TinlC TRANG s d llCu RUdlVG DXT d TM^ HAI
(TiiAi Bii\ii) cud'i mft' K Y X I X , BAU THC' K Y XX
NGUYEN THI MY HANH*

C

d thd ndi trong ljch sfl c$n dgi Vidt
Nam, vfi'n dd rudng dfi't c6 sy thay
dfi'i rfi't ldn. Dd lfi thyc trgng cfldp dogt
rudng dfi't cua thyc dfln Phflp, sfl hlnh thfinh
chd dp sd hflu Idn vd rudng dfi't cua dia chu
thye dfin Phflp vfi dia chu ban xfl. RiSng
huyfin Tien Hai (Thfli Binh) - m^t huydn
dfl^e thfinh Iflp vflo niia ddu thd ky XDC
(1828) tfl cdng cupe kh&i hoang eua nhfi
Nguydn li^u tinh hinh ed dien ra nhfl v^y
hay khdng? Vfi ne'u c6 thi dien ra d mflc dd
nfio?
1. Rupng da't cong
Trong khi nghien cflu tinh hinh sd hflu
rudng dfl't d Tidn Hai (Thfli Binh) tfl khi
thflnh Iflp ddn nfla sau thd ky XIX. eac
nhfl nghien cflu ddu da di den kS't lu^n
rfing: rudng dfi't cdng nhin chung chiS'm ty
1^ cao bdn ru^ng dfl't tfl (tfl't nhiSn cd ngogi
Ig do hofin canh lich sijl tflng Iflng chi phdi
nhfl trfldng b^p Iflng Thanh Giflm - huydn
Tidn Hai). D^n cuoi thd ky XIX dfiu thd ky
XX. sfl ehuydn biS'n rudng dfi't efing vfl tfl d
cfle lfing xa Thai Binh ndi chung vfi d Tien
Hai ndi riSng tidp tyc didn ra rfi't phflc tgp

vfl da dgng. Song theo cac nhfl nghiSn cflu
thi ehidu hfldng ehung lfi edng didn suy
giam, sd hflu tfl didn tfing len vfi chidm ty
1$ ldn.

Ndi rflng edng didn ed chidu hfldng suy
giSm khfing ed nghia lfi edng didn luc nfiy
chi cdn chidm ty Id nho mfl trfin thyc ti: d
Thfii Binh, d$e bidt lfi d Tidn Hai, rudng
dfi't cfing cdn tdn tgi vdi sd" Iflyng vfl ty 1§
khfi ldn.
Didu nfiy dflOe t h l hidn qua sy ki^n nfim
1894, khi ngfldi Phflp ddn, hp v&n vo cflng
ngge nhidn vl khfle vdi nhidu lfing xa d Bfie
Bp luc bdy gid thi d Tidn Hai luc nfly rupng
dfi't chil ydu v3n lfi rupng dfl't ciia Iflng xa
edng hflu (1). Hay trong cuon "Kinh tindng
nghiip Ddng Duang" xufl't ban nfim 1932,
Yvd Hfingry (Yves Henry) - Tong thanh tra
ndng nghidp Ddng Dfldng cho bidt: vflo diiu
thd ky XX ad ru^ng cdng d Th&i Binh Ifi
khoang 100.000 m&u, trong khi dd di^n tieh
eanh tflc khoang 300.000 mSu (2). Tfl d6
suy ra ty 1§ % edng difi'n lfi: khoang 32%
tdng so' didn tich ru^ng lua cua tinh. Ndu di
vfio tflng phu, huydn thl ty Id edng didn cdn
cao hfln. Didn hinh Ifi h u y ^ Tidn Hai, vdo
ddu thiky XX, ty li edng diin Id 59% (trong
khi theo P.Gourou, trong cudn "NgUdi ndng
ddn chdu thd Bde K^' thi vdo ndm Minh

M^nh thd 13, sd rugng edng d ddy chiim
75% tdng di^n tich). Cung theo so li$u thdng
ke dfiu thd ky XX, trong 51 hflong flde cua
c&c lfing d Tidn Hai dflyc cfle nhfi nghiSn cflu

* ThS. Khoa Ijch sfl - Trfldng Dgi hoc Sfl phgm Hfi Ndi


Thye h-^g sd hOii rupng ait...
tim hieu thi so lfing xa ed rupng d&t edng
qufln efi'p lfi (M)CQC) 51 (3) (Xem bang 1,
Z). Nhfl vfly Ifl nhin chung hfiu nhfl lfing nfio
cung ton tgi cdng didn, Trong cdng didn thd
fiiy, tuy^t dgi bd ph§n Ifl didn, thd' khdng ed
bao nhieu - chi chiS'm ed khoang 8% (4).
Cdng chflu thd hfiu nhfl khdng dfing kd.
V&y lfi, 80 vdi mia dfiu thd ky XIX thi sd
Iflqing rupng dfi't cdng cd giam sflt theo
khuynh hfldng chung cua efie tinh Bfie K^.
Song ndu so vdi cfic tinh khfic, d$c bi^t Ifl
xfit trong tfldng quan vdi cfic huydn khfle
trong tinh Thfli Binh thi ty Id cfing didn vfl
so* Iflyng Iflng cd rudng dfl't cdng qufin cfi'p
eua huydn Tidn Hai Ifl ldn hdn (Xem bang
3). Hi^n tflpng nfiy cd thd I^ giai b^ng
nhidu nguySn nhfln khfic nhau. Trfldc hdt,
didu dl nh^n th&'y Ifi: d&y Ifi mpt huydn

nfim d midn ven bidn, Ifl mpt vflng dfi't tre,
mdi dxiifc khai khiln chfla Iflu. Ban dfiu sau

khi dfl^ khai kh&i, ban thfin huy^n Tidn
Hai dfl dflpe mdnh danh Ifl "Tidn Hai tofln
thi qufin cfi'p". Hdn thd, thdi gian tfl dd ddn
thdi didm nfiy cung ehfla du dfii dl tfl didn
du sfle l&'n fit hofln tofin edng didn. Song
mpt nguySn nhfin chii ydu phai kl ddn Ifl
do ehfnh sflch rupng dfi't eua thye dfin
Phfip. Kd tfl dfiu thd ky XX, trong Nghi
dinh ngfiy 8-3-1906 dd cflp ddn vi§c quan Iy
tfli san cua efie Ifing xa Bfle K^, chi'nh
quydn LiSn bang Ddng Dfldng da ra I$nh
cfl'm k^ mye cfle Iflng xa khdng dflpc baji
edng didn cong tho (nhfl lufit Ip Gia Long da
quy dinh tfl nfim 1803), Vd sau, trong eac
vfln ban "Cai Ifldng hfldng ehinh", thfle dfin
Phfip ed eho phfip thue, linh canh, thflm chi

Bang 1: Bing tinh hlnh mfing cfing quin dp ocic ling xfl Thil Binh diu thlSky XX
Ten phu huyfn
Ti«nH^
Thuy Anh
Duy&iHi
K i ^ Xoang,
Tliii Nmh
Tiftn Hung
DfinRQuan
Phv Due
HrniRNhan
Thi Tri
Cing


Sd hirong irdc
diroc nghifn clhi
51
32
70
58
73
60
53
42
3
1
443

SI ling xa kh6ng
ghi RDCQC
0
4
6
9
12
3
10
6
0
0
SO

SI ling xfl kh&ng c6

RDCQC
0
0
3
0
3
10
3
18
I
0
38

(Ngudn; S6 lifu lil cuAi "Kinh li" ndng nghidp Hdng Ouang" (Sconomie AgncoU de Ilndochme).

SI ling xfl c6
RDCQC
51
28
61
49
58
47
40
18
2
1
3SS
l u i l ban 1932 ci


Hangny v i i6 lieu cua SA Dia chfnh. bdo cio ciia COng (H d c U'nh Btc K^ (luu gift lu Tning Um l>ni UO Qa6c gia Hi NOi)
B a n g 2 : B a n g t j 1( c 6 n | d\in m ^ s6 l i n g t h u p c h u y ^ Ti^n H a l ( T h i l B i n h ) d i u t h £ ky XX

U n g thu6c h u y ^ T l ^ Hal
NhoLflm
Thanh Giim
Done Cao

Tdnf* s£ ni^ng (miu)
350
510
798

C6ngdi6n(mAu)
90
200
125

(NguAn: Ding Lao DOng V i « Nam, Ban chip hinh linh TWi Eftnh. H6 wt'Tulifa
1925.194S".

Ty l« % c«ng d i ^
25,7
39,2
15,7

Itch sU phong trdo cdch mang huyfn Titn Hdi

Hd so sd 21/SD - F6. quydn t6 30-01 Tii lieu lini frit lai phdng tuu dit Unh uy Thii Blub).



Rghian cflu Ljch aii-. aH 4.2011
Bing 3: Bing phin btf ru^ng ctfng d cic phii, huyfn d Thif Binh
l)l(n Ifch canh lie (miu)

Dlfn Ifch c6ng dl^n (miu)

T^ If % cOng d l ^

Tl^n Hii

31.166

19.841

63,6

Thvy Anh

22.761

12.710

53,8

Kiffn Xifong

30.833

16.967


35,0

Thir Trt

25.833

11.766

43.3

Tliii Ninh

30.555

13,616

44,5

Duyen Hi

25,833

8.814

34.1

Vil Tien

16.944


7.185

26,6

Htfng Nhan

20.000

4,135

20.6

QuJnhCdi

22.761

4.212

18.5

Tien Hung

25.000

3 589

14.3

PhyDi^c


19.444

2.090

10,7

Ddng Quan

25,276

1.956

7.7

Ttn phiJ, huy^n

(Ngufln Sdli^u lilcufin Kink ifnOng nghifp 06ng Duong(^conomie

Agricolede I'Indochine), l u l i bin 1932dia YvoHingny

vi td lieu cit Sd Dia chfnh, bio cio ciia COng lit cic llnh Bic K^ (luu gift lai Trung Um Jim UQ Qufic gia HI NOI))

cho ban rupng cong eua Iflng xa d^ chi dflng
vfio efing vi§c cila Ifing, nhflng chi dfl^ thi^e
hi^n trong nhfliig trflcing hifp dfie bi^t vfi
phai dfldc afl dong f cua cua chinh quy^n
cfi'p tinh hofic cfi'p xfl (5). Hay trong th6ng
tfl ngfiy 25-3-1915, Thong afl Bfle K^ c6n ra
I?nh cho eae quan chu tinh bfit bu$c cfle

Iflng xa thfle hi$n vi$c chia di^n cfing th^
theo dinh k^ 3 nfim m^t lAn (6). Chflng ta
deu bi^t ring: cdng di^n Ifi eh hflu chung
cua lfing xa, Ifi cd sd kinh ti cua tS chflc
lfing xa vfi moi Iflng xa Ifi m^t ddn vi hflnh
chfnh rieng bi^t do bpn efldng hflo dflng
diu. 6 dfiy, d^ qu6c Phfip khfing x6a bo
cong diin mfl l^i duy tri ch^f d$ cdng di^n
tfle Ifl duy trt hinh thfle tS chflc thon xfi, Ipi
di^ng chfnh ngay to chflc thon xfl dfl c6 sSn
fi'y, thong qua bpn cflcfng hfio ly djeh di bdc
Ipt ndng dfin. Sflu, thu^, phu dfli t^p dich,
chflng chi vi^c phfln phoi theo ddn vj Ifing
xa vfl bpn efldng hfio I^ djch, I ^ c6 nhi§m
vv b^ vfio ddu ndng dan trong Ifing xfi.
Chfnh sfieh nfly da dflpc th\fc dfin Phflp fip
dung 5 cfle tinh, huy^n Bfie K^, trong d6
Ti^n Hai (Thfli Binh) lfi m$t di^n hinh.

2. Ru^ng dlTt tvi
M$c dfl thi^c dan Phap vfi tri^u dinh
nhfi NguySn ra sflc duy trt ch^ dp cdng di&
d dfiy vfi trfin tht^c ti da thu dfl^c mpt sfi*
k^t qua nhfit dinh. Song chiing cung khdng
th^ nflo phu n h ^ dflpc B^f tdn t^i ciia eh^
dd tfl diln th^ nghidp d t^t ca cac lfing xfi
ndi nfiy.
TrSn thxfc ti nhfin dan cfie Ifing xa ven
biln Tiln Hai vfl ndng dfin nghfio Iflu vong
tfl khfip efic ndi khfle da quy t\i v l dfiy, hp

hi^p tfic trong lao d$ng t$p thl, quai de I&
biln, dxfng Ifing I$p ^p, biln vflng dfi^t
hoang vu chua m$n thfinh di^n tfch canh
tfie phi nhidu. Do v$.y. sau khai hoang moi
sufi't dinh diu dflpc chia tU diin thi nghiip
ngang nhau. Si^ phfin p h ^ ru^ng d&t dd
phai chfing phan anh si^ ddng gdp edng sfle
lao ddng ngang nhau trong qufi trinh khai
khin diy gian k h i cua hp. Hdn thl, trong
tinh hinh xfi h^i b nuta d i u t h l ky XIX nfiy,
d l giai quylt yfiu ciu ru$ng dfl't gay gflt,
bfle thilt ctta ddng dao ndng phieu tfin
bfing phfldng thfle khfin hoang, thi c h i d$


Thye fryig sd hflru niQng diit...
dd vi^c khai khdn thi khdng dUdc tranh
chdp. Ngudi ndo nhdn mdy sdo, ti^i xd dong
ndo, diu ghi rd ddng tdy td ehl vd ki nh^n d
dudi. Kinh xin quan Tri huy^n kiim chdc
Doanh diin sd bdn huy^n tra xet, phi
chudn eho ldm bdng chdng di ddn mon
chdng tdi dupe nhdn khu ddt hoang dd ldm
tu diin thi nghi4p. Mudn ngdn hy vpng,
Nay kinh trinh". Cung trong cuon "Diln so
b?" d6 cdn ghi ti mi ring: tofln bd s l rudng
khai khin dflpc Ifl 96 mSu chia thflnh 153
Din cull t h l ky XIX, d$c bi§t vflo diu
phin cho 122 sufi't dinh. Moi phin dfli?c 6
t h l ky XX, c h i dp tfl diln t h l nghidp v5n

Bfio 2 khfi'u (mfii khfi'u lfi 36m''); trong a l 95
tilp tue dUffc m5 rdng do kit qua ciia vide
ngfldi (tfle 77% so dinh trong Iflng) dflpe
khai hoang khdng ngifiig diln ra. Song dilu
nh§n 1 phin, 23 ngfldi dflpe nhfln 2 phin, 4
dfing chd ^ lfi phfldng thfle phfin phdi rudng
ngflcti dflpe nh^n 3 phin. Nhfl v^y, ehi mpt
khai hoang gid dfiy khdng cdn Ifl efich chia
a l ft ngfldi thi dflpe flu dai n h ^ 2 hay 3
diu nhfl hdi t h l ky XDC mfi mang tfnh ehfi't
phin, trong khi tuy§t d^i da so (77%) chi
bfi't binh d ^ g r5 r§t. Cudn "Diln hp b?"
dflpc nhfln 1 phin (7).
hi^n Iflu trfl t^i phdng truyen thing xa
Hdn thl, eudl t h l ky XIX, trong mdt vfii
Ddng Lfim dfiy 21 trang, cudi sfi' c6 chfl 1^
ciia sfic mue, d i u tripn cua Ly trflflng, diu tong cl Tien Hai da cd bi^n tfldng ehuyin
tri$n chflng thfle eua quan huy^n vfi d p mpt phin cdng diln thflnh tfl diln dl Iflm
rupng ghi nhd cdng lao I^p ly,fi'p,trai, giflp.
tren cd chip l^i nhfl sau:
"Tinh Thdi Binh. phii Kiin XUdng, Trong dd phai ke din trfldng hpp tfl diln
huyin Tien Hdi. tdng Tdn Phong, ldng cua trai Nhufln 6e (tong Tfln Dinh) ed 305
Thanh Gidm. Nhdng diin hd chung tdi mSu rupng dit, tong s l dfln dinh aau khi
kinh trinh vi^e sda ddi addiin bg. Ddn ldng l^p trpi lfi 15 ngfldi. Trfl tho cfl dflpe phfin
chdng tdi nguySn ed mdt khu ddt hoang 96 theo dung quy dinh cua nhfi nfldc (moi aufi't
mdu, phia Ddng gidp vdi de Bgch Long, dinh 1 mSu), phin tfl diln dfldc chia cho 7
phia Tdy gidp vdi sdng NgU Dung, phia hp den khai phfl, I^p trgi diu tien, tfnh
Nam gidp gidi ldng Nho Ldm, phia Bdc theo dinh, m6i suit 5 sfio. Cfle hp: Do, Tfi,
gidp gidi ldng Ddc Ca, thUdng bi nUdc mdn Bfli, Vu, Dfldng, Ngd, Nguyen da nh^n
ehdy qua nin chiia thi khai khdn. Thdng dfl^c phin dfl't nfly. Trong so 7 hp neu tren,

trUdc tidn chung tdi dd ldm dan xin trUng, hp Ngd xuong aau (3 sufl't dinh) dflpe ehia
chd khi thdnh thtie diin se nhdn ldm tU 1,5 m§u, nhflng phai ra d phia ngofii Iflng.
diin tfli nghidp hang rudng loai ba. Mdi Cdn 8 hp din sau khfing dflpc nh|in phin tfl
nay may dUpc y cho ldi xin. Nay vdng linh diln nfly (8).

tfl diln t h l ngiii^p chi efi the xufi't hi$n dfldi
hinh thfle tu hihi nho, theo nguyen tfic binh
qufin. Vfi tfi't nhien cflng vdi dd Ifl B\f xufl't
hi$n mpt t i n g Idp ndng dfin mang tfnh chfi't
nfing dan tilu tfl hflu. Vdi nhflng ngflcti
ndng dan nfly, tuy rudng dfl't edn dflpe phfin
chia h^n ehl, song nd da t^o ra dpng Ii^e ldn
khuyin khieh ndng dfin tilp ti^e edng euOc
khin hoang dang con nhilu triln vpng cl
phfa trfldc.

sUta ddi sd ba, ddn chung tdi xin nhdn khu
ddt hoang dd, ph&n chia rd rdng, moi phdn
Id bao nhiiu sdo thUde, mdi mdi nhdn ldm
tam dang tU diin thi nghiip de truyin cho
con chdu. Td nay vi sau, ngUdi ndo khdng

Sl? phat triln cua tfl diln t h l nghipp
dflpc t h l hi§n ro n i t d nhilu ly, Ip, trai,
gifip khfle trong huy^n Tiln Hai vflo cudi
t h l ky XIX, d i u the ky XX. Vf nhfl: d Ip
Tfin Xuan, tfi'ng Tfin Boi Iflfi'pmdi Iflp, dflpc


Rghlto ciJru Ljch siir. stf 4.8011

dflng rifing thfinh ddn vi hfinh ehfnh cfl'p ed
sd chfnh thfle vfio nflm 1901. Cuin dia b?
euafi'pTfin Xufin dflpe I|p nflm Thfinh Thfii
thfl 18 (1906) cho bilt: luc nfly ting s i d i l n ,
t h l ndi dfiy Ifi 45 mlu vfl dflpc phfln ehia
nhfl sau: Tfl diln: 21 mlu (ehilm 46,6%
tfi'ng di§n tfeh rudng dfl't); Cdng diln: 20
mlu (ehilm 44,5% td'ng di$n tfch rudng
dfi't); Tfl thl: 4 mfiu (ehilm 8,9% td'ng di|n
tieh ru0ng dfi't) (9). Rd rfing, d Tfln Xufln thl
ty Id tu diln trdi hdn so vdi cdng diln.
Cfich fi'p Tfln Xufin khdng xa Ifi tr^i
Thifin Kilu, dflpe thfinh I$p nflm 1828. Dia
b^ Thien kilu nidn d^i Thfinh Thfli thfl 12
(1900) cho bilt s l Iflpng tfl diln nhilu gfi'p
ddi so vdi Iflpng edng diln. Trong td'ng s l
299 mlu diln, tho thi cdng diln Ifl 74 mfiu
7 sfio (chiim 25 % tong di^n tfeh); tfl diln
168 mlu 3 sfio (ehiem 53 % tong S); tho 66
mlu (ehilm 22%) (10).
Tinh hinh cung diln ra tfldng ti;t d thdn
Dai Phong, xa Nghia Phong (td'ng Tfln Boi)
theo dia ba thdn D ^ Phong nidn d ^ Thflnh
Thai thfl 12 (1900) thl td'ng a l d i l n tho Ifl:
140 mfiu, trong dd edng dien 60 mSu (ehilm
ty 1$ 42,9% td'ng so diln t h l ) ; tfl diln; 30
mfiu (chiim 21,4% td'ng s i d i l n thl); thd': 50
mfiu (ehilm 35,7% ting so diln thd')...
Qua dfiy cho ta thfl'y: e h l dp tfl hflu, d$c
bi^t lfi tfl diln t h l nghidp tilp tyc dflpc xfie

Iflp, phat triln vfl cd ndi edn fip dao ca cdng
diln. Cd nhilu hinh thfle phfit triln tfl diln
t h l nghidp, tuy nhidn hinh thfle khin
hoang v&n lfi m | t trong nhflng hinh thfle
quan trpng. Vfl hdn t h l ai? phfln phli ru^ng
dfi't aau khin hoang ro rfing dfi cd svt
ehuyin bien hofln tofln khfic so vdi trfldc
day. Tinh chfi't binh ding trong phfin phoi
ru|ng dfi't sau k h i n hoang gid dfly da hi
nhfldng cho eho tfnh bfl't binh dflng.
Song ililu dflng ndi Ifi chfnh si? ra ddi vfl
phfit triln ciia c h i dp tfl hflu nhd ndi trfin

l^i t^o ra dilu ki$n cho si? phflt triln
nhanh chdng ciia hinh thfle tfl hflu ldn hdn
eua dia chu ndi dfiy vflo culi t h l ky XDC,
dfiu t h l ky XX. Difiu nfiy b i t nguin tfl
nhilu nguyin nhfin khfie nhau:
Chflng ta bilt, trong qufi trinh khai
hoang, ban t h i n nhflng dia chu phfl hfio cd
t h l lflc dli dfio cung dflng ra ehifiu m |
nhfin cdng, tiln hflnh khai hoang dfldi hlnh
thfle "tl? khin" vfi t^o ra hinh thfle tfl hflu
Idn eua nhflng diln chu, cd quy m l phi
biln khoang chflng vfii chi?c mfiu cd khi din
vfli trfim mfiu m$t nghidp ehu. Qfla trtnh
khai hoang gin mdt t h l ky da t^o ra khdng
ft nhflng diln chii nhfl vfiy.
Them vfio dd, nan kiem tinh rupng dit
l^i ed dilu ki^n phflt triln 6 ndi nfiy.

Nhflng thflnh qua khin hoang ciia nhan
dfin ludn dflng trflde nguy cd bi chiim do^t
nghiem trpng. Lfi mpt miln ven bien hoang
vu, t r | t tl? xa hpi d Tiln Hai thfit sfl khdng
on djnh. Nhflng "I cfldp", "gi$c co thfldng
hay ty t | p d dfiy". D6 Ifi ndi t h ^ cflch ndi
ciia cfle nhfl chdp B\t phong kiln vdi hfim ^
fim ehi nhflng ngfldi ndng dfln nghfio ddi
thfldng tu t^p bgio dpng d dfiy. Khdng
nhflng thl, bpn gi$c biln mfl nhfin dfin
quen gpi Ifi gi^c Tfiu 6 tfl ven biln Trung
Qudc I^i thfldng trfin vfio cfldp phfi nhfin
dfln. Tinh hlnh xfl h | i thilu In djnh nhfl
v$y khiln cho nhfl nfldc phong kiln
NguySn, vtfn da thilu nilm tin ndi dfin
chflng Bfle Kf, 1^ ddng dd t^n kinh thfinh
H u l xa xdi, cflng khd b l kilm aofit khong
c h i tinh hlnh. M | t khi nhfi nfldc trung
fldng efing budng Idng bao nhieu thi cfing
tpo ra dilu ki$n thu^n Ipi cho t h l Iflc cfldi^
hfio phong kiln dja phfldng liing d o ^ vfi
kilm tinh r u | n g d i t biy nhieu. Thfle dfin
Phfip mfi tn?c tilp Ifl bpn quan cai tr) d d p
tinh thl tham nhung sflu mpt, dung dfldng
tilp tay cho bpn dia ehii efldng hflo d cfic


Thyc h-gng adr hthi niQng a£t...
Ifing xa ndi dfiy. Qua trinh tflp trung rupng
dfi't theo d6 dflpc diy m^nh.

La mpt mien chfiu tho ven biln, Tiln
Hai khdng nhflng dflpc thidn nhidn flu dai
nhflng tflng phim qu^ gifl nhfl nhflng vflng
dfl't dai mfiu md, nhflng Iflng xfi trfl m^t...
mfl thien nhien cdn dem din eho Tiln Hai
nhflng tai hpa khiing khilp nhfl: bfio biSn,
thiiy trilu rli vd dd lu lyt... cfldp di ciia hp
nhijng lfing fl'p, nhflng con dd, nhflng cfinh
ddng mfi nhfin dfin d l bilt bao cdng aflc gay
di?ng nen. Thien tai dfl ddi vfi khfie nghiet
bao nhieu thi nan b i n cflng phfl san, nan
ddi kim Iflu vong cfing p h i biln biy nhieu.
Vfi dfiy mdt Iln nfla I ^ t^o cd hpi cho giai
d p dia chu phong kid'n kiem tinh rupng
dfi't, gdp phin phat triln hdn nfla chd' dp sd
hflu rupng dfl't Idn eiia dia ehu.
Ro rfing vflo euli t h l ky XDC, dfiu t h l ky
XX, d Tiln Hai, che dp tfl hflu rudng dfi't
dang dien ra sfl phan hda ngfiy eflng sfiu
sfic. Dflc bi^t, trong khoang thdi gian nfiy,
yeu to tu ban chu nghia ngfiy cfijig tham
nhfip aflu vflo ndng thdn khiln eho afl phan
hda dd dien ra ngfiy cfing gfit. Si? thflm
nhfip ciia ylu to tfl ban chu nghia dd dflpc
bilu hipn ro ndt d thelm CO, mua bfln rupng dfi't diln ra ngfiy
efing pho biln trong khoang thdi gian nfly.
Thdng qua con dfldng elm co mua ban
rupng dfl't, nhflng dia chu phu hfio da cfldp
doat, bdc Ipt tfin bao ndng dfin, din diy hp

ra khdi manh dfi't von nhd bl ciia minh.
D$c biet e h l dp tfl hflu d Tifi'n Hai lue bfi'y
gid cdn phfit triln hkng efich Ifl'n chiem
rupng dfl't cdng tao thfinh 1 hinh thfle tfl
diln dflc bipt gpi Ifl "tU diin gian" (11).
Thtfc t l luc nfiy c6 khdng ft nhfliig dia chii,
efldng hflo lpi dyng t h l Ii?c vfi tiln tfli eua
minh, n h i t Ifl tranh thu nhflng luc mit
mfla ddi kdm de mua ban vfi Ifl'n chiem
rudng cdng lfim thfinh eiia tfl. M^c dfl hlnh

thfle tfl diln nfly trflde phfip lufit nhfi nfldc
Ifl khdng hpp phfip, nhflng do dflpc quan d
buy^n, tinh bao che dung tung nen dja chu
vfin cd quyln ehilm hflu vfl ehi phdi nd nhfl
tfl diln cua minh v^y. Vf du: dia chu
Nguyin Tri Phu, Nguyin Tri Ban d lfing
D ^ Hflu (ting Tfln Dinh) vflo nhflng nfim
diu t h l ky XX, nhd mua bfin rudng dfi't
gian l§n mfi ed trong tay hflng ngfln mfiu
rudng d huy$n Tiln Hai, Kiln Xfldng, Vu
Tien. Hay trfldng hpp nhfl d xfi Tilu Hofing
ed dja chu nfim trong tay mfiy trfim mfiu tfl
diln gian. Vfi mpt khi hidn tflpng tfl diln
gian eflng nhilu thl bi^n tflpng mua bfln
rupng dfi't efing p h i biln. Vf nhfl: d 1^ Ddng
Cao (tong Tfln An) eo 4 dia ehii ngo^i lai Ifl
Hfl Huyin, Hfin Ban, Hfin Quynh d Kiln
Xfldng vfi Hofing Vfin L^ d Thi xa dfl mua
tdi 245 mfiu "tfl dien gian" nen khiln moi

aufi't dinh d Dong Cao ehi edn 2 sfio 6 thfldc
rupng cdng mfi thdi (12). 'Rnh hinh tren
cung dien ra tfldng tfl d nhilu dia phfldng
khae trong huypn Tiln Hai Ifle bfi'y gid.
Dilu nfiy giflp ta Iy giai tai sao cupe dtfu
tranh ehong "tfl dien gian" lai trd thfinh
mpt npi dung quan trpng trong phong trfio
ndng dfin d Tiln Hai diu t h i k y XX.
Vfiy Ifi, ehl dp tu hflu rupng dfi't vfio eudl
t h l ky XIX diu t h l ky XX da thdng qua
nhifi'u con dfldng khfic nhau de phflt trien
vfi phfln hda ngfly efing sflu sfle. Bang
thong ke sau dfiy ciia Yvd Hfingry lfim rd
thdm cho chung ta tinh hlnh phfin hda
rupng dfi't tfl hflu d Tiln Hai vflo diu t h l ky
XX (xem bang 4).
3. Nh^n xdt
Nhu vdy, qua tim hiiu ehe dp ad hflu
rupng dfl't d Tiln Hai (Thfli Binh) culi the
ky XIX dfiu t h l ky XX, chflng ta thiy noi
Ifin mpt d$e diem Ifl ai? da d^ng trong lo^i
hlnh ad hflu. Ben eanh sd hflu cdng eon tin
tai tu hflu nhd eua ndng dfin vfl dfle bi^t la


Kghian cfln Jijeh si. stf 4.2011
[lung 4: ning (Inh hlnh phin h6Bru4ng dit tir hOudTll^n Hii diuth^ky XX
sit

Stfdljnchdchll^m


1
2
3
4
5
6

4573
1456
286
108
9
9

Di(n tich ruOng iSt chl^m
horu CUB m6l dl6ii chu
0 - 1 miu
1 - 5 mftu
5 - 10 mllu
10- 50mau
50-100
>100niiiu

Ty 14 % §o vdt niOng Ait canh
lAc toAii huy^n Tf^n H&I
71
22,6
4.4
1.7

0.1
0.1

(NguAn' Vvo Hlngiy: Kinh lfn6ng nghifp fMng Duang (6rani nie Agricole de Ilndochme),

Ty it % » »ffl
citinh
70.5
23.2
4.3
1.8
0,08
0,04

HI N<>i, 1932)

81? xufi't hi^n vfi ngfiy efing p h i biln ciia c h i ngfiy cfing p h i biln. Hdn nfla, si? phfln chia
dd tfl hflu Idn eiia diln chii.
binh d4ng ruing d i t khai hoang Ifim tfl
Trfldc sp t i n cdng tfl mpi phfa: do si? diln t h l nghidp cho dfln dinh cung khdng
bfinh trfldng ciia c h i d | tfl hflu, do si? lung cdn mfi thay vfio dd Ifl ai? phfin chia mang
do^n ciia d)a chu, k^ hfio d efic Iflng xfl, rli d$m tfnh bfi't binh dfing. Rl rfing, e h l d$
do thi?c tr^ng mua bfln, ehuyin nhflpng, edng diln khdng cdn nhilu tfic dpng trong
elm ctf rudng d i t ngfiy efing p h i biln dfldi v i ^ giai quylt t^m thdi ylu eiu ru|ng dit
tae dpng cua sfl thflm nh^ip ylu t l tfl ban ciia ndng dfln cung nhfl xoa diu, hda hofin
xung d | t giai cfi'p dang diln ra gay gfit d ndi
chii nghia trong ndng nghidp... nifi ehl dp
dfly. Thi?c tiln nfly minh chflng hflng bin
rudng edng ngfly mpt auy thofli. Nlu nhfl
cho chung ta thiy: dudi c h i dp thfle dfln

nflm Minh M0nh thfl 13, ting stf rudng dfi't
niia phong kiln (tfl sau Hi^p flde nfim
khai khin dflpc Ifl 18.900 mfiu, stf dinh Ifi
1884), cho dfl ndng dfin cd tfch ci?c khai
2.300 ngfldi, moi ngfldi dflpc d p binh qufin
hoang, giflnh dflpc m | t k h i u phin ru^ng
2 mfiu tfl diln t h l nghidp, stf ru$ng edng
d i t cdng hay m$t manh dfl't tfl hflu nhd thi
ehilm 75% ting di^n tieh, thi din diu t h l k i t qua dd cung ehi Ifl t^m thdi vfi vfi cflng
ky XX, theo thong kd ciia P.Gourou, ty I§ bfi'p bfinh mfl thdi. Dilu nfly 1^ giai eho
cdng diln d Tiln Hai Ifl 59%. Qiia th^t dfly chung ta t ^ sao cudc dfl'u tranh chia I ^
Ifl mpt budc Iflj dfii eiia c h i dd rudng cdng cdng diln, chtfng tinh trang "tfl diln gian"
trfin manh dfl't Tiln Hai (Thfii Binh).
I^i trd thfinh m$t mpe tidu quan trpng cd
Them vfio dd, si? elm ctf khiu phin afle ldi cutfn m^nh md trong phong trflc
rudng cdng, si? fln I^u ho$c mua bfin r u | n g ndng dfln d Tiln Hai vfio nhflng nfim diu
t h i k y XX.
d i t cdng Ifim eho hi^n tflpng '*tu diln gian"

CHU THtCH
(1). Paaqmer. "Tinh Thai Binh", trong "Nhtfng
tinh Bdc Ky". Trich T^p chf Ddng Di/ang 1904 (6
thfing d i u nflm). M.6123 (TVQG) (ChQ Phip),
npldi djch: Nguyfin IMnh Khang. DCV 30 - 32
(TVTB).

(2). Yves Henry: Economic agricole de L'
Indochina, Hanoi, 1932, tr. 99-249.
(3). S l hUdng Udc do Vi#n Thflng tin thu§c Vi$n
Khoa h9c xfi h^i Vi^t Nam thu th^p vfi luu trQ.

Ban phdt6 luu trfl t^i Thu vi^n Khoa hpc t i n g h ^


Thyc h-gng sd hflru rutfng ddi...
Thai Binh.

37
(7). S I li^u dfla vio cuin Diin h^ b^, hi^n dang

(4). Xem b i i "Nguyin Cdng Trtf, nhd khin
hoang iSi ipc ciia thiky XDC. T^p chf Nghiin ctfu
Kinh ti, ai 4^^1969.
(5). Duong Kinh Qu6c: M^t siquy chivi ru0ng
dat d Viit Nam thdi c^n d^ (qud trinh Ihiii ldp)
trong Vi^n Sfl hpc: Ndng ddn ud ndng thdn Vift
Nam thdi cdn d^i, T$p I, Nxb. Khoa h9c Xi hOi,
H i N^i, 1990, tr. 42 • 62.
(6). Xem bii "Chidd cdng diin cdng thi Bdc Ky
dU^ thdi Phdp thing tri". T9p chf Nghiin ctfu Ljch
S ^ . B I 87-1966.

lUu trfl tfi phdng truyin thing x i Dflng Lfim,
huy^n Tiln Hai, tfnh Thii Binh, 21 trang.
(8). Ph^m Thj Nit. Tiin Hdi ttf sau khi thdnh
ldp (1828) din cuil thiky XIX, Lu^n i n Tiln al •
Chuyin nginh Lich sfl Vi^t Nam, tii li^u luu trfl
t9i Thu vi^n Quflc gia, k^ hi^u 7901, tr. 89 • 90.
(9) (10). Cic b i n dja bg. niy diu l i ban ch(nh,
luu t^i tfp Tin Xuin v i Trfii Thifln KiSu, huy^n
Tiln Hii, Thii Binh,

(11). Yves Henry, add, tr. 99-249.
(12). Phflim Thi Nit. tldd, tr. 90 - 95.

T6 CHCTC BANG GIAO CUA TRI£U NGVY^...
(Jiip theo trang 24)

CHUTHtCR
(1). Quflc sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin, fJpi Nam nhit
thong chi. Nxb. T h u ^ Hoi, Hul, 1992, tr. 368.
(2). "H5i k^ cua Macartney", d i n theo V6 Vin
Dit, Lich si Dd Nang 1306 -1950, 1974, tr. 98.
(3). C. Borri. Xtf Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Ban
djch cua Hfing Hu?, Nguyfin Kh4c Xuyfin v i
Nguyfin Nghi, Nxb. Tp HS Chf Minh, 1999, tr. 65.
(4), (6), (7). Quflc Sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin. D<^i
Nam th^ lyx:, t^p m . H i NOi, 1963. tr. 193, 380,
309.
(6), (10), (13), (14). Quflc sfl q u i n trilu Nguyfin
(1998), Qudc triiu chinh biin todtyiu, Nxb. Thu^n
Hoi, Hul, 1998, tr. 198, 270.135, 276,139.

(9), (12). Taboulet, CSeorgea • La Geste francaise en
Indochine, din theo Vo Vfin D$t, sdd, tr. 161,136.
(11), (16). Mifc luc chdu bdn triiu Nguyin n i m Minh M^ng thfl 19, 6 ban chip tay, lUu t^i
Thu vi§n D^i hgc Khoa hpc Hul.
(16), (19). Qu5c Sfl quin trilu Nguyfin. fJgi
Nam thtfc luc, t^p III, H i N^i, 1963, tr. 277, 289.
(17), (20). Qu6c sfl quin trilu Nguyfin (1998),
Qudc triiu chinh biin todt yiu. Nxb. Thu$n Hoi,
Hul, 1998, tr. 169, 169.

(18). Mffc lifc ch&u bdn triiu Nguyin - nim
Minh M^ng thfl 19, 6 ban chip tay, lUu t^i ThU
vifn Dfi hpc Khoa hoc Hul.

(8). Luu Trang, "H§ thing phdng thii D i NSng

(21), (22), (23), (24). Taboulet, Georges - La

dufli trilu Nguyfin", T^p chf Nghiin ctfu Lfch si, s l

Qeste francaise en Indochine, dSn theo V6 Vin

12-2004, tr. 39-46.

Dftt, sdd, tr. 195, 151, 153,159.