Chapter 4

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

Objectives
• P r o v i d i n g knovvledge ô n environment and health.
• I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts,
scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts.
• F o r m i n g appropriate manner.
Contents
• I n í o r m a t i o n ô n conservation, air p o l l u t i o n , healthy diets.
• The use and í ò r m a t i o n ô n the gerund, prepositions f o l l o w i n g adịectives.
• V o c a b u l a r y r e l a t i n g to environment and health.

55


U n i t l

C O N S E R V A T I O N

Pre-reading
Ì . W h a t are natural resources?
2. W h y do we need to conserve natural resources?

Conservation is the safeguarding and preservation o f n a t u r a l resources, so
thát they can continue to be used and erỹoyed. I n the past, m o s t

people

believed t h á t the w o r l d ' s resources c o u l d never be used ú p . T o d a y , w e k n o w

thát this is n ó t t r ú c A n i m p o r t a n t part o f conservation is t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f
waste- waste o f í o r e s t s , s o i l , w i l d l i f e , minerals and h u m a n l i v e s . A s important
is the íĩght against p o l l u t i o n o f our e n v i r o n m e n t , i n p a r t i c u l a r , the d i r t y i n g and
poisoning o f air and vvater. Conservation is also concerned w i t h the r e c l a i m i n g
o f land b y i r r i g a t i n g deserts, d r a i n i n g swamps or p u s h i n g b a c k the sea.
Farmers can protect their land b y yearly r o t a t i o n o f crops- t h á t is, g r o w i n g
d i f f e r e n t crops ô n the same land f r o m year to year. I n this w a y , d i f f e r e n t
elements o f the soil have t i m e to replace lost elements. F a r m e r s c a n h e l p enrich
the soil by a d d i n g f e r t i l i z e r s . T h e y can prevent erosion b y p l o u g h i n g a l o n g the
contours o f a h i u rather than ú p and d o w n . I n this w a y w a t e r does n ó t r u n o f f
and take the soil w i t h Ít.
Trees and shrubs are also needed to preserve l a n d because t h e i r roots bind
the soil and retain vvater. W h e n a l l the trees i n a r e g i o n are c ú t , the s o i l can
easily become loose and b l o w away.
Forests provide t i m b e r , one o f M a n ' s most valuable resources, b ú t they
must be managed c a r e í u l l y . O n l y mature trees should be c ú t , l e a v i n g the y o u n g
ones to g r o w bigger.

56


T o protect w i l d - l i f e , many countries have passed laws r e s t r i c t i n g h u n t i n g
and í i s h i n g . W i l d - l i f e preserves areas where animals are protected vvithin their
natural environment are becoming more c o m m o n i n regions vvhere a n i m a l l i f e
is threatened.
D i r t y air is c h i e f l y a c i t y p r o b l e m . London's f a m o u s "pea soup" f o g s were
cleared by laws b y f o r b i d d i n g the b u r n i n g o f s o f t f u e l s ; b ú t car exhaust f u m e s
continue to pollute the air. Some large cities m a y have to ban cars f r o m the c i t y
centre to wipe out smoke.
Minerals t h á t are taken f r o m the Earth i n immense quantities i n c l u d e

petroleum, coal, natural gas, iron and copper. Once used ú p , these minerals can
never be replaced to conserve t h è m , we must c ú t waste and recycle (put back
into use) the metal i n discarded products, such as e m p t y cans. Conservation
also includes searching f o r altemative f u e l s , such as the energy o f the Sun.

W O R D LIST
Conservation(n)

Bảo tồn

Contour(n)

Đ ư ờ n g v i ề n , đ ư ờ n g quanh, đ ư ờ n g n é t

Element(n)

Yếu tố

Environment(n)

Môi trường

Erosion (n)

Xói m ò n

Mineral(n)

Khoáng


Poisoning(n)

Sự đ ầ u đ ộ c

Pollution(n)

Ô nhiễm

Preservation(n)

Bảo vệ

Prevention(n)

Sự n g ă n ngừa

Quantity

Số lượng

Reclaim(v)

C ả i t ạ o , ( n ô n g ) k h a i hoang

Resource(n)

Nguồn

Root(n)


Gốc

Rotation(n)

Sự l u â n p h i ê n , q u a y

Guarding(n)

Bảo vệ

57


Soil(n)

Đt

Swamp(n)

Hầm

Timber(n)

GỖ l à m n h à , k è o , x à

Waste(n)

Cht t h ả i

Alternative(n)


Sự lựa c h ọ n

Immense(adj)

Lớn, khổng l ồ

Mature(v)

Trưởng thành

Natural(adj)

Tự nhiên

Chiefly(adv)

Chính

Discard(v)

Bỏ

Drain(v)

Làm khô

Forbid(v)

Cm


Irrigate(v)

Tưới(đt, ruộng), d ẫ n nứóc v à o

Pollute(v)

Làm ô nhiễm

Preserve(v)

Bảo tồn

Retain(v)

Giữ

Wipe(v)

Lau,chùi

Particular(adj)

Riêng biệt

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N
A I . R e a d t h e text a n d ansvver the f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s
Ì . W h a t is conservation concerned w i t h ?
2. H o w can farmers protect their land?
3. I n vvhat w a y can trees preserve land?

4. W h a t happens w h e n a l l the trees i n a r e g i o n are c ú t ?
5. W h a t are some example o f minerals taken f r o m the earth?
A2. Write T betore true statements. Write F b e í o r e false statements.
Ì. Most people believe thát the world's resources can never be used ú p .
2. Conservation is o n l y the s a í e g u a r d i n g o f natural resources.

58


3. Y e a r l y rotation o f crops means grovving d i f f e r e n t crops ô n

the

same land f r o m year to year.
4. A d d i n g fertilizers can help enrich the soil.
5. Once used ú p , minerals can be replaced.

B. T H E G E R Ư N D
The - I N G f o r m o f t e n acts like a verb and a n o u n át the same t i m e . ít can be
f o l l o w e d by án object (e.g. i ư i t a t i n g deserts, d r a i n i n g svvamps) b ú t Ít can also
itselí be the subject, object or complement o f a sentence.
Examples:
D r a i n i n g svvamps is necessary to r e c l a i m land.
( D r a i n i n g - > subject)
Conservation also includes searching f o r alternative f u e l s .
(Searching —> o b j e c t )
Conservation is the s a í e g u a r đ i n g and preservation o f natural resources.
(Saíeguarding - » complement)
Farmers can protect their land by growing


d i f f e r e n t crops.

(Grovving - > object o f the preposition B Y )
L i k e any

other n o u n , the

- I N G f o r m can

be

used w i t h an

article

or

possessive or demonstrative adjective.
The saịeguarding

oi natural resources

D o you m i n d m y making

a suggestion?

( I n í ò r m a l : D o y o u m i n d me m a k i n g a suggestion ?)
Note

thát


have a direct

when

the -ING form

is usecl with

an articỉe,

Ít cannot

usualìy

obịect.

The reclaiming

oi land ( + n ó t the r e c l a i m i n g land)

B I . M a k e s e n t e n c e s u s ỉ n g the f o l l o w i n g V - i n g ,or V - i n g p h r a s e
as s u b j e c t , o b j e c t o r c o m p l e m e n t o f a s e n t e n c e
Ì . Preserving natural resources

59


2. í i s h i n g


3. r e c y c l i n g paper

4. s m o k i n g

5. p o l l u t i n g one's environment

6. safeguarding natural resources

7. preventing vvaste

8. grovving different crops of the same land

B2. Now write the proper form of the verb in parentheses, (gerund,
present participle, past participle, bare intinitive o r t o intinitive).
1. H o w is Susan (get)

along i n her n e w j o b ?

ì t h i n k she gets used to ( w o r k )
2. T h á t í a b r i c is ( m a k e )

f o r t y hours a vveek.
o f a material vvhich catches fire easily.

3. There are signs everyvvhere (tell)

people t o k e e p out o f the

grass i n the park.
4. ít is n ó t easy (tell)


a t w i n f r o m the other.

5. M a n y s n o w - f e d m o u n t a i n streams d r y ú p d u r i n g c e r t a i n seasons o f the
year because there is no ( m e l t )

snow át t h á t t i m e .

6. There are so m a n y signs along t h á t road ( w a r n )
d o w n because thát roads very s l i p p e r y .

c. W O R D STUDY
Noun formation
Nouns derived f r o m verbs can have the f o l l o w i n g s u f f í x e s :

60

m o t o r i s t s (slovv)


suffixes

examples

1.

- t i o n ; -ation

conservation; preservation; prevention


2.

- ment

development

3.

- er

fertilizer

4.

- ing

poisoning; d i r t y i n g

5.

-

saíeguard

6.

- age

drainage


C1. N o w use the correct noun or verb f o r m s in the

sentences.

Change the grammatical f o r m o f the w o r d s if necessary.
Ì.

conserve

W e have to

the natural resources o f our c o u n t r y . W a t e r

is

necessary f o r hydropovver stations.
2.

develop

W e have made

great

e f f o r t s to

our

country. The


industrial

vvill lead to the country's prosperity.
3.fertilize
Farmers

their land to make Ít productive. T h e y apply

into

the íìelds after the crops have been planted
4.

well-protect

Some plants have to be

The tender plant need

against the

cold weather.
5. en ri ch
W e come to school to
students up-to-date

our m i n d s vvith knovvledge. By g i v i n g the

s c i e n t i í i c knovvledge their mental


vvill

be

very

worthwhile.
6.

rotate

The f a r m e r s need to

their c r o p s . T h e

o f crops ô n the same

land can prevent soil exhaustion.

61


7.
The
a

continue
weather

to get vvorse and worse. T o d a y ' s weather w i l l be


o f yesterday.
8.

saỷeguard

W e have to

wildlife. The

...preservation o f n a t u r a l resources

vvill prevent a lót o f waste.
9. need
Y o u don't
10.

to h u r r y . There's no

f o r y o u t o start yet.

pollute

Exhaust f u m e s f r o m m o t o r vehicles

the air. Some large cities

have had measures to m i n i m i z e air
11.


recycle

M a n y factories
The

o l d nevvspapers b y d e - i n k i n g and p u l p i n g t h è m .

o f waste paper can save a great amount o f w o o d - p u l p .
12.

produce

Our

farms

increase
13.
The

rice, crops, and d a i r y

We

have

t r i e d to

b y using better methods and tools.
drain

svvamps i n this area ought to be

The

o f these

svvamps w i l l destroy the mosquitoes' breeding places.
14.

provide

We

have to

make

our c h i l d r e n w i t h f o o d and clothes. W e must also

f o r our o l d age by saving m o n e y .

C2. N o w m a k e y o u r o w n s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e v v o r d s a b o v e

62


D. D E A L I N G W I T H U N F A M I L I A R W O R D S A N D PHRASE
A number o f u n í a m i l i a r words and phrases are explained i n the text.
How
ỉndicate


are the followỉng

e x p l a i n e d ? W h a t p u n c t u a t i o n s a r e used

to

t h á t t h e expressions a r e b e ỉ n g ẽ x p l a i n e d ?

a. conservation (paragraph Ì )
b. yearly rotation o f crops (paragraph 2)
c. w i l d - l i f e preserves (paragraph 5)
d. recycle (paragraph7)

:

63


U n i t 2

AIR- POLLUTION

Clean air provides us w i t h a healthy supply o f o x y g e n . W h e n vvastes are
poured into the atmosphere, the air becomes c o n t a m i n a t e d a n d unpleasant to
breathe. T h i s is air p o l l u t i o n .
W a t e r vapour and carbon d i o x i d e occur i n the air n a t u r a l l y . E x a m p l e s of
air p o l l u t i o n

are


dust

storms, volcanic eruptions, í o r e s t

fires

caused by

l i g h t e n i n g , p o l l e n , and marsh gases.
A large a m o u n t o f air p o l l u t i o n i n cities comes f r o m sources other than
industry, m a i n l y a u t o m o b i l e s , h o m e eating, and garbage disposal.
Vehicles also account f o r air p o l l u t i o n i n the cities. A u t o m o b i l e exhaust
and some i n d u s t r i a l processes contain carbon m o n o x i d e , an odourless

gas

w h i c h cannot be seen or tasted. N i t r i c o x i d e i ồ another t a i l - p i p e e m i s s i o n t h á t is
h i g h l y poisonous and m a y sometimes change i n t o the even m o r e
nitrogen d i o x i d e .
Lead and smoke are e m i t t e d i n engine exhausts as t i n y particles.

64

dangerous


S m o g — o r i g i n a l l y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f smoke and f o g — ai so occurs i n the
atmosphere


vvhen nitrogen oxides and organic gases c o m b i n e under

the

i n í l u e n c e o f sunlight. T h i s is photo-chemical smog. í t m a y n ó t sound í a m i l i a r ,
bút

Ít is c o m m o n l y f o u n d

i n most

m a j o r cities where

there

are

large

concentrations o f industry and a u t o m o b i l ẹ s .
Industrial smoke stacks t h r o w out sulphur and n i t r o g e n oxides.
Burning coal and o i l releases other gases h a r m í u l to humans. The most
serious o f these gases is sulphur d i o x i d e . I n the atmosphere Ít can c o m b i n e
with water vapour and o x y g e n to t ù m into a s ủ l p h u r i c - a c i d m i s t .
Hydrogen í l u o r i d e is produced i n the m a n u í a c t u r e phosphate fertilizers and
some metals.
Burning garbage and paper wastes pollute the air w i t h unpleasant odours.
Dangerous chemicals can be released

f r o m b u r n i n g plastics or hairspray


containers.

W O R D LIST
Atmosphere(n)

Khí quyển, không khí

Emission(n)

Sự p h á t ra( á n h s á n g , n h i ệ t )

Carbon(n)

Cacbon

Concentration(n)

Sự t ậ p t r u n g

Dioxide(n)

(hoa) đ y o x y t

Disposal(n)

Sự v ứ t b ỏ

Eruption(n)


Sự phun ( n ú i lửa)

Exhaust(n)

Sự t h o á t k h í

Fluoride(n)

Hoá(florua)

Hydrogen(n)

Hoá(hyđrô)

Lead(n)

C h ì , than c h ì

Lighten(v)

Soi s á n g

Monoxide(n)

(hoa) o x y t đ ầ u , m o n o x í t

Nitric(n)

(hoa) n i t r i c


Nitrogen(n)

(hoa) n i t ơ

5.GT ENGLISH FOR-A

65


Odourless(adj)

Không có mùi, không c ó hương thơm

Organic(n)

(hoa) h ữ u c ơ

Oxide(n)

(hoa) o x y t

Oxygen(n)

(hoa) o x y

Plastic(n)

Nhựa

Poisonous(adj)


Đ ộ c , c ó cht đ ộ c

Pollen(n)

Phn hoa

Process(n)

Q u á trình

Phosphate(n)

(hoa) p h ố t p h á t

Photochemical(n)

Quang hoa

Smog(n)

Khói l ẫ n sương

Stack(n)

Ong khói

Sulphur(n)

(hoa) lưu h u ỳ n h


Sulphuric(n)

(hoa) sulphuric

Unpleasant(adj)

K h ô n g thoải m á i

Vapour(n)

Hơi nước, hơi

Volcanic(adj)

(thuộc) núi lửa

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N
A I W r i t e T b e f o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s . VVrite F b e f o r e f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s .
l . W h e n vvastes are poured i n t o the atmosphere,

t h e a i r becomes

contaminated.
2.1ndustry is the m a i n source o f air p o l l u t i o n .
3 . B u r n i n g coal and o i l is n ó t h a r m f u l t o h u m a n s .
4.Photo- c h e m i c a l smog is c o m m o n l y f o u n d i n most m a j o r cities with
large concentrations o f i n d u s t r y and a u t o m o b i l e s .
5.Sulphur d i o x i d e is the most serious o f gases released f r o m b u r n i n g
coal and o i l

A 2 . Read t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s .
Ì. W h a t t w o gases occur naturally?

5.GT ENGLISH FOR.


2. W h a t are some sources o f air p o l l u t i o n i n cities?
3. H o w do vehicles pollute the air i n cities?
4. W h e r e can photo-chemical smog be f o u n d ?
5. W h a t does sulphur d i o x i d e c o m b i n e d w i t h water vapour and o x y g e n
t ù m into?

B. G R A M M A R
Prepositions following adjectives
Some gases are harm/ul to humans.
M a n y adjectives are used w i t h particular prepositions, and these must be
learnt by heart. Here, the adjective harmỷuì

is f o l l o w e d b y the preposition to.

B I . Learn these adjectives and prepositions together and

add

s o m e m o r e a d j e c t i v e s t o t h e t a b l e belovv.

Adịectives
1

acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, h a r m f u l ,


Preposỉtions
to

important, k i n d , l i k e l y , l u c k y , open, pleasant, s i m i l a r

2

afraid, ahead, avvare, capable, c o n í i d e n t , f u l l

of

3

available, d i f f i c u l t , late, p e r í e c t , u s e í u l

for

4

clever, present, q u i c k , s k i l í u l

át

5

acquainted, crovvded, í r i e n d l y , popular

with


6

absent, d i f f e r e n t , safe

from

67


7

c o n í u s e d , sad, serious

about

8

interested, rích, s u c c e s s í u l

in

B2. N o w fill in the blanks w i t h c o r r ẹ c t p r e p o s i t i o n s
1. Y o u r mother was very k i n d

Anna.

2. H u r r y or y o u vvill be late

work.


3. W e r e they present

the c o n í e r e n c e ?

4. He was c o n f u s e d

the dates.

5. T h i s b o o k is d i f f e r e n t

hers.

6. Y o u r proposal is s i m i l a r

his.

7. M r . T r a n is very popular

his colleagues.

8. The c h i l d was a f r a i d

the dog.

9. She is accustomed

d r i v i n g ô n the l e f t h a n d .

10. The street was crovvded
11. H e was s u c c e s s í u l


people.
his career.

c. W O R D STUDY
C1. Word

Blending

The vvord smog

is c o m b i n e d f r o m the t w o w o r d s smoke

o f w o r d í o r m a t i o n is called blending.
ỷọrtran:

Look

1. medìcare:
2. brunch:
3.

68

heliport:

Here are some other e x a m p l e s .

European + television


m o t o r + pedal ( c y c l e )

át the words

gi ven.

This kind

í ò r m a l + translation (a c o m p u t e r code)

Eurovision:
mopecl:

and fog.

below

and

explain

in the same

way

as in the

exampỉe



4. Interpoỉ:
5. mọteì:
6. newscast:
7. telecast:
C2. T h e s u f f i x - less
The sujfix-ỉess,
odourless

added to a noun to f o r m an adjective, means without:

gas is a gas w i t h o u t

Now complete

An

odour.

the sentences

with the -ỉess adịectỉves

speechless

restless

childless

careless


harmless

treeless

provided.
odourless

1. M ĩ and M r s B r o w n have been m a r r i e d f o r f i v e years. T h e y have no
children. They're a
2. He

couple.

spent a n i g h t without

sleep. H e

were never s t i l l . H e

spent a

night.
3. She was so surprised thát she was unable to speak. She was

with

surprise.
4. N o trees can g r o w ô n t h á t soil. ít is
5. He is


about leaving the door u n l o c k e d w h e n he goes to bed.

6. These snakes w i l l n ó t cause you any serious h a r m even i f they bite y o u .
They are
7. O x y g e n is an

gas.

C3. o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s f o r m e d t r ò m n o u n s b y a d d i n g s u f f i x e s
Adjectives i n E n g l i s h can be í o r m e d f r o m nouns by a d d i n g other s u f f i x e s
such as: - f u l , -less, - l y , - l i k e , - ish....
Look át the nouns

beloxv and fìnd the correct

suffix

thát

form

corresponding

acịịectives:
H a r m , use, c h i l d , odour, peace, m a n , brother, w o r l d , day, success, health,
f o o l , agriculture, i n d u s t r y , self, rain, sand, nature, snovv, dust, hope, help, d i r t ,
1. - f u l :
2. - less:
3. - ish:
4. - ai:


69


5. - l y :
6. - l i k e :

...z.zz.z..zzz..z...............

7. - y :

. . . L Z Z Z Z I I Z Z " Z Z Z Z Z I

Complete

the following

sentences

with

the

adịecúves

/rom

the

words


above.
a. H e n r y is always ready to help his í r i e n d s . H e is
b. "Ha N o i M o i " is published seven days a week. ít is a

to t h è m .
nevvspaper.

c. Smoke f r o m í a c t o r i e s is
d. Hoa and her sister passed the e x a m i n a t i o n last m o n t h . T h e y w e r e
candidates.
e. Clean air provides us w i t h a
f. N i t r i c o x i d e is h i g h l y

supply o f o x y g e n .
ít acts as a poison, w h i c h m a y cause death '

or i n j u r y i f taken i n t o the body.

D. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION A N D W R I T I N G
W h a t should governments and i n d i v i d u a l s d o to cope w i t h p o l l u t i o n ?

70


Pre-reading
l . W h a t k i n d o f f o o d is g o o d y o u f o r ? M a k e a list.

2. W h a t k i n d o f f o o d is bad f o r you? M a k e a list.


3. W h a t does a healthy diet mean?
4. W h y is Ít important to have a healthy diet? D o most people i n y o u r
country have a healthy diet? W h y or w h y n ó t ?

71


Sometimes, people are c o n í u s e d about what type o f f o o d is healthy and
vvhat k i n d o f f o o d can be bad f o r our health. I n 1956, the U S D A —

ư.s

Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e — described f o u r basic f o o d g r o u p s : meat (meat,
f i s h , c h i c k e n . e t c ) , d a i r y (cheese, butter, e t c ) , grains ( b r e a d , cereals, r i c e ,
etc),

and f r u i t and vegetables. T h e U S D A suggested h o w m u c h o f each f o o d

g r o u p was

healthy

to eat

daily.

N o w , hovvever, these

suggestions


are

c h a n g i n g . T h e f o u r f o o d groups are s t i l l the same, b ú t the a m o u n t s f r o m each
f o o d group are d i f f e r e n t .
As a result o f years o f research, we k n o w t h á t too m u c h a n i m a l f a t is bad
f o r our health. For example, A m e r i c a n s eat a lót o f meat and o n l y a small
amount o f grains. f r u i t , and vegetables. Because o f t h e i r d i e t , t h e y have h i g h
rates o f cancer and heart disease. I n Japan, i n contrast, people eat

large

amounts o f grains and very l i t t l e meat. T h e Japanese also have v e r y l o w rates
o f cancer and heart disease. I n fact. the Japanese l i v e l o n g e r t h a n anyone else
in the vvorld. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w h e n Japanese people m o v e t o the U n i t e d States,
their rates o f heart disease and cancer increase as t h e i r d i e t changes. M o r e o v e r ,
as hamburgers, ice cream, and other h i g h - f a t f o o d s b e c o m e p o p u l a r i n Japan,
the rates o f heart disease and cancer are increasing there as w e l l . People are
also eating more meat and d a i r y products i n other c o u n t r i e s such as Cuba,
M a u r i t i u s , and H u n g a r y . N ó t s u r p r i s i n g l y , the disease rates i n these countries
are increasing along vvith the change i n diet. Consequently, d o c t o r s everyvvhere
advise people to eat m o r e grains, ữ u i t and vegetables, and t o eat less meat and
f e w e r d a i r y products.
A healthy diet is i m p o r t a n t f o r c h i l d r e n as vvell as adults. W h e n adults have
poor eating habits, t h e i r c h i l d r e n usually do too. A í t e r a l l , c h i l d r e n eat the same
way

as their parents. W h e n parents eat healthy f o o d the c h i l d r e n w i l l t h i n k Ít

tastes good. T h e n they w i l l develop g o o d eating habits. D o c t o r s advise parents
to give their c h i l d r e n healthier snacks such as f r u i t , vegetables and j u i c e .

Everyone vvants to live a l o n g , healthy l i f e . W e k n o w t h á t the f o o d w e eat
affects us i n d i f f e r e n t ways. For instance, doctors believe t h á t

f r u i t and

vegetables can actually prevent m a n y d i f f e r e n t diseases. Ô n the o t h e r hand,
animal fat can cause disease. W e can i m p r o v e our diet n o w , and e n j o y m a n y
years o f healthy l i v i n g .

72


WORD LIST
Confuse(v)

Nhầm lẫn

Actually(adv)

T h ự c sự

Advise(v)

*

ì
K h u y ê n , k h u y ê n bảo

Affect(v)


Ảnh hưởng

Agriculture(n)

Nông nghiệp

Amount(n)

Lượng

Cancer(n)

Ung thư

Cereal(n)

N g ũ cốc

Consequently(n)

D o đ ó , b ở i t h ế , YÌ v ậ y

D a i l y ( a d j , adv)

Hàng ngày

Dairy(n)

B ơ sữa


Department(n)

Cục, sở, t y , ban

Describe(v)

M ô tả

Fat(n)

Mỡ

Grain(n)

T h ó c lua

Group(n)

Nhóm

Healthy(adj)

khoe m ạ n h , l à n h m ạ n h , c ó l ợ i cho sức k h ỏ e

Important(adj)

Quan t r ọ n g

Increase(v)


Tăng, tăng thêm

Prevent(v)

N g ă n trở, n g ă n c ả n

Rate(n)

T ỷ l ệ , tốc đ ộ

Research(n)

N g h i ê n cứu

Snacks(n)

Bữa ă n qua loa, thức ă n n h ẹ

Suggestions(n)

Gợi ý

Surprisingly(adv)

M ộ t c á c h ngạc n h i ê n , đ á n g n g ạ c n h i ê n

Taste(v,n)

N ế m . , m ù i vị



A. COMPREHENSION
A I

R e a d t h e p a s s a g e o n c e . T h e n read t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s .

C h e c k w h e t h e r t h e y are t r u e (T) o r f a l s e (F). If a s t a t e m e n t is f a l s e ,
change

the

statement

so

thát

Ít i s t r ú c

Then

go

back

to

the

p a s s a g e a n d f i n d the line t h á t s u p p o r t s y o u r ansvver.

Ì . There are f o u r basic f o o d groups.
2. The f o o d groups are changing.
3. M o s t A m e r i c a n s eat a lót o f meat.
4. M o s t Japanese eat very f e w grains.
5. There are h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease i n Japan.
6. Doctors t h i n k Ít is a g o o d idea f o r people t o eat less meat.
7. ít is riot important f o r c h i l d r e n to have a h e a l t h y d i e t .
8. C h i l d r e n usually eat d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m their parents.
9. Doctors believe t h á t f r u i t and vegetables cause d i f f e r e n t diseases.
A 2 . Read t h e p a s s a g e a s e c o n d time. T h e n t r y t o ansvver the
following questions. Do n ó t look back át the passage.
y o u r ansvvers w i t h a classmate's

Compare

ansvvers.

1. a. D o A m e r i c a n s have h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease?

b. W h y or w h y n ó t ?

2. a. D o Japanese have h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease?
b. W h y , or w h y n ó t ?
3. a. W h a t sometimes happens vvhen Japanese people m o v e t o the

United

States?
b. W h y does this happen?
4. a. W h a t is happening to the disease rates i n Cuba, M a u r i t i u s , and Hungary?

b. W h y is this happening?
5. a. W h a t e f f e c t s can eating f r u i t and vegetables have ô n some diseases?
b. W h a t e f f e c t s can eating meat have ô n some diseases?

74


A3. multiple- choice.
Read each question

careỷuìly.

Circle

the ìetter

ofthe

best

answer.

ỉ. W h a t is the m a i n idea o f this passage?
a. The k i n d o f diet we have can cause or prevent diseases.
b. Doctors advise people t ò eat more f r u i t , vegetables and grains,
c. E a t i n g meat causes cancer and heart disease.
2. Everyone knows thát we must eat food i n order to live. What information
f o l l o w s ỉn o r d e r to?
a. the reason
b. the result

c. the cause
3. " A healthy diet is important f o r c h i l d r e n as w e l l as adults." T h i s means

a. is more important for children than Ít is for adults
b. is more i m p o r t a n t f o r adults than Ít is f o r c h i l d r e n
c. is e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r both adults and c h i l d r e n
4. What i n í o r m a t i o n f o l l o w s i n c o n t r a s t ?
a. a similar idea
b. an opposite idea
c. the same idea
5. What i n í o r m a t i o n f o l l o w s i n f a c t ?
a. more i n í ò r m a t i o n about the same idea.
b. contrasting i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea.
c. surprising i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea

B. V O C A B U L A R Y
Read
the ỉist

each

sentence

below.

Fill in each

space

with


the correct

worcl

/rom

below.

Agree

Type

Uníortunately

Becauseof

Disease

Prevent

Suggestion

Asaresult

Describe

Confused

75



Ì . Y o u r directions are n ó t clear. ĩ m very

and ĩ m a í r a i d o f g e t t i n g

lost.
2. M a r y and T o m went ô n a picnic i n the park

, t h e y stayed o u t i n

the sun too l o n g and became sunbumed.
3. ì have j u s t m o v e d i n t o a n e w apartment. n i

Ít t o y o u . It's ô n the

t h i r d f l o o r , Ít has three large rooms and a b i g k i t c h e n , a n d Ít gets the
sunlight a l l day.
4. Some people believe t h á t Ít is possible to

.....colds b y d r i n k i n g a lót"

o f orange j u i c e every day.
5. E m i l y lost her u m b r e l l a last week

she h a d t o h u y a n e w one.

6. Leslie said, "Let's go to the A n M u s e u m . " R o b e r t said, "That's a
wonderful


!"

7. ì l i k e to read mysteries and biographies. W h a t

o f b o o k s d o you

l i k e to read?
8. M i c h a e l t h i n k s I t a l i a n f o o d is delicious, and ì

with him.

9. Canter is a very serious
10. Fred g ó t a g o o d j o b

his experience w i t h c o m p u t e r s !

c. WORD FORMS
Use the correct
sentences.

Change

noun,

verb,

or adịecúve

the grammaticaì


form

ỷorms

oỷthe

of the word

words

if

ghen

ỉn the

necessarỵ.

Ì. improve
M a n u f a c t u r e s have made m a n y
For

example,

they

are

smaller,


manuĩacturers are t r y i n g to

i n c o m p u t e r s i n the last ten years.
íaster,

and

more

dependable.

Now

their c o m p l e x i t y .

2. agree
Some
Fay
in

people

are

vegetarians.

They

think


thát

a l l meat

is bad, bút

She t h i n k s t h á t raeat is g o o d to eat o c c a s i o n a l l y . H o w e v e r , she is
w i t h the idea t h á t vegetables and f r u i t are v e r y h e a l t h y .
3. encourage
Jason is m y best f r i e n d . H e alvvays

p r o b l e m . I n fact, his

76

m e w h e n ì have a d i f f i c u l t

has helped m e succeed m a n y tinues.


I tifỉ!

4. develop

Scientists are vvorking to

a cure f o r a l l k i n d s o f cancer. T h e -

o f a cure w i l l be vvelcome a l l around the w o r l d .
.lí lị X ,ụ

ị
.

5. e n j o y
ì

g o i n g to the movies alone. ì p r e í e r g o i n g w i t h a í r i e n d .

Sharing a g o o d m o v i e adds to m y
6. research
D ĩ . Johnson

cures f o r cancer. She does a l l her

ôn

heart disease.
7. increase
about 3CP¥. This s i g n i f í c a n t

During the summer, the temperature

in temperature makes m a n y people u n c o m í o r t a b l e .
8. taste
ì like the svveet
Lemons

o f f r u i t such as cherries and

pears.


svveet. T h e y are very sour.

9. cause
There are m a n y

o f cancer. F o r e x a m p l e , sometimes exposure

to the sun

skin cancer.

10. change
In some areas o f the w o r l d , there are f o u r
in other countries, the vveather

i n season. H o w e v e r ,
át a l l . í t is the same a l l year.

There is o n l y one season.

D. C L O Z E Q U I Z
a lót o f

less

large amounts o f very little

a small a m o u n t o f


more

very l o w rates o f

high rates o f

too m u c h
fewer

Read
phrạses

the passage
listed

may be more

above.

below.

FÌU in each

You may use thèm

than one correct

space
more


with

than

one of the words

once.

ỉn addition,

or
ĩhere

answer.

li


A s a result o f years o f research, w e k n o w t h á t ( Ì )

animal fat

is bad f o r our health. F o r example, A m e r i c a n s eat ( 2 )

meat and o n l y

(3)

grains, f r u i t and vegetables. Because o f t h e i r diet, they


have (4)

cancer and heart disease. I n Japan, i n contrast, people

eat (5)

grains and ( 6 ) .............. meat. T h e Japanese also have (7)
cancer and heart disease. I n f a c t , the Japanese l i v e l o n g e r t h a n anyone

else i n the w o r l d . Consequently, doctors everyvvhere advise people t o eat (8)
grains, f r u i t , and v e g e t á b l e s and (9)

meat

and

(10)

dairy products.

E. F O L L O W - U P A C T I V I T I E S
Activityl
L a r r y is a student át the State U n i v e r s i t y . T h e f o l l o w i n g m e n u shows what
he usually eats f o r b r e a k í a s t , l u n c h and dinner.
How can you change

Lanys

menu in order to make


Ít healthierỷor

him?

Break/ast
t w o eggs
t w o slices o f vvhite bread w i t h butter
one cup o f c o f f e e w i t h cream and sugar
Lunch
one large chocolate ice cream cone
Dinner
one h a m b u r g e r ô n a r o l l
one large order o f French f r i e s
an order o f b r o c c o l i
lettuce and tomatoes
Late-night

snack

a bag o f potato chips
an apple
Activity 2
A l o n e or vvith one or m o r e classmates, go to a fast f o o d restaurant. O r d e r a
healthy meal. Report to the class ô n the meal y o u ate and w h y Ít was n u t r i t i o u s .

78


Activity 3
A l o n e or vvith a student f r o m your country, prepare a m e n u f o r a t y p i c a l

b r e a k í a s t , Iunch, and dinner i n your country. Then talk to a student f r o m
another country, and show the student your m e n u . E x p l a i n w h y y o u t h i n k y o u r
diet is healthy; then ask the other student to e x p l a i n w h y he or she thinks
his/her diet is healthy. Compare your menu vvith the student's m e n u t r ò m a
different country.
Discuss w h i c h diet y o u both t h i n k is healthier.

F. T O P I C S F O R D I S C U S S I O N A N D V V R I T I N G
Ì. A r e there h i g h rates o f heart disease and cancer i n y o u r country? W h a t
do you t h i n k are some reasons f o r this?
2. The reading passage discussed a healthy diet as a w a y t o

prevent

disease. W o r k w i t h a classmate. M a k e a list o f other vvays to prevent disease
and to have a healthy l i f e . Compare your list w i t h y o u r classmates' lists.

79