet cua ong vdi Tu Dilc qua con dUdng TrAn </i>
Tien ThAnh ngUdi benh vUc chii trUdng boa hieu vdi Phap vd
vi vay mA chet (ong lA bd' vd Nguyen Lo Trach, mot ngUdi
theo Nguyen TrUdng To) lA tai lieu tuyet mAt. MAt khac each
nhin cua Nguyen TrUdng To da nhin thay nguy cd cua vi?c
phUdng Tay xAm ludc chau Phi, Can Dong, An Dp nhUng vAn
theo Kinh Dich, Am Dudng, Ngu hAnh.

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cUdng quoc phUdng Tay, dac biet ve van hoa, khoa hoc
phUdng Tay. Cac ban dich cua Nghiem Phuc bAt ho phai
<i>thiia nhAn rAng siic manh cua phUdng Tay la xuA't phat txX </i>
khoa hoc, ky thuAt, va tii mot nen vAn hoa cao hdn phudng
<i>Dong, him dau tien, cac nhA Nho Viet Nam trUdc kia doc </i>
sach de di thi, gid biet chu nghia de qud'c, ly thuyet duy ly
cua Descartes, thuyet xa hoi lAm hong cai ban tinh thien cua
con ngUdi cua Rousseau, thuye't tien hoa cua Huxley, thuyet
tam quyen phan lap (chinh quyen, giao due, luat phap) cua
Montesquieu, thuyet nguon goc cac loai trong dd cd loAi ngUdi
ciia Darwin v.v... Ho tha'y ro nhiing nhUdc diem cua Nho
giao, dAc biet vi ho lA ngUdi To qud'c luAn, cho nen ho nghi
den each truyen ba hoc vA'n nay de thoat khoi ach nd dich cua
Phap. Day lA diem phan biet ho vdi cac hoc gia Trung Hoa
theo xu hudng doi mdi. Cac hoc gia ho quy trong nhu Nghiem
Phuc, Khang Hiiu Vi, Ludng Khai Sieu muon dUa vao nhA
Man Thanh, mot trieu dinh ngoai toe de ddi mdi da't nude.
Con ho thi tim each doi mdi da't nUdc de cd dieu kien gianh
lA'y doc lAp dan toe. Nha van Trung Hoa anh hUcing sau sac

nhA't den Viet Nam la Ludng Khai Sieu. Ta chi can doc van
cua Nguyen Thudng Hien, Huynh Thuc Khang, Phan Bgi
Chau lA thA'y anh hUdng Ludng Khai Sieu ra't rd. Cha tdi vAo
<i>khoang 1915-1916 lAm dd'c hoc Phii Yen khi che do khoa c\i </i>
vAn con, ndi bAi van ong cu doc deu viet theo vAn Ludng Khai
<b>Sieu. </b>

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cUdng quoc nen sang N h a t t l e tim hieu. Ong gAp Ludng Khai
<i>Sieu nam 1905, vA LUdng de tUa tac phAm "Viet Nam vong </i>
<i>quoc sit' cua Phan. Ludng anh hUdng den Phan ve che do dan </i>
chu, dan quyen, each td chuc mot nen quan chii lap hien, vai
trd cua Quoc hoi vA chinh phu. nhUng Phan gat bo chu nghia
cai ludng cua Ludng. Sau dd, ong trd ve nUdc tuyen mp
nhiing chi si sang Nhat de tU minh phan doan ve con dudng
phai di. Trong so'nAy, cd Cudng De. hoAng than mA ong djnh
dung lAm ong vua lap hien tUdng lai sau khi gianh dUdc dpc
lAp. NgUdi thu hai lA Phan Chau Trinh, dd phd bang nAm
1900 cung mot khoa vdi cu Nguyen Sinh Sac. than phu Ho
Chi Minh. Nhung Phan Chau Trinh du cd dUdc hudng dAn di
tham cac dieu "ky dieu" cua Nhat Ban, vAn chong lai dUdng
loi bao dong cua Phan Boi Chau, chu trUdng cai each md rong
dan quyen, phat trien dan tri, lam cuoc song dan no du,
chong lai che do quan chu du lA lAp hien, benh vUc che dp
dan chu. So' ngUdi tham gia phong trao Dong Du len den hai
trAm vA dieu dang chu y lA ho song nhd trd cA'p ciia tAng Idp
budn ban trong nUdc. Dieu nAy chUng minh khdng the choi
cAi truyen thong yeu nude cua moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam.

Phong trAo Dong Du chi ton tai den nAm 1909. Theo yeu
cau cua Phap cung vdi viec Phap thua nhan nhiing ke hoach

thue dan cua Nhat, Nhat dung len mot cuoc vAn dong chong
sinh vien Viet Nam d Nhat vA roi dai da so phai rdi bo NhAt.
Chinh Phan Boi Chau ciing tinh ngo trUdc anh chang Nh<it
"buoi sang cUdi hi hi, buoi toi mAi dao loang xoang".

3. Tri/dfng D o n g Kinh n g h i a t h u c md vAo nAm 1907
theo de nghi cua Phan Chau Trinh. TrUdng nay la mot diln
dAn de phd bien van hoa phUdng Tay nhAm vUdt khoi tinh

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trang be tAc cua van hoa Viet Nam. Nhiing ngUdi chu chot
trong nhdm ngoai Phan Chau Trinh cd Nguyen Quyen, hieu
trUcing, LUdng Van Can, Hoang Tang Bi, DAo Nguyen Pho,
toAn lA nhiing nha Nho cd tieng, theo gUdng Khanh Uhg
nghia thuc, mot trung tam quan trong cua Nhat thdi duy
tAn. TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng lA'y tien ma do trd cA'p cua
cong chttc, thUdng nhan. Giao vien day khong lA'y tien. Cac
bAi giang dUdc in ra nhd mot may in tho sd roi truyen ba
khAp ndi. TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng phan biet nam nii,
giAu ngheo, trinh do hoc van. Mdi t h a n g vao mong mot vA
ngAy rAm am lich cd nhiJtng cuoc ndi chuyen vdi tren ngan
ngUdi nghe, chu yeu ndi ve ddi mdi dat nude. Nhin chung de
giiip nhan dan cAt biii td, Phan Chau Trinh ndi ngAy xUa
nhAn dan cAt tdc, viec de biii td lA do nhA Minh cai tri b i t
nam gidi phai de biii td de t h a n h ngudi Han. Con gid day trdi
da md mAt cho ta. Ta khdng the de "bon An bam thuc dan hut
mau tren dau chiing ta". Sau dd, dam dong lao ra dudng cAt
moi bui td va vAi nam sau, cai biii td bien mat khoi dau dAn
ong. ThUc dan Phap chi cd the khoanh tay vi day lA mot viec
lAm cung ciia chinh ho.

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Anh-cat-ldi, Phap-lan-tAy, Bi-ldi-thi. DAc biet ten ngUdi thi
<b>trong mot thdi gian dAi vAn the; Rousseau lA Lu Thoa, </b>
Montesquieu la Manh-dUc-tU-cUu, Darwin la Dat-nhi-vAn,
Ngay tdi vao hoc tieu hoc nam 1932 thay sach ndi "ngudi
Phap cai tri nudc ta", tdi khdng hieu Phap lA gi, chu tdi phai
giang Phap lA *TAy", vi moi ngUdi deu goi the. Chii "Phap" lA
<i><b>phien am chu France thAnh "Phap-lAng-sa" roi nit gOD </b></i>
thanh Phap.

<i>Tuy thdi gian phong trAo Dong Du cham dxit nAm 1909 vA </i>
Dong Kinh nghia thuc tdn tai khdng dAy mot nAm nhung
anh hUdng cua hai cuoc van dong nay la vd ciing to Idn. N6
da giiip ngUdi Viet Nam cd mot dieu mdi me lA dc phe phan.
6c phe phan chinh lA cho manh cua tU tUdng phudng Tay,
nen tang ciia vAn boa, khoa hoc phudng TAy. Nhung c6 hai
cAch phe phan. CAch thii nhA't lA dua vAo mot he thong tU
tUdng khac, ddi lAp, thi du he tu tUdng phUdng Tay vA chtrng
minh nd lA Uu viet ve moi mAt hdn he tU tudng cii. Dd lA each
phe phan de phe phan. CAch nAy lA c^n thiet nhUng khong
du de thay doi xA hdi, nhA't lA khi xa hoi lA mot nUdc lhu6c
dia. khdng ddi nAo thuc dan Phap de yen mA khdng trirng tri.
Do dd, cac nhA Nho Idi lac ciia thdi dai trong hai cuoc v^n
tren day phan Idn deu bi dAy Con Dab. Tinh trang nAy len
den miic dp triet de den ndi cu DAng Van Thuy, hoAng giap,
te tUu thdi Khai Dinh bao cha tdi: "Nhiing thAng hay chii di
Cdn Dao ca roi, d day chAng con ai biet chii nghia gi nda".

Paul Doumer, sau khi tuyen bo da binh dinh Viet Nam,
<i>hOa se dem vAn hoa vA ky thuAt cua Phap den di khai hoa </i>
Viet Nam, lAm cho Viet Nam giAu cd. Dieu nAy thUc te da lito

dudc mot so ngUdi sau nAy goi lA nhiing "dng Tay An Nam".

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Cdn trong thUe te thi nd bieu hien bAng ba dpc quyen chua
he thay ca ct Viet Nam xUa, cung nhu d cac thuoc dia khdng
phai ciia Phap: dpc quyen thuoc phien, rudu, mud'i cung che
dp lao dich bAt bupc. Doumer tien hAnh mot loat cong trinh
xay dung theo quy md Idn ve cAu (thi du cAu Thang Long),
dudng xe liia (thi du dudng xe lua xuyen Dong Dudng), dudng
sa ndi lien cac trung tam. Ket qua lA thie'u tien. De bu dAp
vAo Id hong tai chinh, dng dua ra ba dpc quyen ay. Mot lA dpc
quyen thuoc phien. Mac dau viec tAng trii thuoc phien d
Phap lA bi luat phap tritng tri, nhUng thUc dan Phap lai mua
thuoc phien sd'ng d An Dp, che bien lai d SAi Gdn roi ban. Hai
la dpc quyen rUdu. Rudu ne'p vd'n lA thutc ud'ng quen thuoc
ciia ngUdi Viet trong cac bi3a tiec, gid chap bi cA'm, nay do
nhA nude nam dpc quyen dUdc gpi la "rUdu ty". Ba lA dpc
quyen mud'i. NgUdi lam mud'i phai ban lai mud'i ciia minh cho
nhA nude de roi mua lai. Vdi tiing mdn hAng nhu vay chinh
phii lai tii nAm den mUdi Ian gia thUc te. Neu nhU viec hiit
thuoc phien dUdc khuyen khich, viec mua rUdu bi bAt bupc.
Mdi buyen mdi nam phai mua mot so' lUdng chai Idn neu
khdng thi bi phat vi tdi thao tiing viec nA'u rUdu lAu. Bon
nhan vien nha doan sue sao titng nhA, bat bd, gay mot canh
<i>tUdng Idn xdn lich sU chua tiXng thay. Da the vAi thang lai </i>
thay bpn li'nh den liing sue bAt ngUdi di lAm don dien, ham
mo, cAu cong, dudng xe liia. Moi Ian nhU vay ndng thdn day
tieng than khdc vi ra't nhieu ngUdi di bo xac que ngUdi hay ve
nhA mang thUdng tAt cudi ddi.

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thAnh hi giam d Cdn Dao do sU can thiep cua nhUng ngUdi

Phap dAn chu.

6 tren. tdi da ndi nen tang cua tU tUdng Viet Nam la tu
<i>tUdng lang-nudc. Cai lAng Viet Nam tu quan khdng he c6 b </i>
Trung Quoc. Cai quan niem nUdc Viet Nam lA ciia dan lAng
cung khdng cd d Trung Quoc. Chinh tri Trung Quoc trUdc
Tdn Trung Sdn chu trUdng nUdc la vAt sd hiiu cua trieu dai,
cho nen ngUdi Trung Quoc trUdc 1911 khdng cd ten nUdc nhu
Viet Nam. Neu trieu dai lA Han thi nude lA nUdc Han. ngUdi
la ngUdi Han. Du lA ngUdi ngoai tdc cai tri (nhA Nguyen, nhA
Thanh) thi ciing the. Cdn d Viet Nam, ten nUdc Dai Viet lA
chung cho may trieu dai (Tien Le, Ly cho den Nguyen). Trieu
dinh chi lA ngudi quan ly. Cai tieu chuan de quan ly lA chong
dUdc ngoai xam, dd lA tieu chuAn tif Tien Le den Nguyen.
Cdn khi nhA vua, trieu dinh khdng lAm dudc nhiem vu n^y
thi nhan dan tu dong ndi len nhu cii nhAn Phan VAn Tri ndi:
"Chem d i u Tu DUc, moi gan Tu DUc, ud'ng mau Tu Dac".
Nho giao chi lA mot each td diem ben ngoAi, mot tht( ao
khoac.

Cho nen den nAm 1919 khi che dp khoa cii hi bo thi cai ao
khoac A'y ciing mat ludn. Cac nhA Nho Viet Nam hAnh dong
<i>theo tam ly lAng nUdc nhUng trong each dien dat c6 hinh </i>
thiic Nho giao. He tU tUdng khdng the tU nd ra ddi dUdc, di^u
nAy chinh Mac da thita nhan. Cho nen nd phai vay mUdn
<i>hinh ihxlc. hoAc tit Phat giao, nhu cud'i thdi BAc thuoc den </i>
<i>nhA Le, hoac txl Td'ng Nho nhu tif Le Thanh Tong den dAu </i>
thdi Phap thuoc. Nhung ngay ca cai hinh thUc ben ngoAi thi
<i>den nam 1919, khi che dp khoa cU bi bd, cai hinh ihxic Ay </i>
cung mat ludn. Dao Nho da chet, ciing nhu nhieu tnet hoc

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<i>khac liing lAy mot thdi cung da chet. Nhung nd chet de gdp </i>
phAn vAo mot dao diic mdi da dUdc Bac Ho day khi ndi ve svf
dong gdp ciia nd vao dao dij£c each mang.

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<b>thdi khdng phai do nhiing bai viet cua dng. mA do sU cong tac </b>
<b>dAc luc cua mot nhdm tAn hpc nhu Pham Duy Ton, md dAu </b>
Idi truyen ngAn theo Phap, phe phan xa hdi theo Idl Alphonse
Daudet, the ky XIX, nhUng ngdn ngii thi vAn cdn theo Idl doi
chpi cua vAn chUdng trUdng 6c; TrAn Trpng Kim gdp nhiing
bAi ve giao due hpc. Lai cd nhiing nhA Nho nhU Phan Ke
Binh. viet ve lich sU vA van hoa nen dA ndi tieng mot thdi.
<i>NhUng khi td Nam Phong ra ddi nam 1917 thi nd bi lu md. </i>
Quan diem ciia Pham Quynh (1892-1945) chong lai ly thuyet
ban tinh con ngUdi lA thien, khang dinh tinh trang hien nay
lA tinh trang moi ngUdi chdng lai mpi ngudi, vAn hoa Trung
Quoc hay phudng TAy deu suy doi, khdng viec gi phai bAt
chudc nd. Qua khii tuy chAng hoAn bao nhUng cdn hdn nhieu
cai Id lAng hien dang xay ra. Dac biet giiia Quynh vA Vinh
dien ra mot cuoc tranh luan. Vinh mudn che dp cai tri trvic
tiep cua Phap d Bac Bd vA Trung Bp. Cdn Quynh muon quay
<i>\r' hiep udc 1884 de giO nhiing quyen cdn sdt l^i cua nen </i>
quan chii Viet Nam. Di nhien, mpi Idi ban cua hai dng deu lA
chuyen vAn chUdng.

<b>Quan diem tu tUdng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc bpc Id ro rAng </b>
<i>nhat trong bAi ''Bao cao ve Bac Ky, Trying vd Nam Ky", viet </i>
bang tieng Phap nam 1924 d Matxcdva (Ho Chi Minh To^n
tap. tap I, tr. 464-469). Vi ndi dung dai, tdi chi cd the neu len
nhiing luan diem ma gid day nhin lai cAng diing.

1. "Mac da xay dung hpc thuye't cua minh tren mot triet ly
nhat dinh ciia lich sU, nhUng lich sU nao? Lich sU chau Au.
MA chau Au la gi? Dd chUa phai lA toan the nhan loai". Va nhiem
vu ciia Dang Cong san lA "xem xet lai chu nghia Mac ve cd sd
lich su cua nd. ciing co nd bAng dan tdc hpc phUdng Ddng".

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2. "Chii nghia dan tdc lA ddng lUc Idn ciia da't nude". Do dd
cong viec lA "Phat ddng chii nghia dan tdc ban xU nhan danh
Quoc te Cong san".

Dd'i vdi ngUdi Viet Nam, quen sd'ng dpc lAp mot ngan nAm,
danh bai mpi ke xam lUdc, dieu gan nhu la duy nhA't trong
lich sii cac dan tdc, thi mpi ly luan deu chi cd the thu hiit hp
thUc sU khi, qua dd, hp hy vpng nhin tha'y con dUdng giai
phdng dan tdc. Con dudng nay sau Xd Viet Nghe Tinh hp da
thA'y dUdc, mac dau ci dd cd mot vai nhUdc diem giao dieu, ta
khuynh. Khdng phai ngAu nhien ma nhdm "Phong Hoa
-NgAy Nay" tuy che rieu mpi ngUdi, nhUng t r a n h nhiing ngUdi
cong san. NhUng de thuoc vao Qud'c te Cong san, trUdc he't
Dang Cong san phai dUdc Quoc te Cong san chA'p nhAn ve
dudng Idi mat tran toan dan, khac dUdng Idi mot minh Dang
Cong san dpc quyen lanh dao. Sau khi Hitler len nAm quyen
d Diic, Stalin nhan thay nguy cd chien t r a n h vdi phat-xi't lA
khdng the t r a n h khoi, vA chap n h a n viec Dang Cong san d
cac nudc lap ra Mat tran binh dan trong dd cd nhieu ngUdi
khdng cong san, de chd'ng nguy cd ciia chu nghia phat-xit.
MAt tran Binh dan Phap ra ddi t h a n g 5 nam 1936 da anh
hUdng den each cai tri ciia Phap d Viet Nam. Nhieu ngudi
cong san ra khoi tii, vA mot sU doi mdi ro rang trong van hoa

Viet Nam dien ra ra't m a n h me.

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Tong bi thu. Dudng loi mdi cua Quoc te Cong san la the hien
dudng loi sang tao cua Nguyen Ai Quoc ngUdi thAnh lap MAt
tran chd'ng de quoc thuc dan Phap khi cdn d Paris, nen uy tin
cua Nguyen Ai Quoc thuc te la vd song.

Nguyin Ai Quoc tim mpi each ve nUdc, nhUng mAi den
1938 mdi dUdc phep ve Trung Hoa vA phai den cudi 1940 hay
dAu 1941 Nguyen Ai Quoc, liic nAy mang ten mdi lA Ho Chi
Minh mdi dAt chan len manh dat thieng lieng cua Td quoc.
DAu thang 5 nAm 1941, Ban chap hAnh Trung Udng Dang
Cong san Ddng Dudng vdi vi Tong bi thU mdi lA TrUdng
Chinh hop cuoc hop thU Tam, lAp ra Viet Nam Dpc lAp Dong
minh hdi, gpi tat lA Viet Minh.

<i>VA tix dd lA con dudng buyen thoai ciia Bac Ho vA Dang </i>
Cong san: lAm the nAo de bang chinh ddng gdp cua minh
chdng Nhat xam lUdc mA vAn dUdc chinh chinh quyen Tudng
Gidi Thach chap nhan ben canh Viet Nam CAch mang Dong
minh bpi (gpi tAt lA Viet CAch), ndi cd nhieu phAn tu chong
cong san. Sau dd, bAng chinh thAnh tich chd'ng phat xit cua
minh, Viet Minh giAnh dUdc sU iing bd ciia My, lUc IU(?ng
<i>dong minh chinh chdng Nhat. Roi t\X sU ung hp cua Dong </i>
Minh vdi sU ung ho ciia toan dan, Viet Minh, do Dang Cpng
san lanh dao, da giAnh dUdc chinh quyen toAn quoc chi trong
10 ngAy, vA thong nhat dAt nUdc trong mot cuoc each mang
gan nhu khdng dd mau, khdng gay xao trdn, dieu chUa c6
trong lich sU loAi ngUdi.

Chua het. Cdn bao khd khan, thAng dUdc giAc ddi, giAc
dot, duy tri dudc mot chinh quyen on dinh suot mot nAm bon
thang, mot chinh quyen xAy dung tren tinh nghia, khong
phai tren bao luc, ddng thdi lai theo diing mpi yeu cAu cua

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mot chinh the cpng hoa hien dai. Cd Qud'c hdi do bau cii toan
<b>dan, tu do, cd chinh phii da nguyen. Roi den cuoc tii chien, </b>
trong dd Viet Nam ket hdp chien t r a n h vdi bd dpi chii lUc vA
moi hinh thiic chien t r a n h nhan dan (chien t r a n h ham bao,
bom min, ndi cong ngoai kich, tam ly chien di vdi tran dia
chien v.v...) Ket qua lA sau chien dich Cao Bac Lang, toan bp
viing ThUdng du Bac bd trd nen bat kha xam pham.

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