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MOT VAI SUY NGAM VE

CHU NGHIA DAN TOG CUA PHAN BOI CHAU

D l / d l GOC D p TRIET HOC

LE THI LAN'
Ba thap ky dau the ky XX la mot giai doan bet siic quan
trong trong lieh sU dan toe noi ehung, lieh sU tii tudng triet
hoe Viet Nam noi rieng. Day la giai doan ma'hoan canh quoc
te va trong nUdc da tao nen nbClng nhan to dac biet khien cho
cai cu va cai mdi dan xen vdi nhau, tadng tac vdi nhau va
quy dinh, che ude Ian nhau. Til do, rat nhieu xu hudng tU
tUdng da nay sinh va van dgng trong moi trUdng hel site
phiic tap do, tao nen mot tinh trang c6 mot khong hai trong
lieh sii tU tUdng dan tpc, tUdng tU nhu tinh trang tram boa
dua nd d Trung Quoc thdi co dai. Neu nhU trUde the ky XX.
chiing ta thay noi dung tU tUdng triet, hoc Viet Nam ehu yeii
la cac nguyen ly sieu hinh tam giao dong nguyen vdi vai trd
nong cot la Nho giao, va chi den euoi the ky XIX, nhiing noi
<i>dung a'y mdi phan nao dUde bo sung bdi anh hildng cua \kn </i>
song Tan thu, Tan van du nhap vao Viet Nam lan thd nhS't,
bdi tieng vang Day tan cua Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, dan tdi

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sU ra ddi cua xu hudng canh tan trong lieh su tU tUdng dan
<i>tpc, thi den dau the ky XX, tinh trang t\X tUdng Viet Nam n6i </i>
chung, tU tudng triet hoe noi rieng da c6 nhijtng ehuyen bien
dang ke bdi tac dong true tiep va gian tiep cua van hoa chau
Au va phong trao cai each cua cac nudc chau A. Nhung xu
hudng Tay hoa xua't bien dudi anh hUdng true tiep cua van
hoa Au chau da dan tdi sU xua't bien cua phong trao thd mdi,
tieu thuyet lang man va hien thue phe phan trong van hoc,

cac trUdng phai hoi boa, kien true, dieu khae, am nhae...
trong van hoe nghe thuat... Ve ehi'nh tri, ehiing ta thay c6 sU
noi len cua cac xu hudng tu tUdng cai each, duy tan, van dong
each mang theo hudng dan ehu hoae bao dong va e6 ca xu
hudng c^u an, no le. Dudi tang sau eiia cac xu hudng chinh
tri, van hoc, nghe t h u a t do chinh la nhiing tu tUdng triet hoc.
Chinh anh hUdng cua cac triet thuyet phUdng Tay da pha vd
khuon kho cac noi dung tU tUdng triet hoe truyen thong, dan
tdi cac xu hUdng t u tUdng khac nhau trong ddi song tinh than
ngUdi Viet niia dau the ky XX. Mot dien hinh la tu tUdng cua
Phan Boi Chau. Khao sat nen tang tu tudng triet hoc trong
ehu nghia dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau giai doan hai thap ky
dau the ky XX, ehung ta eo the hieu them ve mot dac trUng
cd ban va noi bat n h a t cua t u tUdng triet hoc Viet Nam trong
giai doan nay noi rieng, trong toan bo lieh sU tU tUdng triet
hoc Viet Nam noi ehung, do la sU dung hdp tren cd sd cua
tinh than yeu nude, ma Phan Boi Chau la dai bieu xua't sac.

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<i>khang dinh sU phat trien vudt bac cua ehu nghia dan toe i </i>
Viet Nam vdi ten tuoi Phan Boi Chau dUng hang dau.

Mot ehu nghia khong chi can nguyen ly ma con phai mang
mot hinh thde c6' dinh vdi 5 dieu ki^n: la nguyen ly chi dao
trong toan bo cupe song, la luat chi phoi inpi suy tU. la gia trj
can ban de danh gia mpi sinh boat, la nhan thtfc va chat lieu
cho tham my va dUdc the bien trong cd eau, to chdc, giao
due... Vdi nhOng dieu kien do, Phan Boi Chau boan toan th^
bien la mot nha dan tpc ehu nghia hang dau. Bai viet n^y
khong di sau vao luan chUng cac noi dung cua ehu nghia dan
tpc ma Phan Boi Chau da bien dang ca cupe ddi xay dijing,

vun dap va thue bien ma chi mong gop them mot vai suy
nghi ve nhOng nen tang triet hoc cua ehu nghia dan tpc Phan
Boi Chau.

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toe, quan diem bao dong, quan diem Tay phudng hoa (qua mo
hinh Nhat Ban)... Tuy nhien, trong boi canh bien tai cua Viet
Nam va the gidi, xem xet lai ehu nghia dan tpc cua ong dudi
anh sang mdi cua quan niem hien dai, tien bp ve van boa,
dac biet la xem xet cac nguyen ly triet hpe nen tang cho ehu
nghia dan tpc cua ong, chae c h i n se eo nhieu diem thu vi va
con y nghia thdi dai.

Phan Boi Chau khong dua ra mot khai niem hay dinh
<i>nghia nao ve triet hpc, nhUng ngay tii khoang 1903-1905 ong </i>
da viet mot tieu luan vdi tieu de "Triet luan". Trong d6, ong
xep cac van de sau vao linh vUc triet hpc: le song chet; le bao
dng cua quy than; cac nha ton criac; so trcii; iy va khi; thuyet
:u do; i-huyet binh dang; thuyet doc lap; thuyet tU cUdng; van
de edu nUdc...' Chi can dpc qua nbijfng tieu de tren, ehiing ta
da tha'y quan niem ve triet hpc cua ong bet siie hon hdp.
Quan niem nay eung la ket qua trUc tiep cua sU dung boa,
dung hdp budc dau, sd sai va mang tinh hinh thiie giuta quan
niem cua Nho giao vdi nhOng quan niem cua cac hpc thuyet
tu tudng phUdng Tay mdi du nhap vao Viet Nam, dac biet la
qua eon dudng Tan thU, Tan van, qua nhan quan cua cac nho
si ca'p tien nhu Phan Boi Chau^. Dae biet hdn nufa la khi giai
quyet cac van de dUdc coi la thupc triet hpe nay, Phan Boi
Chau deu lay muc dich giai phong dan tpc, co via tinh t h a n
yeu nudc thUdng noi lam he quy chieu, khien cho viee giai

<i>1. Triet luan. Phan Boi Chau Toan tap. t . l . Nxb T h u a n Hoa - Trung tam </i>
Van hoa Ngon ngOf Dong Tay. 2001. tr. 108-118.

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quyet van de khong eon i. j.ig pham vi hpe thuat ma dU(?c lai
theo ehu dich van dong yeu nUde ro ret. Dieu do cho thay mpt
thUe te' la ban than Phan Boi Chau da dong nhat triet hpc vdi
chinh tri. Vdi ong. muc dich dpc lap dan tpc la muc dich toi
cao va la duy nhat cua cupe ddi, cua ngUdi lam trai sinh rt
trong thdi vong quoc. Chu nghia dan tpc eiia Phan Boi Chau
dude quy gian ve mot so nguyen tac Idn sau:

1. Dpc lap dan tpc la muc dich tdi cao.

2. Tat ca nhOng each thiie nao, thu doan nao, dudngioi
nao, chien lUde nao. lUc lUdng nao ma eo kha nang thiic day thuc
hien dUdc muc dich dpc lap dan tpc deu dUde hoan nghenh.

3. Ldi I'ch dan tpc, the dien dan tpc la tren bet.

Ba nguyen tac nay dUdc chinh Phan Boi Chau khang dinh:
"Mot ddi ngUdi dinh mUu, chi cot hoi d ndi muc dich, eau la'y
dude d nam phut dong ho cuoi cung. Den nhU thu do^n
phudng cham, tuy c6 liie cai canh, ma eijng khong ke"'. Day
cung la ba nguyen tac chi phoi toan bp boat dong each mang
cua Phan Boi Chau, cung la tieu chi, be ehuan gia tri m^ ong
sU dung vao sang tac thd van de "chan dan khi", giao dye,
van dong quan chiing nhan dan tham gia vao si^ nghiep da'u
tranh giai phong dan tpc. •

Nam vOng ba nguyen tac nay soi vao cupe ddi each mang

cua Phan Boi Chau, chiing ta tha'y hoan toan co th§ giai
<i>thich dUde viee ong tii mot nha khoa bang eo the nhe nhang </i>

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chu trUdng do eiing nhu hoan canh thUe te Nhat Ban khien
cho chu trUdng cua ong hi pha san*. Viee ong ket giao vdi cac
nhdm chinh tri Trung Quoc. van dong bp ung bp each m^ng
Viet Nam, viee ong sdm tiep xiic vdi tham tan dai sd Nga. d^i
dien cua chinh phu "lao nong" (nhu til dung cua Phan Bpi
Chau) d Bac Kinh Trung Quoc vao nam 1920 va di tdi thoa
thuan ve viee cu ngUdi sang Nga hpc tap'... da chiing to Nhat
Ban khong phai la nUdc duy nha't ong hi vpng eo the tim
kiem sU giiip dd. Dac biet, nghien ciiu cac tai lieu cua chinh
ong viet, chiing ta tha'y ong dat tam quan trong cua noi li^,
cua sUe manh quan chiing trong nude len hang dau^ chu
khong phai la ehu trUdng chi trong ebd ngoai vien nhu lUdng
truyen dUde gan vdi eau phan doi cua Phan Chau Trinh "Bat

1. Thang 2-1905. Phan B6i Chau len dirclng sang NhAt xin cflii vi^n
<i>nhUng phai khoang thang 6 mdi v^o Nh^t. Ngay sau d6, ong da c6 CUQC </i>
tiep xuc vdi LUdng Khai Sieu v^ dif^ Ludng Khai Sieu phan Uch ve io
<i>tUdng ciia mifu c^u vien Nhdt (xem tr. 143. Phan Boi Chau men bUu. </i>

<i>Phan Boi Chau Toan tap, tAp 6). Sau do vAi ngdy. ong dudc LUdng gidi </i>

t..ieu vdi Khuyen Dudng Nghi vi Dai 6 i . la nhOfng nhan vftt c6 uy tin vi
tham quyen trong chinh phu Nhdt. de' bay to nguyen vong cAu vi^n nhung
<i>da bi hai ong nay til chol (tr. 144. Sdd). Ngay sau do, ong dudc Ludng Khai </i>
Sieu CO van cho ke hoach tuyen truyen to cao che dp thong tri ciia Phap va
keu gpi thanh nien du hoc de boi dUdng nhan tai. chuAn hi luc hfi^ng cfao
thdi Cd ve sau. Khi do. PBC da nhan thiic diroc "nhiing tu tUdng tnfdc kia vi

nhung viee kinh dinh nhit trade, thay la hoang dUdng manh lang" (tr. 147).
<i>2. Phan Boi Chau nien bieu. Phan Boi Chau Toan tap. TAp 6. Sdd. </i>
tr. 251-252.

<i>3. Ngay trong Hai ngoai huyet thU viet khoang nAm 1906. Phan Bpi </i>
<i>Chau da khAng dinh: "Toi xin trinh bay ke sach thu phuc dA't nifdc Ki </i>
sach doc nhat v6 nhi. cung trdi kiet dA't lA: RU dong long cua dan ca nufc*

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bao dong, bao dong tac tii, ba't vong ngoai, vong ngoai gia
ngu" (vao khoang dau 1906, khi Phan Chau Trinh gap Phan
Boi Chau d Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban).

Piem qua mot vai net chu yeu nha't ve chu nghia dan toe
ma Phan Boi Chau da kien cUdng xay dung trong suo't
khoang 20 nam dau the ky XX, ehiing ta tha'y Phan Boi Chau
da nhanh chong tiep thu cac gia tri tU tUdng pho bien cua
thdi dai khi do n h a quyen binh dang, dan chu, cong bang, cac
tri thiic khoa hoc... va sii dung no vdi mot hieu qua toi da vao
phuc vu sU nghiep giai phong dan toe. Chu trifdng dan toe
chu nghia cua Phan Boi Chau dUde the hien thanh hai muc
dich Idn la giai phong dan tpc va xay dUng mot nude Viet
Nam mdi. Mo hinh nudc Viet Nam mdi dUdc Phan Boi Chau
<i>cu the boa trong tac pham "Tan Viet Nam" vdi "Thap dai </i>
<i>khodi". Can eii vao do, ehung ta thay mo hinh niidc Viet Nam </i>
mdi cua ong dUa tren mot nha nude quan chu lap hien vdi ly
tudng tu do, binh dang, bac ai cua giai ca'p tu san thdi dang
<i>len b chau Au'. Tuy nhien, tU tUdng cua Phan Boi Chau ve </i>
nhiing gia tri nay cung the hien tinh khong tUdng ro rang vi
ong chua hinh t h a n h dUdc nhiing y niem nen tang nha't thue
SU dam bao cho sU ton tai va bao ve cac gia tri nhan van ay.

NhUng day cung la dieu c6 the hieu dUde bdi muc dich ca'p
thiet va toi cao vdi Phan Boi Chau khi do la doc lap dan toe.
Doe lap trUdc roi xay dUng sau. Va day cung la van de ma
thdi dai eiia nhiing chi si n h u Phan Boi Chau vap phai ve
mat ly luan trong boi canh cdn "mUa Au gi6 My" vita tran tdi
Viet Nam. C^n phai eo them thdi gian de nhiing tinh hoa tU

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tUdng do tham vao hon dan toe, nhUng nhiem vu giai phong
dat nudc lai khan cap nhu lua chay. Do la mot van nan tinh
than CO tinh thue tien. Diing d goe do hien dai de nhin nh^nj
chiing ta thay khuynh hudng dan toe ehu nghia cua Phan Bpi
Chau mdi chi la sU cu the boa, hien thue hoa ma chUa phai la
sU VUdt len tren xu hudng cai each xuat hien d Vi^t Nam giai
doan nua cuoi the ky XIX ve mat ly luan. Xu hudng n^y
thong nhat vdi xu hudng cua Phan Chau Trinh (chi khac d
trinh tu va bien phap thUe hien) d chii trUdng hien dai hoa
dong nha't vdi Tay phUdng boa, la mot chu trUdng pho bien
trong phong trao dan toe d cac nUdc phi tU ban dau the ky
XX'. Tuy nhien, neu vay lieu eo the nhan dinh ve tang Idp
lanh dao phong trao yeu nude cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX
d Viet Nam (ma Phan Boi Chau la mot dai dien) la "...cong
cupe dau tranh giai phong dan toe cua nhan dan ta chuy§n
<i>sang giai doan qua do do cac si phu tU sdn hod lanh dao"^ hay </i>
khong? Chiing toi cho rang nhan dinh tren la hdp ly khi xdt

<i>1. S. Hungtington. Si/ va cham cHa cac nen van minh. Ban tieng Vi^t </i>
Nxb. Lao Dong. Ha Noi. 2003r t ^ 82-83. Xu hudng nay dudc S, Hungtington gpi
la xu hudng Kemal (Thii linh cua Tho Nhi K>i, lA xu hudng hi?n dai ho4
cUc doan. khac vdi xu hudng cai ludng vdi Trung Quoc va NhAt Ban ta dai
dien vdi cac khAu hieu T i n h thAn Nhat Ban, ky thuat phUdng Tay" hay

"Trung the Tay duiig" (Giu ban chat Trung Hoa. hpc ling dung phudnf
<i>Tay). Nhung khAu hieu nay da xuA't hien d Trung Hoa va NhAt Ban US </i>
nhiing thap ky 70-80 the ky XIX va the hien tAm cao triet hpc trong xU It
van nan phat trien dan toe. Trong khi d6, Viet Nam chua nhAn thiic du^
vAn nan nAy.

<i>2. Chudng Thau. Tac pham Viet Nam Quang phuc quan phiOfng /uBt cua </i>

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xu hudng tu tUdng chinh tri cua Phan Boi Chau nhung mong
muon thao luan them ve dieu nay tren phUdng dien triet hoe
bang viee dUa ra mot vai y kien ve nen tang triet hoc trong
chu nghia dan toe cua ong.

TrUde khi xong pha vao trUdng thuc tien van dong cUu
nUde, Phan Boi Chau da t r a n g bi cho minh mot nen t a n g tri
thdc Nho giao uyen bac va can ban nha't, trong do co nhiing
nguyen ly mang tinh triet hoc nen tang ve the gidi va nhan
sinh. NhOng nguyen ly triet hoc nay da dong vai trd kim ehi
nam cho boat dong thUe tien cua Phan Boi Chau cho tdi tan
cuoi ddi (neu nhU co a n h hUdng cua tU tUdng phUdng Tay
<i>thi do chi la nhOng yeu to'bo sung, md rong, chvL khong lam </i>
bien doi cac nguyen ly t u tUdng nen t a n g cua ong). Dieu nay
cang dUde khang dinh khi chiing ta xem xet cac tac pham
cuoi ddi cua ong nhU "Khong hoc dang", "Chu dich quoc van
dien giai".

C6 the quy gian tU tUdng triet hoc cua Phan Boi Chau ve
ba thanh toed ban nha't. Do la:

Mot, nhflng nguyen ly sieu hinh cua Nho giao vdi thuyet

tam tai lam nong cot. (The gidi quan)

Hai, quan niem ve vai tro cua con ngUdi theo Nho giao.
(Nhan sinh quan)

Ba, nguyen tac t u duy di ba't bien ling van bien eiia Nho
giao. (Cach thiic tU duy va h a n h dong)

Trong quan niem the gidi quan, Phan Boi Chau di theo xu
hudng de cao vi tri con ngUdi trong tam tai.

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la'y con ngUdi lam goc cua Khong Tu', tU tUdng tu dudng
nhan each ly tUdng cua Nho giao vdi cac pham cha't "phii quy
bat nang dam, ban tien bat nang di, uy vu bat nang khua't",
vdi ly tUdng tu, te, binh, tri.

Trong each thiic tu duy va hanh dong, Phan B^i Chau
tuyet doi tuan thu phUdng cham "di bat bien Ung van bien".
Cu the, vdi ong, dao Nhan la bat bien, doc lap dan toe la b£it
bien. Tren cd sd do, ong san sang tiep thu cac quan niem. cac
hoc thuyet khac (tren nhung khi'a canh khong doi lap v6i dao
Nhan, giiip md rpng va lam sang to them dao nhan). sdn
sang tuy thdi hanh dong, thay doi. hoc tap moi bien phap,
each thdc kha di phuc vu cho muc dich dpc lap dan toe.

v a hoa quyen, tham dudm trong moi nen tang tu duy v^
hanh dong cua Phan Boi Chau la tinh than yeu nude nong
nan, ma chiing ta e6 th^ vi nhU la dung moi nuoi dudng va
bao ehCta ddi song cua ong.

Vdi viee phat buy tinh hoa tinh than cua Nho giao vao giai
quyet va'n nan cua dan toe trong thdi dai cua minh theo
phong each rieng rat Viet Nam la lay gia tri tinh thzin yeu
nude lam be dd, Phan Boi Chau da gop phan xay dUng nen
mot chu nghia dan toe dac sac d Viet Nam trong nhiing th^p
ky dau the ky XX, mot chii nghia dan Ape trong do dung hdp
dUdc rat nhieu gia tri tien bp cua nhan loai va dan tpc.

<i>Nhin lai lieh sii va doi chieu vdi hien tai, lieu chiing ta c6 </i>
the ket luan rang chii nghia dan tpc eiia the be Phan Boi
Chau van day tinh hien dail?

1. Noi dimg chu yeu cua tu tUdng lAy con ngifdi lam goc cua Khong Tu U ytu

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