Lịch sử quan hệ Việt Nam - Trung Quốc thế kỷ XIX thể chế triều cống, thực và hư.

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LjCH SUT QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX

THE CHE TRIEU CONG, THt/C VA HW

YUINSUN'

1. Ldi noi d a u

Lich sxl Viet Nam trong giai doan hai 
nghin n a m trvtdc can dai khong the K giai 
chinh xac ne'u khong gan v6i quan he ve
mat chinh tri v6i Trung Quoc. Chung ta co
the hieu ve dieu nay mot each de dang tii 
quan he hai nu6c dildc trinh hay dtfSi day.
Til cuoi the ky thii II trildc Cong nguyen
de'n niia dau the ky thii X sau Cong
nguyen, Viet Nam chiu sU thong tri triic
tiep cua Trung Quo'c trong mot nghin nam
cho den khi gianh dildc dgc lap. Mot nghin
nam nay trong lich sii Viet Nam thUcfng
dUdc goi la "thdi ki Bde thuoc". Tii sau khi 
thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri cua Trung Quo'c
gianh doc Islp vao niia d i u the ky thCl X de'n
trU6c khi rdi vao ach tho'ng tri ciia thUc dan
Phap vao niia sau the ky XIX, trong mot
nghin nam, Viet Nam da thie't lap quan he
trieu co'ng dudi hinh thai nildc phien thuoc
cua Trung Quo'c, viia duy tri quan he t h a n
thien ve chinh tri viia dong thSi tie'p nh&n
van hoa Trung Quo'c trong "trat tii the'gidi 
kieu Trung Hoa", theo each noi ciia ngifdi 
Trung Quo'c. Chiing ta co the goi giai doan

nay la "giai dogn quan he trieu co'ng". Ta't 
nhien, d giai doan nay, Viet Nam da bi 
Trung Quoc xam lUdc nhieu lan, nhUng
ngay sau khi day liii cac cuoc xam lUdc nay,

trieu dinh Viet N a m da giii ngay sii gia
sang Trung Quo'c n h a m no liJc khoi phuc
quan he hQu hao va t r a n h xung dot. Ngi
dung nghien ciiu nay lay trgng t a m la "giai 
dogn quan he trieu co'ng" ma Viet Nam 
trieu co'ng T r u n g Quo'c, dac biet la du6i
trieu Nguyen (1802-1945) dildc lap nen dau
the ky XIX, n h a m xem xet quan he ciia
Viet Nam vdi Trung Quoc t r e n quan diem
cua Viet Nam.

Thuc te, nhieu nildc phvJdng Tay dUdc
biet rang, quan he quo'c te cua Dong A giai
doan trudc Can dai, tril6c khi tie'n len chu
nghia de quo'c, ton tai t r a t tU quo'c te dUdc
thie't lap bdi quan he trieu cong giQa Trung
Quo'c va cac nudc xung quanh, lay Trung
Quo'c lam t r u n g t a m . Quan he trieu co'ng,
khong can noi ciing co the thay, diidc hinh
t h a n h t r e n nen t a n g Uu viet ve chinh tri,
van hoa ciia T r u n g Quo'c. Cac nU6c xung
quanh cong n h a n t i n h Uu viet nay cua
Trung Quo'c va bang viec dap iing nhiing
yeu cau ciia T r u n g Quo'c da tao nen t r ^ t tU
the gidi truyen tho'ng lay Trung Quo'c lam

trung tam.

Tuy nhien, co mgt van de ma chiing ta
khong the bo qua, do la, t r a t tU the gidi
kieu Trung Hoa, t r e n phUdng dien nao do,
chang qua chi la tU tucing ddn phUdng ciia

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Tmli hinh ruQng d a t 6 h u y e n Chiam I;6a.. 39

(12). Ddi Xd xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 
8079Fl:7.

(13). Kim Tuang xd. Yen Viin xd. Con Lon xd,

Bd Vi xd, Khdc Phu xd, Xudn Huang xd, Thd 
Hodng xa, Hd Ldang xd. Mien Ddang xd, Vi sdn xd, 
Binh Long xd. An Ldng xd, Kim Md xd, Kim Bai 
xa, Ninh Duang xd, Khdnh Ninh xd, Khuon Hd xd, 
Thdn Xd xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl,

8081F1:9, 8097F1:8, 8084F1:8, 8088F1:8,
8074F1:10, 8089F1:8, 8096F1:10, 8073F1:10,
8082F1:10, 8080F1:10, 8077F1:7, 8086F1:8,

8075F1:10, 8092F1:10,
8076F1:10, 8098F1:10.

8083F1:8, 8099F1:8,

(14). Xudn Huang xd, Gia Than xd, Bia bg Gia

Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8089F1:8, 8093F1:8.

(15). Kim Tdang xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, 
TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9.

(16). Do Danh Huli'n. Nghien cdu ve ldng xd d

chdu thd Bde Bo tren Tgp chi Nghien cdu Lich sd 
(1954 - 2008), Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so

393-2009, t r 64, 65.

LjCH Sir QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX

(Tiep theo trang 29)

(31). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 37, 
p. l i b ; quyen 55, pp. 6b~7a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten

bki da dan> p. 497.

(32), Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, H, quyen 
220, pp. 8a~b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten hki da din> pp. 
496-497.

(33). Phan Huy Le, "Tinh tho'ng nha't trong da
dang ciia lich s\l Viet Nam" cua Phan Huy Le, Tim

vi coi ngudn, Tftp I. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Noi, 1998, p.

495.

(34). Dgi Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, I, quyen 58, 
pp. l l a ~ b ; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da d&n> p. 498.

(35). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, 11, quyen 
79, pp. 17~18b; Woodside, op. cit, pp. 118-119;
Takeda Ryoji, <ten bM da d l n > p. 498.

(36). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 
85, p. 30a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dJn> p. 499.

(37). Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd (ban hieu hop) 
(Tokyo: Trung tam nghien ciiu van hda Dong
DUdng Tru5ng dai hdc Dong Kinh, 1986), p.
845.

(38). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen 
50, p. 8a.

(39)- Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 54, 
p, 9b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bki da dan> p, 532.

(40). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien. II, quyen 
65, pp. 9b-10a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da din> p.
498.

(41). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen 
1, pp. 31b-32a.

(42). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 
218, pp. 33a~34a.

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Lich 5iir qutin he Viet Ram - Trung Qu6c.. 21

ngUdi Trung Quo'c, lay ban than minh la
trung tam. Vi de dieu do trd thanh "sit that 
chinh tri mang tinh khaeh quan" thi cac 
nu6c trieu co'ng phai co ciing suy nghi vdi
ngUdi Trung Quo'c, nhUng tren thUc te lai
khong nhu vay (1). NgUdi Trung Quo'c noi
rang, do hg co nen van hoa Uu viet va san
vat phong phii nen cac nUdc nho xung
quanh da phai tU de'n chau. NhSn dinh nay
khong phai la khong co li, nhUng tren thUc
te dieu nay co quan he mat thie't hdn vdi
sQc manh quan sU ciia Trung Quo'c (2). Co
the ndi rang, ne'u Trung Quo'c ye'u di thi the
che' trieu co'ng da khd cd the duy tri. Trong
trUdng hdp dd, cai ggi la trat tU the gidi
kieu Trung Hoa chi la hU ca'u. Xin dSn ra
mgt vi du: trong cugc chie'n Thanh - Phap
nam 1884 1885 va cugc chie'n Thanh
-Nhat nam 1894, trieu dinh nha Thanh bai
tran da phai ki hi'ep Udc vdi Phap va Nhat,
bie'n Viet Nam t h a n h nUdc bao hg ciia Phap
va cong nhan nen dgc lap hoan toan ciia
Trieu Tien. Mac dau vay, trong Dgi Thanh 
hdi dien, ban nam 1899, ghi lai rSng hai

• nudc v i n la nudc trieu co'ng ciia nha Thanh
(3) cho tha'y ro rang tinh hu ca'u ciia trat tU
the gidi kieu Trung Hoa ndi tren.

Nhu vay, de li giai tinh cha't cua t r a t tU
the gidi Dong A giai doan trudc Can dai,
viec khao sat quan he trieu co'ng ciia Viet
Nam doi vdi Trung Qud'c tren thUc te nhu
the nao, theo tdi, la dieu het sQc can thie't.
Thuc te, cac vi vua nha Nguyin Viet Nam
chinh thQc cdng nhan minh la nUdc trieu
co'ng cua nha Thanh, xUng la ha than, con d
trong nudc thi tU xUng la hoang de'. Cd liic
di xa hdn, hg coi nha Thanh la vUdng trieu
di tgc, tham chi chi trich tinh di dich ciia
che do a'y. Khong nhQng the con mo phong
tu tudng thien ha kieu Trung Qud'c, ve mat
ddi ngoai, vdi tU each la nUdc ba chu, tho'ng
tri cac nUdc nhd xung quanh, hinh thanh

nen trat tU the gidi ciia rieng minh.

Ngay ca vdi thUc te nhu vay, song do cd
ra't nhieu nghien cQu tQ trUdc de'n nay la'y
Trung Qud'c lam trung tam (4), nen cd
khong it khuynh hudng li giai khong diing
ve nudc ba chu va nude thuoc dia ndi de'n
trong che do trieu cd'ng, r i n g mdi quan he
nay tUdng tU nhu quan he cua nUdc ba ehii
thUe dan va nude thuge dia thUc dan trong

thdi hien dai. Ngi dung nghien cQu nay de
cap de'n va'n de quan he trieu co'ng giiJa
Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c the ky XIX,
nhUng tdi tin r i n g cung se cd ich trong viec
11 giai diing dSn ve quan he chinh tri giQa
Han Qud'c va Trung Qud'c d cung thdi dai
vdi bdi canh tUdng dong.

2. Svf t i e p n h a n t h e c h e trieu cong 
nha T h a n h ciia t r i e u dinh nha N g u y e n

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22 HghiSn cijru Lich si!r. s6 9.2009

De'n t h a n g 6 nam 1801, cud'i ciing, dng ciing
danh chiem dUdc t h a n h P h u Xuan la cd' do
cua to' tien. Thang 6 n a m sau dng tien ra
Bae, chi trong vdng mot thang, de'n ngay 20
thang 7, da hoan t h a n h viec thd'ng nha't da't
nudc bang viec chiem t h a n h Thang Long.

Trudc khi ra Bae, t h a n g 5 nam 1802,
Nguyin Phiic Anh da len ngdi vua d P h u
Xuan, la'y nien hieu la Gia Long (5). Gia
Long la chi tQ Gia Dinh (vung da't bao gdm
t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh hien nay va khu
VQc lan can) de'n Thang Long, mang y
nghla la toan bg Viet Nam (6). Viec la'y
nien hieu nay cho tha'y y chi quye't t a m
thdng nha't da't nUdc tQ trUdc dd ciia ong.

Mgt mat xUng de, lap nien hieu, mat
khac vao t h a n g 5, Nguyin Phiic Anh da cii
Trinh Hoai DQc lam chanh sQ sang Quang
Ddng de cau n h a T h a n h giup dd trong van
de Tay Sdn cdn chUa giai quye't xong. Khi
a'y, Trinh Hoai DQc da mang theo qud'c thu
cua Nguyin Phuc Anh va vat pham, bao
gdm ca sac t h u va kim a'n dUdc n h a n tQ
trieu Thanh ma Nguyen Van Toan ciia
trieii dinh Tay Sdn bd lai khi n i t lui, dong
thdi giai theo ba hai tac ciia n h a T h a n h bi
bat lam tu binh. Hg dat chan den Quang
Ddng vao t h a n g 7 (7). Day la ldn tie'p xuc
chinh thQc dau tien giQa trieu N g u y i n va
trieu Thanh.

Ndi dung qud'c thu giii luc bay gid dUdc
dich ra tie'ng Phap. Theo ndi dung nay,
Nguyin Phuc Anh tU xUng la "Nam Viet 
qudc viiOng" (roi du royaume de Nam-Viet) 
(8). Suzuki Chusei cho rang, dich la "vUdng" 
la sai va cd le trong nguyen van dUdc viet la
Nam Viet qud'c chiia hay Nam Viet qud'c
trudng (9). Vi khi a'y Nguyin Phiic Anh chUa
chinh thQc dUde nha Thanh s i c phcng nen
chua the xUng la vUdng, nen tdi nghi r i n g
nhan dinh cua Suzuki Chusei cd li.

Mdt va'n de nQa la ve qudc hieu Nam
Viet. Viec ggi la Nam Viet bao quat ca

vUdng trieu mdi An N a m (la each ggi Viet
Nam cua T r u n g Qud'c, ndi den k h u vUc chiu
anh hudng ciia hg Trinh liic ba'y gid) va
Viet Thudng (la lanh thd' ciia n h a Nguyin,
bao gdm tQ phia Bae cua Hue' hien nay kdo
dai tdi vung N a m Bd) cd tQ y nghia se
thd'ng tri khu viic rdng ldn hdn nhieu so vdi
nha T r a n (1225 - 1400) hay n h a Le trude
dd (10).

• The n h u n g , k h i T r i n h Hoai DQc de'n
Quang Dong, trieu dinh n h a T h a n h khdng
de cap de'n va'n de qud'c hieu (11), chi cho
biet r a n g hg N g u y i n chUa thorig nha't da't
nudc, cung khdng thuge nUde phien thuge
nen khdng the n h a n cd'ng vat. Vi vay,
Nguyin Phiic Anh lai cQ N g u y i n Quang
Dinh vdi tU each la sQ cau phong xin nha
T h a n h phong qud'c hieu la N a m Viet va
phong VUdng cho minh. Ddi vdi trieu dinh
n h a Thanh, viec s i c phong khdng thanh
va'n de, n h u n g tuyet dd'i khdng the cha'p
n h a n dUdc ten nUdc N a m Viet. Li do, la.
Nam Viet t r u n g vdi ten N a m Viet ma Trieu
Da diing nude trUde dd (207 t r . C n ~ l l l
tr.Cn), ngam hieu la k h u vUc bao gdm tinh
Quang Ddng den tinh Quang Tay nen
mang nghia khdng lanh. Sau khi ban bae,
n h a T h a n h dd'i cho hai chfl va de nghi ten
Viet Nam. B i n g viec nay, n h a T h a n h mud'n

the hien uy quyen la nUdc ba chii. Phia n h a
Nguyen h a i long vdi cai t e n nay vi chii
"Viet" cua Viet Thudng la da't cua to' tien 
truyen lai dQng trUde, chQ "Nam" ddng sau 
nen cha'p t h u a n . Va'n de qudc hieu da dugc
giai quye't xong (12).

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Ljch 5i> quan he Viet Ram - Trung Quoc. 23

Thanh ngay lap tQc da cQ sQ gia di tuyen
phong. Nguyen Phiic Anh da tie'n hanh
nghi thQc tuyen phong tai Ha Ndi ngay nay
vao thang 1 nam 1804 va len ngdi "Viet 
Nam qud'c vUdng" (14). Mac du thii dd eiia 
trieu Nguyen khi dd la Hue nhUng viec sic
phong dude tie'n h a n h d Ha Ndi, sau nay trd
thanh thdng le. De'n thdi vua Tii DQc
(1848-1883), theo thinh cau ciia vua T Q
DQc, nghi l l sac phong dUde nha Thanh
cha'p nhan cho cQ h a n h tai Hue.

Quan he giiia trieu dinh nha Nguyin va
trieu Thanh dUdc giai quye't d'n thda, "bang 
giao" dUde quy dinh rang: Viet Nam phai 
trieu cd'ng hai nam mdt lan, 4 nam phai cii
sQ gia sang chau mgt l i n hoae gdp hai l i n
trieu edng lam mdt. Dieu nay cung gidng
nhu ddi vdi trieu Tay Sdn (15). Ta't nhien,
ngoai sQ t h a n chinh quy, cac sQ gia lam
thdi phu trach viec chiic mQng, cau phong,

ta an, dieu va'n, cung dUde cii sang. Nha
Thanh da yeu c i u nha Nguyen cQ sQ than
va b i t d i u trieu cd'ng tQ nam 1803. Theo
yeu cau ciia nha Thanh, nam 1803 va 1805,
sQ ta an dUdc thay the bang sQ trieu cdng
nam 1804. Nha Nguyen da theo dd ma lam
(16). Song cd luc sQ trieu cd'ng kiem ludn sQ
ta an, khi so' lUdng sQ gia lam thdi khdng
nhieu do cd khi nha Thanh yeu cau ngQng
cii sQ chuc mQng va sQ die'u va'n. Cho de'n
nam 1839, nam cud'i ddi Minh Mang
(1820-1840), do trieu cd'ng dUdc quy dinh thanh
bd'n nam mdt lan gid'ng nhu dd'i vdi Luu
C i u va Xiem La nen eon sd' nay cang giam.
Mat khac, dd'i vdi cac vat p h i m trieu cd'ng;
trieu T h a n h da eat giam ra't nhieu cho
VUdng trieu Tay Sdn va nha Nguyin so vdi
nha Le, chi bang nila gia tri trudc day, nen 
gia tri vat cha't cua trieu cd'ng cang trd nen
md nhat (17).

Sd' lUdng sQ gia va gia tri vat p h i m trieu
cd'ng cua nha Nguyin vdi nha Thanh da

giam sc vdi thdi ki dau, song quan he trieu
cd'ng binh thudng giQa hai nUdc khdng thay
dd'i. Nhung khi vu loan Thai Binh thien
qud'c nd ra (1851-1864), nha Thanh da yeu
c i u ngQng trieu cd'ng va trong vdng mUdi
sau nam sau dd khdng cd sQ gia nao dUde

cQ di (18). Cu the, quan he trieu cd'ng tam
ngQng sau khi nha Nguyen cii sQ gia sang
theo quy dinh vao nam 1852, nam ngay sau
vu loan xay ra, de'n nam 1868 thi dUdc ndi
lai (19). TQ sau dd, nha Nguyen cii sQ than
sang nha Thanh bdn l i n vao cac nam 1870,
1872, 1876 va 1880 (20). Sau nay, vao nam
1883, giQa lue ngi cung Hue cd bie'n, Hiep
Hda (7-11/1883) dinh cQ sQ gia sang nha
Thanh eau phong de cung cd' dia vi ciia
minh. Van de la, vung Ddng Kinh luc ba'y
gid bi quan ddi Phap chiem giQ nen da
khdng the sQ dung dudng bd nhU trUde day.
Vi vay, Hiep Hda da thinh cau nha Thanh
cho di bang dudng bien va dUde chip
thuan. Song ngay sau dd dng da bi quyen
than la Tdn That Thuye't va Nguyin Van
Tudng ha ddc nen khdng thiie hien dUde
(21). SQ gia cudi cung cua nha Nguyen sang
nha Thanh la sQ gia sang xin sic phong
cho Kien Phiic (1883-1884), ngay sau ddi
vua Hiep Hda (22). Tuy nhien, Kien Phiic
cung khdng dUdc sac phong vi chi sau
khoang nQa nam tren ngdi vi da chet vi
benh tat. Ket cue, quan he trieu cd'ng giQa
nha Nguyen va nha Thanh dUdc tie'n hanh
lien tuc trcng tam mUdi nam, tQ nam 1803,
da cha'm dQt khi Viet Nam hoan toan trd
thanh thudc dia ciia thiie dan Phap theo
Hiep Udc Pa-td-nd't (cdn ggi la hiep udc Hue

l i n thQ hai hoac hiep Udc Giap Than) ky
vao nam 1884.

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24 Rghien CLTU Lich sJr, sef 9.2009

ngUdi Trung Qud'c cho r a n g hg cd nen van
hda Uu viet va san vat phong phu. The
nhUng, dQng tren lap trUdng ciia Viet Nam
thi n h a n dinh nay khdng cd can cQ. DUdng
nhien khdng the phii n h a n hoan toan ve
mat van hda.

Cac vi vua trong dd cd vua Gia Long va
ca t i n g Idp tri thQc, deu thich Nho hge,
nghi rang Trung Qud'c la nggn ngudn cua
tri thQc. Xin ddn cii mgt dan chQng. Vua
Gia Long vao budi chau sang thudng ban
luan vdi cac quan trong trieu ve sU tieh
quan t h i n ddi Han, Dudng va che do eac
trieu dai. Sau budi c h i u thi cho xem Minh 
sCc va ban luan de'n khuya (24). Cdn viec 
vua Minh Mang chu trgng de'n vi$e Nho
hge hdn ba't cQ vi vua nad cua nha N g u y i n
thi ai cung biet (25). Sau ddi vua Minh
Mang, vua Thieu Tri (1841-1847) cung coi
trgng Nho hge va van si, t h a m chi edn tQ ra
di thi khoa eii. Cho nen, mgt trong nhQng 
nhiem vu quan trgng sQ t h i n khi di sang
nha T h a n h la mang ve cac thQ tich Trung
Qudc, nha't la t h u tich mdi p h a t h a n h . Dieu

nay ed the thay qua chi du cua vua Minh
Mang ddi vdi sQ gia di sQ nha T h a n h nam
1829. Ong yeu c i u tim mua cd' thi, cd hga
va cd n h a n ky thu. Dong thdi, ne'u cd the
tim dUdc thiic luc cua n h a Thanh thi du ehi
la ban thao cung bang mgi gia phai mua ve
(26).

Viec mua t h u tich Trung Qudc khdng
phai chi de lam giau vd'n tri thQc. NhQng
thu tieh nay edn la tai lieu t h a m khao quan
trgng cua trieu dinh n h a Nguyen de xay
dUng cae che do phap luat hay che do chinh
tri,... Xin la'y mdt vi du. Vua Gia Long da
bien soan va ban h a n h bg luat Quoc trieu 
lugt le, dUdc biet de'n nhieu hdn vdi cai ten 
Hodng Viet lugt le vao n a m 1815. Bd luat 
nay tuy ndi la t h a m khao Hong Diic lugt le 
va Dgi Thanh dieu lugt (27) nhUng tren

thiic te trQ mdt p h a n ra't nhd, ndi dung h i u
n h u nguyen m l u eiia Dai Thanh luat.

Ve m a t van hda;, nhiem vu chinh khac
ciia sQ t h a n di sQ n h a T h a n h la truyen ba
nudc minh la mdt nudc van hda. Vi vay khi
tuyen chgn sQ t h a n di sQ n h a Thanh, nha
N g u y i n de cao tai ngoai giao cung nhU tri
thQc ve van hda. Chung ta ed t h e thay dieu
nay qua mgt sac lenh ma vua Minh Mang

ban nam 1840 (28). Theo vua Minh Mang,
sQ t h i n di sQ n h a T h a n h p h a i la ngUdi gidi
van hge va ngdn ngii, neu la ngUdi k6m coi
thi chi chud'c la'y sQ k h i n h miet ciia nudc
khae. Bdi vl, nhQng ngUdi nay khdng chi
phai ddi dap thd van mgt each binh dang
vdi cac q u a n lai n h a T h a n h ma hg cdn phai
thi t h d van chUdng vdi cac sQ t h i n de'n tQ
Trieu Tien (29). Viec can n h i c tai van
chudng cua sQ gia di sQ T r u n g Qudc khdng
chi d trieu Nguyen ma cac trieu dai trUdc
day cung t h e (30).

M a t khac, cac vua n h a N g u y i n ciing lo
lang khdng biet sQ gia dUde cii di sQ nha
T h a n h cd lam x i u t h e dien qudc gia hay
khdng. N a m 1809 va 1817, khi sQ t h i n
c h u i n hi di sQ n h a T h a n h , dieh t h a n vua
4Bia Long da vdi cac sQ t h i n vao va ra
nghiem lenh rang, cdc ngUdi phdi giii gin 
qudc the vd lam sao cho moi bang giao dUdc 
viing chdc. Viee chii trgng de'n sQ gia bang 
giao, theo n h a n dinh cua Takeda Ryoji,
khdng phai xua't p h a t tQ Idng tdn kinh doi
vdi nha T h a n h ma la de khdng hi chuoc la'y
sii ghdt bd hay k h i n h miet cua n h a Thanh
(31). NhQng dieu s a u day se cho tha'y, vua
nha N g u y i n ed xu hUdng khdng nhQng
khdng kinh trgng n h a T h a n h , ma ngUdc lai
edn coi nha T h a n h la di dich.

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Ljch sij- quan he Vief Ram - Trung Qud'c. 25

do ba't man. Nam 1840, Bd L l bao cao vdi
nha vua ve viec sQ t h a n di sQ nha Thanh
nam trudc da bi nha Thanh xep hang sau
sQ t h i n cac nUdc Cao Ly (Trieu Tien), Nam
Chudng (Lao), Xiem La (Xiem), LUu Cau va
hdi rang phai ddi Qng the nao. Vua Minh
Mang tra ldi rang, viec ndy do sd sudt cila 
bg Le nhd Thanh, Cao Ly la nUdc vdn hie'n 
thi da ddnh, Nam Chudng la nUdc triiu 
cong cua chiing ta, Xiem La vd Liiu Cdu la 
niidc Di dich nen khdng the nhU vay diidc. 
Ong ndi them rang, sau ndy cdn cd chuyen 
nhu vay, cdc ngiidi hay ra khoi hdng, thd bi 
trdch phgt cdn dd hdn (32). Bdi the, tdi cho 
rang, vdi vua Minh Mang, hdn ba't cQ vi
vua nao cua Viet Nam tin r i n g Viet Nam
la da't nudc van minh thi khdng cd sU si
nhuc nao ldn hdn the. Khdng biet nguyen
do vi dau ma bd L l nha Thanh da xep sQ
gia nha Nguyin tha'p hdn so vdi Nam
Chudng, nhung dung n h u ldi vua Minh
Mang, day rd rang la sQ n h i m lan. Vi theo
danh sach cae nudc phu thuge trong Thanh 
sU cdo, thQ tii cae nQdc dUdc ghi la Trieu 
Tien, Luu C i u , Viet Nam, Mien Dien
(Mianma), Xiem La, Nam Chudng,... Mot
sii that ra't thu vi d day la, trong Ngogi

qudc truyen ciia Minh sit, thQ tii cac nUde la 
Trieu Tien, An Nam (Viet Nam), Nhat Ban,
Luu C i u , La Td'ng (Phi-lip-pin).... An Nam
dUdc dat trudc LUu C i u nhung nha Thanh
lai dat Viet Nam sau Luu Ciu. Dieu nay
khien tdi nghi rang, quan he giQa nha
Thanh va trieu dinh nha Nguyen khdng
gin gui n h u chung ta tudng.

Dieu ma chung ta phai ehii y d day la,
phudng dien van hda ndi tren ehi la mdt
p h i n cua 11 do khie'n trieu dinh nha
Nguyin tiep n h a n the che trieu cd'ng eua
nha Thanh. Li do quan trgng hdn la nha
Nguyin mud'n duy tri sii an toan cua vUdng
trieu bang each t r a n h ddi d i u ve mat quan

sii va xay diing quan he than thien vdi nha
Thanh. Theo Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Viet
Nam da mUdi lam lan hi ngoai qud'c xam
lUdc (33). Trong so' 11 l i n bi ngoai xam tinh
cho de'n trudc the ky XIX thi trQ l i n bi
Xiem xam lUdc nam 1785, mUdi l i n cdn lai
deu la cac cudc chie'n t r a n h vdi Trung Qud'c.
Vi nha Nguyin chUa tQng hi nha Thanh
xam ludc l i n nao, trUde dd khi lap vUdng
trieu da mUdi l i n Trung Qud'c xam lUdc
Viet Nam, khdng nhQng the, trUde khi nha
Nguyen dUde lap nen khoang mUdi nam,
nam 1788, nha Thanh da xam lUdc Viet

Nam, nen tdi cho rang day la mdi lo khdng
nhd ddi vdi cac vua nha Nguyin. Viec
Nguyin Phuc Anh cQ Trinh Hoai DQc di sQ
trude khi ta'n cdng Ha Ndi da ndi len dieu
nay. Nd xua't phat tQ y dd ngan chan sii can
thiep ciia nha Thanh b i n g viec the hien ro
rang se trieu cd'ng nha Thanh. Tuy nhien
tren thiic te', nha Thanh luc ba'y gid da budc
vao thdi ky suy thoai nen sau vu loan Bach
Lien giao (1796-1805),... da khdng edn sQc
de can thiep vao Viet Nam. Day la li do
khie'n trieu cdng ciia Nguyin Phuc Anh
cung nhu viee sic phong dng la Viet Nam
qud'c VUdng de dang dUdc cha'p thuan.

Vi trieu Nguyen nghi r i n g nha Thanh la
sii tdn tai mang tinh uy hiep nen cac ddi
vua quan tam de'n tinh hinh nha Thanh la
dieu dudng nhien. Do dd, da thanh thdng
le, khi cac sQ t h i n di sQ Thanh ve nha vua
thudng vdi ngay vao va hdi ve tinh hinh
nha Thanh. Thang 12 nam 1818, ngay khi
eac sQ t h i n di sQ nha Thanh ve, vua Gia
Long da hdi ve tinh hinh nUdc Thanh (34).
Khdng c i n ndi cung biet vua hdi de xem
nhQng bie'n ddng chinh tri, xa hdi ciia nha
Thanh cd anh hUdng de'n Viet Na.m hay
khdng.

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25 Rghien cijru Lich sit. s6 9.2009

Thanh va ludn cd gang de cd dUdc nhQng
thdng tin a'y. Ong da yeu cau sQ t h a n di sQ
nha Thanh viet SU trinh nhat ky va phai 
viet chi tie't nhQng dieu m i t tha'y tai nghe d
Trung Qudc. Thang 4 n a m 1832, vua Minh
Mang khien trach ba sQ gia dUdc cii di da
ghi lai het sQc dai khai ve tinh hinh nha
Thanh khdng nhu y dd cila dng. Ong ra
lenh, sau nay cac sQ gia phai ghi lai chinh
xac tinh hinh n h a nUdc va dan tinh nha
Thanh cdn nhQng dia danh,... da biet thi
khdng c i n phai ghi lai (35). Theo Dgi Nam 
thiic luc, khi tha'y nhQng thdng tin ma cac 
sQ t h a n di sQ nha T h a n h mang ve ehUa dii,
thang 10 cung n a m , dng yeu c i u eac quan
lai d Ha Ngi mua "kinh sao" (cdng bao cua
nha Thanh) tQ eac thUdng n h a n n h a Thanh
va dang len (36). Luc a'y, trong "kinh sao"
khdng ghi lai vu tuyet ldn d Nam Kinh hoi
thang 1 n a m dd khie'n dan chung chet edng
n h u n g Minh Mang da nghe dUdc tin dd va
ha lenh phai ghi lai ngay, cho thay dng chu
trgng de'n viec t h u t h a p tin tQc nha T h a n h
de'n mQc nao. Tdm lai, viec trieu cd'ng nha
Thanh ciia trieu Nguyen ngoai viec giam
nhe sU uy hiep ciia nha T h a n h b i n g viec
ket t h a n vdi n h a T h a n h , cdn cd y dd de
phdng sii uy hiep cd the xay ra sau nay.

Mdt li do q u a n trgng khac ma cac ddi
vua nha Nguyen mud'n duy t n quan he
trieu cd'ng la mud'n xac lap quyen uy ve mat
ddi ndi tQ viec dUdc s i c phong bdi vua n h a
Thanh. Vi Viet N a m chiu anh hudng ciia
van hda Trung Qud'c ra't lau nen cac ddi
vua deu nghi r i n g viec dUdc vua Trung
Qud'c sac phong la dieu dUdng nhien, do dd
Nguyen Phue Anh khdng the khdng trgng
thi thdng le dd. Thiic ra, viec dUde s i c
phong tQ vua Trung Qud'c hay khdng ed
anh hudng tuyet ddi de'n tinh hdp phap va
quyen liic cua vua Viet Nam. Viec vdi vang
s i c phong trUde khi thd'ng nha't da't nUde

ciia N g u y i n Phiic Anh ngoai viec mud'n loai
trQ sii can thiep cua n h a T h a n h edn cd ca d
li do tren.

Viec dUde vua Trung Qudc s i c phong cd
y nghia quan trgng de'n mQc nao se dUde
tha'y qua cac vi du sau day. Sau khi cUdp
ngdi n h a Le n a m 1527, Mac Dang Dung
dQdc n h a Minh thQa n h a n va ehinh quyen
dd da duy tri quyen iQc trong mdt thdi gian.
Sau nay du b i t h e liic phil Le danh dud'i
khdi T h a n g Long n a m 1592, Mac Dang
Dung lap can cQ d vung giap Trung Qudc la
Cao Bang, dUdc n h a Minh, sau dd la nha
T h a n h bao hg, tuy chi la ehinh quyen dia

phQdng n h u n g da duy tri dUdc vUdng quyen
n h a Mac de'n n a m 1677. Dieu nay ed the
tha'y qua viec chinh quyen Ho Quy Ly
(1400-1407), do khdng dUdc n h a Minh cdng
n h a n da sup do' n h a n h chdng. Mat khae,
khi n h a Mac cUdp ngdi, the lUc mudn khdi
phuc trieu dinh hg Le da cit sQ gia sang
nha Minh to' cao sQ sai t r a i cua chinh
quyen n h a Mac va cau quan thao phat (37).
Dieu nay thiic r a xua't p h a t tQ y dd xac lap
chinh quyen hdp p h a p cua minh ve mat ddi
ndi.

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Ljch siif quan he Viet Ram - Trung Qud'c. 2T

s a i Gon l i n thQ hai (ten khae la Hiep Ude
Giap Tua't) dUdc ki giQa trieu Nguyin va
Phap nam 1874 (38), nen viee dng cQ sQ gia
c i u phong hi coi la vi pham hiep Udc. Du
vay, viec van cQ sQ gia c i u phong cho thay
rd rang sac phong cd y nghia tUdng trUng
quan trgng nhudng nad.

Muc dich kinh te cung la mgt nguyen
nhan quan trgng khie'n trieu Nguyin tie'p
nhan the che' trieu cd'ng cua nha Thanh.
Trong bdi canh liic ba'y gid, khi ma boat
ddng mau dich tii do tU n h a n nha Thanh va
nha Nguyin hi h a n ehe khdng nhu ngay
nay thi che do trieu cd'ng da ddng vai trd

quan trgng vdi tU each la mau dich ca'p nha
nudc thdng qua viec qua lai eua eac sQ
t h i n . Nha Thanh du sao cung cho phep
thudng n h a n cua nha Thanh tham gia vao
boat ddng mau dich vdi Viet Nam mdt each
han ehe nhUng tuyet ddi khdng cho phep
cac thudng n h a n Viet Nam dUde sang
Trung Qud'c. Nha Nguyin thi khac vdi nha
Thanh, ngay tQ d i u , trieu dinh da ca'm dan
chung x u i t canh vi muc di'ch ca nhan. Lenh
ca'm nghiem k h i e d i u tien dUde ban ra cd
cai ten Lugt cam van dUdng bg vd dudng 
thuy vao nam 1816 dudi thdi vua Gia Long 
(39). Sd di ed lenh ca'm nay la do cac vat
pham ca'm xua't k h a u nhu gao, mudi, vang,
bae, ddng, sQng trau, nga voi,... "chay" sang
Trung Qud'c thdng qua con dudng budn lau.
Nha Thanh cung nghiem cam xua't thep,
chi, luu huynh,... TrQdc tinh hinh nay,
trieu dinh n h a N g u y i n khdng cdn each nao
khae phai mua vat pham thdng qua cac sQ
t h i n .

Trudc khi cae sQ t h i n chuan bi di sQ,
nha Nguyin dUa cho danh muc cae vat
p h i m dUdc vua nha Thanh ban hoac cac
mat hang phai mua, va cae sQ t h i n chi
dUde phdp t u a n theo. Mdt trong nhQng thQ
quan trgng trong sd' cac mat hang mua tQ

nha Thanh la t h u tich da de cap d p h i n
tren. Ngoai r a cdn ed n h a n sam, dUde lieu,
tra Tau, gia'y,... Cae sQ t h i n ne'u khdng
mua day dii cac mat hang trieu dinh yeu
c i u khi ve nQdc se hi xQ phat. Dieu nay cd
the tha'y qua viec cac sQ t h i n di s Q n h a
Thanh nam 1830 la Nguyin Trgng Vu,
Nguyen Dinh Tan, Dang Van Khai bi each
chQc (40). Trudc khi di, hg dUdc lenh eua
vua Minh Mang xin vdi Bd L l cua nha
Thanh rang, nUdc chung tdi it nhdn sdm 
nen thay cho cdc vat phdm vua ban trUdc 
day bang nhdn sdm Quan Dong, ddng thdi 
phai mua thUdng bich, hoang tdng, hoang
khue, t h a n h khue (cac vat p h i m b i n g
ngge). The'nhung hg lam ma't the dien qud'c
gia vi ndi rang can n h a n sam vao viee hie'u
dudng. Them vao dd, ta't ca eac vat pham
b i n g ngoc hg phai mua deu la thuy tinh.
Dd la nhQng li do khie'n hg hi xQ phat. Viee
mua nguyen vat lieu khdng chi diin ra khi
sQ t h i n di sQ theo dinh ky ma ta't nhien
khi sQ gia lam thdi di sQ cung vay. Thang
12 nam 1847, khi cQ sQ t h i n sang thdng
bao cho nha Thanh viec hoang de Thieu Tri
qua ddi, vua mdi len ngdi la Tii DQc da dQa
danh sach cac vat pham phai mua nhu cac
dd dung bang ngge, dd chdi, dd cd', dd sanh
sQ va cac dd quy hiem khac. The nhUng,
mdt vien quan giam sat da tau vdi vua

rang, vua mdi len ngdi nen can phai gian
di, hdn nQa sQ t h i n di sQ de bao viec tang
nen khdng the mua xa xi pham. Vi vay,
viec nay da bi dinh lai (41).

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2S Rghien cihi Ljch siir. s g 9.2009

Nam hoac ngUdc lai, khdng c6 cl Trung
Qudc ma cd d Vi$t Nam thi co the trao ddi
nhQng h a n g hda nky cho nhau.

Mgi vat p h i m ma cac sQ t h i n mua ve tQ
nUdc Thanh dUdc ca't giQ tai cd quan phu
trach viec tieu dQng va chi tra ciia hoang
tha't. Viec ca't giQ nay khdng chi de hoang
tha't sQ dung. Nha vua cdn dQng nhQng vat
quy hiem nay de ban thudng hoac tang qua
cho cac quan lai, cac sQ t h i n di sQ nha
Thanh, ddi khi, cdn dUde dung de bd' sung
cho ngudn tai chinh dia phUdng. X6t cho
cung, cac vat p h i m nay dUdc cac ddi vua sit 
dung nhu mdt phUdng tien nang cao quyen
luc eua minh (43). Tdm lai, trieu dinh nha

N g u y i n tiep n h a n t h e chg' t r i i u cong cua
n h a T h a n h chi cd lgi. N h a T h a n h coi trgng
quan he quan t h i n nhUng ddi vdi nha
Nguyin, diiu dd chi m a n g •f nghia hinh 
thQc. Cac vua n h a Nguyen ve m9t doi ndi
xQng la vua, la'y nien hieu, sau dd nhu

chung ta tha'y, ddi vdi cac nU6c lang gieng
khac coi minh la nUdc ba chu, coi cac nQdc
dd la nUdc thudc dia, lap r a t r a t t u the gidi
rieng cua minh. X6t cho cQng, Viet Nam
khdng phai la nUdc thudc dia cua nha
Thanh ma la mgt qudc gia ddc lap.

(Cdn niia)

CHU THICH

(1). Benjamin I. Schwartz, "The Chinese
Perception of World Order: Past and Present" in
John K. Fairbank ed. T?ie Chinese World Order: 
Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, 
Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 276.

(2). Chun Hae Jong, "Khao sat quan h? Hin
-Trung thcli ky nhk Thanh - V6' sil bien thien trong 
thai dp cua nhi Thanh nhin tU che d? trieu cong" 
(ban tie'ng Hin Quoc), Ddng DdOng hoc, 1 (1971), 
pp. 235-238; Inokuchi Takashi, "Thit bin vl trfit 
til the giai Dong A truyen tho'ng - Vdi trpng tam \k 
sil can thi$p vko Vi$t Nam cua Trung Quoc cuoi 
thjfky XVIII" (ban tieng Nhat) Tap chi Ngogi giao 
qudc <e'73-5 (1975), pp. 44-47.

(3). John Fairbank and S.Y. Teng, "On the
Ching Tributary System," in John Fairbank and
S.Y. Teng, Ching Administration: Three Studies

(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,
1960), pp. 182-183.

(4). Xin din cuon Lich sd quan he Viet Nam 
-Trung Qud'c (ban tilng Nhat) (Tokyo, 1975) do 
Yamamoto Tatsuro bien soan, vdi tu each tai U?u 
nghien ciJu dai di$n nhin chi dp trieu cong khong

la'y Trung Quoc lim trung tam mi tit lap trU&ng
cua cac nu6c xung quanh. Luan vin niy da ducjc
si^ giiip dd ldn cua npi dung hai ph&n trong cu6ii
sach la "Quan h$ cl sd ki triiu Nguyin vdi nha
Thanh" cua Takeda Ryoji vk "Quan h$ cl trung ki 
trieu Nguyin vdi nha Thanh" cua Wada Hironori.

(5). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bign, I, quyin 17 
(Tokyo; Institute of Cultural and Linguistic
Studies, Keio University, 1961-1981), pp. la~2a;
Quo'c sU di biin (Hong Kong: New Asia Research 
Institute, The Chinese Univertity of Hong Kong,
1965), p. 7.

(6). ChiJ«^(rdng) va cha?.^(sij thinh vUqIng)
trong tilng Vi$t diu phat &m la "long". Thuc tl,
khong lau sau dng da doi Thang Long ( # ^ ^
thanh ^ p ^ . Qudc sd di bien p. 30.

(7). Dgi Nam chinh bien liet truyen sd tgp, 
quyen 11, pp. 4b-5a; Suzuki Chusei, 1966 'Thilt
lap quan h$ giQa nha Thanh va Vi^t Nam" (ban

tieng Nhat) Tdng ludn van hge dgi hoc Ai Chi, t$p 
33-34, p. 351.

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Lich sit quan h e Viet R a m - Trung Qugc... 2S

1919). Reprinted., (Westmaead, England: Gregg
International Publishers, 1972), pp. 375-376.

(9). Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 351.
(10). Dgi Nam chinh bien liet truyen so tap, 
quyen 11, p. 2a; Choi Byung Wook, Southern

Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang 
(1820-1841) (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program

Publications, 2004) p. 131.

(11). Co le do tong doc Quang Dong da siia hieu
cua Nguyen Phuc Anh la "Nong Nai quo'c triiclng".
Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> tham khao p.
353. Nong Nai la ten goi trUdc day cua phu Gia
Dinh.

(12). Ve va'n de quoc hieu, Suzuki Chusei da
lap luan ra't cu the tren cd sd Thanh thdc luc vk 
mgt tai lieu do Ton Ngoc Dinh, tu^n phu Quang
Tay, ngudi phu trach vi§c bien ch4p cua nha
Thanh viet la Dien Ly Bdimg tap. Suzuki Chusei, 
<ten bai da dan> pp. 353-358. Cf. Dgi Nam thdc

luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, pp. l b - 2 a ; Trinh Hoai

Dflc soan, Cdn trai thi tap (Hong Kong; New Asia 
Research Institute, 1962), p. 132.

(13). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, 
p. 3a,

(14). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, 
p. 3b; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 358.

(15). Dgi Nam thuc tuc, chinh bien, 1, quyen 23, 
p. 4a; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 358.

(16). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, 
pp. 4a-b.

(17). Bai Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 
207, pp. 41b~42a; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da
d5n> p. 358

(18). John K Fairbank, "The Early Treaty
System in the Chinese World Order," John K.
Fairbank ed., op. cit., p. 269; Wada Hironori, <ten
bai da dan> p. 566.

(19). Bai Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen

38, pp. 44a-b; Wada Hironori. <ten bai da dln> p.
566, 581.

(20). Wada Hironori. <ten bai da dan> p. 581.
(21). Wada Hironori, <ten bai da din> p.
584-585. (22). Theo Bai Nam thdc luc, quan he 
trieu cong vdi nha Thanh khi vua Kien Phiic len
ngoi da bi cIt d\tt hoan toin, nhiing thong qua cac 
tu lieu cua Trung Quo'c Wada Hironori nh4n dinh
rang sU that khong phai vay. Bai Nam thdc tuc, 
chinh bien, V, quyen 1, pp. 25a-b; Wada Hironori,
<ten bai da dan> pp. 589-590.

(23). Khi viet v l va'n d l nky da tham khao luan 
van sau ciia ngUdi viet. Yu Insun, 1981'"Quan he

Trung - Viet vd che do trieu cd'ng - hd vd thdc. Tap

chi Hoi khoa hoc lich s i , 114 (1987), pp. 107-114.
(24). Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 43, p 
4a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dan> p. 502.

(25). Ve va'n de tie'p nhan van hda va che dp
Trung Quo'c cua vua Minh Mang, co mot nghien
cilu CO dien tren cd sd Woodside. Alexander B.
Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A

Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese 
Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth 
Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University

Press, 1971).

(26). Bai Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, II, quyen 
69, pp. 29b~30a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dan> p.
499.

(27). Bgi Nam thuc luc, chinh" bien, I, quyen 51, 
pp. 3a-b.

(28). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 
218, p. 33a; Woodside, op. cit., p. 115.

(29). Woodside, ibid., p. 115.

(30). Ct. Woodside, ibid, p. 115; O.W. Welters,
"Assertions of Cultural Well-being in
Fourteenth-Century Vietnam" (Part One, Journal of Southeast

Asian Studies 10-2(1979), p. 436.

</div>

Lịch sử quan hệ Việt Nam - Trung Quốc thế kỷ XIX thể chế triều cống, thực và hư.

<b>LjCH SUT QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX </b>

<i><b>THE CHE TRIEU CONG, THt/C VA HW </b></i>

<b>LjCH Sir QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX </b>

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