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<b>«* «' </b>

<i><b>laiaONG hO CHI MINH VE VAN DE QW 0 9 </b></i>

<i><b>LEN CHU NGHifl M HQI BO Q(lfi CHE t)9 lUm CHU NGHifl </b></i>

<b>GS T R A N NHAM </b>

H

o Chi Minh la tim guong tuyet vdi vd

su van dung chu nghia Mac-Ldnin vao
hoan canh lich sir dac thu cua Viet Nam. Ngudi
di til chu nghia ydu nudc ddn CNXH nhd cd sir
giac ngd chu nghia Mac-Ldnin va nam bat dugc
tinh tiiin va xu tiid tit ydu eua thdi dai. Ddc 1^
dan tdc gan Udn vdi CNXH, sgi ehi dd xuyen sudt
tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, la tiung tam eua he tiidng
til tudng dd. Ngudi da khing dinh khdng phai mgt
lan rang, ehi ed CNXH va chii nghia cdng san
mdi cd tiid gjai quydt duge triet dd van dd doe lap
dan tdc, mdi cd thd mang lai tii do, hanh phiic thue
su eho nhan dan, mdi xda bd vinh vidn ap buc,
bde lot va nd dieh, mdi giai quydt tan gdc van dd
giai phdng eon ngudi, giai phdng xa hdi. Lua ehgn
eon dudng XHCN cho sir phat trien eua Viet
Nam, Hd Chi Minh da md dudng eho sir phat
tridn mdi eua nudc ta, dat each mang Viet Nam
vao quy dao each mang vd san.

Van dung ly luan cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin
vd tiidi ky qua do len CNXH, Hd Chi Minh

<i>tmdc hdt xuat phat tu. "...ddc diim to nhdt ciia </i>

<i>ta trong thdi ky qud dp la tur mgt nudc ndng </i>

<i>nghidp lac hau tiin thdng len chu nghia xa hgi </i>

* Nba xuat ban Cbinh tri qudc gia

<i>Chu tich Ho Chi Minh tham cong tnidng xay diJng </i>
<i>Nha may dien Vinh, tinh Nghe An (6-1957) </i>

khdng phai kinh qua giai doan phat trien tii ban
chu nghia"'. Tai sao Hd Chi Minh lai bat dau
xuit phat tu dac didm to Idn nhat cua vide qua
do len CNXH d nudc ta. Dd la vi Ngudi tiian
theo ydu cau co ban ciia phep bidn ehung ma
Ldnin da tiing nhae nhd, Ldnin chi rd: Ly luan
macxit mydt ddi ddi hdi ngudi ta khi phan tich
<i>mgt vin de xa hdi, thi phai dat nd ti'ong khung </i>
canh Uch sir nhat dinh; rdi ndu chi ndi vd mdt

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<b>H 6 CHl MINH VA CON DU'ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM </b>

nudc thdi, tbi can phai chu trgng den nhung dae
diem cu thd phan bidt nude ay vdi cae nude
khac ti'ong pham vi cimg mgt tiidi dai lich sir
duy nhat.

Trong qua tiinh lanh dao each mang Viet
Nam, Hd Chi Minh td rd mdt each xuat sic

nang lire van dung phep bidn chimg vao vide
phan tieh eu thd tinh hinh eu the dd tim ra dae
diem, quy luat eua each mang Viet Nam, trdn
<i>ca sd dd de ra dudng ldi chidn luge va sach </i>
luge each mang diing dan. Ngudi ludn lay
hien thue sinh ddng eua xa hdi Viet Nam, lay
dac diem co ban eua each mang Viet Nam
lam didm xuat phat eho vide van dung sang
tao chu nghia Mac-Ldnin vao hoan canh dae
thu cua Viet Nam. Ludn ludn coi trgng hgc
tap kinh nghiem eiia eae nude anh em, nhung
Hd Chi Minh bao gid ciing nhae nhd, can dan
can bg va dang vien phai chii y tranh bdnh
giao didu, van dimg may mdc, rap khudn kinh
nghiem eua nude ngoai vao hoan canh cu the
ciia ta. Ngudi chi rd: "... dung vd mat xay
dung CNXH, my chiing ta da cd nhirng kinh
nghiem ddi dao eua cac nudc anh em, nhung
chiing ta eiing khdng the ap dung nhirng kinh
nghiem ay mdt each may mde, bdi vi nude ta
cd nhiing dae didm ridng cua ta.

Khdng chu ti'gng ddn dac didm eua dan tdc
minh trong khi hge tap kinh nghidm cua eae
nudc anh em, la sai lam nghiem ti'gng, la pham
chu nghia giao dieu"^. Ngudi cdn can dan la
phai "dimg lap tixrdng, quan diem, phuong
phap ehii nghia Mac-Ldnin ma tdng kdt nhirng
kinh nghiem eua Dang ta, phan tieh mdt each

diing din nhiing dac didm eua nude ta. Cd nhu
the, ehiing tii mdi ed thd din din bidu dugc quy
luat phat tiidn cua each mang Viet Nam, dinh
ra dugc nhiing dudng loi, phuong cham, bude
di eu tiid eua each mang xa hdi chu nghia thich
hgp vdi tmh hinh nudc ta"l

Vdi sir khai quat mang tinh Idgie cao,
Ngudi ndi rd quan niem eua Ngudi vd muc
tidu cua CNXH. Ngudi viet: "... xay dung
chii nghia xa hdi la thay ddi ca xa bdi, thay
ddi ca thien nhidn, lam eho ea xa hdi khdng
edn ngudi bde lot ngudi, khdng cdn ddi ret,
mgi ngudi ddu dugc am no va banh phue"^.
Ngudi edn ndi: "... each mang xa hgi chu
nghia la mdt cude bidn ddi khd khan nhat va
sau sac nhat. Chimg ta phai xay dung mdt xa
bdi hoan toan mdi xua nay ehua tung ed
trong lich sir dan tdc ta"^.

Hd Chi Minh khdng chi phae thao mue
tidu lau dai eua CNXH, ma cdn phae thao
kha eu thd vdi sir dien dat gian don, siie tich
va dd hidu ve mue tieu trude mat eua CNXH.
Khi midn Bac mdi bude vao thdi ky qua do
len CNXH, Ngudi tiinh bay ngan ggn nhiing
mue tidu ay nhu sau:

"Chu nghia xa bdi la lam cho dan giau
nude manh"^; "Chu nghia xa hgi la lam sao

cho nhan dan du an, du mac, ngay cang sung
sudng, ai niy dugc bgc, dm dau ed thudc, gia
khdng lao ddng duge thi nghi, nhiing phong
tiic tap quan khdng tdt dan dan dugc xda bd...
Tdm lai, xa hdi ngay cang tidn, vat chit ngay
cang tang, tinh thin ngay cang tdt, do la chu
nghia xa hdi"^; "Chu ngbia xa bdi la cai gi?

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La mgi ngudi dugc an no, mac am, sung
sudng til do"^; "Chu nghia xa hgi la lam mgi
ngudi dan dugc am no, hanh phiic va hge hanh
tidn bd"^; "... ebii nghia xa hdi tiirdc hdt nham
lam eho nhan dan lao ddng thoat nan ban cimg,
lam cbo mgi ngudi cd cdng an vide lam, dugc
am no va sdng mdt ddi hanh phuc"'".

<i>"Chu nghia xd hpi Id nhdm ndng cao ddi </i>
<i>sdng vd vdn hda cua nhdn ddn va do nhan </i>

<i>dan tu xay dimg lay""; "Chu nghia xd hpi </i>
nghia la tat ca mgi ngudi cac dan tgc ngay
cang am no, eon chau ehung ta ngay cang
sung sudng"'^; "Chu nghia xa hdi la mgi
ngudi dan dugc ao am, com no, nha d tir td,
dugc hgc hanh"'''.

Vdi Hd Chi Minh, CNXH phai dugc phae
hoa eu thd bang nhiing budc di thidt thue, thd
hien d nhidm vu tmdc mat ma nhan dan ed
thd thue hidn dugc. "Chu nghia xa hdi lam

sao cho dan giau nude manh". Trong mdi
quan he giira dan va nudc, Hd Chi Minh bao
<i>gid ciing coi trgng ddn Id chu; dan ed giau thi </i>
nude mdi manh, sir phdn vinh eua dat nude
hoan toan khdng the tach rdi su edng hidn,
ddng gdp eua nhan dan. Ngudi khdng cd
nhiing khai quat cao xa, "ly luan" dai ddng
vd CNXH, nhung nhiing mue tidu cu the ma
Ngudi ndu ra gan rat chat vdi ydu eau,
nguydn vgng va su khat khao eua dan, chinh
vi thd nd di thang vao ldng ngudi, vao ldng
dan mdt each true tidp, va nhan dan chip
nhan CNXH vdi sir tu nguydn, tii giac cao.
Nhu vay, Ngudi chinh phuc long dan bing
mgt thii ly luan trong thuc tien va nit ra tir

<i>thuc tien. Dd la ly ludn thuc su khoa hgc, </i>

<i>thuc su Id ly ludn theo dung nghia cua nd. </i>

Nhiing ai nghi ring. Ho Chi Minh chi la nha
boat ddng thuc tien, khdng phai la nha ly
luan, Hd Chi Minh khdng cd ly luan, dd la sir
danh gia hoan toan sai lam, la khdng hieu
thuc chit ly luan Hd Chi Minh la gi.

Phae thao cua Hd Chi Minh vd CNXH la
lam cho "dan giau nudc manh", dd la quan
didm nhat quan, xuydn sudt cua Ngudi trong
qua trinh boat dgng each mang, la ban chat

vdn cd cua CNXH khoa hgc dugc khai quat
va lam giau them ngi ham siic tieh, phong
phii cua nd. Sau nay. Dang ta diie kdt thanh
<i>muc tidu: ddn gidu, nudc mgnh, xd hpi cdng </i>

<i>bdng, ddn chu, vdn minh thue chat la da nang </i>

<i>Idn d tam khai quat eao quan diem ddn gidu </i>

<i>nuac mgnh eua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. </i>

Mdt loat cac khai niem do Hd Chi Minh
khai quat, ham chua nhieu ting, nhidu cap do
<i>khac nhau ma ddn gidu nudc mgnh la khai </i>
rudm d cap do ehung nhat. CNXH theo Hd
Chi Minh edn thd hidn d ddi sdng vat chat,
van hda tinh than cua nhan dan, nhu an, mac,
d, hgc hanh, chiia bdnh... Cap do khai niem
duge Ngudi cu thd hda timg budc, rang "chu
nghia xa hgi la lam cho nhan dan du an, du
mac, ngay cang sung sudng, ai nay dugc hgc,
dm dau cd thudc, gia khdng lao dgng thi
dugc nghi...", "tat ca mgi ngudi cae dan tdc
ngay cang sung sudng". CNXH ma Hd Chi
Minh quan niem d day chinh la Ngudi nhin
thay cai gdc bdn viing cua dat nudc la ngudi
dan, phai dua vao gdc rd sau chat trong nhan

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<b>H 6 CHi MINH VA CON DU'ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM </b>

dan, luc lugng quydt dinh su hung thinh hay
suy vong cua mdi qudc gia, dan tde. Dd eho
CNXH khdng bien chat phai mau, truydn tir
ddi nay ddn ddi khac, trong tu duy chinh tri
Hd Chi Minh ludn nghi ddn vide phat huy
siic manh eua nhan dan, nang cao tri tue eua
dan trong qua trinh xay dung CNXH. Vin dd

<i>trdng ngudi vi su nghidp lau dai cua dat nudc </i>

giir mdt vi tri cue ky quan trgng trong m
hrdng Hd Chi Minh vd CNXH.

Kidu qua do ma Mae quan niem la qua do
tiuc tidp tu mdt nudc tu ban chu nghia da phat
tiien eao len CNXH. Kieu qua do ma Lenin
tiiue hien la qua do tu mgt nudc tu ban chu
nghia phat tiidn trung binh Idn CNXH. Kidu
qua do ma Hd Chi Minh tidn hanh la qua do
til mdt nude ndng nghidp lac hau, kem phat
<i>tiien len CNXH bd qua giai doan phat trien tu </i>
<i>ban chu nghia. Day la kieu qua do bd qua </i>
chua cd tien Id trong lich sir. Phai bd qua mdt
<i>che do xa bdi - chu nghia ti ban - de qua do </i>
len CNXH, la mdt didu hoan toan mdi me ddi
vdi chimg ta. Day rd rang la qua trinh khai
pha, tim dudng ngay tu dau ma Hd Chi Minh
<i>va Dang phai tu minh nghidn ngam, suy ta </i>
giai ra bai toan khd cd mdt khdng hai nay.
Nhan rd didu dd va khdng chu quan, duy y

chi, Ngudi eho rang: "Cude each mang xa hdi
chu nghia la mdt cude bidn ddi khd khan nhat
va sau sac nhat. Chimg ta phai xay dung mdt
xa hdi hoan toan mdi xua nay chua tiing cd
ti-ong lich sir dan tdc ta"'^ Nhd lai nam 1944,
tiudc khi rdi Lieu Chau, Ngudi da ndi vdi
tudng Tmong Phat Khud: "Chu nghia cdng

san se ehua dugc thuc bien d Viet Nam ti'ong
vdng 50 nam tdi"'^ Nam 1946, khi Ngudi d
Phap, eae nha bao hdi: Cd phai Chu tieh eho
rang nude Viet Nam chua cd thd edng san boa
duge tmdc mdt thdi ban la 50 nam khdng?
Ngudi tra ldi: "Tat ca mgi ngudi deu cd quydn
nghien cuu mdt chu nghia. Rieng tdi, tdi da
nghien cuu chu nghia Cae Mae... Cdn khi nao
thi chu ngbia Cae Mae thuc bien thi tdi khdng
the tra ldi duge. Mudn cho ebii nghia edng san
thue bien duge, can phai cd ky nghe, ndng
nghiep va tat ea mgi ngudi ddu dugc phat
trien hdt kha nang cua minh. O nudc chiing
tdi, nhiing dieu kien ay chua cd du""'.

Rd rang, Ngudi hoan toan khdng ao tiidng,
cbii quan cbo rang CNXH se dugc xay dimg
nhanh chdng d Viet Nam. Ciiinh tren y nghia
ay, Ngudi nhan rd: "Chu nghia xa hdi khdng
the lam mau duge ma phai lam din din"'^.
Ngudi ndi rd: "... tien len chu ngbia xa hdi,
khdng the mdt sdm mdt chieu"'^. Mien Bae

tidn len CNXH trong tinh hinh qudc te ed
nhieu bidn ddi. Lien Xd ed ke hoach 20 nam
xay dung chu nghia edng san. Xu hudng ehung
eiia cac nudc anh em lue nay la mudn tien
nhanh, dot chay giai doan, va hien tugng tu
mdng nay it nhieu cd anh hudng den con
dudng xay dung CNXH d mien Bae nude ta.

Nhung, dudi anh sang cua chu ngbia
Mac-Ldnin, nhd cd tuih thin ddc lap, tii chu, sang
tao cua Hd Chi Minh vdi quan niem con
dudng tidn len CNXH d Viet Nam "khdng tiie
gidng Lidn Xd, vi Lien Xd cd phong tuc tap
quan khac, ed lich sir dia ly khac"", nen Dang

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ta da han chd mdt phan nhirng tac ddng tidu
cue cua md hinh CNXH hidn thuc Lidn Xd ddi
vdi su nghiep xay dung CNXH d nude ta.
Ngay ea khi trong thdi ky nay xuat hidn khau
<i>hidu: Tien nhanh, tiin mgnh, tiin vitng chdc </i>

<i>lin CNXH; Tien thang lin CNXH, Hd Chi </i>

Minh nhan thay xu hudng "ta" khuynh, duy y
ehi, chu quan da xuat hidn, Ngudi da udn nan
ngay: "Tien nhanh, tidn manh khdng phai la
phieu luu, lam au. Phai tiiidt thuc di tung budc,
<i>phai tiin vimg chdc. Phai nam vimg quy ludt </i>
phat tridn cua each mang, phai tinh toan can
<i>than nhitng dieu Men cu thi, nhitng biin phdp </i>

<i>cu the. Ki hogch phai chac chan, can ddi. Chd </i>

dem chu quan eua minh thay eho didu kidn
<i>thue td. Phai chdng binh chu quan, tdc phong </i>

<i>quan Uiu, dgi khdi Phai xay dung tac phong </i>
<i>diiu tra, nghiin cicu trong mgi edng tac ciing </i>

<i>nhu trong khi dinh ra mgi chinh sach cua </i>
Dang va cua Nha nude"^". Cd the khang dinh
rang, nhirng luan didm vd su qua do Idn
<i>CNXH khdng qua giai doan phat tiidn ta ban </i>
chu nghia trong didu kidn mdt nudc ma ndn
kmh te kem phat tridn, ndng nghiep lac hau la
mdt bd phan rat quan trgng ti'ong tu tudng Hd
<i>Chi Mmh. Nhirng luan didm ay lai dugc dh ra </i>
tirong mdt hoan canh rit dac thu, ti-dn mdt dit
nudc ddng thdi lam hai chidn luge each mang
- each mang xa hdi chu nghia d midn Bic va
tidp tuc each mang dan chu nhan dan d midn
Nam. Day phai chang la mgt eudc tim dudng,
khai pha ehua hd cd tidn Id trong lieh su.
Khdng phai ngau nhidn ma ban be qudc td da
tiianh kinh nhan xet ring: "Ho Chi Minh la

mdt nha til tiidng xa hdi chu nghia sang tao vl
dai va mgt ngudi hanh ddng. Chu nghia xa hdi
cua Ngudi khdng be phai, ciing khdng giao
didu ma nhan dao va nhan loai"^'. Chinh vi

vay, hidn nay "trong mgi bidn ddi ciing cd mdt
sd didu quan trgng khdng he thay ddi. Dd la y
tudng xa hgi chu nghia, cac tu tudng nhan dao
chu nghia, tu do, dan chu va cdng bang xa hdi
ma Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh, nha yeu nudc vi
dai, ngudi theo chu nghia qudc te da cdng
hien trgn ddi minh cho nhung ly tudng dd"^^.

That vay, nhirng quan niem vd CNXH ciia
Hd Chi Minh la phu hgp vdi quan diem co
ban cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin vd CNXH,
phu hgp vdi con dudng each mang eua Viet
Nam, thuan vdi trao luu phat tridn eua thdi
dai. Do vay, nd dd di vao ldng ngudi, dugc
mgi ngudi dan chap nhan, tu nguyen phan
dau cho thang lgi cua CNXH.

<i>1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20. Ho Chi Minh Todn </i>

<i>tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.lO, tr. 13, 591, 97, 17, 556, </i>

317,72,315 •: .

<i>2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14, 17, 18, 19. Sdd T. 8, tr. 499, 3, </i>
5,6, 8,493,226,228,227

<i>4. Sdd, T.9, tr. 447 </i>

<i>15. Ho Chi Minh bien nien tieu su, CTQG, H, </i>
2006, T.2,tr. 218

<i>16. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, Sdd, T.4, tr. 272 </i>
<i>21, 22. Hpi thdo quoc te vi Chu tich Hd </i>

<i>Chi Minh, UNESCO va Uy ban Khoa hgc Xa </i>

hgi Viet Nam xuit ban, H, 1990, tr. 157, 22.

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