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<b>Cac nhan to anh hu'dng den </b>

<b>SI/ tham gia cua ngu'ofi dan </b>

<b>trong phat trien du Ijch nong thon </b>

NGO THI HUYEN TRANG*

Tom tat

<i>Muc dich cua nghien cffu nham phdt Men vd phdn tich sU dnh hudng cua cdc nhdn td den du </i>
<i>dinh tham gia cua ngUdi ddn trangphdt trien du lich ndng thon. Nghien cffu dd tien hdnh khdo </i>
<i>sdt 487 ngudi ddn tren dia bdn 2 tinh la Thdi Nguyen vd Bac Kgn, ke't qud thu duac 473 bdng </i>
<i>khdo sdt hap le duac thu thdp vd dUa vdo phdn tich. Ke't qud nghien cffu cho thdy, cd 4 nhdn </i>
<i>td: Lai ich, Rdo cdn, Quan diem, Chinh sdch cd mdi tuang quan ddng ke vdi Du dinh tham gia </i>
<i>cua ngudi ddn trong phdt trien du lich ndng thdn. </i>

<i><b>Txi khoa: du lich ndng thdn, su tham gia cua ngudi ddn, cdc nhdn td dnh hudng </b></i>

Summary

<i>The study aims to identify and analyze the influence of factors on people's participation in </i>
<i>rural tourism development. A survey was conducted to 487 people in two provinces of Thai </i>
<i>Nguyen and Bac Kan. 473 samples are valid and used for the analysis. The result reveals </i>
<i>four factors having a significant correlation with Intention of participation in rural tourism </i>

<i>development, which are Benefits, Barriers, Opinions and Policies. </i>

<i><b>Keywords: rural tourism, people's participation, influencing factors </b></i>

<i><b>^ </b></i>

GlOfJ THIEU

Trong nhffng nam gan day, du lich
ndng thdn dffde nhieu ngffdi bie't de'n, dac
biet la khaeh du lieh qudc te, khaeh du lich
thanh phd' mud'n trai nghiem cude sd'ng tai
viing ndng thdn. Tai cac qud'c gia dang
phat trien, du lieh ndng thdn ed the dffdc
coi la cd hdi de cai thien cude sd'ng eiia
ngffdi dan thdng qua eung cap viee lam,
tang thu nhap, giup bao ve mdi trffdng va
nang eao sff hieu biet. Dae biet, mud'n phat
trie'n du lieh ndng thdn, ngoai sff hd trd eua
chinh quyen, nganh du lieh, thi vai trd eua
ngffdi dan, nha't la dff dinh tham gia cua ho
cd ddng gdp rat ldn vao qua trinh nay.

CO sd LY THUYET VA PHU'ONG

PHAP N G H I E N CLTU

<i><b>Cd sd ly thuyet vd mo hinh nghien </b></i>
<i><b>ciiu de xudt </b></i>

<i>Khdi niem du lich ndng thdn </i>

Khai niem du lich ndng thdn da manh
nha eung vdi sff hinh thanh eiia nganh

dffdng sat d chau Au. Tuy nhien, de'n nhffng nam dau
ciia thap nien 80 the' ky XX, du lieh ndng thdn mdi

dffdc xem la mdt loai hinh du lich va phd bie'n d hau bet
cac qud'c gia d chau Au, nhff: Phap, Hungari, Bungari,
Ha Lan, Dan Mach, Thuy Dien... Luc bay gid, khai
niem du lieh ndng thdn dffde quan niem tffdng ddng
vdi cae loai hinh du lieh d ndng trai, du lieh di san, du
lich xanh, du lieh nha nghi d ndng thdn... (Biii Xuan
Nhan, 2009).

Nguyin Van Manh va Tran Huy Dffc (2010) dffa
ra mot cai nhin khac ve du lieh ndng thdn. Theo dd,
du lieh ndng thdn la "mdt tap hdp the' loai du lieh, dffa
tren sff khae biet eiia tai nguyen thien nhien, nhan van,
sff kien va san vat eiia ndng thdn de' thu biit khach du
lich. Trong do, San pham du lieh ndng thdn = Sff khae
biet ciia tai nguyen d lang que -i- Dich vu d lang que
-I- San vat ciia lang que". Khai niem nay da ehi rd sff
khae biet ciia du lich ndng thdn vdi cac loai hinh du
lich khae. Theo dd, du lieh ndng thdn coi nen tang tai
nguyen tff nhien la ye'u td' mau chd't tao nen loai hinb
du lich nay.

Ke thffa ke't qua ciia cac edng trinh nghien effu trffdc
day, theo tae gia, khai niem du lieh ndng thdn dffde
hieu khai quat la: Du lieh ndng thdn la loai hinh du
lich dien ra d ndng thdn, thu biit du khach bang eac tai
*ThS., Tri/dng Dai hoc Kinh te va Quan trj kinh doanh Thai Nguyen I Email:

<i>Ngdy nhan bdi: 05/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 05/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 16/10/2018 </i>

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<b>HINH 1: MO HINH NHAN THCfC VE DU LjCH CUA NGdCil DAN </b>

Nhan thiic cac tac don^
tich arc ciia du lich

png hO cac rao can
3hat trien du Ijch

•DIC d l 5 i nhiri
yiau hpc cii^
nguoi dan dia
phucmg I

Loi ich ca nhan tiit
^hat trien du Ijch j

Ngudn: Perdue va cong su" (1990)

<b>HINH 2: MO HINH VE CAC NHAN TO ANH HddNG DEN SCf THAM GIA </b>
<b>CUA NGdCJI DAN TRONG QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN DU LICH </b>

<i>Sv 'Siam gia cua </i>

<i>ngaai dan trong </i>

phat trien du lich

Ngu6n; Mguyen Qudc Nghi, Nguyen Thj Bao Chau, Tran Ngpc Lanh (2012)

<b>HINH 3: MO HINH NGHIEN CCfU DE XUAT </b>
<b>Loi ich </b>

<b>R i o ejn </b>

<b>Quan diem </b>

<b>Chinh s^ch </b>

<b>> </b> <b>Du' dinh tham gia </b>
<b>ciia ngiroi dan </b>

Nguon: De xuat cua tac gia

nguyen san cd, nhff: da't dai, eon ngffdi, gia tri van hda
lich sff... vdi muc dich dem lai ldi nhuan theo hffdng
ben vffng cho cac ben ed lien quan.

<i>Cdc nhdn tddnh hudng de'n sU tham gia cua ngUdi </i>
<i>ddn trong phdt trien du lich ndng thdn </i>

Perdue va eac cdng sff (1990) da dffa ra md hinh
nhan thffc eiia ngffdi dan ve phat trie'n du lieh (Hinh 1),
trong dd, bie'n mdi dffde dffa vao nhff viee ung hd cac
rao can phat trien du lich. Ngoai ra, md hinh nay edn
lap day khoang trdng ly thuye't bang each dffa them
bie'n gia la cae ldi ieh ca nhan tff boat ddng tham gia du
lich. Dieu nay cho tha'y, nhan thffe ddng gdp mot vai
trd vd eung to ldn trong viee phat trien du lieh va dae
biet nam trong quan die'm la ling hd sff phat trie'n dd.
Md hinh nay thffe chat vin dffa vao ly thuye't trao ddi
xa bdi de' dffa ra ke't luan cud'i eung, bang viee so sanh

giffa cae ldi ich ed dffde khi phat trie'n du lieh vdi cae

rao can va cae tae ddng tieu effe khi tham
gia, sau dd dffa ra quye't dinh. Dieu nay
cho tha'y, nhan thffe la nhan to quye't dinh
de cho ngffdi dan ed hay khdng dong y
phat trien du lich dia phffdng.

Cdn Nguyen Qud'c Nghi, Nguyen Thi
Bao Chau, Tran Ngoc Lanh (2012) da s^
dung md hinh Binary Logietic de chi ra
5 nhan to' tac ddng de'n sff tham gia cua
ngffdi dan vao quan ly du lich dd chinh
la: trinh do hoc van, quy md hd gia dinh,
md'i quan he xa hdi, thu nhap gia dinh va
nganh nghe truyen thd'ng. Trong do, nhan
td' quy md hp gia dinh cd tac ddng manh
nha't de'n quye't dinh tham gia vao hoat
ddng quan ly du lieh. Theo dd, eac nhan
to' nay dffdc Iffdng hda nhff sau: Trinh dp
hpc van; Quy md hd gia dinh, Thu nhap
eua gia dinh, Nganh nghe truyen thdng,
Md'i quan he xa hdi (Hinh 2).

Dffa vao eac ly thuye't ndi tren, tac
gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu nhiT
Hinh 3 gdm 4 nban td': Ldi ich, Rao can,
Quan diem cua ngffdi dan, Chinh sach
cua Nha nffdc.

<i><b>PhUOngphdp nghien cdu </b></i>

Qua trinh dieu tra ehinh thffc diTdc
thffe hien tff thang 04/2017 den thang
06/2017 dd'i vdi ngffdi dan sd'ng d nong
thdn tren dia ban 2 tinh la Thai Nguyen
va Bae Kan. Vdi phffdng phap chon mlu
tdng the, 487 phie'u dffde phat ra va thu
ve 482 phie'u (dat 98.97%). Trong sd482
phie'u thu ve ed 09 phie'u bi loai do khong
hdp le. Ke't qua cd 473 (97.1%) phie'u h(?p
le dffde sff dung lam dff lieu cho nghien
<i>cffu ehinh thffe (Bdi vie't sff dung edch viet </i>

<i>sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te). </i>

KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU

<i>Nhdn td Lai ich cd duac tff viec tham </i>
<i>gia vdo hogt ddng phdt trien du lich </i>

Bang 1 cho tha'y, danh gia cua doi
tffdng nghien cffu ve nhan to ldi ich co
gia tri trung binh dao ddng trong khoang
tff 3.37 de'n 4.00, dat mffe trung binh. Cu
the, ngffdi dffdc hdi danh gia ve quan
diem "Tang ky nang quan ly eua ngiicli
dan dia phffdng" vdi mffe die'm tha'p nhat
(X = 3.37) va quan die'm "Tham gia vao
cae boat ddng ed lien quan de'n du lich"

vdi mffe die'm cao nha't (X = 4.00). Dieu
nay eho tha'y, nhan thffc cua ngffdi dan
ve ldi ich ldn nha't cd dffde khi tham gia
vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh chinh la
nham tang them tinh than, y thffe va gan
ke't eua edng ddng dia phffdng trong qua

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<b>Kinhte </b>

trinh tham gia vao phat trien du lieh ndng
thdn tren dia ban cung nhff dffdc tham gia
vao eac boat ddng ed lien quan de'n du
lich tai dia phffdng.

<i>Nhdn^ td Rdo cdn khi tham gia vdo </i>
<i>phdt trien du lich </i>

Bang 2 eho tha'y, vdi nhan toRao can
khi tham gia vao phat trie'n du lich dffde
ngffdi dan danh gia d mffe diem tff 3.50
de'n 4.04, dat mffe trung binh. Trong dd,
quan die'm "Thie'u he thd'ng phap luat phu
hdp" cd mffe die'm tha'p nha't (X = 3.50) va
quan die'm "Thie'u sff phd'i hdp giffa ngffdi
dan va eac ed quan quan ly" (X = 4.04)
dffde ngffdi dan danh gia d mffe die'm eao
nha't. Nghia la rao can ldn nha't de ngffdi
dan ed the tham gia vao hoat ddng quan
ly phat trien du lich ndng thdn hien nay
dffdc ngffdi dan danh gia ehinh la sff phd'i

hdp cua ehinh quyen dia phffdng va eac
cd quan quan ly vdi ngffdi dan.

<i>Nhdn td'Quan diem ngUdi ddn ve phdt </i>
<i>trien du lich </i>

Danh gia chung eua ngffdi dan ve viec
tham gia vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh
ndng thdn eho tha'y, sd' Iffdng ngffdi dan
cd the tham gia va chae chan se tham gia
vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lich ndng
thdn chie'm 41.1% (< 50%). Con sdnay
cho thay, ngffdi dan van edn nhieu do dff
trong viee eung ehinh quyen dia phffdng
phat trien du lieh tai edng ddng. Tff dd,
chinh quyen dia phffdng can the hien rd
vai trd eiia minh hdn nffa trong viee de
xua't nhffng ehinh sach hd trd ngffdi dan
ciing nhff cdng tac tuyen truyen nham
lam cho ngffdi dan hie'u va ung hd hdn
nffa du lich ndng thdn.

Ben canh dd, danh gia cua ngffdi dan
ve phat bieu "Tdi se hffdng ldi khi tham
gia vao phat trien du lich" vdi ke't qua
42.4% (< 50%) ngffdi dan ddng tinh. Ke't
qua nay cho tha'y, ve cd ban ngffdi dan
da danh gia dffdc ldi ieh khi tham gia vao
phat trien du lieh dia phffdng, song de'
con sdnay tang len trong tffdng lai vdi ky

vong ngffdi dan hieu nhieu hdn nffa ve
ldi ieh trong viee tham gia vao phat trie'n
du lich se can sff nd Iffe rat ldn tff chinh
quyen dia phffdng eung nhff sff hd trd eua
Chinh phu trong viee xay dffng he thd'ng
chinh sach ve du lich ndng thdn.

Trong khi dd, danh gia eua ngffdi dan
ve trach nhiem vdi boat ddng phat trie'n du
lieh tai dia phffdng cho thay, 53.5% ngffdi
dan eho rang, minh se ed mdt chiit trach
nhiem dd'i vdi boat ddng phat trie'n du
lieh tai dia phffdng. 21.4% ngffdi dan eho

<b>BANG 1: DANH GIA CHUNG CUA DOI TCfdNG NGHIEN CCfU </b>

<b>VE NHAN TO Ldi ICH </b>

<b>Quan di^m </b>

<i>Ngu'di dan co trach nhiem hdn vdi &\i phat trien du lich </i>
Du'dc tham gia cac khoa dao tao ve quan ly du lich nong thon
Du'dc tham gia vao hoat dong quy hoach/ra quyet dinh
Tham gia vao cac hoat dong cd lien quan den du lich
Tao viec lam cho ngUdi dan dia phu'dng

Tang thu nhap cho gia dinh

Tang ky nang quan ly cua ngu'di dan dia phu'dng

Giup ngu'di dan co the giii gin du'dc van hoa truyen thong
Tang Slf gan ke't cua cong dong

Tang cifdng kien thu'c va nhan thu'c ngu'di dan dia phu'dng ve
quan ly du lich

Valid N (listwise)

<b>N </b>
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
<b>Nho </b>
<b>nhdt </b>
<b>Ldn </b>
<b>nhdt </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>

<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>TB </b>
3.79
3.88
3.54
4.00
3.71
3.94
3.37
3.74
3.94
3.77

<b>BANG 2: DANH GL^ CHUNG CUA DOI TCTdNG NGHIEN CCTU VE NHAN TO RAO CAN </b>
<b>Quan di^m </b>

Quan ly la do Nha nifdc chi dinh, ngUdi dan khong dUdc tham gia
Thie'u Slf phoi hdp giu'a ngifdi dan va cac cd quan quan ly
Thie'u thong tin cung cap cho ngu'di dan trong quan ly
Ngifdi dan thie'u chuyen mon nghiep vu

Thie'u he tho'ng phap luat phil hdp

Thie'u nguon life co chat lu'dng cho hoat dong quan ly
Chi phi dao tao cho ngiTdi dan trong quan ly cao

Slf thd d cua cac cd quan quan ly trifc tiep ve phat trien du lich

Nhan thu'c cua ngu'di dan ve hoat dong quan ly con thap
Valid N (hstwise)

<b>N </b>
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
473
<b>Nho </b>
<b>nhdt </b>
<b>Ldn </b>
<b>nha't </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>TB </b>
3.66
4.04

3.77
3.90
3.50
3.93
3.84
3.73
3.75

<b>BANG 3: DANH GIA CHUNG CUA DOI TCfdNG NGHIEN CCfU </b>
<b>VE NHAN TO CHINH S A C H C U A NHA Nddc </b>

<b>Quan diem </b>

<i>Nha nifdc mong muon ldi nhuan t\i hoat dong du lich difdc chia </i>
se rong rai tdi ngu'di dan dia phifdng

Chinh quyen dia phu'dng can kiem soat sif phat trien du lich
nong thon

Ngifdi dan khong difdc phep tham gia vao hoat dong phat trien
du lich nong thon

Quy trinh phat trien du lich do Nha nu'dc phu trach va thifc thi
Valid N (listwise)

<b>N </b>
473
473
473
473

473
<b>Nho </b>
<b>nhdt </b>
<b>1 </b>
<b>1 </b>
<b>1 </b>
<b>1 </b>
<b>Ldn </b>
<b>nhdt </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>5 </b>
<b>TB </b>
3.90
3.90
3.90
3.85

Mcucir Afc)! qud ;j>'ian tich so ne

rang, minh can phai ed trach nhiem vffa phai trong boat
ddng phat trie'n du lieh tai dia phffdng va 15.3% ngffdi
dan danh gia rang, minh phai ed trach nhiem nhieu
trong viec phat trie'n du lich tai dia phffdng. Nhff vay,
ve ed ban ngffdi dan van chffa nhan thffc rd rang dffdc
ldi ieh khi phat trien boat ddng du lieh tai dia phffdng.

<i>Nhdn td Chinh sdch cua Nhd nUdc ve phdt trien du lich </i>

Bang 3 cho tha'y, danh gia ciia ngffdi dan ve nhan td
Chinh sach ciia Nha nffdc dao ddng tff 3.85 de'n 3.90,
dat mffe trung binh. Trong dd, ngffdi dan the' hien sff
ddng tinh tha'p nhat vdi quan diem "'Quy trinh phat
trien du lich do Nha nffdc phu trach va thffe thi", eac
quan diem edn lai dffde ngffdi dan ddng tinh eao hdn.

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Dieu nay eho tha'y, can ed sff phd'i hdp chat che giffa
ehinh quyen dia phffdng vdi ngffdi dan nham quan ly
phat trie'n du lich ndng thdn, song song vdi viec kie'm
soat sff phat trie'n va dinh hffdng theo hffdng tich cffc
hdn cho du lich tai edng ddng.

<b>MOT SO DE XUAT </b>

De' gia tang dff dinh tham gia eiia ngffdi dan trong
phat trie'n du lieh ndng thdn, theo ehung tdi, can thffe
hien ed hieu qua cae giai phap nhff sau:

<i>Mot la, tdng cudng lai ich cd duac tff viec tham gia </i>
<i>vdo hogt ddng phdt trien du lich ndng thdn. Cu the, can </i>

cd sff hd trd ban dau dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi mdi tham
gia lam du lich, nhff: tff van dau tff, tff van ky thuat san
xua't, kinh doanh, td chffc tap hua'n, md cac Idp dao
tao, bdi dffdng ve kie'n thffc, ky nang... giup hp ed eac
ky nang can thie't de' cung cap eac san pham du lich
cdng ddng mdt each td't nha't. Ben canh dd, trie'n khai
cac hoat ddng hd trd eho ngffdi dan dia phffdng, nhff:
ehuyen chd khach, hffdng dan du lieh, san xua't va ban

cac san pham thu edng my nghe, eung cap Iffdng thffe,
thffe pham...

Chinh quyen dia phffdng can nghien effu de dffa
ndng dan tham gia nham tao them gia tri mdi bang
chinh tai nguyen "ndng thdn" cua hp de' phat trie'n cac
dich vu, trong dd ed dich vu du lieh de trffc tie'p phue vu
cho cac khu cdng nghiep, khu vui chdi, giai tri... Ben
canh dd, can xay dffng ed che'phan chia ldi ieh hdp ly,
hai hda giffa eac ehu the', dd'i tae eung tham gia lam du
lieh va dan cff tren dia ban.

<i>Hai Id, hgn che nhffng rdo cdn khi tham gia vdo phdt </i>
<i>trien du lieh ndng thdn. Mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan </i>

can ban can trd sff tham gia ciia edng ddng dan eff vao
cae boat ddng phat trie'n du lich la do hp khdng cd ed
hdi, dieu kien tham gia. Vi vay, can cdng khai, minh
bach eac thdng tin ve quy hoaeh, ke' hoach, chinh sach
phat trien du lich de' cae edng ddng dan cff trong vung
chu ddng tham gia. Chinh quyen cae cap, nha't la cap
ed sd can td chffc eac didn dan de' nhan dan tham gia
ddng gdp y kie'n cae quy hoaeh, ke hoaeh phat trie'n
du lich tren dia ban. Can duy tri eac kenh giao tie'p va

trao ddi thdng tin thffdng xuyen, giiip cho
cae thanh vien edng dong va eac ben lien
quan tha'y dffdc hp ehinh la ehii the quan
trpng tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet
dinh eho de'n qua trinh thffe hien cac dif

an du lich.

<i>Ba Id, ndng cao nhdn thffc cua ngudi </i>
<i>ddn ve du lich ndng thdn dffdc thffc hien </i>

thdng qua cac phffdng phap, nhff: Tham
tffng hd, chuyen trd va lang nghe tam tiT
ciia ngffdi dan; Ndi ehuyen bang each
thao luan nhdm; To chffc cae chuTcfng
trinh tap huan cho ngffdi dan. Ben canh
dd, nang eao nhan thffe eua ngffdi dan
bang viee ke't hdp phffdng phap giao due,
tuyen truyen va phffdng phap kinh te.

<i>Bdn Id, hodn thien chinh sdch cda Nha </i>
<i>nudc ho tra phdt trien du lich ndng thon. </i>

Theo dd, Nha nffdc can hoan thien viec
quy hoach du lieh eho tffng dia phiTcfng
va tang cffdng quan ly nha nffdc de thiic
hien eac quy hoaeh da dffde phe chuan,
tranh tinh trang lam an manh miin, lam
eho du lich ndng thdn kem tinh ben vi^ng.
Xay dffng cac md hinh du lieh d nong
thdn phu hdp vdi cac dia phffdng khac
nhau nhff md hinh trang trai hoac mo
hinh du lich theo quy md lang nghe de
du khaeh ed the tham gia cac boat dong
cua lang nghe.

Xay dffng cd che thu hut nguon von
trong dan de dau tff phat trien du lich, thtfc
hien xa hdi hda cdng tae bao tdn, tdn tao
di tich, thang canh, cae le hdi, cac hoat
ddng van hda dan gian, cae lang nghe...
pbuc vu phat trien du lieh. Khuye'n khich
cac thanh phan kinh tetham gia boat dong
kinh doanh du lieh. Dae biet la khuyen
khieh, tao dieu kien thuan ldi eho ngiTcti
dan tham gia dau tff phat trie'n eac nganh
nghe gan vdi chffdng tnnh phat trien du
<b>lieh eua dia phffdng. • </b>

<b>TAI LIEU THAMKHAO </b>

<b>1. Ngityln Qud'c Nghi, Nguyen Thi Bao Chau, Tran Ngpc Lanh (2012). Cae nhan td anh hffdng </b>
<i>de'n quye't dinh tham gia td chffc du lieh edng ddng cua ngffdi dan tinh An Giang, Tap chi khoa hoc </i>

<i>Trudng Dgi hoc Can Tha, sd 23b (2012), trang 194-202 </i>

2. Nguyin Van Manh, Tran Huy Dffc (2010). Phat trien du Hch ndng thdn de thue day hien dai
<i>hda ndng thdn d Ha Ndi, Tgp chi Du lich VietNam, sd thang 11/2010 </i>

<i>3. Biii Xuan Nhan (2009). Phdt trien du lich ndng thdn d nUdc ta Men nay, truy cap tff http:// </i>

www.tapchieongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghiencuu-Traodoi/2009/1350/Phat-trien-du-lieh-nong-thon-o-nuoe-ta-hien-nay.aspx

<i>4. Perdue, R. R. et al. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism </i>

<i>Research, 17(4), pp 586-599 </i>

<i>5. Zhang, Y. (2009). Personal factors that influence residents' preferences about community </i>

<i>involvement in tourism planning. Master in Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana University </i>

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