introduction 1 the necessity of the dissertation

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INTRODUCTION 
1. The necessity of the dissertation

A microponic culture system, combining micro-propagation
(MO) and hydroponic, has potential in plant breeding. This method
inherits many advantages of hydroponic and the MO, which can
reduce the drawbacks of MO system. Hahn et al. (1996, 1998 and 
2000) showed that Chrysanthemum plants in microponic system 
were higher than those in MO. Nhut et al. (2005b) indicated that 
microponic system with nylon films gave good growth
Chrysanthemum compared to MO.

According to current trends, this system has been studied in two
ways: (1) Modernization of equipment to optimize culture
conditions; (2) Simplify with simple, inexpensive equipment and
materials, but still ensure the good development of plants, improve
the quality of seedlings and easy to apply on a large scale.

Thus, the second way was chosen to simplify the production
process as well as ease of application into production practices.
Ph.D. thesis “Optimization of microponic system in the 
propagation of Chrysanthemum morifolium” was studied to 
evaluate the potential growth of Chrysanthemum in microponic 
system and evaluate the propagation efficiency to set up a seedling
production model in suitable microponic system and can propagate
with quantity great. In addition, the role of light emitting diodes
(LEDs) as well as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the culture
medium were investigated.

2. Objective and requirement of the dissertation

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LEDs, etc.) on the growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium in 
microponic systems and the acclimatization, grow and flowering
bloom at the nursery stage. From the results of this study, the thesis
will propose the microponic system for Chrysanthemum propagation. 
3. Scientific and practical significance of the study

Scientific significance

The thesis results will provide valuable new scientific data on the
introduction of the microponic system as well as a useful reference
for research and teaching in the fields of plant breeding.

Practical significance

This is a potential research direction in the field of plant breeding.
The subject has given the appropriate microponic system, creating
the source of seedlings homogeneous in large numbers.

4. Subject and research scope 
Subject

The microponic system is used to study the growth of
Chrysanthemum morifolium.

Research scope

The research was studied to evaluate the growth of
Chrysanthemum in microponic system under different culture
conditions, the role of AgNPs in antimicrobial as well as LEDs in
improving plant quality. Thereby, it offers a larger microponic

system, which is easy to package, transport and trade. In addition, the
thesis also conducted field trials.

5. The findings of the dissertation

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system to the commercial plants stage. The role of AgNPs enhanced
growth and anti-microbial in the microponic culture medium as well
as the role of LEDs in improving seedling quality were investigated.
6. Overall structure of the dissertation

There were 141 pages and divided into 5 sections: Forewords, 4
pages, Chapter 1: Literature review, 33 pages; Chapter 2: Materials,
contents and methods, 14 pages; Chapter 3: Results, 47 pages; S
Chapter 4: Discussion, 22 pages, Conclusions and recommendations,
2 page; Section: List of publication related to dissertation, 2 pages;
Section: Reference, 18 pages with 140 reference documents in
Vietnamese, English and from the internet. The dissertation includes
14 tables, 31 figures and 12 graph.

Chapter I: LITERATURE REVIEW

Ph.D. thesis has been referred to use in this dissertation related to:
(1) Hydroponic; (2) Microponic; (3) Review about Chrysanthemum; 
(4) Chrysanthemum propagation methods; (5) Effect of media 
conditons on plant growth; (6) Silver Nanoparticle; (7) Light
emitting diodes.

Chapter II: MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODS 
2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Plant materials

Chrysanthemum morifolium plants devired from Japan were 
subcultures with 10 – 12 cm in height.

2.1.2. Equipment – instruments and chemicals

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121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes. SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter,
Sanyo MOV-112 dryer, etc.

Chemicals: AgNPs supplied by the Institute of Environmental 
Technology with size of ≤ 20 nm. The concentration of AgNPs were
500 ppm (Chau et al., 2008). Agar, sucrose, IBA, acetone ≥ 99.5%. 
2.1.3. Light sources

Fluorescent lamps (FL), 100% red LED (R), 10% blue LED +
90% red LED (10B:90R), 20% blue LED + 80% red LED
(20B:80R), 30% blue LED + 70% red LED (30B:70R), 40% blue
LED + 60% red LED (40B:60R), 50% blue LED + 50% red LED
(50B:50R), 60% blue LED + 40% red LED (60B:40R), 100% blue
LED (B), 100% yellow LED (Y) and 100% green LED (G). The
different ratios of combine red and blue LEDs depend on the number
of red and blue LED chips combined between them according to the
method of Nhut (2002). The light intensity of the LEDs and
fluorescents (45 μmol m-2

s-1) are adjusted so that the intensity
between the different conditions is equal.

2.1.4. Film nylon substrate

A4 plastic (size 20 × 30 cm), made in Vietnam (Flexoffice, Thien
Long Group, Vietnam). It is used for offices, book covers,
documents, records, etc. The glossy cover standard quality,
specifications A4, thickness 1.5 mm, packing 100 sheets, transparent
and waterproof. Storage temperature: 10 - 55ºC, humidity: 55 - 95%
and away from heat source.

2.1.5. Culture systems

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Microponic system was a rectangular plastic box (MR1) with a
height of 8.5 cm, 35 x 28 cm at top and 30 x 25 cm at bottom. MR1
has 300 film nylon tubes.

Duy Tan rectangular plastic box (MR2) with the height of 16.1
cm, 31.8 cm in width and 45.7 cm in length. MR2 has 600 film nylon
tubes.

2.1.6. Media

MO medium: ½MS medium, free hormones and pH 5.8.

Microponic medium: ½MS medium, free hormones, pH 5.8 and
non-autoclaved.

2.2. Research contents

2.2.1. Establishment mcrioponic systems

2.2.2. The effect of some factors on Chrysanthemum growth

cultured on MC system

2.2.3. The effect of silver nanoparticles on anti-microbial in 
microponic media

2.2.4. The effect of different lighting conditions on enhanced 
growth of Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

2.2.5. The efficiency of microponic system compared to MO

2.2.6. Planting trial of Chrysanthemum cultured on microponic 
systems at greenhouse to flowering bloom

2.3. Research methods 
2.3.1. Design of experiments

2.3.1.1. Study on the effect of IBA pre-treatment on rooting ability of 
Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

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2.3.1.3. Study on the effect of plants density on growth of 
Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

2.3.1.4. Study on the effect of ventilated conditions on growth of 
Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

2.3.1.5. Study on the effect of AgNPs in MC medium on growth of 
Chrysanthemum

2.3.1.6. Study on the effect of AgNPs in MC medium on 
anti-microbial

2.3.1.7. Study on the effect of AgNPs in MC medium on growth of 
Chrysanthemum transferred into greenhouse

2.2.1.8. Study on the effect of LEDs on growth of Chrysanthemum in 
MC system

2.2.1.9. Study on the effect of LEDs on chlorophyll accumulation of 
Chrysanthemum leaves cultured on MC system.

2.2.1.10. Evaluate the effectiveness of microponic and MO systems 
2.2.1.11. Study on the effects of MC and MR systems on 
Chrysanthemum growth

2.2.1.12. Planting field trials of Chrysanthemum cultured on 
microponic system in the nursery to flowering stage

2.3.2. Measurement of parameters 
2.3.3. Data analysis

2.4. Culture conditions 
2.5. Location and time

Chapter III: RESULTS 
3.1. Establishment microponic system

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3.2. The effect of some factors on the Chrysanthemum growth in 
MC system

3.2.1. The effect of IBA pre-treatment on rooting of

Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

After 2 weeks of culture and 4 weeks at greenhouse, the results
showed that shoots pre-treated with IBA (500 ppm) gave the higher
rooting, acclimatization and growth compared to pre-treated with
distilled water or added IBA (500 ppm) (Table 3.1 and 3.2).

Figure 3.1. Establishment the substrates used in the microponic system.

(1): Nylon film; (2): Around 1.5 cm diameter glass tube; (3): Welding by metal 
sticks; (4): Cut off the excess; (5): Cut into short tubes; (6): Substrates.

2 cm

(1) (2) (3)

(4)

(6) (5)

Alcohol
lamp

1.5 cm
30 cm

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Figure 3.2. Experimental steps.

(1): In vitro shoots; (2): IBA Pre-treatment; (3): Wash with distilled water; (4): In 
vitro shoot after pre-treatment; (5, 6): For plastic containers; (5’, 6’): For shoots on

the microponic system; HT: Circular plastic box; HCN: Rectangular plastic box.

Table 3.1. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants in MC system after 2 
weeks of culture.

Rooting treatment IBA pre-treatment Distilled water IBA 
Plant height (cm) 5.00a* 4.56b 4.46b

No. of roots 7.20a 2.40b 1.40b

Rooting rate (%) 100a 60b 20c

No. of leaves 6.40a 5.80ab 5.60b

Root length (cm) 1.24a 0.26b 0.18b
Leaf length (cm) 1.28a 1.18a 1.22a

Leaf width (cm) 1.08a 1.00a 1.04a

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Table 3.2. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants cultured on MC system 
after 4 weeks transferred into greenhouse.

Rooting treatment IBA pre-treated Distilled water IBA 
Plant height (cm) 14.24a 10.86b 7.78c*

No. of roots 55.20a 47.45b 41.60bc

Survival rate (%) 100a 60b 20c

No. of leaves 15.40a 13.33ab 11.67b
Root length (cm) 5.72a 5.21b 4.48b
Leaf length (cm) 3.26a 2.88a 2.42a

Leaf width (cm) 2.86a 2.33a 2.14a

Fresh weight (mg) 2,837.65a 2,341.26b 1,945.67b
Dry weight (mg) 232.72a 217.30b 181.33c
Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s 
test (p-value ≤ 0.05).

3.2.2. Effect of volume medium on the growth of Chrysanthemum 
cultured on MC system

The growth of Chrysanthemum in MC system with 40 ml volume 
medium were highest. This experiment showed superiority with the
remaining treatments in the plant height (6.61 cm), number of roots
(14.00 root), root length (1.40 cm), fresh weight (475 mg) and dry
weight (32.50 mg) (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3. Effect of volume medium on the growth of Chrysanthemum 
cultured on MC system after 2 weeks of culture.

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Leaf length (cm) 1.20a 1.68a 1.22a 1.14a 1.00a
Leaf width (cm) 1.07a 1.40a 1.12a 1.07a 0.90a
Fresh weight (mg) 293b 475a 350b 287b 259b
Dry weight (mg) 22.80c 32.50a 28.33b 22.67c 21.10c
Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s 
test (p-value ≤ 0.05).

Changes in volume medium in MC system were also recorded
after 1 and 2 weeks of culture (Graph 3.1). Plant height of
Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system with 40 ml per box was 
higher than the remaining treatments (25.90 cm) after 8 weeks at the
greenhouse (Graph 3.2).

Graph 3.1. Changes in volume medium in MC system after 2 weeks
of culture.

5.00 3.80

2.20
7.00

5.60

3.80

9.00 7.40

5.60
11.00

9.60

7.60

13.00 11.40

9.40

0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
15.00

0 1 S T W E E K 2 N D W E E K

EDIUM

DEPT

)

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Graph 3.2. Plant height of Chrysanthemum in MC system with diffirent 
volumes after 8 weeks at the greenhouse.

3.2.3. Effect of shoot density on growth of Chrysanthemum in MC 
system

15 shoots per box were highest plant height (5.18 cm), root length
(2.33 cm), fresh weight (326.00 mg) and dry weight (28.33 mg) after
2 weeks of culture (Table 3.4). Chrysanthemum in MC system with 
15 shoots per box were optimal growth compared to those with other
density after 8 weeks transferred into greenhouse (Graph 3.3). 
Table 3.4. Effect of shoots density on growth of Chrysanthemum cultured 
on MC system after 2 weeks of culture.

Shoot density 10 15 20 25

Plant height (cm) 4.59b* 5.18a 4.71b 4.67b
No. of leaves 6.80a 6.70ab 6.10b 6.30b
No. of roots 10.90a 8.10b 4.90c 3.30c
Root length (cm) 1.88b 2.33a 0.64c 0.32c
Fresh weight (mg) 270.67b 326.00a 270.00b 277.67b
Dry weight (mg) 24.33b 28.33a 25.00b 25.67b

19.07b

25.90a

19.67b

17.77c

15.90d

0
10
20
30

30 ml 40 ml 50 ml 60 ml 70 ml

Pla

nt

he

ig

ht

(c

m

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pH 6.50 6.10 6.20 5.94
Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s 
test (p-value ≤ 0.05).

Graph 3.3. Plant height of Chrysanthemum in MC system with different 
shoots density after 8 weeks at greenhouse.

3.2.4. The effect of ventilated conditions on the growth of 
Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system

After 2 weeks of culture, the growth of Chrysanthemum in MC 
system with ventilated conditions have a slightly different compared
to those in non-vetilation (Table 3.5). Changes in relative humidity in
the MC system with different ventilated conditions were also
reported after 2 weeks of culture (Graph 3.4).

Table 3.5. The effect of ventilated conditions on the growth of

Chrysanthemum cultured on MC system after 2 weeks of culture.

Ventilated 
conditions

Non-ventilated

Millipore 
membrance

3 ventilated 
holes 
Plant height (cm) 4.66b* 5.18a 5.07a

[VALUE]b [VALUE]a

[VALUE]c

[VALUE]d

0
10
20
30
40

10 shoots 15 shoots 20 shoots 25 shoots

Pla

nt

he

ig

ht

(c

m

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No. of roots 4.70b 10.20a 8.90a
No. of leaves 6.60a 6.70a 6.70a
Root length (cm) 0.42b 2.33a 2.52a

Fresh weight (mg) 280.33b 378.67a 332.33ab
Dry weight (mg) 24.33c 30.67a 28.00b

Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s 
test (p-value ≤ 0.05).

Graph 3.4. Changes in relative humidity in the MC system with
different ventilated conditions after 2 weeks of culture.

The growth of 8 week’s Chrysanthemum plants transferred into 
greenhouse showed that plants cultured on MC with Millipore
membrance were higher than those in non-ventilation (Graph 3.5).

55.00

66.40

82.93

55.00

61.33

66.07

55.00

57.53 60.07

60
70
80
90

0 1st week 2nd week

)

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Graph 3.5. Plant height of Chrysanthemum in MC system with different 
ventilated conditions after 8 weeks transferred into greenhouse.
3.3. The effect of AgNPs on anti-microbial in microponic media 
3.3.1. The effect of AgNPs on the growth of Chrysanthemum 
cultured on MC system

After 2 weeks of culture on MC system supplemented different
concentrations of AgNPs, the results were showed on Table 3.6.
Table 3.6. The effect of AgNPs on the growth of Chrysanthemum 
cultured on MC system after 2 weeks of culture.

AgNPs (ppm) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10

Plant height (cm) 5.53b 4.96c 5.59b 6.98a 4.72d
No. of leaves 7.33b 7.00c 7.33b 7.67a 7.00c
No. of roots 12.00b 11.00c 12.33ab 13.00a 7.33d
Root length (cm) 1.22b 0.84d 1.14c 1.48a 0.75e
Leaf length (cm) 1.07d 1.20c 1.30b 1.73a 1.00e
Leaf width (cm) 1.10c 1.13bc 1.20b 1.57a 0.83d
Fresh weight (mg) 289.67d 320.67c 405.33b 516.00a 270.00d

[VALUE]c

[VALUE]a

[VALUE]b

0
10
20
30
40

Non-ventilated Millipore membrance 3 ventilated holes

Pla

nt

he

ig

ht

(c

m

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Dry weight (mg) 26.00e 31.67c 39.67b 48.67a 28.00d
Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s test 
(p-value ≤ 0.05).

In this studied, chlorophyll content of Chrysanthemum leaves 
were recorded (Graph 3.6).

Graph 3.6. Chlorophyll accumulation of Chrysanthemum leaves in MC

system added different concentrations of AgNPs after 2 weeks of culture.
3.3.2. The effect of silver nanoparticles on antibacterian in 
microponic media

The results were identified 8 bacterial species and three mold
species as well as quantified their content in the remaining nutrient
solution of the microponic system based on Bergey, ISO 16266,
NHS-F15 for bacteria and ISO 21527-1 for fungi (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7. Identification and quantification of microorganisms in 
microponic medium after 2 weeks of culture.

Species Test method AgNPs (ppm) 
[VALUE]d

[VALUE]bc [VALUE]b

[VALUE]a

[VALUE]cd

0
10
20
30
40
50

0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10

Chlo

roph

y

ll

(SPA

D)

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(CFU/ml) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 10

Corynebacterium sp. BMDB 7.3×105 4.6×106 9.6×105 2.7×105 < 1

Enterobacter sp. BMDB 1.7×104 5 < 10 < 1 < 1

Arthrobacter sp. BMDB 2.1×106 5.4×107 7.2×106 2.9×106 < 1

Agrobacterium sp. BMDB 4.5×105 6.7×106 3.0×106 1.6×105 < 1

Xanthomonas sp. BMDB 8.1×102 9.0×103 1.0×102 < 1 < 1

Pseudomonas sp. ISO 16266 7.5×103 8.4×103 1.3×102 < 1 < 1

Bacillus sp. NHS-F15 1.7×103 5.0×103 2.4×103 < 1 < 1

Micrococcus sp. BMDB < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1

Aspergillus sp. ISO 21527-1 3.2×103 4.1×103 2.0×103 3.2×102 < 1

Fusarium sp. ISO 21527-1 2.2×102 5.6×102 6.4×102 5.8×103 < 1

Alterneria sp. ISO 21527-1 4.7×103 1.7×102 2.5×103 10 < 1
BMDB: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.

3.3.3. The effect of AgNPs on the growth of Chrysanthemum 
cultured on MC system transferred into greenhouse

After 4 weeks transferred into greenhouse, the growth of plants
were record on Table 3.8 and Graph 3.7.

Graph 3.7. Chlorophyll accumulation of Chrysanthemum leaves in MC 
system supplemented different concentrations of AgNPs after 4 weeks

transferred into greenhouse.

[VALUE]c [VALUE]c

[VALUE]b [VALUE]
a

[VALUE]d

0
10
20
30
40

0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10

Chlo

roph

y

ll

(SPA

D)

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Table 3.8. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants in MC system 
supplemented different concentrations of AgNPs after 4 weeks transferred
into greenhouse.

AgNPs (ppm) 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10

Plant height (cm) 9.33d 9.47d 11.27b 13.33a 10.43c
No. of leaves 10.33d 11.33cd 13.67ab 14.67a 12.67bc

No. of roots 17.33c 15.67c 17.33c 26.67a 21.23b

Root length (cm) 6.87a 6.97a 6.97a 7.33a 7.27a

Leaf length (cm) 3.27c 3.37bc 3.57b 4.03a 3.33bc

Leaf width (cm) 2.77d 3.20bc 3.37b 3.77a 3.07c

Fresh weight (mg) 1706d 2431c 3219b 3816a 2189c

Dry weight (mg) 106d 136d 300b 367a 216c

Survival rate (%) 95 95 100 100 85

Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s test 
(p-value ≤ 0.05).

3.4. The effect of different lighting conditions on enhanced 
growth of Chrysanthemum in MC system

3.4.1. The effect of different lighting conditions on enhanced 
growth of Chrysanthemum in MC system

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Table 3.9. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants in MC system under 
different lighting conditions after 2 weeks of culture.

Lighting 
conditions

Plant 
height 
(cm)

No. of 
leaves

No. of 
roots

Root 
length 
(cm)

Fresh 
weight 
(mg)

Dry

weight 
(mg)

4.73de* 7.00ab 9.70bc 1.27a 420.20bc 37.67c 4.73de*
5.50ab 7.00ab 11.20ab 0.36e 409.80bc 37.00c 5.50ab
5.70a 7.00ab 9.10bc 0.86bc 371.54cd 34.33d 5.70a
5.21bc 6.70ab 9.80bc 0.87bc 484.26ab 40.33b 5.21bc
5.08cd 6.80ab 9.50bc 1.01ab 491.12ab 41.00ab 5.08cd
5.80a 7.20a 12.50a 1.12ab 522.24a 43.33a 5.80a
5.30bc 6.80ab 8.30cd 0.79cd 483.48ab 40.67b 5.30bc
4.90cde 6.70ab 8.90cd 0.52de 440.36bc 37.00c 4.90cde
4.71e 6.40b 6.80e 0.42e 332.28d 29.00e 4.71e

G -** - - - - -

Y - - - -

Note: * Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences in Duncan’s test 
(p-value ≤ 0.05); **: Necrotic plants;

3.4.2. Chlorophyll accumulation of Chrysanthemum leaves in MC 
system under different lighting conditions

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Graph 3.8. Chlorophyll accumulation of Chrysanthemum leaves in MC 
system under different lighting conditions after 2 weeks of culture.
3.4.3. Acclimatization and growth of chrysanthemum plants in MC 
system under different lighting conditions at greenhouse

Acclimatization and growth of Chrysanthemum plants in MC 
system under different lighting conditions at greenhouse were
different. Plants cultured on MC system under 30B + 70R were
higher plant height compared to other lighting conditions 4 week’s
transferred into greenhouse (Graph 3.9).

Graph 3.9. Chrysanthemum plant height cultured on MC system under 
different lighting conditions transferred into 4 week’s greenhouse.

22.75c
20.75d
15.87f
22.79c
25.75a
28.19a
24.86bc
21.52d
17.34e

0 0

11.68c

13.17ab

8.97e

12.18bc 13.09
ab 13.56a

11.18d 12.49
bc

8.05e

0 0

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

FL B R 10B +

90R

20B +
80R
30B +
70R
40B +
60R
50B +
50R
60B +
40R
G Y
C
hl
orophy
ll
 (
µ
g/
g)

11.00de 11.32d 12.15c

13.67b
13.25b
14.67a
12.45c
11.86d
10.27e
0
4

8
12
16

FL B R 10B +

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3.5. Evaluate the effectiveness of microponic and MO 
3.5.1. Evaluate the effectiveness of microponic and MO

After 2 weeks of culture, the results showed that the growth of
plants cultured on microponic system were higher compared to MO
system (Table 3.10). In this study, changes in CO2 and O2

concentrations (%) were also recorded (Graph 3.10 và 3.11).

Table 3.10. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants cultured on microponic 
and MO after 2 weeks of culture.

Microponic1 MO2 Rate ½ (fold) 
Plant height (cm) 6.70 ± 0.04* 5.20 ± 0.06 1.29

No. of roots 14.33 ± 0.51 13.00 ± 0.63 1.10
No. of leaves 7.00 ± 0.32 7.00 ± 0.44 1.00
Root length (cm) 1.40 ± 0.04 1.16 ± 0.07 1.21
Leaf length (cm) 1.66 ± 0.40 1.39 ± 0.55 1.19
Leaf width (cm) 1.40 ± 0.63 1.18 ± 0.37 1.19
Fresh weight (mg) 580 ± 3.26 375 ± 6.61 1.55
Dry weight (mg) 34.33 ± 0.49 24.67 ± 0.51 1.39

Substrate Film nylon Agar -

Relative humidity (%) 65 – 70 90 – 95 1.36 – 1.39
Survival rate (%) 100 ± 0.00 85 ± 2.34 1.18
Culture condition Non-sterilizated Sterilizated -

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Graph 3.10. Changes in CO2 concentration (%) in microponic and
MO systems after 2 weeks of culture (data were recorded from end

of 13th to the end of 14th culture day).

Graph 3.11. Changes in O2 concentration (%) in microponic and
MO systems after 2 weeks of culture (data were recorded from end

of 13th to the end of 14th culture day).
340

308

285 264

255

333

385 379 375 375 377 387

0
100
200
300

400
500

6:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 6:00

C
O
2 
co
nc
en
tr
ati
ons
 (ppm)
Time (hour:minute)
Micro-propagation Microponic

21.1 21.2

21.3

21.5

22.0

20.7

20.9 20.9 21.0 21.0

21.2
20.8
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5

6:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 6:00

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3.5.2. The effects of MC and MR systems on Chrysanthemum 
growth

After 2 weeks of culture, the results were showed that the growth
of plants cultured on MR were not significantly compared to MC
(Table 3.11).

Table 3.11. The effects of MC and MR systems on Chrysanthemum growth 
after 2 weeks of culture.

Microponic systems MC MR1 MR2

Fresh weight (mg) 330.67c* 417.33a 390.67b
Dry weight (mg) 28.00b 34.33a 31.67a
Plant height (cm) 5.20b 5.96a 5.90a
Root length (cm) 2.33a 2.45a 2.38a
Survival rate (%) 100a 100a 100a

Note: * Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences in Duncan’s test

(p-value ≤ 0.05).

3.6. Planting field trials of Chrysanthemum culture on 
microponic system in the nursery to flowering stage

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Graph 3.12. Plant height of in vitro and microponic plants transferred 
into greenhouse.

Table 3.12. Developmental stages of microponic and MO plants 
transferred into greenhouse.

Flower bud 
(week)

Remove all 
the 
sub-buds 
(week)

Bubding- 
flower 
(week)

Flowering 
bloom 
(week)

MO 12,91 ± 0,09* 13,94 ± 0,60 15,08 ± 0,56 16,77 ± 0,17

Microponic 12,11 ± 0,53 13,08 ± 0,06 14,08 ± 0,56 15,97 ± 0,72

Note: * The values represent the mean ± SE (t-test treatment in Duncan with 
statistically significant 95%).

Plants cultured on microponic system are uniform. After 4 weeks
and 8 weeks in the field, the plants are well adapted and growing
fast. After 12 weeks in the field, the chrysanthemum buds began to
bud, which is similar to the results we were experiment in the

5.30 9.17 13.50

19.30

37.30

60.20

5.90

12.56

21.50

35.76

54.70

75.46

0
20

40
60
80
100

0 2 4 6 8 10

Pla

nt

he

ig

ht

(c

m

)

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greenhouse. By the 14th week the Chrysanthemum begins to bubding- 
flower and flowering bloom.

Table 3.13. Comparison of the growth of Chrysanthemum cultured on 
microponic and MO systems in flowering period.

MO Microponic

Plant height (cm) 76.17 ± 0.68* 86.13 ± 1.00
No. of leaves 35.33 ± 1.03 37.00 ± 0.71
Leaf length (cm) 8.27 ± 0.09 8.33 ± 0.06
Leaf width (cm) 6.20 ± 0.03 6.43 ± 0.05
Stem diameter (mm) 6.67 ± 0.25 7.33 ± 0.25
No. of flower 1.00 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.00
Flower diameter (cm) 7.27 ± 0.06 8.83 ± 0.02

Note: * The values represent the mean ± SE (t-test treatment in Duncan with 
statistically significant 95%)

Estimated cost for 600 seedlings (MR system)

Bảng 4.1. Estimated cost for 600 seedlings (MR and MO systems)

MO Microponic Cost change

(VND)

Medium (ml) 1.600 1.600 0

Sucrose (30

g/l) 30 × 1.6 = 48 g 0 960

Agar (8 g/l) 8 × 1.6 = 12.8 g 0 4.736

Substrate 0 4 2.000

Saving
electrical
energy (%)

0 8.55% 51.300

Total cost

(VND) 600.000 545.004 54.996

Cost each

plant (VND) 1.000 908.34 91.66

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
Conclusions

The research has set up a microponic systems with circular plastic
and rectangular plastic boxes.

Chrysanthemum shoots were pre-treated with 500 ppm IBA for 
20 minutes for rooting ability as well as better growth after 2 weeks
of culture in a circular plastic box system containing 40 ml of
medium ½MS, at the density of 15 stem cuttings per box with
millipore membrane cap.

Concentration of 7.5 ppm silver nanoparticles in microponic
medium reduces the microbial content of the 8 species of bacteria
and 3 species of fungi.

Chrysanthemum shoots cultured in a microponic system with 
circular plastic box under the ratio of 70% Red LED and 30% Blue
LED for optimal growth and acclimatization at the greenhouse.

The MR1 (300 plants/box) and the MR2 (600 plants/box) systems
yield uniform plants and good quality.

Chrysanthemum plants cultured on the microponic system give 
the ability to flower faster than the MO for about a week and flowers
with large flower size.

Recommendations

Transfer of Chrysanthemum breeding by microponic method in 
large numbers to farmers.

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introduction 1 the necessity of the dissertation

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