MUG LUC

Trang
Phan Ma dau

1

ChuoTig 1: Mo hinh Mesopuff II

4

1.1. Ca sa ly ihuye't

4

1.1.1. Xirly cac yeu to khi lugtig Mesopac

4

1.1.1.1. Trucmg gio

4

1 1.1.2. V^n i6c ma sal be mat

7

1.1.1.3. Do cao 16p xao Iron
1.1.2. Tinh loan khuech tan trong Mesopuff

10

11

1.1.2.1. Phucmg trinh khuech tan chum khoi

11

1.1.2.2. PhuoTig trinh Ian truyen chum khoi

13

1.1.2.3. Ham lay m^u chum khoi

15

1.2. Can true chuang Irinh

16

1.3. Cac modun chinh

17

1.3.1. Chuong trinh Read62

17

1.3.2. Chuotig irinh Mesopac

20


1.3.3. Chuong irinh Mesopuff

24

1.4. Yeu eau ve so lieu

30

Chuang 2. Tinh toan lugng phat thai

33

2.1 Mot sdphuong phap lijihloan lugng phat thai theo so lieu saeap

33

2.1.1. Cach ixac tinh khi thai cua To chire Y le the gi6i (WHO)
2.1.2. Cach Lr6c linh ciia Strauss W., Mainwaring S. J

33
42

2.1.3. Cach ix6c tinh khi thai theo Van phong Tieu ehudn va Ke hoach
Chat lugng Khong khi, ciia Caquan Bao ve moi trirang My

43

2T.4. Uoc tinh theo Du an nghien ciru, cai thien moi trirong cho
thanh pho Ha Ngi, Cong ly hgp tac qude le - Nhal Ban (JICA)
2.2.Nhanxet


47
48


2.2.1. Nh^nxet Chung

48

2.2.2. Nhan xet vi each u6c tinh lugng phat thai va mik do ehinh xae

49

Chuong 3. Tinh toan ap dung cho viing Ha Noi

53

3.1. Khai qiial chung ve hien trang moi trucmg khong khi khu vue Ha ngi

53

3.2. Tinh loan ap dung

53

3.2.1. So lieu khi lugng

53

3.2.2. l/dc tinh khi thai lai cac ngudn


57

3.2.3. Ket qua linh loan va so sanh vai ket qua do dac

58

3.3. Danh gia anh hucmg cua he so khuech tan

64

Phan Ket luan

71

Tai lieu tham khao

73

Phuluc

75

Phulue 1

76

Phu liic 2

79



PHAN MO DAU

Nen c5ng nghiep the gi6i ngay cang phat irien da gop phan cai thien, nang
cao chat lugng euge song ciia eon nguai, song cung keo theo hang loat cac van de
phuc tap khac, trong do c6 van de ve 6 nhi6m moi trucmg. [1-7].
ChungTa deu biet r ^ g khong khi la moi trucmg song cua muon loai va la tai
nguyen v6 cung qui gia cua nhan loai nhimg bau khong khi xung quanh la khong
phai la v6 Ian. Chinh vi vay, van de chong 6 nhiSm moi trucmg khong khi la nhiem
vu bans dau irons eon^ cuoc bao ve va lam saeh moi trucmfr khons khi" noi riene va
moi trucmg song noi chung.
O nhiSm khong khi con gay ra cac hien tugng mua axil, hieu iing nha kinh,
thiing lang ozon va nhung bien ddi khi hau mang tinh chat loan eau nhu lam tang
nhiet do irai dat, dan^ cao muc nir6c bi^n, tans cac hien tuons thien tai lu lut ...
Moi tmang khong khi a nirac la, dac biet la a cac khu cong nghiep va do thi
Ian vin dang ton tai nhung dau hieu o nhiSm dang lo ngai. Phan Ion cac nha may, xi
nghiep ehua dugc trang hi cac he thong Igc, xu ly bui va khi doc hai va hang gia,
hang ngay thai vao bau khi quyen mot lugng khong 16 cac chat doc hai, lam vain due
khong khi ca mot viing rgng 1cm xung quanh nha may.
Muc do 6 nhiSm khong khi gan mat dat khong the ehi danh gia bang lugng
thai cua cac nguon 6 nhiSm ma eon b^ng sir phan bo cua cac chat 6 nhi^m trong
khong gian va theo thai gian thong qua cac tham so cua cac h6n hgp hoi khi doe hai
va bui. Sir phan bo nay phu thuge vao cac dieu kien khi tirgng nhu che do gio, nhiet
do, lugng may v.v. [8 - 15].
\'ai cac bai loan eu the khac nhau, nhung dai lugng khi tirgng khac nhau can
phai CO de linh loan sir phat tan ciia cac tap chat, nhung bai loan nay ec) the dirge
phan loai dua vao nhung gia thiel ve quang duang Ian truyen ciia lap chat: No thoat



ra liir nguon nao, dich chuyen ra sao va phai tan vao Icfp bien khi quyen nhu the nao?.
Nguon lap chat do c6 the la didm , ducmg hoac dien lich, no tac dgng tire thdi hay
laudai. [ 1 6 - 1 8 ] .
Neu du bao hay biel Inrdc dugc cac tham hoa xau ve moi trucmg xay ra, c6
the giup chung la phong tranh hay lam giam ihieu dugc cac ihiet hai do. Do vay, van
de du bao 6 nhiSm moi tnrong khong khi c6 mot y nghia rat quan irgng trong euge
song hang ngay cung nhu irong cong vi6c ciia chung la.
Hien nay d^ linh loan muc do o nhiSm moi trucmg, phii thugc vao nhieu yeu
to, a cac nu6c nguai la xay dirng va sir dung nhieu phan mem khac nhau vi du nhu:
CDM, MPTER, ISC, ROADWAY, MESOPUFF H, LADM, v.v. Trong luan van nay
chung loi lira chgn mo hinh JVTESOPUFF n [19] va mot so van dt lien quan lam doi
tirgng. Mo hinh MESOPUFF II dugc USEPA (Cue moi tmong My) phe duyel cho
phep sir dung danh gia linh loan chat lugng moi trucmg khong khi khu vue. Mo hinh
MESOPUFF II la mo hinh chong chum khoi c6 quy dao bien thien. Mo hinh nay
phu hgp cho viee mo hinh hoa qua trinh truyen lai, phat tan cua cac chat 6 nhilm ti^r
cac nguon di6m, nguon duong va nguon dien lich tai cac khoang each virgt qua
khoang each thich hgp cua cac mo hinh Gauss truyen thong vai quy dao ehiim khoi
theo duang thang. Day la bg phan mem 1cm long cong khoang 10.000 dong lenh,
chia lam nhieu modun, va cac chuong trinh con.
Muc dich cua luan van:
-

Tim hieu va nSm vTrng kha nang sir dung bg chuong trinh tinh loan 6
nhiSm moi trucmg khu vue MESOPUFF II.

-

Phan lich, danh gia mot so yeu to ca ban anh huong den ket qua linh loan
nong do cac chat gay c) nhiSm.


-

Ap dung tinh loan, phan lich cho mot ddi lugng, khu vire eu thd.

Bo cue cua luan van ngoai Phan Ma dau, c6 3 chuong ngi dung trong do
Chuong I: Mo hinh MESOPUFF II, giai thieu ve bg phan mem ca so khoa
hge va eau triic chuong trinh.


3

Chuong H: Tinh loan lugng phat thai, de cap den vi^c tinh loan lugng phat
thai i\i cac so lieu sa cap theo mOl so phuong phap ihOng dung hien nay, eijng mot
so phan lich danh gia.
Chuong HI: Tinh toan ap dung cho viing Ha Ngi, so sanh vai so lieu do dac
cung nhu danh gia kha nang ap dung m6t s6' tham so xac dinh theo so lieu do dac a
Viet Nam.
\^a cuo'i Cling la Phan Ket luan.
Trong luan van su dung cac so lieu ve khi tugng va nguon trong Du an Dieu
tra Co* ban cap ISHia nude "Dieu Ira ca ban, danh gia tac dgng moi trucmg vung tang
tmang kinh le Bde bg phuc vu quy hoach phat iri^n ben vung" nam 1999 - 2001.


CHl/ONG 1
MO HINH MESOPUFF II

1.1.

Co sof ly thuyet


7.7.7. Xu ly cac yeu to khi tugng Mesopac
LLLl.

Trudng gio

Mesopac tao trucmg gio theo lirng gia lai m6i diem lLr6i tinh tai 2 do cao dugc
ngu5i sir dung lira chgn: trucmg gio lang thap dai dien cho dong 16p bien, va trucmg
gio lang tren dai dien cho dong tren Icfp bien. Trucmg gio tang thap dugc su dung d^'
tinh truyen lai chiim khoi trong 16p xao Iron va xae dinh do nang lu6ng thai ciia cac
chum khoi mai phat ra. Gio tang tren dugc sir dung de tinh truyen lai chum khoi tren
16p bien. Tai m6i bu6e th6i gian, imdng gio thich hgp de truyen lai mot chum khoi
dugc xae dinh bang each so sanh do cao chi^im khoi vai do cao iron thay d6i theo
khong gian va thai gian. Neu lam chum khoi nam tren (dirai) do cao xao trc)n tai
diem lirdi gan nhat thi loan bg ehilm khoi dugc truyen tai vai trirang gio lap tren
(du6i).
Sir mem mong dugc ihe hien ro rang trong su lira chgn 16p phu hgp nhat dc5i
v6i m6i trucmg gio. Bang 1.1 irinh bay cac lira chgn cho phep.
Bang LL Cac lira digit trirang gio lap dirdi va tren
Lira ebon

Du lieu klii tirons

Gio trung binh theo chieu cao
Tu be mat den do cao xao iron'"

Be mat, cao kliong

Do cao xao Iron den 850 mb

Cao khons


Do cao xao Iron den 700 mb'^*

Cao khong

Do cao xao iron den 500 mb

Cao khong

Gio rieng le tai lung muc do
Be mat

Be mat

850 mb

Cao khong

700 mb

Cao khong

500 mb

Cao khong


Ghi chii:'" trucmg gio dirge ngam dinh cua 16p dir6i
*^' tnrcmg gio dugc ngam dinh ciia Idp tren
Lua chgn mac dinh la sir dung gio trung binh ciia 16p xao iron doi vai trucmg

gio k^p thap va gio trung binh lir dinh lop xao Iron den do cao 700 mb (~ 3000m)
cho tarcmg gio lop tren. Tuy nhien, neu muon, ngirofi su dung c6 the lira chgn nhung
muc khac de xac dinh trucmg gio (vi du, 16p be mat, lap 850 mb). Mo hinh c6 the
tao ra mot tnrcmg gio duy nhat bang vice cho trucmg gio 16p tren va lap dirai giang
nhau.
Gio trung binh lai Icp xao Iron dirge tinh tu so lieu do gio 2 lAn/1 ngay tu cae
tram cao khong va so lieu be mat trucmg gio lir mang lu6i day dac hon cae tram mat
dat. Toe do gio trung binh theo ti^mg Icp va hucmg gio dugc tinh loan tu cac so lieu
cao khong dugc sir dung de chinh hirang gio mat dat theo lung gia. Quy irinh 5 biroc
theo Draxlar 1979, dugc sir dung de xac dinh gio trung binh 16p xao iron tai m6i
diCm.
(1) Thong tin cao khong dai dien (00 hay 12 GMT) dugc lira chgn tren ca
sa lap on dinh cua tram be mat gan nhat ve khong gian so vai diCm lirai
va thai gian trong ngay. Cac dieu kien on dinh, khong on dinh hay can
bang phiem dinh-dugc gia thiet dai dien phu hgp cho cac thai di^m 00
va 12 GMT.
(2) Sir dung cac thong tin cao khong da lira chgn trong birac (1) cac thanh
phan gio Irung binh theo chieu cao u va v dugc tinh cho lop lu be mai
cho den diem lu6i bang do cao xao iron.
(3) Sau do tinh ty le ciia iCk do gio trung binh theo lap so vai loe do gio bo
mat tai tram cao khong va sir khac biet ve huong gio ciia chung.
(4) So lieu gic) be mat theo gia dugc sir dung d^ ngi suy khong gian cac
thanh phan gio be mat u, (dong), v^ (bac) tai lung diem luoi. Du lien tit
tai ca cae tram be mat trong vising do nguai sir dung xac dinh cac diem
luoi dugc sir dung de tinh loan u„ v^ phi^i hgp nhu sau:


k,vj„=^^^^-

(1.1)


z^
Trong do:
Ug, v^: la ihanh phan gio theo true x (dong) va y (bac) cua gio be mat
lai di^m lu6i (i,j).
u^., v^: la cae thanh phan theo true x (dong) va y (bac) ciia gio be mat
lai tram be mat k.
r^: la khoang each lir tram be mat l6i diem lucifi (i,j).
a^: he so ly Irgng (a^ - 1- 0.5 I sin(j), I, trong do (j), la gck giua huong
gio quan irAc dugc va ducmg noi giua tram be mat va diem lirai)
(5) Gio trung binh ciia lop xao iron tai diem lirai dugc tinh bang each nhan
toe do sio be mat tai diem C) luc^i da tinh duac irons bu6e (4) vai li le toe
do gio cua tram cao khong gan nhat. Tirong tu nhu vay huung gic) be mat
dugc dieu chinh bang he so hirang gio.
Cae thanh phan gio be mat u^, v^ trong bircye (4) can dugc tinh theo limg gia
khong phu thuge vao lira chgn ciia ngirc)i sir dung ve trudng gio dung de tinh Iruyen
lai, vi gio be mat cung can de tinh do on dinh khi quydn va cac tham so khi tugng
lung khu vue.
Gic) trung binh theo chieu cao lir do cao iron cho tai cac mire 850 mb, 700mb
hay 500 mb dugc tinh theo each sau. \'ao li'ie 00 va 12 GMT tai mOi tram cao khong
triroc he'l dugc ngi suy theo thai gian, va sau do irung binh theo lop lir diem luoi tinh
CO do cao bang do cao trgn den muc phii hap (vi du, 700 mb). Gic^ lai cac diem (i,j)
dirc}'e xac dinh theo cong Ihire (1.1) bang each lay long theo cac tram cao khong thay
vi cac tram be mat. Chi nhung tram cao khc')ng trong viing chgn anh hucmg eiia diem
lu6i da cho can dugc dua vao. Do cao xao iron can phai thap hon miie ap suai xac
dinh dinh cao ciia lap dc^ neu khong chircmg trinh se thong bao loi va dung ihue
hien.


Neu m6t trong cac trucmg gio kh6ng khi a miic rieng le tren (850 mb. 700mb,

500 mb) dugc lira chgn, ihi ehi du lieu gio lai muc da lira chgn dugc sir dung de tinh
trucmg gio. Vi du, gio 850 mb tai m6i diem lir6i dugc tinh bang each ngi suy theo
thdi gian gio a muc 850 mb tai m6i tram cao khong, va sau do ap dung cong thiic
1.1 de lay long theo cae tram cao khong.

7.7.7.2.

\'gn tdc ma sat be mat

Van lo'c ma sal be mat u^ c6 the dugc linh thong qua cae so lieu khi tirgng
neu biet cac dac trung nham ciia be mat. Tru6c het, dong nhiet be mat eo the dugc
tinh thong qua danh gia dong bue xa. Sau do u^ dugc xac dinh qua toe do gio, do
nham be mat va dong nhiet.
Dong nhiet H dugc tinh phu thuge vao gia trong ngay theo cae phuong irinh
sau cua Maul 1980.
H = a R + Ho

(1.2)

R = 950|3sinv

(1.3)

Ho = 2.4 C - 2 5 . 5

.

(1.4)

Trong do:

H: la dong nhiet (W/m^).
HQ! la d5ng nhiet khi khong eo bue xa mai lr6i (W/m^).
a: la hang so su dung dat (-0.3).
R: la bue xa mat trai (W/m^).
P: la he so giam bite xa mat trai do may.
v: la goc nghieng bue xa mat Ircfi.
C: la do due ciia \6p may (theo phan chuc).
Trong Bang 1.2 cho Irirae cac gia iri cua he so giam hue xa mat trai do may
(P). Gia iri ciia P dugc dieu chinh theo so lieu cua Maul 1980.


Bang L2: He so giam bi(c xq mat trdi
May bao phii (theo phan chuc)

^

0

1.00

1

0.91

2

0.84

3


0.79

4

0.75

5

0.72

6

0.68

7

• 0.62

8

0.53

9

0.41

10

0.23


^

Sin cua goc nghieng so v6i birc xa mat trai sin v dirge tinh nhu sau:
sin V == sin(t) sinK^ + cos,i} cosK^ cosH^
H , = (7r/12)(T-EJ - X

(1.5)
(1.6)

E ^ - 1 2 . + 0 . 1 2 3 5 7 sin(D) - 0.004289 cos(D)
+ 0.153809 sin(2D) 0.060783 eos(2D)

(1.7)

D = (d-l)(360/365.242)(7r/180)

(1.8)

Kd = sin' (0.39784989 sin (7ra^/180))

(1.9)

G:, ^ 279.9348 + D(180/7r) + 1.914827 sin(D)
- 0.079525 cos(D) + 0.019938 sin(2D) - 0.00162 cos(2D) (2.10)
Trong do:
(|): la VI do (theo radian).
X: la kinh do (theo radian).
d: la ngay Julian.
T: la gia trong ngay.



V6i each linh dong nhiet H nhu tren, trong dieu kien khong on dinh van toe
ma sat be mat u* c6 the linh theo phuong phap do Wang va Chen (1980) de xuat.
u* = u*
1.11)

Qo

ku„.

1.12)

u.
Inl ^"'

1.13)

Zms - 4 Z o

1.14)

Qo = H/pc,
~3

es

Qo =

1.15)

kgz
0.128 +0.005 ln(zo/z,J

a=

[0.107

z j z , , , <0.01
Zo/z„, >0.01

b = 1.95+32.6(zo/2j°'^

1.16)
1.17)

Trong do:
k: la hang so Von Karman (•-0.4).
Cp: la nhiet dung rieng ciia khong khi a ap sual khcing doi (996m'/(s~.K)).
u^: la van toe ma sat be mat.
Ujj,: la toe do gio (m/s) do tai do cao z ^ (m).
ZQ! la do nham be mat (m).
p: la khoi lugng rieng ciia kliong khi (kg/m^)
Trong dieu kien on dinh, u. dirge xac dinh theo phuong phap eiia N'enkatram
1980.
u* =

c DN U „,-[l + C

c

==

r-

(1.18)

2

k

-

(1.19)

ln(z 111 ' Zo)

4u 02
^ DN" ^ 111

C>0

(1.20)


10

2
U

°

YZm
=——

(1.21)

kA

Trong do Y va A la cac hang so c6 gia tri mac dinh phii hop bang 4.7 va 1100
con CDX la he so can.
1.1.1.3. Do cao lop xao trgii
Trong nhiJng gid ban ngay, b6c xa mat tr6i chieu xuong mat da't tao nen dong
nhiet duong (di len) va chinh dong nhiet nay la nguyen nhan gay phat trieJn ci'ia 16p
xao Iron doan nhiet. Neu biet sir thay doi theo gid ci^ia H, do cao lop xao tron z, lai
th6i diem x+l c6 the tinh dugc qua z, tai th6i diem i (Maul 1980).
1 2

. y

^ 2H(l + E)At

2(A9).(Z,),

(Zi),+1

VlPCp

(Ae),„ =

W

+

(AeL,

(1.22)

V

2v|;,EHAt

(1.23)
y

Trong do:
vi/i! la toe do giam nhiet do the vi trong lap tren Z;.
At: la bu6e thai gian (3600s).
E: la hang so (--0.15)
AG: la su gian doan nhiet do a lang iren cua 16p xao iron.
Toe do giam \\j^ dugc xae dinh thong qua 16p Az a tren do cao xao trgn cua
gid Irirac. Doi v6i thai gian ban ngay tinh den 23 GMT, so lieu do phat tin budi sang
(12 GMT) tai tram do gan nha't dugc sir dung de linh \\jy. Sau 23 GMT, bu6i chieu toi
(00 GMT) so lieu phat tin dirge sir dung. De tranh nhirng kho khan trong linh loan,
v|;i khong cho phep nho hon gia tri loi thieu la 0.001 ^K/m.
Trong dieu kien can bang phiem dinh, do cao Idp bien (do irng sual trugi shear produced tao nen) dugc tinh theo cong thi're cua \^enkatram 1980:
Bu,
(fNe)

1 2

(1.24)


11

Trong do:
f: la tham so Coriolis.

B: hang s6 {jl).
Ng: la tan so Brunt - Vaisala trong 16p bien on dinh.
Do cao xao lr6n ban ngay la maximum cua cac gia tri doi luu va ca hgc xac
dinh theo cac cong ihurc (1.23) va (1.24).
Trong 16p bien on dinh, v6i ca hgc quyet dinh muc do phat tan theo chieu
thang ditng. Venkalram (1980) da dua ra quan he cua ihuc nghiem sau de linh loan

z, = N u - y -

-

•

(1.25)

Trong do N la hang so v6i gia Iri mac dinh la 2400.

1,1.2. Tinh toan khuech tan trong Mesopuff
Ca sa loan hgc cua chuong trinh la mo hinh chum khoi (pufQ Gauss. Mo
hinh chum khoi (puff) Gauss eo the dugc coi nhu dirge cai lien iix mo hinh luong
khoi Gauss (plume) d^ linh den sir bien d6i cac diiu kien khi hau trong mot vung

Ion. Ca sa loan hgc eiia mo hinh luong khoi Gauss iruyen thong da dugc nen nhieu.
Vi vay trong phan du'di day ehi nha'n manh va ehi tiet hoa vao nhung diem khac
nhau.

7.7.2.7. Pliuang trinh titniech tan ctnim t^twi Gauss
Mesopuff n la mot mo hinh ch6ng cae chum khoi dang Gauss c6 quy dao
bien thien. Doi lugng ap dung theo thiet ke mo hinh la nhung vijng cc) kich ihirac a
quy mo khu virc (mesoscale). De tinh den su bien thien tnrcmg gio trong vung, mot
luong khc5i lien tuc dugc mo phong nhu nhieu chiim khoi roi rac. Dich chuyen va
khuech tan ciia m6i chi^im khoi khong phu thuge vao cac ehiim klioi khac. Phuong
trinh mo la phan bo Gauss doi xiing ngang cua mot ehiim khoi eo dang:
C(s) = - ^ 8 ( s ) e x p
2%o^.\s)

r^(s)
2a^,(s)

(1.26)


12

g (s) =

2llO.^

Z e^p

n=-Qo

l(He+2nzJ^
2

a^(s)

(1.27)

Trong do:
C(s) - Nong do cha't o nhiSm lai miJc be mat
s - Khoang each da di dugc cua chum khoi
Q(s) - KhO'i lugng cha't 6 nhiSm trong chiim khoi
ay(s) - Do lech ca sa ciia phan bo Gauss theo phuong ngang
az(s) - Do I6ch ca sa cua phan bo Gauss theo phuong dung
r(s) - Khoang each t6i lam chum khoi
Z; - Do cao lofp xao Iron
He - Do cao hieu dung cua lam chum khoi.
Cac tham so Oy va a^ trong mo hinh Gauss truyen thong dugc tinh nhu mot
ham phu thuge vao khoang each l6i nguon du6i dang:
a = ax^

(1.28)

Trong do:
a,b - Cac h6 so phu thuge miic do on dinh eiia khi quyen
«

X - Khoang each t6i nguon.
Tuy nhien phuong trinh (1.28) ehi diing trong truang hgp do on dinh khong
thay ddi trong qua trinh dich chuyen ciia luong khoi. Trong trirang hgp cc) su thay
ddi, mo hinh sir diang cong Ihuc sau eiia Ludwig:

(aj, =a,[(x,X+5x^

(1.29)

(aJ.=aJ(x,X+5x]^^

(i.30)

i-X

(1.31)

(x.X-

(1.32)

Trong do
(av),.i , (cj^),.! la cac gia tri tai bircfc thai gian t-1


13

Gx la khoang each dich chuyen giua hai bir6c th6i gian t -1 va l
ay, by, a^, b^ la cac hang s6' ihuc nghiem thay ddi theo lap on dinh khi
quyen.
Bang 1.3.
L6p on dinh khi quyen

a,,

b,

az

b.

A

0.36

0.9

0.00023

2.10

B

0.25

0.9

0.058

1.09

C

0.19

0.9

0.11

0.91

D

0.13

0.9

0.57

0.58

E

0.096

0.9 •

0.85

0.47

F

0.063

0.9

0.77

0.42

1.1.2.2. Ptnrang trinh tan truyen chum tdioi Gauss
Cac chiim khoi dugc Ian iruyen theo ham quy dao Lagrange. Sir thay ddi vi tri
eiia chum khoi trong khoang ihdi gian At dugc m6 la bai phuong irinh:
t+At

x(t + At) - x(t) + Ax - ju[t'; x(t'); y(t')]lt'

(1.33)

t
t+At

y(t + At) = y(t) + Ay= |v[t';x(tO;y(t')]lt'

(1.34)

Trong do [x(l), y(t)] va [x(l+At), y(n-At)] la tam chiJm khoi tai cae thai di6m i
va t+Al tirong tag; Ax va Ay la cac so gia ciia cac khoang each x va y di chuydn ciia
ehiim khoi; u va v la cac ihanh phan van tcie cda gio.
Cac lich phan (1.33) va (1.34) dugc xap xi bang phuong phap ngi suy luyen
tinh dup (bilinear) hai birac theo khong gian va thai gian.
Toa do ciia lam chiim khoi dugc xac dinh bang each danh gia trung binh vee
ta ciia hai so gia dich chuyen. Hinh 1.1 minh hga gia so dich chuyen. So ra thir nhat
dugc xac dinh v6i gia thiet cac thanh phan gio tai [x(t), y(l)] la kiiong ddi trong

khoang thai gian At. Tuc la:
X, =x(t) + (Ax),

(1.35)


14

y, =y(t) + (Ay),

(1.36)

(Ax), -u[t;x(t),y(t)]At

(1.37)

(Ay),=v[t;x(t),y(t)]At

(1.38)

J+2
(X2,y2)

(xi,yi)

j+i

y^
X

(x(t+At),
y(t+At))

(x(t),y(t)) 4f
1+1

1+2

1+3

Hintx 1.1. Tinh quy dao tdm cua ctnim khoi
Tuy nhien, vi van tdc gio thay ddi theo ca khong gian va thai gian, nigt so gia
ihit hai sir dung dd linh loan sir dung (Xj, yi) nhu didm bat dau ciia quy dao va cac
thanh phan gio lai thdi diem t+At tai didm (Xj, y^). Gia sir gio la khong ddi trong
khoang lh5i gian At, diem cuo'i ciia gia so nay bang:
x^ = x , +(Ax)3

(1.39)

y , - y , +(Ay)3

(1.40)

(Ax), =u[t + At;Xj,y,)]At

(1.41)

(Ay), =v[t + At;x,,y.)]At

(1.42)

Dal Irgng so cho hai so gia bang nhau, vi tri mai cua chiim khoi [x(l+At),
y(l+At)] la didm giua [x(l), y(t)] va [X2, y^J:
x(t + At)-x{t)+0.5[(Ax), + ( A X ) J

(1.43)

y(t + At) = y(t) + 0.5[(Ay),+(Ay)J

(1.44)

Cac thanh phan van tcic gio u va v dugc xac dinh ehi tai cac diem Krai va cac
thcVi diem each nhau mgl gict. Cac thanh phan gio ciia tam chum khoi lai [ha\ diem i
ba't ky thii dugc lir mot he ngi suy tuyen tinh dup sau:


15

vy

u[t,x(t),y(l)]=ti5y25x2u[l„; i, jl + i25y28x2uK^i; i, j]
+ Ii5y25xiu[t^; i+1, j] + t^5y25xiuK^i; i+1, j]

(1.45)

+ Ii5y25x2u[t^; i, j+1] + l28yi5x2u[t^^,; i, j+1]
+ li5y,5x,u[t„; i+1, j+11 + t25y,5xiuK^i; i+1, j+1]
Trong do, t, =

"

^1+1

v6i t < t < t

, va t, = 1 . 0 - t ,

n

^n

n+I

1

/

tu v^ t^+l la cac Ihdi diem gan nha't v6i thai diem I ma tai liic do trirang gio
dugc xae dinh, Cae gia tri 5xi, 8x2, Sy,, 8y2 la cac thanh phan ciia khoang each x, y
(theo don vi lir6i) tai bon diem lir6i xung quanh lam cua ehiim khoi. Thanh phan van
tdc V dugc xac dinh theo each luong tu.

1.1.2.3. Ham lay mdu ctiiim tdioi
Mesopuff II mo phong mot luong khoi lien tuc la mgl day cac chum klic)i roi
rac. Tdng nong do cua luong khoi dugc linh bang each la'y tdng eiia tirng chilim khoi.
Nong do ciia tirng chiim khoi dugc tinh bang viee lay tich phan tren toan bg khoang
di chuydn ciia chiim khoi, va bu6c la'y mSu As
r^(s)
As-"'

27ra^ (sj

(1.46)

ds

2a^.(s)

Trong do g(s) duo'c tinh tir phuong trinh 1.27. Neu gia thiet rang s phu thuoc
theo bir6c lay mSu trong r(s) va Q(s), tich phan tren duroc viet lai nhu sau:
C(r,s)

8(s)
[QoI.+(Qn-Qo)l2]
Ina

I.-.l-exp

'h'

ei f

V

— I, + - e x p
a
a

V

exp

(1.47)

^ - e r f - ^
2a
V2a
l ( a + 2b + b)

-Ib^
2

a

(1.48)

exp
(1.49)


16

^^(Ax^+Ay^)

(^3^^

^ ^ [ A X ( X , - x , ) + Ay(y,-y,)]

^^ ^^^

,^(x.-x.)^+(y.-yj^

(1.52)

^y

Trong do:
Qo, Qn la khoi lugng cha't thai (g) trong chi^im khoi tai thdi didm bat dau
va ket thue ciia bu6c lh5i gian.

^^

(Xj., yd la toa dgdiem do (m),
(X[, y,) la loa do ciia chum khoi (m) lai diem bat dau bir6c la'y mau.
Ax va Ay la cac so gia cua cae khoang each x va y di chuyen ciia chum
khoi theo birde la'y mau.
1.2.

Cau triic chu'cmg trinh
Chuong trinh MESOPUFF la mot thanh phan cua bg chuong trinh

MESOPUFF n. Bg chuong trinh nay con ehua cac chuong trinh lien xu ly cac so
lieu khi tugng (READ62, MESOPAC) va chuong trinh xir ly cac ket qua ndng do du
bao (MESOFILE). Dirdi day trinh bay mo la ngdn ggn cho tijng chuong trinh, ehi
liel ve each chay, dau vao va dau ra dugc trinh bay trong cac phan sau.
Chuong trinh READ62 dgc va xu ly cae du lieu cao khong ihu dugc hai Ian
mot ngay tir cac tram liJa chgn. READ62 trich ra cac du heu can dung cho chuong
trinh MESOPAC tiJ tep du lieu dirge ghi theo khuon dang chuan TD-6201 ciia NCC
(Trung lam khi tugng qude gia Hoa ky). READ62 quel cac du lieu khi quyen tren
cao, kiem tra va dua ra thong bao cho nhirng dir lieu hi thieu hoac kliong day dii.
Mgl tep du lieu cao khong dugc tao ra theo khuon dang thich hgp va c6 the' dugc

hieu chinh bai ngudi diing. Tep nay dugc dicing lam dau vao cho chuong trinh
MESOPAC
MESOPAC la chuong trinh xu ly so lieu thdi tiet, chuong trinh tinh loan ngi
suy theo khong gian va ihdi gian cho cae trudng cua cac dai lugng dac trung cho klii


17

hau (nhu gio, d6 cao lr6n v.v.). Nhung trudng sd lieu dugc sir dung cho chuc:)ng irinh
MESOPUFF de mo la cac qua trinh Ian iruyen va khuech Ian. MESOPAC dgc cac
tep du lieu khi quydn iren cao ihu dugc tir READ62, cac tep du lieu khi hau be mat
lai cac tram (theo khuOn dang chuan CD 144 eiia NCC) va cac tep du lieu v^ mua
(theo khuon dang chudn TD9657 ciia NCC). Mgl tep ra duy nhat ehua tat ca cac
trudng cua cac bien khi hau da ngi suy dugc tao ra lam dau vao cho chuong trinh
MESOPUFF.
MESOPUFF la mo hinh chdng chi^im khoi dang Gauss, quy dao bien thien,
dugc thiet ke de xir ly su bien ddi theo khong gian va thdi gian eiia cac qua trinh Ian
truyen, khuech tan, phan img hoa hgc va phan buy trong pham vi mien quan lam.
Vdi each chong cac chi^im khoi, luong khoi lien tuc dugc mo hinh bang cac chi^im
khc5i rieng biet, m6i chum khoi chuyen dgng khong phu thuge vao cac chiim khc5i
khac. M6i ehiim khoi phat Irien do qua trinh khuyech lan, chuyen ddi hoa hgc. mat
di do mua va lang dgng kho xudng b6 mat. Tdi da 5 cha't gay 6 nhi^m c6 thd dugc
mo phong dong ihdi.
MESOFILE la chuong trinh xu ly tep nong do thu dugc tu viee chay chuang
trinh MESOPUFF. Nhirng chuc nang hien c6 cua MESOFILE bao gdm: lay trung
binh nong do theo thdi gian eiia cae didm tinh tren lirdi hoac cac didm linh rieng
biet, phan tinh ihdng ke su khac nhau giua didm vcti diem hoac giua cac viing ciia
cac trudng nong do, va cudi ciing la cac kha nang lay tdng va lay ty le.

1.3.

Cac modun chinh

1.3.1. Chuang trinh Read62
Chitc nang:
Tien xu ly du lieu khong khi phia tren (du lieu cao khong), chuong trinh nay
dgc mgl tep du lieu cao khong, trich ra cae du lieu tai cae miie ap suai doi hoi, tao ra
tep du lieu dinh dang cho chuong trinh lien xir ly sd lieu khi tugng (MESOPAC)

Tep du lieu vao:
•read62.inp' - Tep vao'chua cae tham sd dieu khien cho moi lan chay


18

'td6201.dai' - Tep dii lieu cao khdng can xir ly theo khuon dang lieu chuan
TD-6201
Tep ra
'read62.1sf - Tep ghi lai cac ket qua chung ciia lan chay
'up.dat' - Tep dii lieu cao khdng dugc xir ly va dinh dang cho chuong trinh
lien xir ly sd lieu khi tugng MESOPAC
Chi tiet cua tep dii lieu vao read62Jnp (khuon dang tu do)
Dong 1
IBYR, IBDAY, IBHR: Nam, ngay Julian, va gid (GMT) bat dau trich du lieu
tir tep du lieu theo chudn TD-6201
lEYR, lEDAY, lEHR: Nam, ngay Julian, va gid (GMT) cudi cung trich du
heu lu tep dir lieu theo chu^n TD-6201
PSTOP:

Muc ap sua't tha'p nhat ma tir do thong tin dugc trich ra

Dong 2
LHT, LTEMP, LWD, LWS: Cae bien Logical quy dinh each xir ly voi cae du
lieu hi thieu, tuong ung vdi do cao, nhiet do, chieu gio va van tdc gio: bo di
miie du lieu bi thieu neu bien tirong ung vdi du lieu do la T va khong bo neu
laF.
Chi tiet cua tep du lieu cao khong theo khuon dang TD-6210
Don^ Ihon^ tin dau cho mdi thdi diem do dac sd lieu cao khons
STNID:

Ten iram

LAT:

\T do ciia tram theo do va phut, theo sau bdi 'N' (Bac) hoac 'S'

(Nam).
LON:

Kinh do ciia tram theo theo do va phiit, theo sau bcVi "E' (Dong)

hoac ' W (Tay).
YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR: Nam, thang, ngay, gid Ihuc hien quan irae
NUMLE\':

Sd cac nhom lap ma no bieu thi sd muc du lieu co trong quan

trac cao khong.
Du lieu cho limg miie ap sual
QIND

Ky hieu kiem tra do chinh xac ciia muc do


19

Ghi chii: y nghia ci!ia cac ky hi6u kiem tra d6 chinh xac cua viee do ddi vdi
cac dir lieu theo ehu^n TDF6021 dugc quy dinh nhu sau:
0

Cac gia tri gdc la chinh xac

1

Cac gia Iri gdc bi thieu

2

Cac gia Iri gdc la kh6ng chae chan, mgl muc da hieu chinh theo sau

3

Cac gia iri gdc la khong chae chan, khong hieu chinh

4

Cac gia tri gdc cd l6i, mot mire da hieu ehinh theo sau

5

Cac gia tri gdc cd l6i, khong hieu chinh

6

Miic da hieu chinh

9

Miie khong kiem Ira

A-Z

Thay ddi nhieu lan irong cac nam

ETIME

Thdi gian trdi qua ke tir liie iha bong tham khong (kliong sir

dung trong chuong irinh nay)
PRES

ap sual khi quydn tai miie do hien tai (Milibar)

HGT

Do cao theo dia hinh (Mel)

TEMP

Nhiet do khong khi d mu'c do hien lai (Do Celsius tinh le den

mot phan mudi)
RH

Do am tirong ddi d muc do hien tai (7c)

WD

Hudng gid d muc do hien lai (Mel/giay)

TIMEF, PRESF, HGTF, TEMPF, RHF, WINF
Cac ky hieu kiem ira do chinh xac cho cae dai lugng do luong
ung
TYPELV

Ky hieu dang ciia muc do hien tai (khong sir dung trong chuong

trinh nay)

1.3.2. Chuang trinh Mesopac
Chicc nang:
MESOPAC la chuong trinh lien xii ly khi hau, chuong trinh nay thue hien
linh loan cac trudng ngi suy theo khong gian va thdi gian ciia cae bien khi hau.
Nhung du lieu khi hau dau vao bao gdm: cac tep du lieu cao khong dirge tao ra bdi


20

chuong trinh READ62, cac du lieu quan trac khi hau be mat li^rng gid va du lieu mua
lijng gid

MESOPAC xiJ ly du li6u khi hau cho tdi da 25 tram quan trac be mat va 10
tram quan trac du lieu cao khong. Du lieu mua timg gid khong bat huge phai c6.

Tep dO: lieu vao:
'pac.inp' - T6p vao chu*a cae tham sd dieu khien cho mdi lan chay
'upl.dal'...'upl0.dat' - Tep du lieu cao khong eiia mdi tram da dugc xir ly
bang chuong trinh READ62.
'cdl.dat'...'cd25.dat' - T e p du lieu khi lugng be mat cua mdi tram
'preeip.dat' - Tep du lieu mua cho cac tram
Tep ra
'pac.lsl' - Tep ghi lai cac ket qua chung ciia lan chay
'pacout.dat' - Tep binary chira du lieu khi hau da xir ly va ngi suy cho cac 6
lirdi, si^r dung cho chuong trinh MESOPUFF.
Chi tiet cila tep du lieu vao pac.inp
Nhdm I - Tieu de (1 ddng)
TITLE(20): Tieu de khong qua 80 ky tu

Nhdm 2 - Cac thong tin chung (1 ddng)
NYR:

Nam chay (2 chu sd)

IDYSTR:

Ngay Julian bat dau

IHRMAX:

So gid chay.

NSSTA:

Sd tram quan trac du lieu khi hau be mat

NUSTA:

Sd iram quan trac du lieu cao khong

IBTZ: Mien thdi quan quy chieu

Nhdm 3: Du lieu ve lirdi tinh
IMAX

Sd diem luai theo chieu X (tay-dong)

JMAX

So diem ludi theo chieu Y (nam-bac)


21

DGRID

Budc ludi

Nhdm 3: Nhung lira chgn cho viee dua kel qua ra
LSAVE

Ne'u LSAVE=T, trudng khi hau ra dugc ghi ra tep, ngiigc lai

neu LSAE=F, trudng khi hau se khong dugc ghi ra.

LPRINT

Bien dieu khien viee in ra may in, neu LPRINT-T, trudng
khi hau ra dugc in ra 'IPRINF' gid mgl lan. Neu LPRINT=F,
trudng khi hau ra khong dugc in ra.

IPRINF

Khoang thdi gian (theo gid) cho mdi lan in trudng khi hau.
Chi sir dung neu LPRINF^T (IPRINF>1)

LBD

Bien dieu khien viee in trudng khi hau vao va cae tham sd
tinh loan trung gian. Neu LBD=T, cac du lieu se dugc in cho
nhung Ihdi diem ehi ra bdi NDYI, NHRl, NDY2 va NHR2.
Neu LBD=F, du lieu se khong dugc in (Vi thong tin nay
thirdng la khong can thiet cho cae budc linh sau, nen LBD=F
ddi vdi phan Ion cae ap dung)

NDYI

Ngay Julian bat dau viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham
sd tinh loan trung gian. Chi sir dung neu LBD=T.

NHRl

Gid (00-23) bat dau viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham

sd linh loan Irung gian. Chi sir dung neu LBD=T.

NDY2

Ngay Juhan ket thue viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cac tham
sd tinh toan trung gian. Chi sir dung neu LBD=T.

NHR2

Gid (00-23) ket thiie viee in du lieu khi hau vao va cae tham
sd tinh loan trung gian. Qii sir dung neu LBD=T.

Nhdm 5: Ky hieu sd phan loai da't be mat cho mdi diem ludi. 'JMAX' ddno.
mdi ddng cd IMAX ky hieu sd cho loai dat (tuong irng vdi toa do X tir L tdi IMAX).
Ddng dau tien chiia cac gia tri cho Y^JMAX, ddng thir hai cho Y=JMAX-1, v.v.:
ILANU(40, 40)

Ky hieu sd loai dat sir dung cho mdi didm ludi.


22

Nhom 6: Nhung lua chgn cho viee ihay ddi cae gia iri ngam dinh
lOPTS(l)

Bien dieu khien do cao do van tdc gid. Neu bang 1. ngudi
sij dung phai dua vao do cao do van tdc gid be mat (tai
nhdm 7). Ne'u bang 0, gia tri ngam dinh 10m dugc sir dung

I0PTS(2)

Bien dieu khien hang sd Von Karman. Neu IOPTS(2)=l,
ngudi sir dung phai dua vao cac gia tri cua hang sd von
Karman (tai nhdm 8). Neu IOPTS(2)=0, gia tri ngam dinh
bang 0.4 dugc su dung.

10PTS(3)

Bie'n dieu khien viee dua vao cac hang sd van tdc ma sat y
va A. Ne'u I0PTS(3)=1, ngudi su dung phai dua vao cac gia
tri dd (lai nhdm 9). Neu 10PTS(3)=0, cac gia tri ngam dinh
y=0.47 va A=l 100 dirge sir dung.

I0PTS(4)

Bie'n dieu khidn viee dua vao cac hang sd do cao trgn (B, E.
Az, dQIdz^^, N). Neu I0PTS(4)=1, ngudi sir dung phai dua
vao cac gia tri hang sd dd (tai nhdm 10). Neu IOPTS(4)=0,
cae gia iri ngam dinh sau dugc siJ dung: B=1.4L E-0.15,
Az=200m, 50/az^,=:O.OOlO'^K/m, N=2400.

I0PTS(5)

Bien dieu khien viee dua vao cac bie'n ngi suy trucmg gio
RADIUS, ILWF, lUWF (lai nhdm 11). Ne'u I0PTS(5)=L
ngudi sir diing phai dua vao cac gia tri ciia cac bie'n dd. Neu
IOPTS(5)=0, cac gia tri ngam dinh sau dugc sir dung:
RADIUS-99, ILWF=2, IUWF=4.

I0PTS(6)

Bie'n dieu khidn cho cac do dai dac trung rap be mat. Ne'u
I0PTS(6)=1, ngudi sir dung phai dua vao cac do dai dac
trung rap be mat tai mdi didm ludi (lai nhdm 12). Neu
IOPTS(6)=0, cac do dai dac trung rap be mat duc}e xac dinh
tuane irns vdi loai be mat tai diem ludi dd.

I0PTS(7)

Lira chgn each danh gia ddng nhiet sir dung dil lieu cao
khong. Phan chgn nay dugc thiet ke cho tirong lai. Trong
phien ban hien tai I0PTS(7) phai bang khc')ng.


23

IOPTS(8)

Bien dieu khien viee vao cac he sd thu nhd hue xa do may
bao phu. Ne'u 10PTS(8)=1, ngudi sir dung phai dua vao II
he sd luong ung vdi cac mitc do che phii mat trdi lir 1 den
10 phan mudi (lai nhdm 13). Ne'u 10PTS(8)=0, cac he sd
ngam dinh sau dugc sir dung: 1.00, 0.91, 0.84, 0.79, 0.75,
0.72, 0.68, 0.62, 0.53, 0.41, 0.23

I0PTS(9)

Bie'n dieu khien viee vao cac hang sd tinh ddng nhiet tai mdi
diem ludi. Ne'u I0PTS(9)=1, ngudi sir dung phai dua vao
cac gia tri RADC cho mdi diem ludi (lai nhdm 14). Nguge

lai ne'u IOPTS(9)=l, gia tri ngam dinh RADC=0.3 dugc sir
dung

lOPTS(IO)

Lua chgn de chay tir mot thdi diem khac vdi thdi didm bat
dau ciia du lieu khi ban be mat va du lieu cao kliong.
lOPTS(lO) phai bang 1 ne'u ngay bat dau chay md hinh
khong trung vdi ngay bat dau cua cac du lieu khi hau,
nguge lai, lOPTS(lO) phai cd gia tri bang 0.

Tir nhdm 7 de'n nhdm 14: Khai bao cac gia tri bien tuong ling neu bien dieu
khien lOPTS tuong ung vdi nd cd gia tri bang 1.

Nhdm 15: Du lieu ve cac tram be mat. 'NSSTA' ddng, mdi ddng luong ung
vdi mot tram:
IDCD

Chi sd tram be mat cho du lieu CD 144 (5 chu sd)

XSCOOR

Toa do X cua tram (theo don vi ludi)

YSCOOR

Toa do Y ciia tram (theo don vi ludi)

SLAT

VT do eiia tram (do thap phan)

SLONG

Kinh do eiia tram (do thap phan)

SZONE

Mien thdi gian eiia tram (5=EST, 6=CST, 7=MST, 8=PST)

ISUNIT

So hieu tep du lieu CD 144 trong chuong trinh

IDPRCP

Chi sd tram du lieu TD9657 (6 chu sd)