Quan hệ văn học dân gian – dân tộc học và việc nghiên cứu văn học dân gian theo các mối quan hệ văn hóa tộc người

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QUAN

H £ V A N HOC DAN GIAN

- DAN TOC HOC

VA VIEC NGHIEN CCfU VAN HOC DAN GIAN

THEO CAC MOI QUAN HE VAN HOA TQC NGUdl

Hd Thu Huani 
Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngUdi nude ngodi

Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd N^

1. DAT VAN D ^

Dat van hpc dan gian cac thanh phin dan tdc tran lanh th6 Vifti
Nam trong bdi canh cac mdi quan he van boa tdc ngudi la mdt dinh
hudng chia'n lupc ciia gidi ngbian cuu van hda Viet Nam. Gidi nghifin
cihi ngay cang thiy rd y ngbla cua viae ngbian cuu quan ha lich
sii-van hda tdc ngudi ddi vdi viae nhan dian sii-van hda Viat Nam ndi chung.
Cbfnh vi vay, hudng nghien cihi lian nganh dudi gdc dd ngO van - din
tdc hpc la mdt hudng ngbian cuu dang chu y d^ cd th^ khang djnh r6
ban sic van hoa Viat tir di^m nhin van boa tdc ngudi vdi luc hut ciia
chii tba' Kinh (Viet) ddi vdi toan tb^ edng ddng dan tdc trong vai tr6
quy tu cac thanh phin din tdc tran lanh th6 Viet Nam.

Cach day hon niia the ki, vao thing 7/1948, trong bao cao "Chi

nghia Mdc vd van de vdn hod Viet Nam", dng Trudng Chinh da nhio

manh "Ben cgnh vdn hod chinh thdng cua ede thdi dgi, c6 cd mdt nen

vdn hod nhan dan con luu Igi trong phuang ngdn, nggn ngQ, ca dao, 
truyen co tich, tranh Ign gd... vdn hod nay td suphdn ddu cda niii^g 
ngudi sdn xudt (lam rudng, lam thg), long mon^ moi hay chi phdn

khdng cua dan, chi'dieu me tin, hi tuc hay khuyen ran dieu thien. Do 
Id mot kho tang rdt quy ma cdc nhd vdn hod, si hoc, khdo co hoc nttdc 
ta con phdi day cdng tim bdi mdi hieu hit dugc*' [7; tr 825]. Tie gii

Kieu Thu Hoach trong bai viet "Ve khdi niem vdn hpc dan gian" [5] da 
cho ring vdi nhin dinh tran, Trudng Chinh da trd thanh ngudi s6in

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nhin ra ^ nghia cua cac sang tac din gian v ^ mdt tim nhin rdng
phii hpp vdi thuc i€ lich sii Viat Nam. Cdn chung tdi tbi nhan thiy 
ring, tuy khdng phai la nha Folklore chuyan nghiep, nhung y kien tren
I cua dng Trudng Chinh da nau rit chinh xac mdt dinh nghla v^ van hoa

dan gian.

V ki^n ciia Trudng Chinh da chuyin tai dupe ba vin di ciia van 
hoi dan gian, ciia Folklore, cu th^:

- Dd la van boa nhan dan vdi chii ihi sang tao, tia'p nhin. six dung, 
luu truyen la nhin din.

- No tdn tai nhu mdt bd phan cua nen van boa dan tdc, ban canh
n^n van boa cbfnh thdng: "Vdn hod, vdn hgc dan gian chinh la thU vdn 
hod, vdn hgc phi chinh thdng" [5; tr 14].

- Trong linh vuc van boa dan gian "phi chinh thdng" dd, thi van 
hpc dan gian dupe ciu thanh nhu mdt thanh td, mdt chuyan nganh cd
vai trd phan anh, liru givt, tfcb hcfp nhihig gia tri van boa truyen thdng. 
Van hpc dan gian da trd thanh kho tang van boa quy bau ciia mpi thdi
dai d^ ngbian curu, kham phi. Phan tfch md rdng nhan dinh tran theo
tinh thin ciia If thuya't Folklore da gpi cho chiing tdi hudng tiep cin

vin hpc dan gian can cii vao ban chit van hpc va van boa ciia van hpc
din gian d^ nhan dian rd mdi quan he giOa van hpc dan gian va din
tdc hpc ma ca bai chuyan nganh nay deu cd su gin bd mat thiet vdi
van hoi din gian, van hoi tdc ngudi.

2. QUAN Hfe VAN HOC DAN GIAN - DAN T6C HOC 
2.1. Tilr goc nhin lich siir

Vio nhung nam 1805 - 1808, vice nghian cdn tri thiJc ciia dan
gian, van boa dan gian da dupe khang dinh lin diu tien d Diic vdi su
xuit hian ciia mdt thuit ngO tuong duong Volkskunde. Den nam 1909
thay cho Volkskunde la thuat ngO nghien cicu ddi sdng ddn gian, 
Nghian cihi ddi sdng dan gian da dupe djnh hinh va phat tri^n vdi tu
cieh la mdt nganh hpc thuat da' nghian ciJu tran mdt dien rpng: toan
th^ cich sdng ciia mdt cdng ddng tdc ngudi bit ki, cd tha' la nhung dd
vat nhan tao, ngha thuat, thii cdng, kia'n tnic, tfn ngudng, pbong tuc tap
quan, pbong each im thuc, trang phue, truyen k^, vu dieu va bai hat

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Cling nhihig bilu cam van boa khac [11; tr 92]. Nghian cihi ddi sdng
dan gian theo nha Folklore hpc, Leonard Worman Primiano, la d^ chi
viec nghian cuii van boa dan gian va ddi sdng dan gian ma sau nay 6
Tay Au da dupe ddi thanh thuat ngu dan tdc hpc nhim nhin manh
phuong dien qudc te ciia viec nghian curu ddi sdng din gian.

6 Viet Nam, trong chuyan luan 'Van hod ddn gian vd phuang

phdp nghiin cOu liin nganh" (1995), tic gia Chu Xuin Dian khi ph4n

tfcb su hinh thanh Ichoa hpc ve Folklore da chi rd bai hudng tia'p cin
theo hudng nhan hpc van boa (dan tdc hpc) va theo hudng tia'p can ngiJ

van hpc. Vdi mdt khdi lupng kien thdc phong pbii ve Folklore the gift,
vdi nhan quan ciia mdt nha If luan trong linh vuc van boa van hoc d^
gian, tic gia Chu Xuan Dian da phan tfch, If giii diy dii va siu sac ca
bai hudng tiep can Folklore. Ong nhin manh "Nhiiu ndi dung tranh

luan giiia hai hudng tiep can dd de dinh nghia ddi tugng nghien cuu vd 
xdc dinh phuang phdp luan nghien cOu dd xoay quanh mdi quan hi 
giita nghiin cdu Folklore vdi mdt ben Id nghien cUtu vdn hgc vd bin 
kia la ddn tdc hgc (hogc nhdn hgc vdn hod}".[4; tr 16].

Nhu vay, trong ca hai hudng tia'p can: nhan hpc bang nhQng A\k 
tra dan toe hpc va ngO van dan gian bang nghian curu van ban cin duoc
ka't hpp theo hudng nhu nha nghian cuu van hpc din gian cd tan tu&
Stith Thompson da viat: "Mot nhd ddn tdc hgc kho md hi vgng c6 thi

hieu dugc con ngudi niu nhu anh ta khdng dey den mot phdn rdt quan 
trgng trong cudc sdng cua ho nhu truyen cd tich vd thdn thogi, cdc bai 
ca vd cdc dieu nhdy, cdc nghi li vd cdc bdi khdn. Tuang tu nhu vay, 
nhd nghien ciru Folklore cdn nhOng kinh nghiem vd nhOng ki ndngcm 
mdt nhd ddn tdc hgc dugc ddo tgo delgp ra nhung md hinh nghiin citu 
a hg" [1; tr 79]. Nghian cihi dan tdc hpc va nghian cihi van hpc din

gian la hai nganh khoa hpc cd dac trung chuyan nganh riang nhung lai
cd mdi quan he khang khft vdi nhau trong linh vuc nghian curu van hoa
dan gian. Hon nua, la mot bd phan ciia nen van ngha va van boa dAn
gian, nen van hpc dan gian khdng chi la ddi tupng khai thae nghiin
cuu ciia khoa ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian ma cdn la ngudn tii liau v6
tan het sue quan trong cho nhiau nganh khoa hpc xa bdi khac trong do
cd dan tdc hoc.

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k

2. Tilr g6c nhin cua cac nhsk nghian cliru vdn hpc ddn gian va dan
tdc hoc

H Mang ndi dung, y nghia va gia tri ciia mdt kho tang van boa tfch
tu miy ngan nam bao gdm cac mat sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan, II
ijjiio, kinh nghiam sdng ve vit chit va tinh thin ciia nhan dan, cua mdi
ing ddng tdc ngudi cung nhu ciia ca dan tdc, van hpc dan gian da
hiJa dung mdt ndi ham cd y nghia d ph6 dian rdng. Xet ve mat ban
hit, van hpc dan gian vfira chiia dung churc nang ngha thuat, vira bao
chiic nang van hda: khdng chi la nghe thuat, van hpc din gian cdn
mdt cii gi rdng hem rit nhi6u khi cbiic nang nghe thuat dupe boa
io cbiJc nang van hoi ciia nd. C!hfnh vi mat ban chit dac trung dd cua
an hpc dan gian ma cin phai If giii thoa dang hai mdi quan he trong
ghian ciJu thi phap van hpc din gian dd la mdi quan he giOa van hpc
gian vi van hpc viat va mdi quan ha giffa van hpc dan gian va dan
c hpc.

Nhin manh vi mdi quan ha gin gui dac biat giii'a van hpc dan 
ian va dan tdc hpc, tac gia C!hu Xuan Dian khang dinh: tran thuc t^
il hai linh vuc khoa hpc nay thudng thu thap va khao sat nhung loai
liau hat nhu nhau. Ngudi nghian cdu van hpc dan gian khi bam sat

g tia'p can ban chit van boa ciia van hpc din gian thudng phai
io sat nbOng su kian vdn la ciia dan tdc hpc nhu phong tuc tap quan,

ngudng, cac hinh thiic thuc hanh tdn giao, la hoi... [4; tr 94].

Nha nghian cihi dan tdc hpc thuc thi nhiem vu ciia chuyan nganh
oa hpc lich sir chuyan nghian cdu cac din tdc, ti^ ngudn gdc, ciu tao
inh phin, su phin bd cho da'n cac linh vuc van boa vat chit, van boa

a hdi, van boa tinh thin ciia cac din tdc. Ndi nhu tic gia Dd Binh Tri
i "Ddn tdc hgc la khoa nghien cihd nhiing hinh thitc cd xua ciia ddi 
'ng vat chdt vd td chiic xa hdi cua cdc ddn tdc. Vi vay, ngudi ta ggi

n tdc hgc Id ca sd cda Folklore hgc lich sic" [12; tr 41]. Vdi nhiem 
khao ta van boa dan gian, md ta ddi sdng dan gian nen dan tdc hpc
ii sijr dung kho tang van boa dan gian - van hpc dan gian, dien mao

nh ciia van hda tdc ngudi.

[ Vin di van hpc din gian va dan tdc hpc da trd thanh mot vin de 
bd y nghia rdng Idn... Trong mdt bai viat ban luan true tia'p ve "Vdn 
)ioc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", nha dan tdc hpc Nga n6i tieng

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K.V.Sistdp da khang dinh: van hpc dan gian la mdt nganh khoa hoc
ddc lap va cd ddi tupng nhit dinh va kha rdng dupe coi nhu mdt hita
tupng ngha thuat, nhung dac di^m co ban cua nganh khoa hpc niy
phai la va chfnh la d ehd nd ddng thdi la nganh khoa hpc vi ngdn ngfl, 
ve van hoc va dan tdc hpc. Mdi hien tupng ciia van hpc dan gian luc
nao cung dong thdi la hien tupng sinh boat cua nhan dan, la hian tupng
ciia ngha thuat bing Idi, ndi each khac mdi hian tupng van hpc dan
gian vira la hien tupng sinh boat vira la hian tupng thim ml. Chfnh l&p
luan CLia K.V.Sistdp da cho ta thiy rd vai trd ciia van hpc din gian d6i
vdi dan toe hpc. Thuc su nhung luan diim ciia dng trong mdt bai vifi 
ngin gpn, cd dpng da lam ndi bat mdi quan ha tuong hd khang khft
giQa van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc. Nhung dinh di hat sdc cu th^ \i 
ban chit chuc nang cua van hpc dan gian, vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian
ddi vdi nhieu nganh khoa hpc xa hdi dac biet la ddi vdi dan tdc hpc mi
dng cho ring nhung cdng trinh ngbian cuu van hpc dan gian va nhimg
vin d^ vi van hpc dan gian d Nga ludn chiem vi tri sd mdt trong ht

thdng tri thuc dan tdc hpc, da dupe dng phan tfch vdi nhung lap luAn
khoa hpc diy thuya't phue. Theo dng, tir ngdn ngu", van ban van hpc
dan gian den mdt tie phim, mdt th^ loai van hpc dan gian cu th^ Aiu 
dupe dat trong mdi lian ha vdi dan tdc hpc. Ong da phan tfch khi ki
vin de CO ban cua viae nghian cuu van hpc dan gian la nghian curu dfic
dia'm tba' loai ma theo dng "chi cd the dugc gidi quye't trong dieu kiin

nghiin ciiu timg the loai trong quan diem ngdn ngQ vdn hgc, ddng thdi 
trong sinh hogt vdn hod, tuc la trong quan dieht ddn tdc hgc" [10; U 4).

Ong lian tiep dua ra nhimg luan da cd gia tri nhu nhihig dinh nghia vi 
van hpc dan gian trong mdi tuong quan vdi dan tdc hpc. Ong nhin
manh: van hpc dan gian khdng cin ban cai gi nu'a, la mdt trong nhOng
nguon tai lieu quan trpng nhit cua din tdc hpc. Xet theo quan niam vi 
khoa hpc dan toe nhu la mot nganh khoa hpc tdng hcrp chuyan nghiftn
cuu sinh boat va lich sir ciia nhan dan nhu mot hien tupng nguyan ven
thi van hpc dan gian la mot bo phan hihi co cua nghian ciru dan tac
hpc bdi le: 'Van hgc ddn gian khdng nhung Id mot yi'u td quan trpng

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dd khdng duac ghi chip lai trong cdc loai khdc nhu trong tdi lieu 
thdnh vdn hay nhu trong cdc di chi khdo cdhgc" [10; tr 2].

Dudi gdc dd cua nha nghian cdu van hpc din gian, tac gia Chu
Xuin Dian lai nhin manh vai trd cua din tdc hpc ddi vdi van hpc dan
gian "... Ngudi nghien ciCu vdn hgc ddn gian di bi hap ddn bdi nhiing 
tdi lieu ddn tdc hgc. Dd Id tinh hinh binh thudng neu nd chimg to nhdn 
thUc ngay cdng chinh xdc nhdn cda chiing ta ve bdn chdt cda vdn hgc 
ddn gian nhu id mot hien tugng khdng chi thudc ITnh vUc nghe thuat, 
md cdn thudc iTnh vUc vdn hod ddn gian ndi chung chua dugc phdn 
bod manh me" [3; tr 94]. Diiu dd cung cd nghia, chiing ta cd tba' mupn

luan di cua K.V.Sistop di ndi: din tdc hpc cung la ngudn tai liau 
khdng cin ban cai gi nOa cua van hpc din gian. Diy cung chfnh la If
do ciia hudng tia'p cin van hpc din gian tir viec giii ma van boa dan
gian dua tran nhiing ngudn tai liau ciia dan tdc hpc: tir an, mac, d, sinh
hoat, sin xuit, vu trang, trong ddi sdng tam linh va ddi thudng ciia con
ngudi da'n nhihig phong tuc, tap quan, tfn ngudng 11 hdi. Tit ca nhihig
cai dd diu da dupe tfch hcrp trong van hpc dan gian theo nghia hep la 
nhflng van ban ngdn tijf, theo nghia rdng la trong van nghe dan gian va
theo mdt nghia chung nhit la van boa dan gian dupe tiep can dudi gdc
d6 thim ml. Theo tie gia D6 Binh Tri thi dan tdc hpc cd vai trd giup
cic nha nghian cuu van hpc dan gian "gidi md" hang loat hien tupng 
thudc mpi th^ loai ciia van hpc dan gian, cung nhu cac yeu td ciu tnic
ban trong cua cac tac phim van hpc dan gian. Hon niJa, "khoa hgc ve 
vdn hgc ddn gian khi nghien citu mgi hien tuang cua no theo lich sic, 
tic la nghien cvCu hien tuang trong suphdt sinh, phdt trien vd bien ddi 
hay suy tdn cua hien tuang vd gidi thich nd, at phdi cdn den khdu ddu, 
den cdn nguyen cda hien tugng" [12; tr 41] thi cang can den su trp 
giiip ciia din tdc hpc. Nhung khi xir If cac tai lieu dan tdc hpc thi nha
nghian curu van hpc dan gian cin phai tranh ca hai khuynh hudng
"hogc la quin Idng bdn chdt nghe thuat cda vdn hgc ddn gian hogc la 
tdch rdi su phdn tich vdn hgc vdi sif phdn tich ddn tdc hgc ve cdc su 
kiin vdn hgc ddn gian" [3; is 94].

Ngay tir nam 1964, tai Hdi nghi siru tim van hpc dan gian toan
min Bic, tic gia La Van Ld - Vien sii hpc, da cd bai tham luan de cap 
true tia'p da'n vin de "Vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi ddn tdc hgc". Ong da

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nau rd: phuong phap suu tim van hpc dan gian, muc tiau phue VB eh
nganh van hpc dan gian va nganh dan tdc hpc U-an can ban gid'ng nh«.
nhung cich sir dung tai lieu cd khac nhau [8; tr 154]. Cdn nha nghife

cihi van hpc dan gian Vu Ngpc Phan U-ong ti^u luan nau Tdc dp|

cua vdn hgc ddn gian ddi vdi vdn hgc nghi thuat vd cdc khoa hgci 
hdi khdc" (1964) cung da timg nhin manh; "Vdn hgc ddn gian khd^ 
nhung chi cd gid tri Idn trong linh vUc vdn hgc nghi thuat, nd ck 
phue vu rdt nhieu cho suhgc vd ddn tdc hgc" [9; tr 174].

Nhu vay, cac nha ngbian curu din tdc hpc lin cac nha nghian c4i
van hpc dan gian deu da khing dinh su tuong hd U-ong quan ha gijh
van hpc dan gian va dan tdc hpc. Thuc chit dd la mdt mdi quan he die
biet, ddi vdi nganh khoa hpc nghian curu van hpc dan gian thi vific li
giii diy du mdi quan he nay trd thanh yau ciu bit bude trong nghiftn
cihi thi phap van hpc dan gian nhim phat hien ngudn gdc, qua trinh
bia'n d6i cac ya'u td thi phap cung nhu su binh thanh he thdng thi phap
cua timg tba loai.

3. N G H I £ N CCXJ V A N HOC DAN GIAN T H E O CAC M61

QUAN H $ VAN HOA T O C N G l / d l

3.1. Nhiirng h' giai cdn thiet

Cung trong bai viat "Vdn hgc ddn gian vd ddn tdc hgc", sau khi 
phan tfch vai trd ciia van hpc dan gian ddi vdi dan tdc hpc, tic gii
K.V.Sistdp da nhin manh mot dieu kien tian quyet la: "Vdn hgc ddn

gian chi cd the trd thdnh yi'u td hOu ca cda viec miiu thugn ddn tpc 
hgc khi dd nhdn rd quan niem ve loai hinh cua nd, ve mice dd vd tinh 
ddc ddo, ve ca cdu tieu bieu cua nd trong bdn ke cdc the loai vd W 
mdi quan he tdc ngUdi cua nd... Tdm lai, cung nhu trong cdc mat khac

cua nen vdn hod ddn tdc khi cd viec phdn logi ve tdc ngUdi vd lich su 
mot each hodn chinh - chi trong trudng hgp dy thi tdi lieu vdn hgc ddn 
gian mdi cd the sic dung mot cdch tich cue trong viec nghiin ciCu van 
de nguon gdc ddn tdc, vdn di lich sic vdn hod vd vdn de tdc ngUdi" [Iv.

tr 6]. Luan de nay da If giai vi sao nhieu nha nghian curu din tdc hoc,
sir hpc da dimg van hpc dan gian d^ giai quya't nhi6u vin di ciia din 
tpc hpc nhu tac gia La Van Ld, Dang Nghiam Van, Trin Qudc Virpng
Theo nha nghien cuu Nguyan Ddng Chi, [2], viae sir dung tai liau din

228

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gian trong din tdc hpc vi sir hpc cin phai dupe giam dinh va dupe
phin tich xem xet bang quan di^m lich six di tranh van dung mdt each 
niy mdc, tuy tian thi^u co sd khoa hpc nhu da xay ra cudc tranh luan,
loay quanh bai vift 'Tdn du cua chedd mdu he trong xd hdi ngudi 
Viet" trong tap chf nghian ciiu lich sir sd 57 ra thing 12/1963. Quy luat 
ii ddng. bi^n ddi cua van ban van hpc dan gian cin dupe din tdc hpc
Item xet mdt each kl ludng di tim ra nhung gi la ben vihig khdng th^

hieu dupe trong truyen thdng van boa, phong tuc va nhihig gi la bien
Jang cbi xuit hian nhu nhihig ya'u td ngiu nhien. Ngupe lai cac nha
ighian cihi van hpc dan gian lai sii dung nhihig ket luan dan tdc hpc d^
ighian cdu kham phi giai ma van boa ve ngudn gdc cac md tfp, cac
M^u tupng trong van hpc dan gian theo hudng nghian cuu ciu tnic
-loai hinh vi nghian cihi lich sii - -loai hinh. Dd chfnh la nhiem vu ciia
ighian cihi thi phap lich sii v^ van hpc dan gian giOa hai gdc dp ngfl
/an vi dan tdc hpc phai dupe vin dung hihi co ca hai, kl ca phuong
phdp nghian ciiu van hpc lin phuong phap nghian curu dan tpc hpc.
rheo K.V.Sistdp, tai liau van hpc dan gian khi da dupe chuin hoa vi

nat loai hinh - thi loai thi mdi cd ihi trd thanh tai lieu ciia dan tpc hpc 
Tong viae ngbian curu lich sir van boa va vin de tpc ngudi. Khi phit
jia'n md rdng dinh de tren ciia K.V.Sistdp chiing tdi nhin thiy cd su
fca't ndi khi dac biet trong mdi quan he:

Van hpc din gian ^ • Dan tpc hpc

Vdn hoa tpc ngudi

Chiing tdi cho ring cai gdc ciia mdi quan he giiJa van hpc dan
;ian va dan tdc hpc chfnh la vin de tdc ngudi - van boa tpc ngudi. Van
ipe dan gian tdn tai nhu mdt thanh phin ciia ciu tnic van hoa tdc
igudi. Di hill' mdt each siu sic gia tri ciia van hpc din gian trong ddi 
dng van boa din tdc ndi chung va ddi sdng van boa ciia timg cdng
I6ng tdc ngudi ndi riang thi viec van dung nhimg ket luan ciia dan tpc
ipc vi nghian curu van boa tdc ngudi trong nghien ciiu van hpc din 
;ian li mdt hudng nghian cihi cd y nghia. Hon nira, Viet Nam do dieu
aan dia If va hoan canh lich sir dac biet da trd thanh noi hdi tu sinh ton
'i irfiit triln ciia 54 tdc ngudi vdi hon tram nhdm dia phuong, thi van
ipe dan gian cic tdc ngudi Viat Nam cin phai dupe nghien curu dudi

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gdc dd cua "su thdng nhdt trong da dang". Khi dat trong bdi canhcfc 
mdi quan he lich sir - van hoi tdc ngudi thi d hudng ngbian cihi nay 4
dupe nha nghian curu Chu Xuan Dian khing dinh "Cdclh4iep can dyc6 
the cho phep cat nghia dugc nhieu hien tuang vdn hgc ddn gian cuAi 
md niu khdng dugc xem xet trong bdi cdnh cdc mdi quan he lich 
si-vdn hod toe ngUdi thi it cd khd nang hieu dung" [3; tr 138].

3.2. Nghien curu vdn hpc dSn gian fur goc nhin mtfi quan ha van M
tpc ngudi

Van hoi tdc ngudi vdi tu each nhap than van boa mdt cich fti
nhian va tu nguyen cua cdng ddng, cd thi la mdt nhdm nhd trong mflt
ling va rdng ra la mdt viing, mien. Kem theo gia tri van hoi vat chitli
gii tri van boa tinh thin, la pbong tuc, tip quan, la tfn ngudng, la Id htt
va van ngha dan gian. Van nghe dan gian giu" vai trd phan inh va tich
hpp bang each nay hay each khac tit ca nhimg gia tri dd nhu la mft
thuc tai, mdt ddi tupng cua ngha thuit dan gian trong dd cd van hpc
dan gian. Van hpc dan gian da dupe nhan dian la van boa sinh boat, la
ngha thuat thuc hanh, la van hpc churc nang nan nd gin chat vdi m6i
trudng sinh boat thuc tian ciia con ngudi, nd la su giao tiep c6 linh
nghe thuat trong cac nhdm ciia cdng ddng tdc ngudi. Ba loai boat d6ng
CO ban cua van hpc dan gian tir sang tic, dian xudng - trinh di^n d6i
tia'p nhan - thudng thiic dau gin vdi boat ddng tap tbI cua mdt c6ng
ddng. Neu van hpc viat dupe sang tic bing tri thirc ban lim vdi cai l6i
nghe thuat thi van hpc dan gian lai la sang t^c cua mdt tap thi, duoc
luu truyen qua nhieu tba' he tran ket qua ciia nhung kinh nghiam ihuc
te va nhay cam ddi thudng. Trong van hpc dan gian cd du ca, nao tri
thiic bach khoa dan gian, nao tri thirc ngdn ngu* thim ml, lich sir thin
mi dan gian... Tit ca nhung cii dd chfnh la nhihig ngudn mach ciii
van boa tpc ngudi va van boa dan tpc.

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%ht/a dii, ma cdn phai dat ca dao trong mdi lian ka^t cua su nghien curu
ililn mach Idi hit - diau hit va Idi hat, dd chfnb la each nghian cihi toan
^ a n vl Idi hit phai inh van boa dan gian, diau hat chiia dung am nhac
^dan gian vi Idi hit chfnh la thanh phin ngiJ van dan gian dl hpp thanh
'l^hinh thi van hpc din gian theo tinh thin Folklore. Nghien ciJu truyen
ti din gian khdng chi la phan tfch hinh tupng, nhan vat mdt each

thuin tuy ma cdn phai dat truyan kl trong su giai ma cac md tfp va

Wiii ma each xiy dung hinh tupng nhan vat trong khdng gian va thdi
kian ciia timg thi loai truyen kl - cua thin thoai, truyen thuyet cung
fhu c6 tfch... Su "gidi md" van boa gdp phin If giai su vin ddng va 
iiln d6i cua cdt tniyan... Phan tfch cdt tniyen chfnh la nhan dang tic
iphim thudc thi loai nao va nhiing tic phim nao tao thanh lian tie
^ i m , mdt chudi tic phim cua mdt kilu truyan hay mdt tfp tniyen,
p n g nhu mdt ha thdng cac md tfp. Tir co sd dd ti^n hanh giai ma thim
[flii cic md tfp, cac bilu tupng, cac kf hiau thim ml tran co sd giii ma
Mn hoi din gian. Mpi su lua chpn, thi hian mdi hinh tupng hay su lap
li cua cic md tfp ciing nhu su If giai cac su kien, tinh hudng, bien cd
•ong truyan kl diu dupe cha' dinh bdi van boa tdc ngudi.

Nghian eihi van hpc dan gian trong mdi quan he van boa tdc
gudi theo hudng lich sir - so sinh chung ta cd kha nang tiep can va If
i&i mdt each trpn ven cac hian tupng van hpc dan gian theo tinh thin
W rdng ddi mdi trong quan niem ve vdn hgc ddn gian trong mdi

uan hi vdi vdn hod ddn gian, vdi Folklore" [6; tr 62]. Diy cung chfnh 
con dudng tia'p cin nghian cihi van hpc dan gian tran ca hai binh
an ngii' van va dan tdc hpc khi ma: nhihig yeu td cd tfnh loai hinh
ch sii van boa tdc ngudi se la co sd khoa hpc If giai cac qua trinh hinh
cac miu kl va tao chu de, xay dung ciu tnic, gpi md y nghia
lu Idp trong ha thdng mdt hinh tupng xac dinh.

Khai thic truyan kl din gian cac tdc ngudi lam sdng day nhihig
i tri thim ml, gia tri van boa cdi ngudn cung chfnh la dl gdp phin
0 tdn nin van boa dan tdc, dl nhan dian dupe su bien ddi van hoa tir 
yin thdng den hian dai trong giao luu hdi nhap tren nhihig binh dien
di. Chfnh vi vay, khing dinh mdi quan he van hpc dan gian - dan tdc
trong ngh*an curu lian nganh chic chin se md ra nhieu kham pha

t ngd.

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TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O

1. Trin Thi An (2006), Nghiin ciai Vdn hod Ddn gian a Hoa Kin

mot sd quan sdt budc ddu. Tap chf Nghian curu Van hpc, sd l,ir.

78-85.

2. Nguyln D6ng Chi (1964), Vdn de sic dung tdi lieu vdn hgc dan

gian. Tap chf su hpc, so 63, tr. 48-53.

3. Chu Xuan Dian (1996), Vdn hod ddn gian, phuang phdp nghiin

cihi liin nganh, Trudng DHTH TP Hd Chf Minh.

4. Chu Xuan Dian (2001), Vdn hod ddn gian - mdy vdn di phuang

phdp luan vd nghien ciCu the logi, NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi.