UNIT 2

URBANISATION
(SỰ ĐÔ THỊ HÓA)

A. VOCABULARY
New words
agricultural
/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/

Meaning
thuộc về nông
nghiệp

(adj)

Picture

Example
Many of them used to be
employed as agricultural
laborers.
Nhiều người trong số họ
từng được thuê làm lao
động nông nghiệp.

cost - effective
/kɒst t ɪˈfektɪv /
(adj)

hiệu quả, xứng

đáng với chi phí

I think it is a cost-effective
way to solve the problem.
Tôi nghĩ đây là một cách
hiệu quả về chi phí để giải
quyết vấn đề này.

densely populated
/ ˈdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪt /

dân cư đông đúc/
mật độ dân số cao

They live in densely
populated I areas.
Họ sống trong những khu
vực có mật độ dân cư đông
đúc.

discrimination
/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ (n)

sự phân biệt đối
xử

The law should do more to
prevent racial
discrimination and
inequality.

Luật pháp cần phải làm
nhiều hơn để ngán chán sự
phân biệt chủng tộc và bất
bình đẳng.

downmarket
/ˌdaʊnˈmɑːkɪt/ (adj)

giá rẻ, bình dân

This town has a lot of
downmarket hotels.


down-to-earth
/,daun tu ' ɜːθ / (adj)

thực tế/ sát thực
tế

Thị trấn này có rất nhiều
khách sạn bình dân.
He is probably the most
down-to- earth person that
I've ever met.
Anh ta có lẽ là người thực tế
nhất mà tôi từng gặp.

industrialization
/ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

(n)

sự công nghiệp
hóa

interest-free

không tính lãi/
không lãi suất

/ˈɪntrəst 'fri:/ (adj)

Industrialization began early
in this country.
Công nghiệp hóa bắt đầu
sớm ở đất nước này.

He got an interest-free loan
last week.
Anh ta đã nhận được một
khoản vay không lãi suất
vào tuần trước.

kind-hearted
/kaɪnd 'ha:tid/ (adj)

long-lasting
/lɒŋ ˈlɑːstɪŋ/ (adj)

migrate

/maɪˈɡreɪt/ (V)

tử tế, tốt bụng

lâu dài, kéo dài,
diễn ra trong thời
gian dài

di cư

My father was a warm,
generous and kind-hearted
man.
Cha tôi là một người đàn
ông ấm áp, hào phóng và
tốt bụng.
I hope that we will have a
long-lasting friendship.
Tôi hy vọng rằng chúng ta
sẽ có một tình bạn lâu dài.

Many people migrated from
rural areas to big cities in
search of work.
Nhiều người di cư từ nông
thôn đến các thành phố lớn
để tìm kiếm việc làm.


mindset

/ˈmaɪndset/ (n)

tư duy

The process of urbanization
can change their mindset.
Quá trình đô thị hóa có thể
thay đổi tư duy của họ.

overload

làm cho quá tải

/ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/ (v)

Don't overload the students
with information.
Đừng làm cho sinh viên bị
quá tải với thông tin.

sanitation

vệ sinh

/ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ (n)

Lack of clean water and
poor sanitation were the
main problems in this area.
Thiếu nước sạch và vệ

sinh kém là những vấn đề
chính trong khu vực này.

self-motivated
/ self ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪd /
(adj)

slum

tự tạo động lực
cho bản thân

You should be selfmotivated.
Bạn nên tự tạo động lực cho
bản thân

nhà ổ chuột

/slʌm/ (n)

Many people in this area
have to live in slums.
Nhiều người ở khu vực này
phải sống trong những càn
nhà ổ chuột.

switch off
/ swɪtʃ ɒf / (v)

ngừng, thôi

không chú ý đến
nữa

The lesson was so boring,
so I completely switched
off.
Bài học quá nhàm chán, vì
vậy tôi hoàn toàn không chú
ý đến nó nữa.


time-consuming

tốn thời gian

/'taɪm kənˈsjuːmɪŋ/
(adj)

I think this will be a much
more difficult and timeconsuming task.
Tôi nghĩ đây sẽ là một
nhiệm vụ khó khăn và tốn
thời gian hơn nhiều.

thought-provoking
/' θɔːt prəˈvəʊkiŋ/
(adj)

kích thích tư
duy


We will show some
thoughtprovoking photos to
illustrate urbanization in our
country.
Chúng tôi sẽ trình bày một
số hình ảnh kích thích tư
duy để minh họa cho quá
trình đô thị hóa ở đất nước
chúng ta.

unemployment
tình trạng thất
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ (n) nghiệp

Unemployment is one of
biggest problems in this
country.
Thất nghiệp là một trong
những vấn đề lớn nhất ở đất
nước này.

upmarket
/ˌʌpˈmɑːkɪt/ (adj)

cao cấp, đắt tiền,
xa xỉ

There are some upmarket
restaurants in this city.

Thành phố này có nhiều nhà
hàng cao cấp.

urbanization

đô thị hóa

/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ (n)

Urbanization can have
negative effects on the
environment.
Quá trình đô thị hóa có thể
có tác động tiêu cực đến
môi trường.

weather-beaten
/ˈweðə biːtn/ (adj)

dãi dầu sương gió

In Hanoi city, sometimes
you can see weather-beaten
faces of people who come
from rural areas.


Ở thành phố Hà Nội, đôi khi
ta có thể bắt gặp những
người đến từ nông thôn với

gương mặt dãi dầu sương
gió.

well-established
/ˌwel ɪˈstæblɪʃt/
(adj)

được hình thành
từ lâu, có tiếng
tăm

This city has some wellestablished companies in
that specific sector. Thành
phố này có một vài công ty
có tiếng tăm trong lĩnh vực
đặc thù đó.

B. GRAMMAR
The subjunctive in that clause after certain verbs and expressions (Giả định trong mệnh đề "that"
sau một số động từ và thành ngữ)
The subjunctive (Thức giả định) là hình thức động từ có dạng nguyên mẫu không có "TO". Nó được dùng
để nhấn mạnh tính cần thiết hay quan trọng (đưa ra lời khuyên, yêu cầu, đề nghị...) của sự việc. Nó được
dùng trong những ngữ cảnh trang trọng (formal), nhất là trong văn viết.
E.g:
- I suggest that she apply for this job.
- It is important that you come here on time

1. Câu giả định dùng với động từ
advise; ask; command; demand; desire; insist; move (đề nghị); propose; recommend; require; request;
suggest; urge;...

Subjunctive dùng trong mệnh đề "that" sau một số động từ như sau:
E.g:
- We urge that he leave now.
- My mother insisted that I settle down in Hanoi City.
- He requested that everyone be on time.


Nếu bỏ that đi chủ ngữ 2 sẽ trở thành tân ngữ, động từ trở về dạng nguyên thể có to, câu sẽ mất đi ý nghĩa
giả định và trở thành câu bình thường.
E.g:
We urge him to leave now.
2. Câu giả định dùng với tính từ
Các tính từ dùng trong câu giả định gồm các tính từ sau đây:
advised

important

recommended

best

mandatory

required

crucial (quan trọng)

necessary

suggested


desirable

obligatory

urgent

essential

proposed

vital

imperative
Form:

It + be + adj+ that + S + [V in simple form]...

E.g:
It is necessary that he stop smoking.
It is desirable that they invest more money in rural areas.
Ngoài các tính từ thì thể giả định có thể dùng sau một số thành ngữ như"It is a good idea hoặc It is a bad
idea"
E.g:
It is a good idea that they have access to modern technology.
Trong một số trường hợp có thể dùng danh từ tương ứng với các tính từ ở trên theo cấu trúc sau:
It + be + N + that + S + [V in simple form]...
E.g:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
Note:

a. Trong tiếng Anh của người Anh (British English), "should" thường được dùng trước động từ nguyên thể
để đưa ra ý tưởng giả định (should + V); thông dụng nhất sau một số động từ như "suggest, recommend,
insist"
E.g:
The doctor recommended that he should give up smoking.
b. The subjunctive có thể được dùng trong các hình thức phủ định, tiếp diễn và bị động
E.g:
- They urged that people not waste natural resources.
- It is important that you be standing here when she gets off the plane.
- He recommended that Linda be allowed to live here permanently.

■ BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
Bài 1: Complete the sentence with a suitable verb from the box.


be

feel

make

remain

1. He suggests that everybody

an effort.

2. We insist that more money

invested in education.


3. They demanded that the president

say

something about the situation.

4. The psychologists recommended that the criminal
5. It is important that each patient

in prison.

comfortable.

Bài 2: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. It's important that she
A. remember

to take her medicine twice a day.

B. remembering

2. I suggest that Frank
A. reading

C. to remember

the instructions carefully before playing that game.
B. to read


C. read

3. Mrs. Smith demanded that the heater
A. repaired

D. reads

immediately. Her apartment was freezing.

B. be repaired

C. repair

4. It's vital that the United States
A. focuses

D. remembers

D. repaired

on improving its public education system.

B. focus

C. focusing

D. focused

5. The monk insisted that the tourists


the temple until they had removed their shoes.

A. not entering

C. not enter

B. not to enter

D. don't enter

6. I am not going to sit here and let her insult me. I demand that she immediately
has just said.
A. apologized

B. apologizing

C. to apologize

7. Was it really necessary that I
A. sits

there watching you rehearse for the play?

B. am sitting

8. I propose that we all
A. is driving

C. be sitting


B. drive

C. to drive

D. are driving

C. returning

D. returned

back.
B. returns

10. I think it's an interesting fact that she
A. come

B. to come

from Japan.
C. comes

11. The chairman moved that the meeting
A. be

B. is

A. gave

B. give
B. paying


15. His doctor suqqested that he
A. will take

C. prepare

D. to prepare

me fewer compositions tonight.

14. They required that each member
A. to pay

D. were

their lesson. It's 8 p.m now.

B. are preparing

13. I'd rather my teacher

D. be coming

postponed.
C. was

12. It's high time the children
A. prepared

D. was sitting


together so that nobody gets lost along the way.

9. She told me that he
A. return

D. apologize

B. would take

16. The law requires that everyone

C. giving

D. gives

twenty-five dollar.
C. paid

D. pay

a rest.
C. take

D. took

his car checked at least once a month.

for what she



A. has

B. have

C. had

D. will have

Bài 3: Put the verbs in the correct form.
1. I wish he

(be) able to type faster.

2. If I

(be) you, then I would not do that.

3. Mr. David recommended that you
4.

(join) the committee.

(be) he here, he would be proud of his son.

5. It is important that you

(try) to study often.

6. Dr. John asked that Tim


(submit) his research paper before the end of the term.

7. Lisa requested that Tom

(come) to the party.

8. It is important that she
9. Ann asked that we

(attend) the meeting.
(attend) her graduation ceremony next week.

10. The teacher insists that her students
11. It's important that Jane

(come) on time.

(remember) to take her medicine twice a day.

12. Michael spent money as if he

(win) a lottery. 

Bài 4: Change the following sentences into the subjunctive mood.
1. She asked him to fix the computer.
⇒ She requested

.


2. Sarah wanted the post office to hold onto her mail.
⇒ Sarah asked

.

3. The judge told the lawyer to be quiet.
⇒ The judge insisted

.

4. My supervisor said it would be a good idea for me to accept this new position.
⇒ My supervisor suggested

.

5. "He should fix it himself," I said.
⇒ I suggested

.

Bài 5: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. I demand that he
A. apologize

immediately.
B. shall apologize

2. I suggested that she
A. consults


C. will apologize

D. has apologized

her lawyer before signing the contract.
B. shall consult

3. It is necessary that everything

C. will consult

ready by two o'clock tomorrow.

A. be

B. was

C. were

D. would have been

4. They recommend that she

to a ski resort in Spain.

A. will go

B. would have gone

C. should go


D. should have gone

5. It is advisable that you

D. should consult

your application as soon as possible.


A. submit

B. will submit

C. will have submitted

D. should have submitted

6. He decided to go inside the haunted house,
A. come

B. comes

7. It is strange that he
A. were
8. Far

what may.
C. should come


D. would come

so upset about such a trifle, isn't it?
B. shall be

C. should be

D. have been

it from me to criticize your plan, but I think you should change a few things in it.

A. be

B. is

C. was

9. The doctor insisted that she
A. go

to the hospital for tests.

B. goes

C. will go

10. She suggested that we
A. shall meet

D. were

D. has gone

in the lobby of the hotel at 9:00 a.m.

B. will meet

C. should meet

D. would have met

■ BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
Bài 6: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. It is necessary that the problem
A. would be

solved right away.

B. might be

C. be

2. I didn't go to the party yesterday, but I wish I
A. was

B. were

to the moon.

A. can fly


B. fly

5. He talks as if he

C. knew

D. had known

C. will fly

D. could fly

C. has known

D. will know fly

everything.

A. know

B. knew

6. Without your help, we

such rapid progress.

A. don't make

B. won't make


C. wouldn't have made

D. didn't make

7. If only I
A. could help

you!
B. can help

8. It's high time we
A. leave

B. left

D. help

C. should leave

D. are leaving

the meeting.

B. attends

10. He asked that the messaqe
A. take

C. will help


.

9. We all insisted that she
A. attend

D. went

it.

B. will know

4. I wish I

there.

C. had been

3. I don't know the answer. I wish I
A. know

D. is

C. attended

D. would attend

to Mr. Mark as fast as possible.

B. was taken


C. be taken

D. would take

Bài 7: Put the verbs in the correct form.
1. Jenny asked that we (attend)

her graduation ceremony next week.


2. It is important to remember that Jane (think)
very differently from you. She may not agree to
the changes you have made in the organization of the company.
3. John insists that Sarah (invite)

to the wedding; otherwise he will not attend.

4. The woman insisted that the lost child (take)
be paged.

to store's information desk so his parents could

5. The doctor recommended that Linda (reduce)

her daily fat intake.

6. The environmental leader felt it was extremely important that the people of the city (allow)
voice their concerns over the new hotel being built on the bay.
7. It is necessary that a life guard (monitor)
swimming lessons.


the summing pool while the children are taking their

8. The sun is scorching today. I suggest you (put)
burn.

on sunblock immediately before you get a sun

Bài 8: Change each command into a sentence that uses the subjunctive mood.
1. "Give me a refund," David told the clerk.
⇒ David demanded

.

2. "Could you help me move some boxes,"Tom asked me.
⇒ Tom requested

.

3. " Can you work at the weekend?"Susan's boss asked.
⇒ Susan'sbossasked

.

4. "Stop drinking so much!"Tim's wife told him.
⇒ Tim's mother demanded

.

5. "Take a vacation," our boss told us.

⇒ Ourbossinsi sted

to

.