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<b>/ v ' </b>

<b>SI/VAN DONG CUA DONG VON FDI OUOC TE </b>

<b>• • • </b>

<b>VA MOT SO DE XUAT DAY MANH THU HUT </b>

<b>FDI 6 VIET NAM </b>

/ ^ • ^ r d n g nhUng nam qua, td'c dp va

A I Qi-iy 1^0 cua tien trinh t c i n ciu

^ b J < h o i kinh te da dUdc n h i n len

gap nhieu l i n , cd t i c ddng sau sac, tao

nen suf thay ddi to ldn tren mpi mat

cua ddi sd'ng kinh te the gidi: nen kinh

te toin cau dang tie'p tuc p h i t trien vdi

nhieu lien ket, the che kinh te qudc te

dUdc cumg cd', hoan thien n h i m dip

ufng yeu ciu ve quan ly, dieu tiet cic

quan he kinh te mdi ngay cing dan

xen va phiic tap hdn giuta cic qud'c gia,

dan tpc; thi trUdng vd'n FDI, ODA, cic

khoan vay song phUdng, da phUdng,

cic khoin d i u tU qua thi trUdng chufng

khoin dUdc md rdng ve quy md, di

chuyen nhanh theo xu hudng tuf do

hoi; thi trUdng h i n g hda v i dich vu

cua cic nen kinh te dUdc md rpng v i

chuyen dich manh ve cd cau, lien ket

va phu thudc l i n nhau nhieu hdn;

ngudn nhan lufc toan ciu khdng ngiing

trudng thanh ve chat lUdng, dUdc huy

dpng va suf dung dUdi nhieu hinh thufc

mdi vdi suf hd trd cua cdng nghe va cic

phUdng thufc quan ly s i n xuat va phan

phdi s i n pham mdi; khoa hpc v i cdng

nghe dat dUdc nhUng t h i n h tiiu ndi

bat, vUdt trdi, dUdc chuyen giao, iing

dung va ngay cing ddng vai trd quan

trong hdn tao cd sd cho nen kinh te t n

thiic toan ciu,., Trong dd, nhutng sU

thay ddi d i n g ke cua ddng vdn FDI

toan ciu da dUdc ghi nhan, va thu hut

suf chu y ciia nhieu nha nghien cuu

tren the gidi.

<b>NCS. To Hien Tha </b>

<i>Hgc vien Chinh tri - Bg Qudc phong </i>

<b>Suf van dong c u a dong von FDI </b>

<b>toan cau </b>

<i>Viec di chuyen dong vd'n FDI todn </i>

<i>cdu ditdc thuc ddy mgnh hdn vdi moi </i>

<i>triidng ddu tit qudc te ngdy cdng thudn </i>

<i>ldi vd xu hitdng tvt do hod cdc ngudn lite </i>

<i>vd qud trinh sdn xudt </i>

Suf gia tang sd lUdng cic hiep dinh

hdp tic ve d i u tU tren the gidi minh

chiing cho xu hUdng niy. Do suf di

chuyen cic ye'u td ngudn liic ngay

cang linh boat hdn, tUdng quan sd

sinh cila cic yeu td lufc hut va lufc day

giUa cic nUdc diu tU va nUdc nhan

diu tu se thay ddi ding ke. Thiic tien

sU van dpng cua FDI trcng thdi gian

qua cho tha'y, cic yeu td cua lufc lUOng

s i n xuat toan ciu nhU vd'n, lao dpng,

tri thifc v i ky nang q u i n ly da trd nen

thiic sii nang ddng-hdn, di chuyen tii

dd hdn dUdi sufc manh ban tay vd binh

cila thi trUdng. Chinh suf nang dpng

cua cic yeu td s i n xuat va thUdng mai

tu dd da lam thay ddi ldi the so sinh

gida cic qud'c gia trong nhieu hnh vuc

s i n xuat.

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<b>24 </b> _{SO 12-2009} _{CHAU MY NGAY NAY}

cao xuat hien ngay trong long nhfing

qud'c gia vd'n chi cd ldi the la chi phi

lac ddng thap nhU Trung Qud'c. An

Dp,... thi mdt qud'c gia cd the nhanh

chdng hi mat di ldi the so s i n h trong

linh viic nay va xua't hien ldi the so

sinh trong linh vufc khac. Nghien cutu

tru'dng hdp cua nUdc My lam vi du.

Theo dieu tra cua Jagdish N.

Bhagwati. n h i kinh te hpc cua Dai

hpc Columbia nam 2004: "Lan d i u

tien cdng nhan cd ky nang cao cua My

da hi canh tranh qud'c te mac dii chUa

rd l i cudc canh tranh n i y se i n h

hudng the n i o tdi mute lUdng cua hp".

TUdng tu. trong linh vufc khoa hpc va

cdng nghe. nUdc My dang dufng trUdc

thich thuc hi mat vi trf dan dau. My

hien dang d i n d i u vdi 328.9 ty USD

d i u tu cho nghien cufu va phat trien

(R&D). Vdi mufc d i u tu nhu vay, R&D

mang lai 85% mufc tang nang sui't cua

nen kinh te. Tuy nhien, d i u tU cua

cic nen kinh te k h i c nhU Tay Au,

Nhat Bin, Trung Qud'c,... cung tang

len nhanh chdng; trong khi chi phi

cho ngudn nhan lufc trong linh vufc

niy tai My lai q u i cao so vdi d cic nen

kinh te khic. Chdng ban. lUdng cua

mdt nha nghien cufu d My cd the cac

gap nam lan lUdng ciia mdt n h i

nghien cifu vdi nang lufc tUdng dUdng

d Trung Qud'c. Dieu nay chd tha'y,

tUdng quan ldi the so s i n h giiia ngudn

nhan life cua hai nen kinh te n i y ndi

rieng va tren toan c i u ndi chung dang

cd nhutng chuyen bie'n quan trpng.

Tren thufc te, mac du ldi the sd

s i n h ciia My trong linh vufc lao ddng

cd ky nang cao dang suy giam. My

vin l i qud'c gia h i n g d i u trong xua't

khau s i n pham cdng nghe cao. Mdt

trong nhfing ly do cd the vien d i n de

ly giai thutc te n i y la hien nay My v i n

l i mpt trong nhutng qud'c gia cd sd

lUdng sd hutu ban quyen cdng nghe

nhieu nha't va ciing l i quc'c gia cd so'

vd'n dau tU vio cdng nghe cao nha't.

Ndi cich k h i c ldi nhuan thu dUdc tuf

vd'n dau tU va sd hiiu ban quyen cd the

da vUdt q u i gii tri ldi nhuan hi mat di

tuf ngudn lao ddng cd ky nang cao dang

hi canh tranh. Dieu nay ciing cd nghia

la ldi the trong chi phi lao ddng thap

cung giim d i n di trong khi dd vai trd

ciia tri thiic v i vd'n ngay cang tang len.

Ngay d trong mdt nen kinh te, do

khoa hpc va cdng nghe ddng vai trd

quan trpng hdn nhU mdt yeu td' d i u

vao cua s i n xua't, sufc hiit ddi vdi FDI

vio cic n g i n h trong linh vufc n i y se

tang len, trong khi dd siic hiit FDI vao

linh vufc sii dung ngudn nhan life cd

ky nang ddn gian lai giam di tUdng

ddi. He qua la, lufc lUdng lao dpng gian

ddn se du thufa, mufc dp canh tranh

viec lam trong Iinh vufc tham dung lao

ddng se gay gat hdn va cang lam giam

kha nang thu hiit d i u vao linh vufc

niy, dan den q u i trinh chuyen mdn

h o i diia tren trinh dp lao dpng ngay

cing s i u sac.

<i>Dong FDI vdo cdc nUdc phdt trien </i>

<i>cd suy gidm, song gid tri tuyet dot FDI </i>

<i>vdo cdc nUdc ndy vdn chie'm ty trgng </i>

<i>ldn so vdi FDI vdo cdc nUdc dang phdt </i>

<i>irien. </i>

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khi cac nudc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit tdi
70,3%, cdn cac nudc d a n g p h i t t r i e n
chi t h u hiit dUdc 29,7% tdng g i i tri
FDI t o a n c i u .

<i>Gid tri vo'n FDI ddu tii vdo ngdnh </i>
<i>dich vu ngdy cdng gia tdng vd vitdt </i>
<i>qud FDI vdo ngdnh che tgo, chuyen </i>
<i>nen kinh te the gidi sang nen kinh te </i>
<i>dich vu. </i>

Trong giai doan 1990-2002, tdng
lUdng vd'n d i u tif t n i c tiep nUdc n g o i i
t o i n c i u v i o linh vufc dich vu da t a n g
hdn bd'n l i n . N a m 2002, n g i n h dich
vu chie'm hdn 60% t d n g lUdng vd'n FDI
toan c i u , so vdi mufc dudi 50% mpt
t h a p ky trUdc dd. NgUdc lai, cung

trong thdi gian n i y mac du tdng lu'dng
FDI vao n g i n h che t a o t a n g g i n ba
l i n song vdi mufc t a n g c h a m hdn
n g a n h dich vu n e n ty le FDI vao
n g a n h che tao t r o n g tdng lUdng FDI
da giam tif 4 1 % n a m 1990 xud'ng cdn
34% n a m 2002. N g i n h dich vu hien
ddng gdp 60% G D P cila t h e gidi
(Lovelock v i Wirtz, 2007). T r o n g giai
doan 1988-2003, ddng gdp ciia n g a n h
dich vu cho g i i t r i gia t a n g cua t o i n
nen k i n h te O E C D t a n g tuf 60% len
68%, cdn ddng gdp cua n g i n h cdng
nghiep lai giam tii 34% xud'ng cdn
29%. Xu h u d n g F D I vao n g i n h dich
vu t a n g n h a n h x u a t h i e n tuf nhUng
n a m 1990 do c i c n h i c u n g cap dich vu
t a n g cudng t h i e t lap suf "hien dien
thUdng m a i " t a i c i c t h i t r u d n g nUdc
ngoai. Hien dien thUdng mai la
phUdng thufc c u n g cap dich vu t h d n g
qua sii hien dien ciia c i c n h a cung cap
ciia mdt nifdc d t r o n g l a n h thd ciia
nUdc k h i c va dieu n i y t h u d n g ddi hdi
p h i i d i u t u v i o mdt b o a t dpng dich
vu nao dd. Tuy n h i e n , h i u h e t g i i tri
FDI v i o k h u vufc dich vu lai do c i c
nUdc p h i t t r i e n t h u hiit difdc. T r c n g
giai doan tui 1989 den 1991, t r o n g
tdng g i i tri 118.229 t r i e u U S D v i o

k h u vufc dich vu, c i c nUdc p h i t trien
t h u hiit dUdc 117.209 t r i e u USD sc vdi

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<b>26 </b> <b>_{SO 12-2009}</b> <b>_{CHAU MY NGAY NAY}</b>

(TNCs) t h d n g q u a t h a m gia v i d c i c
du i n lien d c a n h . t h o a t h u a n hdp t i c
va lien m m h . m u a lai va s i p n h i p vdi
c i c ddi t i c nu'dc ngoai.

<i>Chdu A tiep tuc Id dia diem hdp </i>
<i>ddn vdi FDI nhiing dang cd xu hiidng </i>
<i>chdm lgi. </i>

N a m 2005. c h a u A t h u h u t dupc
hdn 15"n g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi
k h o a n g 10"n g i i tri t h u hiit dufdc vad
n a m 1980. Rieng k h u vufc N a m . Ddng
va Ddng N a m A t h u h u t du'dc g i n
14°o tdng g i i tri FDI t h e gidi sd vdi
muc k h d a n g 8°'n n a m 1980. D i n g lUu
y. ngudn FDI x u a t p h i t tuf c h a u A
cung gia t a n g d i n g ke. T r c n g bdi c i n h
nhieu nen k i n h te ldn t r e n t h e gidi
lam vac suy t h o i i t h i h a i n e n k i n h te
mdi ndi T r u n g Qud'c va An Dp da trd
t h a n h cac n h a d i u tU r a nUdc ngoai
q u a n trpng, t r o n g dd, d i u tU r a nu'dc
ngoai cua T r u n g Qud'c dac biet t a n g

cao, dat 52 ty U S D n a m 2008, b i n g

132°'o so vdi n a m 2007. T u y n h i e n .
theo B i o c i o ciia U N C T A D . do c h u a
t h e t h o i t khdi cdn sd'c k h i i n g h o i n g
tai chinh va k m h te t o a n c i u . FDI tai
c i c k h u viic N a m A. Ddng A va Ddng
N a m A da va d a n g c h a m lai tut quy
IV/2008, va g l i m 1/3 t r o n g quy
1/2009 so vdi cimg ky 2008,

<b>Mot so d e xua't d a y m a n h t h u </b>
<b>h u t FDI of V i e t N a m </b>

Ke tii khi thufc hien L u a t D i u tU
t n i c tiep nu'dc ngoai ( t h i n g 12/1987),
cho den nay, d i u tif t n i c tiep nu'dc
ngoai da dUdc n h i n n h a n nhU l i mot
t r o n g nhutng "tru cot" t a n g trifdng
k m h te ciia Viet N a m , Vai trd ciia FDI
difdc t h e hien r a t ro q u a viec ddng gdp
vao c i c yeu t d q u a n t r p n g cua t a n g
t r u d n g n h u bd s u n g n g u d n vd'n d a u tU.
day m a n h x u a t k h a u , c h u y e n giao
cdng nghe, p h i t tridn n g u d n n h a n lufc

va tao viec l i m , , , Ngoai ra, FDI ciing
ddng gdp tich cue v i o t a o ngudn thu
n g a n sach v i thiic day Viet N a m hdi
n h a p s a u r d n g vao n e n k i n h te the

gidi, Nhd cd suf ddng gdp q u a n trpng
cua FDI m a Viet N a m da d a t dUdc td'c
dp t a n g trUdng k i n h te cao trong
n h i e u n a m q u a va dUdc bie't de'n la
qudc gia p h i t t r i e n n a n g dpng, ddi
mdi, t h u hiit dUdc suf q u a n t a m cua
cdng ddng qud'c te,

Theo Cue D a u t u nifdc n g o i i - Bp
Ke hoach va D a u tu, t r o n g 5 nam
(2001- 2005), Viet N a m t h u hiit 18,5
ty U S D vd'n d a u t u t n i c tiep nUdc
n g o i i : n a m 2006 d a t t r e n 12 ty USD;
n a m 2007 vUdt ngUdng 20 ty USD,
t a n g g i n 70% so vdi n a m 2006, Dac
biet, n a m 2008, lUdng vd'n FDI dang
ky mdi v i t a n g t h e m dat 64,01 ty
U S D . t a n g h d n b a l i n so vdi n a m
2007, T r o n g 11 t h i n g d a u n a m 2009,
t i n h c h u n g c i cap mdi v i t a n g vo'n,
c i c n h i d i u tU nUdc ngoai da d a n g ky
d a u t u vao Viet N a m 19,7 ty USD,
Tuy chi b a n g 2 8 % so vdi cung ky 2008
nhUng day c u n g l i con sd' k h i cao
t r o n g bdi c a n h k h i i n g b e i n g k i n h te
hien nay, Mufc vd'n d a n g ky mdi v i
t a n g t h e m 3 n a m 2006-2008 da vUdt
t r e n 70% m u c t i e u 5 n a m 2006-2010,
Tuy n h i e n , n a m t r c n g xu h u d n g tdan
cau boa va hdi n h a p k i n h te qud'c te,

ddng FDI v i o Viet N a m d a n g chiu t i c
dpng m a n h cua suf dich c h u y e n ddng
FDI qud'c te, cua mdi trUdng FDI qud'c
te v i t r o n g nUdc, cua q u i t r i n h tuf do
h o i thUdng mai, NhUng t i c ddng nay
d a n g tiep tuc m a n g de'n nhutng cd hdi
va k h d n g it nhUng t h a c h thufc ddi vdi
chie'n lUdc t h u hiit F D I cua Viet Nam,
De day m a n h t h u hiit ddng vd'n FDI
chd c i c n a m tdi, c a n q u a n t a m giai
quyet tdt c i c v a n de sau:

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chinh s i c h ve d i u t u p h u hdp va cap
n h a t vdi tieu c h u a n l u a t p h i p qud'c te,
cac cam k e t vdi WTO - v a n d u n g c i c
bien p h i p xiic t i e n d i u t u t r e n cd sd
dac t h u ldi t h e so s a n h cua Viet N a m .
N a n g cao h i e u q u a viec chd'ng t h a m
n h u n g , tieu cufc v i t i n h t r a n g n h u n g
nhieu ddi vdi n h a d a u tu. Ben canh dd
thufc hien c i c g i i i p h i p n h a m dUa
L u a t sufa ddi, bd s u n g mpt so' dieu ciia
Bp l u a t Lao dpng v i o thufc te cudc
song de n g a n ngufa t i n h t r a n g dinh
cdng b i t hdp p h i p , l a n h m a n h hda
q u a n he lao ddng theo t i n h t h i n cua
Bp l u a t Lao ddng

<i>Hai la, chd t r p n g p h i t t r i e n thi </i>
trudng t r o n g nUdc, ke't ndi t h i t r u d n g

trong nUdc vdi t h i trUdng n g d i i nUdc
v i khdng ngufng md r d n g t h i t r u d n g
n g o i i nUdc, dac biet l i t h i trUdng
chau A, tao life h u t ldn hdn ddi vdi
FDI. Nghien cufu, de xui't c h i n h s i c h
van dpng, t h u hiit d i u tU ddi vdi c i c
tap doan da qud'c gia c u n g nhU cd
chinh s i c h r i e n g ddi vdi tifng t a p d o i n
va cic ddi t i c t r p n g diem n h u c i c qudc
gia t h i n h vien EU, Hoa Ky...

<i>Ba la, xay dufng quy hoach tdng the </i>
ngudn n h i n lufc cua c i nUdc, ciia tufng
bp, n g i n h v i dia phUdng; dac biet chii
trpng p h i t trien ngudn n h a n lufc cua cic
nganh cd h a m lUdng cdng nghe cac. Day
l i mdt trong nhiing yeu td' lufc hiit quyet
dinh ddi vdi ddng FDI v i o k h u vufc dich
vu v i t h a m dung tri thufc, cong nghe.

Trong bdi c i n h n e n k m h te the gidi
van d a n g p h i i ddi m a t vdi cudc k h u n g
h o i n g k i n h te t a i chinh chUa tiing cd
t r o n g lich suf bdi quy md va mufc dp
t r i m t r p n g cua nd, ddng vd'n FDI qud'c
te se tiep tuc cd nhiing bien ddng khd
ludng. Du b i o t r o n g nhUng n a m tdi,
viec t h u h u t FDI cua Viet Nam chac
c h a n se gap k h d n g it khd k h a n , dac
biet l i vd'n FDI g i i i n g a n cd the se

g i i m manh, Dieu dd dang ddi hdi sii nd
lufc, cd' gang cua cic cap, cic nganh vdi
nhieu giii p h i p ddng bp, phu hdp, tiep
tuc cung cd' long tin cua n h a dau tU ddi
vdi mdi trUdng kinh doanh tai Viet
Nam, tao hieu ufng lan t o i va t i c dpng
den n h a dau t u mdi •

<i>Tdi lieu tham khdo: </i>

1. PGS, TS. Nguyen Hong Sdn - TS. Nguyen
Manh Hung: Xu hu(6ng phat trien nganh
dich vu hien nay tren the gidi va nhting
van de dat ra vdi siJ phat trien nganh dich
vu 'Viet Nam; Hdi thao 'Viet Nam hdc 2008
2. Do Hdang Long: Tac dpng ciia toan cau hda

<i>kinh te doi v6i ddng von d^u Hi true tiep </i>
nUdc ngoai vao Viet Nam; 2008

3. Jagdish, N . Bhagwati (2004). "Ly thuyet
thuang mai bj lay dong", Bu.siness Week,
6/12/2004

4. Theo American Today, 09/2/2006
5. Bad cad OECD, 2000, Tr. 25, 26
6.

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