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CẤU TẠO TỪ 3 – TỪ GHÉP (EV3003)

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BÀI 3: TỪ GHÉP (COMPOUNDINGS) (ID: EV3003)
1. Compound Adjectives (Tính từ kép) = Adj + V_ing/ V_ed
 A compound adjective is an adjective which is made up of two parts and is usually written
with a hyphen.
E.g:

- well-dressed (ăn mặc đẹp)
- never-ending (vô tận)
- shocking-pink (màu hồng tươi)

 Its meaning is usually clear from the words it combines.
 The second part of the compound adjective is frequently a present or past participle (Phân từ
hiện tại hoặc phân từ QK)
a. A large number of compound adjectives describe personal appearance (mô tả hình dáng con
người)

Words

Meaning

Words

Meaning

Curly-haired

Tóc xoăn

Slim-hipped

Hông mảnh

Sun-tanned

Rám nắng

Long-legged

Chân dài

Blue-eyed

Mắt xanh

Flat-footed

Bàn chân bẹt

Rosy-cheeked

Má hồng

Broad-shouldered


Vai rộng

Thin-lipped

Môi mỏng

Left-handed

Thuận tay trái

b.

Another set of compound adjectives describes a person’s character.
Words

Meaning

absent-minded
[forgetful]
easy-going [relaxed]

Đãng trí

good-tempered
[cheerful]

Words

Meaning


big-headed
[proud of herself]
Two-faced [hypocritical]

Tự cao tự đại

Thuần tính,
thuần hậu

self-centred [egotistical]

Tự cho mình là trung
tâm

warm-hearted [kind]

Ấm ấp

stuck-up [snobbish]

Vênh váo

quick-witted
[intelligent]

Nhanh nhạy

light-hearted


Vô tư lự, thư thái

Dễ gần, dễ tính

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c. Another special group of compound adjectives are those where the second part is a
preposition. Some of these adjectives are listed below with a typical noun.
Words
an all-out
[total]

strike

Meaning

Words

một cuộc tấn công
toàn diện


cast-off clothes
[no longer wanted by the
owner]
worn-out shoes
[can’t be worn anymore; of
people – exhausted]
a drive-in movie
[you watch from your
car]
well-off bankers
[wealthy]
a run-down area
[in poor condition]

a burnt-out car
một chiếc xe hơi bị
[nothing left in it after cháy rụi
a fire]
a broken-down bus
một chiếc xe buýt
[it won’t work]
hỏng
a built-up area
[lots of buildings in it]
a
hard-up
student
[poor]

khu cao ốc

học sinh hoàn cảnh
khó khăn

Meaning
quần ảo bỏ đi

đôi giày mòn

bãi chiếu bóng phục
vụ khách ngồi trong ô
tô
ngân hàng thịnh
vượng
khu vực đổ nát

2. Compound Nouns (Danh từ kép) = N + N
 A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and functions as
a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g. address book, human
being, science fiction.
a. Compound nouns may be written as two words, (e.g. tin opener, bank account), or they may be
written with a hyphen instead of a space between the words, (e.g. pen-name, baby-sitter). Some
expressions are occasionally written with a hyphen and occasionally as two separate words. For
instance, both letter box and letter-box are correct. Sometimes they may be written as one word,
(e.g. earring).
b. Compound nouns may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or the
plural.
 Examples of common countable compound nouns:
Word

Meaning


Word

Meaning

Alarm clock
Burglar alarm
Heart attack
Tea-bag

Đồng hồ báo thức
Báo động chống trộm
Đau tim
Túi trà

Package holiday
Credit card
Pedestrian crossing
Windscreen

Kỳ nghỉ trọn gói
Thẻ tín dụng
Vạch qua đường
Kính chắn gió



Examples of common uncountable compound nouns:

Word

Air-traffic control
Data-processing
Income tax
Birth control

Meaning

Word

Meaning

Kiểm soát không lưu

Family planning

Kế hoạch hóa gia đình

Xử lí dữ liệu
Thuế thu nhập
Kiểm soát sinh đẻ

Junk food
Blood pressure
Cotton wool

Đồ ăn vặt
Huyết áp
Bông mộc, xơ bông

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

Examples of common countable compound nouns used only in singular:

Word
Arms race
Generation gap
Mother-tongue
Greenhouse effect


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Meaning

Word

Meaning

Cuộc đua vũ trang

Brain drain

Chảy máu chất xám


Khoảng cách thế hệ
Tiếng mẹ đẻ
Hiệu ứng nhà kính

Death penalty
Labor force
Sound barrier

Án tử hình
Lực lượng lao động
Hàng rào âm thanh

Examples of common countable compound nouns used only in plural:

Word
Grass roots
Luxury goods
Human rights
Kitchen scissors

Meaning

Word

Meaning

rễ cỏ

Race relations


Quan hệ chủng tộc

Hàng hóa cao cấp
Quyền con người
Kéo nhà bếp

Roadworks
Sunglasses
Traffic lights

Công trường thi công
Kính râm
Đèn giao thông

3. Compound Nouns (Danh từ kép) = V + Prep
 Some compound nouns are based on phrasal verbs
a. Nouns based on phrasal verbs often have an informal feel to them and they are particularly
common in newspaper reporting. Here are examples of such nouns in use.
- In response to the pay offer, there was a walk-out at the factory. [strikel
- There is going to be a crack-down on public spending. [action against]
- There has been a break-out from the local prison. [escape]
- Last month saw a tremendous shake-up in personnel. [change]
- I never expected the break-up of the USSR. [collapse]
b. A number of these nouns have economic associations.
- The takeover of one of our leading hotel chains has just been announced. [purchase by another
company]
- We’re trying to find some new outlets for our products. [places to sell]
- Take your things to the check-out to pay for them. [cash-desk]
- Cutbacks will be essential until the recession is over. [reductions]

- We made a profit of £1000 on a turnover of £10,000. [money passing through a company]
c. Some of these nouns are associated with technology and other aspects of contemporary life.
- What the computer produces depends on the quality of the input (information that is put in)
- Output has increased thanks to new technology. [production]
- We have a rather rapid staff turnover. [change]
- Just after leaving school he went through the stage of being a dropout. [person who rejects
society]
- It will be a long time before the consequences of fallout from Chernobyl are no longer felt. [radioactive dust in the atmosphere]
- I can easily get you a printout of the latest figures [paper on which computer information has been
printed.
- A breakthrough has been made in AIDS research. [important discovery]

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d. Some of the words can be used in more general circumstances
Many of the problems were caused by a breakdown in communications. [failure]
The outlook for tomorrow is good - sunny in most places. [prospect]
There are drawbacks as well as advantages to every situation. [negative aspects]

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The outcome of the situation was not very satisfactory. [conclusion]
TV companies always welcome feedback from viewers. [comments]
It was clear from the outset that the set-up would cause problems. [start; situation]
We parked in a lay-by on the by-pass. [parking space at the side of a road; road avoiding the centre of a
town]
The outbreak of war surprised them. [start of something unpleasant, e.g. disease, violence]

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