MOT SO TAG DdNG TICH Cl/C CUA CHINH SACH
THUC D A N TAY B A N NHA QT TRUNG VA NAM MY
LUONG THI THOA
PHAM THI THANH HUY£'N*

T

rong Tap ehi Nghien cQu Lich sQ, sd
6 (331) thfing XI-XII nfim 2003,
chiing tdi da cd mpt bai viet vdi tieu dl:
"Chinh sdch thQc ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha ddi
vdi cQ ddn da do trin luc dia chdu My vd
hdu qud cda no (thi'ky XV - XVI)". Trong bfii
viet dd, do gidi han ciia tU lipu nen chung tdi
mdi ehi de cfip den nhQng tac dpng tieu eUc
eiia chinh sach thUe dfin do Tay Ban Nha
gay ra cho cdc thupc dia chfiu My.
Cd the ndi, chinh sfich thUe dan cua Tay
Ban Nha dd'i vdi cdc qud'c gia d Trung va
Nam My da de lai nhieu hdu qua tieu cUc
cho eac dan tpc ndy: dd Id sU buy dipt ve
dan so' eua chau My, sU khai thfie bdc lot
triet de cae ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien
cung nhu thanh qua lao dpng cua ngUdi
dan cac nUde bi xam chiem, dd Id sii huy
diet eac nen vfin hda truyen thdng ban dia
vfi chinh sfich phan biet chung tpc da man
ddi vdi ngUdi da mfiu, cupe sd'ng eua ngudi
dan d cac qud'c gia hi thiic dan Tay Ban
Nha chiem ddng hfiu nhU khdng ed sU cai
thien ndo dang ke. Alvin M.Joseph da nhan

xdt: "SQ khai hod cua ngiidi chdu Au ddi
vcH My Latinh dQdc coi Id giai doan den tdi
nhd't trong lich sQ lodi ngQdi, bdi vi nhQng
ngQdi khai hda dd dp dat quyin liic cda
minh lin cudc sd'ng, len lanh thd, tdn gido.

phQdng thQc sinh hoat vd phQcfng thQc ton
tai ciia tdt cd nhQng nhdm ngQdi bdn dia,
khdng mdt ai biit dQdc dd cd bao nhiiu bp
tdc bi nd dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi
giit chit" (1). Tuy nhien, cung cfin phai
nhan thfi'y rfing: cdng cupe khai thfie thupc
dia eiia thUe dfin Tay Ban Nha d Trung vfi
Nam My da tao nen mpt so tac dpng khach
quan mang y nghia tfch cilc ddi vdi thupc
dia nhU: tao ra sU pha trdn chung tpc, tao
ra mpt sd yeu to' mdi trong nen kinh te
thupc dia cung nhU sU tiep xuc, giao lUu
vfin hoa giQa cac nUde phUdng Tay vdi Tan
The gidi... d mpt khia canh nfio dd, nhQng
tfic dpng nfiy eung mang lai nhQng thay ddi
ldn, cfin ban cho khu vUc Trung vfi Nam
My, gdp phfin tao nen mpt My Latinh vdi
nhQng dfic trUng kinh td - vfin hoa dpc dao,
rieng ed ciia nd.
Tao ra sii pha tron c h u n g toe
Dfiy la tac dpng dfiu tien mfi sU nhfip eU
eiia thuc dan chau Au vfio chau My dfi
mang lai. Hp qua nfiy Ifi tfit nhien, khong
the tranh khdi khi nhQng ngUdi da trfing

trfin sang xam lUpc thupc dia d mpt vung
dfi't vdn la lanh thd cua ngUdi da dd.
Theo thdng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha dfi nhfip cU den The gidi Mdi

• PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sit - Trudng Dai hpc Sii pham Hfi Npi
" Th.S. Khoa Lich sd • TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi


mot s6j6cdOng Hch eye...

61

trong thdi ky thupe dia
SofdSl
Supha trdn chiing tpc dkhu vuc Trung vd Nam My
(2). Hp h l u het deu den tQ
nhQng vung nong nghipp
Ngirtri da
Nguilida
NguM Indian
lac hfiu d phia Nam Tfiy
trfing
den
Ban Nha. TQ cho Ifi Ifinh
thd
rieng
ciia ngUdi
Indian (ngUdi da dd), chfiu
Ngiidi

Ngiriri
My da trd thfinh chdu luc
mestizo
zambo
cda nhQng ngQdi nhap cQ.
Chinh sU nhfip eU ciia
NguM
ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha ndi
Mulatto
rieng, ng^di chfiu Au ndi
chung, cung vdi vipe dUa
peninsular (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha
ngUdi no le da den tQ chfiu Phi sang dfi tao
sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%), cdn
ra sU pha trdn chiing toe d cae thupc dia
lai 3,05 tripu ngUdi Ifi thupc nhdm criollo
chau My. Trai qua qufi trinh sinh sdng, ba
(nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha sinh ra d chfiu
thfinh p h i n dfin eU ehinh d thupc dia Ifi
My (chidm hdn 95%) (4). Sii phfin bipt giQa
ngUdi da trfing, ngUdi Indian vfi ngUdi da
ngUdi peninsular vfi ngUdi criollo khdng
den dfi hofi trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhQng
phai bdi ddng mau ma bdi ndi sinh. NhUng
nhdm ngUdi lai, chii yeu la ngUdi mestizo,
trong xa hpi d thupc dia, sU phan bipt dfing
zambo vk mulatto. Cd the minh hoa sU pha
cfi'p giQa hai nhdm ngUdi nfiy tUdng ddi rd
trdn chiing tpc dd bfing sd dd dudi dfiy (xem
rpt. NhQng chQc vu cao qu^ nhQ tdng trfi'n,

sd dd 1).
tdng gifim muc, chii tich Hpi ddng cd vfi'n...
Trong so' eac nhdm ngUdi lai, ngUdi dfinh cho ngUdi peninsular. Trong khi dd,
mestizo trd thfinh thfinh p h i n dfin cU chii
ngUdi criollo thi lai giQ vai trd quan trpng
yeu d nhieu ndi nhU Mexico, Trung My vfi
trong boat dpng kinh te: chii md, chii
khu viic cao nguyen Andes.
xUdng, thUdng nhfin, chu cfic hacienda
Mfic du sii xam lUdc eiia thUe dfin Tfiy (dien trang)... Do vfiy, ngUdi criollo ludn
Ban Nha dfi tfin sat vfi huy dipt ngUdi da ludn dfi'u tranh dl nfim chinh quyen. Cupe
do, nhung vfio cudl thdi ky thupc dia, dfin dfi'u tranh giQa ngUdi criollo vfi ngUdi
sd Indian da cd dfi'u hipu tfing trd lai. Theo peninsular Ifi mpt trong nhQng nguyen
Ude tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dfin sd d cae nhfin dfin den cudc dfi'u tranh giai phdng
thupc dia chfiu My cua Tay Ban Nha Ifi 17 dfin tpc d My Latinh the ky XIX - XX.
tripu ngUdi, trong so' dd khoang 7,5 tripu Ifi
ngudi Indian (chidm 44,1%); 3,2 tripu Ifi
Nhu vfiy, cupe xfim lUdc thiie dfin cua
ngudi da trfing (18,8%), ngUdi da den chiem Tfiy Ban Nha dfi tao ra d chfiu My mpt cpng
khoang 0,75 tripu ngUdi (4,7%), vfi 5,5 tripu ddng dan eU da ehiing tpc. Su hofi trdn
cdn lai Ifi sd ngUdi lai vdi nhilu loai khfic chiing tpc nfiy Ifi cd sd tao ra sU giao lUu
nhau (mestizo, zambo, mulatto) chidm kinh td, vfin hofi giQa ngQdi ban dia, ngQdi
32,4% (3).
da trfing vfi ngUdi da den. Dd cung chfnh Ifi
Trong sd 3,2 tripu ngUdi da trfing ed dilu kipn hinh thfinh nen vfin hofi da sfic
khoang 150.000 ngUdi
thupc nhdm tpc d chfiu My nhU hipn nay.


62


Tao ra m o t so y e u to mdi trong n e n
k i n h te thuoc dia
Ben canh tac dpng mang tinh chfi't tU
nhien Ifi sU hda trpn chung tpc, chinh sfich
thiie dan eua Tfiy Ban Nha cdn tao ra d
chau My mpt so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh
te thupc dia. TrUdc khi bi ngUdi Tfiy Ban
Nha xam chiem, nen kinh td cua ngUdi da
dd mang tfnh chfi't tu nhien tu cfi'p tU tuc.
NhUng tfnh chfi't dd da thay ddi bdi nhiing
hoat dpng kinh te phuc vu cho muc dfch
thiic dan ciia ngudi Tfiy Ban Nha. Cung vdi
qufi trinh xfim lUde vfi khai thae thupc dia,
ngudi Tay Ban Nha da mang den chfiu My
nhQng gidng efiy trdng, vfit nudi mdi la mfi
d dd chUa he biet den.
Ngay trong chuyen thfim hiem Ifin thQ
hai ciia minh (1493), Critxtdp Cdldmbd dfi
mang sang thupc dia mpt sd gidng rau vfi
con vfit nudi. Trong qufi trinh khai thfie vfi
nhfip cU, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha mang theo
nhQng dpng vfit cung cfi'p thiie phfim nhU
gfi, ldn, cQu, de, bd sQa...; nhQng gidng efiy
trdng mdi: lua mi, lua mach, mach den vfi
yen mach, nho (de san xufi't rUdu vang), cfi
phe... Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 170 loai
gidng rau vfi efiy trdng dUde ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha dUa sang chfiu My (5), trong sd dd cd
nhieu loai hipn nay trd thfinh ngudn thu

chfnh cua san xufi't ndng nghipp d chau My.
Mpt sd dpng vfit cd sQc kdo nhQ la, ngiia,
bd... eung dQde ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dem
den chfiu My. TrUdc khi cd sU xufi't hien eua
nhQng lofii dpng vfit nfiy, ngQdi ban dia d
chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi dl mang
vfie nhQng hfing hda nfing (gpi Ifi cac
tameme), vfi chi cd lac dfi khdng bQdu Ifi
dpng vfit cd sQc kdo duy nhfi't dUde sQ dung
d vung Andes.
NgUdi Tay Ban Nha ciing da mang den
chfiu My tfi't ca nhQng kinh nghipm eua hp
ve trdng trpt, trong dd ed nhilu dieu hp hpc

Rghien cuu Ljch sJr. sg 4.2009
tQ nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao. Hp cdn gidi thieu
cho ngUdi Indian biet den banh xe, thQ mfi
ngUdi Indian thfim chf chUa he dUde nhin
thfi'y. Bfinh xe dfi cho phdp ngUdi Indian
che tao ra xe bd, xe ngiia thay the cho sQc
kdo ciia con ngUdi trUde day.
"NgQdi Indian rdt thich thu nhQng sdn
phdm cua nin cdng nghi chdu Au. NhQng
mdi ten dQdc gdn kim loai to ra Qu viit hdn
hdn so vdi nhQng mui tin gdn dd. Viic sdn
ban trd nin hieu qud hdn vdi sQ xudt hien
cua sung... " (6).
Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha trong
qufi trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra
nhQng yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te thupc

dia. Mfic du thiic dan Tfiy Ban Nha ludn thi
hfinh chfnh sfich kim ham ddi vdi nen kinh
td cua ngUdi ban xQ, nhUng dfiu sao nin
kinh td dd vfin phfit trien theo mpt cd cfi'u
da dang hdn trUde, bao gdm nhieu ngfinh
nhu khai thfie md, chfin nudi, edng nghipp,
buon bfin vdi chfiu A vfi Tay Ban Nha...
Trong cac nganh kinh te mdi xufi't hipn
thdi ky thupc Tay Ban Nha, khai md dfi
ddng mpt vai trd chii yeu trong sii phfit
trien cua nen kinh te thupc dia. O ndi dfiu
cd khai md, ndi dd thfinh phd mpe len vfi
phat trien thinh vUpng. Vf du nhU thfinh
phd Pdtdsi (Peru) - ndi ed md bae Pdtdsi - ed
dfin so len den 160.000 ngUdi vfio giQa the
ky XVII (7), trd thfinh thfinh phd" ldn nhfit d
chau My, bd xa ca thu dd Mexico. NhUng
den dfiu the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thfinh
ngudn cung cfi'p khofing san chinh thi
Pdtdsi dfin thu nhd lai thfinh mpt lang vdi
dan sd chi khoang 8000 ngUdi (nfim 1800)
(8).
Thu nhfip tQ hoat dpng khai md Ifi
ngudn tfii chfnh chii yeu nudi dUdng tofin
bp bp mfiy hfinh chfnh thupc dia. Den nfim
1800, eac thupc dia cua Tay Ban Nha vfi Bd


63


TBDfio Nha d chfiu Mf dfi cung cfip hdn 90%
ngudn kim loai quy ciia the gidi (9).
N i n kinh te eiia The gidi Mdi nhanh
ehdng bfit kip vfi canh tranh vdi n i n kinh
t l d chfnh qudc. Trong sudt t h i ky XVI, Tay
Ban Nha vfin tiep tuc yeu c l u ngudn eung
cfip iQdng thUe, da thupc, thude nhupm vfi
nhQng kim loai qu^ hidm... tQ thupc dia.
NhUng eho den cudi thd ky XVI, ngoai trQ
bac vfi mpt sd^ mfit hfing khfic, hfing hofi ciia
thupc dia vfi ciia Tfiy Ban Nha deu da bfio
hofi. Cong nghipp ciia Tfiy Ban Nha dang
giam Slit. Vipe budn bfin len, lua vfi nhQng
san phfim ndng nghipp deu kdm hdn thdi
k^ trQdc nfim 1550. Vai dpt, ngu cdc luc dfiu
dQ(?e chd den thude dia tQ Seville (Tfiy Ban
Nha), v l sau dUdc san xufit tai chfnh thupc
dja vdi sdlUdngldn.
Cdng nghiep thupc dia dUdc xfiy diing
di^a tr§n nhiing Ifing n g h i ciia ngUdi Indian
- hp vdn Ifi nhQng ngUdi the? Ifinh nghe trong
vi$c d§t vai cotton vfi len, Ifim do gdm, cham
khfic dfi, chd tac kim loai. Cdng nghipp dpt
phat triln sdm nhfi't vfi nhanh ehdng thfinh
cong nhfi't trong tfi't ca cfic ngfinh cdng
nghi§p. NhQng nhfi mfiy len vfi cotton mpe
len ngfiy efing nhilu d Peru vfi Mexico. Cdng
nghiep san xufit td lya sdm bfit d i u d Mexico
vfi thinh vUdng cho den nfim 1580, khi sU

canh tranh ciia lua Trung Qudc re hdn dfi
gfiy ra sU suy giam ciia nd. O Mexico, Peru
vfi Chile, thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha dfi xfiy
dijtng nhQng nhfi mfiy s i n xufi't edng ey sfit,
gily, fio giap, yen cUdng ngUa vfi thuy tinh.
Ngofii ra, n g h i Ifim ngdi cdn rfi't phat trien d
Mexico, san xufi't phfio vfi chudng nhfi thd d
Pgru. Ecuador san xufit nhQng san phfim tQ
da. Cdng nghiep ddng tfiu sdm trd thfinh
ngfinh cong nghipp quan trpng, d i u tien Ifi d
Havana vfi Panama, sau d Guayaquil vfi cho
ddn cudi thdi k^ thupc dia Ifi d Buenos
Ayres.

Cho den nfim 1800, nen cdng nghiep d
cfic thupc dia chfiu My eiia Tfiy Ban Nha dfi
dupe thiet lfip khfi tdt, chiem vi tri quan
trpng thQ ba sau nong nghiep vfi khai md.
Theo bfio cfio eiia Baron von Humboldt, d
Mexico nhQng nfim d i u the ky XIX, san
xufit ndng nghiep dat 30.000.000 peso, khai
md: 25.000.000 peso vfi cdng nghipp:
7.000.000 den 8.000.000 peso (10).
Nhu vfiy, ro rfing du tfip trung vfio muc
dfch khai thae tfii nguyen d thupc dia Ifi
chii ydu, nhUng thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha da
tao ra nhQng yeu td mdi Ifim da dang hoa
nen kinh te ban dia eiia ngUdi Indian trUdc
dfiy vdn Id n i n kinh te t h u i n nong. NhQng
ed sd kinh te ban d i u mfi ngUdi Tfiy Ban

Nha xfiy diing nen dfi tao ta n i n mdng eho
sU phfit triln sau nfiy ciia khu viic Trung
vfi Nam My.
Tao r a sii giao liiu vfin h o a
Nhu tren dfi ndi, sU nh^p eU Ifi ed sd cho
sii giao lUu, tidp xiic vfin hofi giQa cfic chau
lye. Trong qua trinh xam chidm vfi thdng
tri d Trung vfi Nam My, thiic dfin Tfiy Ban
Nha da tfin phfi nen vfin minh eua ngUdi da
dd, nhung ddng thdi cung tao ra nhQng
dipn mao mdi trong nen vfin hofi ciia khu
viie nfiy. De qudc thupc dia Tfiy Ban Nha d
chfiu My tdn tai khoang ba thd ky (XVI XVIII), gfin bfing khoang thdi gian cai tri
eiia de che Rome ddi vdi Tfiy Au. Trong
sudt thdi gian nfiy, ngdn ngQ, tdn gifio, vfin
hofi vfi t h i che chfnh tri ciia Castile dfi trfin
sang vung dfi't ldn gfi'p 20 Ifin chfnh qudic.
"Mac dii cd nhQng phdn khdng vd xung
dot, nhQng d hdu hit mpi ndi, cudc sdng cda
ngQdi da do diu thay ddi bdi sii cd mat cua
ngQdi da trang. Sung phun iQa, thep vd
hdng hod cdng nghiep dd ldm cho cudc sd'ng
cda nhiiu bp'tdc trd nin ddn gian hdn, giau
cd hdn vd ngiia la mpt yiu td mdi quan


64

trpng ddi vdi sii ton tai cda ddn du muc. d
bdt ky ncfi ddu cd thQdng nhdn da trdng,

ngQdi da do rdt sdn long trao ddi hdng hod
vdi ngQdi da trang... NhQng nhd truyin
gido cd vai tro ldn trong viec thuyit phuc
ngQdi da do mac qudn do cua ngQdi da
trdng, hpc cdc ky thudt trong trpt vd ky
thuat cd khi, hpc dpc, viit chQ vd cdc con sd,
cdt tdc, tQ bo chi dp da thi, thich nghi vdi
phong tuc vd phQcMg thQc sinh hoat cua
ngQdi da trdng " (11).
Cfin phai thfi'y rfing, sii chuyin giao
nhQng yeu td van hofi chau Au den The gidi
Mdi la mpt cdng viec vi dai eua thdi ky
thupc dia, la phan sU dUde nhfi thd dam
nhipm. Ngay tQ dfiu, vipe cai dao ngUdi ban
dia dupe coi Ifi mpt trong nhQng dpng cd
thdng tri ciia thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha. To
chQe nhfi thd Id mpt bp may rfit hoan thipn,
la diem tUa trong chi'nh sach cai tri ciia
nha vua Tay Ban Nha d thupc dia.
- TrQdc hit, cd nhd vua vd nhd thd diu
rdt quan tdm din viic gido due d thupc dia.
NhQng thfiy tu eiia ddng Franciscan d
Mexico vdi sU ung hp cua phd vUdng
Mendoza da xay diing nhQng trUdng hoc
ben canh moi nha thd. NhQng cfiu bd
Indian dUde day de trd thfinh thd may, thp
mpe, thd rdn, thd Ifim gifiy vfi thp sdn.
NhQng nha truyen dao Tfiy Ban Nha tin
rfing giao due se giup ngUdi Indian nhdn
thQc td't hdn ve vfin hofi Tay Ban Nha.

TrUdng hpc dfiu tien cho ngUdi Indian dUdc
thanh lfip d Texcoco vfio nam 1523 bdi
Pedro de Gante, mot thfiy tu ddng
Franciscan. Ong triie tiep lanh dao nhd
trUdng hdn 40 nam, mdi nam chieu nap tQ
500 den 1000 hpc sinh Indian (chu yeu Id
nam). TrUdng hoc eua dng day eho ngUdi
Indian v l nghp thudt Tay Ban Nha va dao
tao hp thanh nhQng ngUdi thd thu edng
lanh nghe de trang trf nhd thd. Mpt sd

Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 4.2009
trUdng hoc khae dUdc thfinh lfip dfinh cho
con trai eua eac tu trUdng ngUdi Indian.
Nfim 1547, phd vUdng Mendoza thfinh lfip
trUdng hoc San J u a n de Letran, ndi nhQng
dQa tre Ifi eon lai dUde giao cho cfic linh
muc Franciscan day do.
Su ddng gdp de nhfin thfi'y nhfi't cua Tay
Ban Nha doi vdi nen gifio due thupc dja dd
chfnh Ifi he thdng trUdng dai hpc. Su thfinh
lfip nhQng trUdng dai hpc d cfic thupc dja
chau My eua Tfiy Ban Nha dUde bfit diu
vfio nfim 1551 khi Charles I thfinh lfip hai
trUdng dai hpc eua "Nhfi vua vfi Giao
hofing" (Royal and Pontifical Universities)
b Mexico va Lima. Hai trUdng dai hpc nfiy
Ifi cd sd de cfic trudng dai hpc khfic dupc
thfinh lap d khfip thupc dia. Trong sud't thdi
ky thupc dia, Tfiy Ban Nha dfi thfinh Ifip 10

trUdng dai hpc ldn vfi 15 trUdng nhd hdn
(12). Tfi't ca nhQng trUdng nfiy deu do eac
giao si cai quan. NhQng trUdng dai hpc d
thupc dia deu dUpe xay diing mo phdng
theo mfiu hinh eua trUdng dai hpc
Salamanca cd lich sii lau ddi d Tfiy Ban
Nha. The ky XIII, Salamanca dupe xdp
ngang hfing vdi Paris, Bologna, vfi Oxford,
Ifi mpt trong bd'n trung tam giao due d chfiu
Au thdi trung ed. Den giQa thd ky XVI,
Salamanca dat den dinh cao eiia nd vdi
7000 sinh vien den tQ khfip mpi ndi d chfiu
Au (13). Trudng dai hpc thQ hai d Tfiy Ban
Nha sau Salamanca cd anh hudng ddi vdi
nen giao due chau My Ifi dai hpc Alealfi de
Henares, thfinh lfip nfim 1498 bdi Cardinal
Jimdnez de Cisneros.
Dau the ky XVIII, Dai hoc Lima dUpe
thfinh lap, gdm gfin 2000 sinh vien vfi
khoang 180 giao sU thfin hpc, lufit dfin sQ,
dupe hpc vfi nghp thufit. Sii cd mfit eiia
ddng Ten ddng gdp rfi't nhilu vfio eong vi^c
gifio due thUe sU d chfiu My. Cae gifio si da


QT^f s6 the d$ng Hch ci/c.
thfinh lfip nhQng trUdng cao dfing, ndi tidng
Ifi cao dfing Juli, g i n khu vUe hd Titieaea.
ChinTi nhQng tnidng dai hpc vfi cao dfing
nfiy da dfio tao ra rfi't nhieu hpc gia ngUdi

ban dia ndi tidng trong nhieu linh vUe khoa
hpc, CU t h i nhu dUpc hpc, giai phfiu hpc,
ngdn ngQ hpc, lich sii vfi nhan chung hpc.
Trong sd dd phai ke den nhQng nhfi sii hpc
ngQdi Mexico nhU Toribio de Motolinia vdi
'Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espdnd ";
Duran vdi 'Historia de las Indias de Nueva
Espdnd". NhQng hpc gia ndi tieng nhfi't
ngUdi Peru la Acosta, nha s^ hpc, tac gia
ciia "Natural and Civil History of the
Indies"; Garcillasso de la Vega, ngUdi viet
ve dd che Inca vfi eupe tham hiem cua De
Soto; Sandoval, tfic gia cua nhQng cudn
sach d i u tien ve chau Phi d chau My;
Antonio Leon Pinelo Ifi ngUdi chfiu My d i u
tien sUu t i m thU muc vfi hp thdng hda
nhQng lufit tue eua ngUdi Indian.
- ThQ hai, bin canh nhQng ddng gdp ldn
lao vi mat gido due, Gido hdi cdn nghien
cQu ngdn ngQ cdc tpc ngQdi bdn xQ, chQ
viit, phong tuc, nghi li vd viic td chQc hdnh
li cda ngQdi bdn xQ. Nhd dd, ngfiy nay
chung ta ed tfii lieu de tim hilu ve nen vfin
minh eua ngUdi Indian.
Bernandino de Sahagiin sinh nfim 1499,
den Mexico nfim 1529 vfi dfinh gfin 60 nfim
cho cdng vipe truyen giao ciia mpt tinh
thupc dia phfin ddng Franciscan (Trung
Mexico). 6 n g trd thfinh mpt trong nhQng
linh mue ndi tidng Nahuatl gidi nhfi't vfi d

Tlateloleo, dng tiep tuc phat trien kd hoach
viet sfich gifio khoa v l vfin minh Aztec bfing
ngdn ngQ ban dia. Kdt qua Ifi cud'n
"Historical general" ra ddi, dUpc coi la mpt
si^ trUng bfiy vi dai v l tdn gifio, xa hpi,
phong tuc tfip qufin, ngdn ngQ eua ngUdi
Aztec. Landa eung Ifi mpt linh mue ddng
Franciscan. Tac phfim "Relacidn de las

65
cosas de Yucatdn " dUdc dng viet vfio nhQng
nfim 1560, tuy khdng ehi tiet bfing tfic
phfim cua Sahagun nhUng dfiy Ifi tfic pham
nghien cQu nen vfin minh Maya tren cd sd
nghien cQu tpc ngUdi. Cobo, sinh ra d Tfiy
Ban Nha, den Lima vfio 1599 vfio tudi 70,
dng da di nhieu ndi vung cao nguyen Andes
vfi viet tfic phfim "Historical del Nuevo
Mundo" trong khoang thdi gian tQ 1612
den 1613. Ong chfnh Ifi ngQdi nghien cQu
dfiu tien ve xfi hpi ngUdi Inca. Tfic phfim
cua dng la mpt luan an ve dia ly, lich sQ tU
nhien vd nhQng ngUdi thd dfin d Peru.
Nhu cfiu hieu bidt nhQng cfich thQc vfi
tfip tue hfinh l i cua ngUdi ban xQ dl ehdng
lai nd, coi dd nhU di giao do! vdi Cd ddc giao
cung da budc cfic nhfi truyen giao phai hoc
ngdn ngQ vfi phong tuc tien Tfiy Ban Nha.
Vi vfiy, edng cupe ehinh phuc tinh thfin gfin
liln vdi sii ra ddi eiia nhQng edng trinh

nghien cQu dan tpc hpc d Tfin The gidi.
Trong nhQng nfim dfiu ciia the ky XVI,
nhQng nhfi truyen gifio Tfiy Ban Nha da
triln khai nhieu boat dpng manh me trong
vipe nghien cQu ngdn ngQ cae tpc ngUdi ban
xQ. Nhieu tpc ngUdi khdng cd chQ. NgUdi ta
nghien cQu cfiu true ciia nhQng ngdn ngQ
chii yeu, hp thdng cac tQ viing quan trpng
vdi vipe giai nghia ehinh xfic tQng ngdn tQ.
Ngofii ra hp cdn dich nhieu tac phfim tdn
giao sang tieng ban dia, mpt sd tfic phfim
dich da dupe in. Nhd in da trd thfinh mpt
cdng cu rfi't hQu I'eh trong vipe truyen giao
cho ngUdi ban dia.
Cfic linh mue Tfiy Ban Nha eung nghien
cQu rfi't ehi tiet ve phong tue, nghi le vfi vipe
td chQc hfinh le eiia ngUdi ban xQ. Trong
nhQng nghien cQu nfiy, cdng trinh quan
trpng nhfi't Ifi eua linh mue Bernardino de
Sahagun, dng dfi kien tri thu thfip trong
mUdi nfim nhQng dQ hpu thdng tin ve ngUdi
ban xxi. Sau dd dng da tfip hpp thfinh mpt


66

nghien cQu hofin chinh ve ddi sdng va tdn
giao ciia ngUdi Mexico, nd cho phdp nhiJng
nghien cQu sau nay tai hien dUde mpi mat
cua ddi sdng ngudi ban xQ.

- ThQ ba, bin canh viic nghien cQu ngdn
ngQ, vdn hod, tdn gido cua ngQdi Indian,
cdc thdy tu dQdc sQ dong y cda nhd vua vd
sii ho trd cua pho vQdng dd cho xdy diing
rdt nhiiu cdng trinh kiin true, ehu yeu Ifi
nhfi thd. Chfnh sU cfin thidt phai quy dao
eho mpt sd ddng ngUdi da khien nhQng nhfi
truyen dao dUa vao trong thiet ke cfic cdng
trinh tdn giao mpt yeu td kien tnic hofin
tofin dpc dao: nhfi nguyen md. Vdi kieu kien
true nfiy, ngudi ta ed the td chQe ngfiy l i
thanh tren nhQng khoang sfin rpng md, d
san trong eua tofi thanh ndi cd t h i tap hdp
mpt sd tin dd ddng hdn nhieu so vdi sd tin
dd thudng hpi hpp d ben trong nhfi thd.
Hfiu het nhQng cong trinh xay diing thdi
thupc dia deu mang phong each tdn giao,
tieu bieu nhU nhfi thd Aeolman (ddng
Thanh Augustinian) d Trung Mexico, nhd
thd Quito (Ddng Franciscian) d Ecuado va
hang trfim nha thd cdn tdn tai tren khfip
chfiu My thupc Tay Ban Nha.
Nhfi thd Chfnh tofi ldn nhfi't d Mexico
City dupe xay diing trong vdng mpt the ky,
tQ nhQng ndm 1560 den nhQng nam 1660.
Mpt vai nhfi thd xay diing mupn hdn nhU
Oeotlan gfin Tlaxcala d Mexico, hay Zapita
d phia Bfic hd Titieaea d Peru, d nhQng ndi
nfiy, "truyin thd'ng cua ngQdi Indian hdu
nhQ dd bi lang quin, tham chi d nhQng ncfi

vd'n thupc nhQng nin vdn minh phdt triin
nhdt cua ngQdi Indian, kiin true tdn gido
cda nhd thd con nhieu hdn cdc cdng trinh
kiin trdc cua ngQcfi bdn dia " (14).
Cd khoang 12000 nhfi thd dupe xay diing
trong sud't ba the ky Tfiy Ban Nha thd'ng tri
d thupc dia (15). Tren moi vung Ifinh thd,

Rghi&i curu Lich siSr. sg 4.2009
mdi ddng Thfinh de lai mdt dfiu fin khfic
nhau. NhQng kien true kieu phao dfii ddn
gian eua ddng Thfinh Francisco vdi cac
mang tudng trang tri mfiu xfim bac kieu
niia dfiu the ky XVI vfi nhQng kien tnic clu
ky eiia ddng Thanh Dominican da dUdc xfiy
diing tai nhQng ndi tfip trung dan cU. Sau
dd, do qufi trinh suy giam nhanh ehdng dfin
so' ngUdi ban xQ, nhieu diem dan cU dfi
khdng cdn ngUdi d, vi the nhiing nhfi thd
trd nen each bipt hdn trUde.
Cung vdi viec xay diing nhfi thd, thiie
dan Tay Ban Nha trong qua trinh cai tri
eiia minh cung da xdy dilng rdt nhiiu
thdnh phd', dfic bipt ehu trpng xay diing cfic
thfinh phd ven bien vi day vQa la cac trung
tfim thUdng mai hfing hai vQa Ifi hfing rfio
qufin sii chd'ng lai sii tfi'n cdng ciia nUdc
ngoai. Vf du Santo Domingo Id mpt trong
nhQng thanh phd d i u tien eua Tay Ban
Nha d thupc dia chau My dUpe xay diing

mang tinh chfit quan sU. Ve sau, khi sU
lien ket giQa nhQng vung dfit thupc dia
dQde xac lap, va khi Caribe trd thanh sU
tranh gianh qudc te va nhQng cupe tfin
cdng eua bpn cUdp bien, Havana dfi thay
the Santo Domingo vfi trd thfinh trung tfim
thUdng mai ldn nhfit cua vung Caribbe,
ddng thdi Ifi mpt thfinh phd quan sU dUpc
eung ed vQng chfic nhfi't thupe dia. Cang
Havana la mpt trong nhQng hai cang tdt
nha't tren the gidi lue bfiy gid.
Mpt sd thanh phd" ven. biln khfic Ifi
St.Augustine d Florida, Veracruz d bd biln
Ddng Mexico, Portobello d Panama, vfi
Cartagena d bd bien Nam My. NhQng
thfinh phd nfiy deu cd qufin dpi ddng vfi Ifi
ndi tfip trung hfing hoa trong the ky XVII XVIII. St. Augustine, mpt thfinh p h d t u hfio
Ifi kho eiia cai eiia Tay Ban Nha, Veracruz cang xufi't nhfip khfiu chinh eua xQ Mexico,
Portobello, nhd hdn Veracruz nhUng dupe


QTgt sg the dgng Hch ci/c.
bao v$ bdi hai phao dfii. Chi cd Cartagena,
trong 80 tfit ca cfic thfinh phd ven biln ciia
vung Caribe vfi vinh Mexico Ifi cd the so
sfinh vdi Havana v l tfnh chfi't qufin sQ. Khu
vi^c thfinh phd ciia nd dupe bao hoc bdi
nhQng tudng rfio dUde ciing co vQng chfic,
cd thap cao, hfio sau vfi liic lUdng phao binh
yim trp. Mfic du dUde trang hi qufin sU ky

efing nhUng tfit ca nhQng thfinh phd ven
biln nfiy dIu dfi tQng ft nhfi't mpt l i n bi sU
tfi'n cong ciia ngUdi Anh, Phap hay ngUdi
Hfi Lan.
Khac vdi nhQng thfinh phd ven biln,
Tenoehtitlan (Mexico) Ifi mpt thfinh phd d
sfiu trong dfi't liln, dfin sd ddng vfi nhieu
ngUdi Indian cdn song sdt dfi tao ra cho
thfinh phd nhQng dilm dfic bipt. Thfim chf
ngay ca Puebla, ndi thiic dfin Tfiy Ban Nha
thfinh lfip chi dfinh rieng cho nhQng ngUdi
da trfing dinh cU vfin mang dang dfip ciia
"cd tinh bdn dia" (16).
Trong cfic thfinh phd d Peru, Lima ndi
bfit len vdi vai trd vQa Ifi thu do chfnh tri
(thupc tdng trfin) vQa Ifi trung tfim thUdng
mai. Dfiy Ifi ndi phfin phdi hfing hoa ciia cfic
flota (cfic ham dpi) ddn cang cudi cung ciia
Tfiy Ban Nha, vfi thdng qua nhQng con
dudng eiia ngUdi Inca trong giai doan "tiin
Tdy Ban Nha" (trUde khi Tfiy Ban Nha
xam chidm), nhQng flota nfiy chd hfing hofi
tdi Chile, Ecuador, Argentina vfi vung phfa
tren Peru. Thfinh phd' thQ hai ciia Peru,
Pdtdsi, thfinh phd* md ndi tieng, dfi tQng Ifi
thfinh phd' ldn nhfi't trong sd tfi't ca cac
thfinh phd'ciia thupc dia chau My.
Mdt trong nhQng dfic dilm ciia cfic
thfinh phd d thupc dia chfiu My Ifi cfic
quang trUdng dUpc bao xung quanh bdi

nhQng cabildo (tofi nhfi cua Hpi ddng thfinh
phd), nhfi thd vfi trung tfim thUdng mai chfnh.

67

tfit ca deu dfinh cho tfing Idp quy tdc da
trfing. Moi thfinh phd deu cd nhQng dUdng
phd chuyen Ifim bfinh, chuyen lam mpe,
chuyen thupc da... Thfinh phd chau Au thdi
trung cd thUdng ed nhQng dQdng phd hpp,
ehfing chit, nhQng eon phd bi gidi ban bdi
hfing rao bao quanh, nhUng d nhQng thanh
phd chau My mdi dUde dinh eU, ngUdi Tdy
Ban Nha dfi xfiy diing nhQng dudng phd
dfii, thfing ndi vdi nhau thdnh nhiing hinh
chQ nhfit. Kien true quy hoach thfinh phd d
chfiu My ve sau nay ngay efing dupe hofin
thipn hdn.
Tren dfiy Ifi mpt sd nhQng tac dpng
khfich quan dupe tao ra tQ cdng cupe khai
thfie thupc dia eua thiie dfin Tfiy Ban Nha d
Trung vfi Nam My. NhQng tac dpng nfiy
khdng nfim trong y dd chii quan ciia ke di
xfim lUde. NhUng trong khi xay dUng cac cd
sd ciia nen kinh te thupc dia, thiic dfin Tfiy
Ban Nha dfi tao ra dipn mao mdi cho nen
kinh te chfiu My, tfnh chfi't thufin nong dfin
d i n bi thay ddi bdi nen kinh te hfing hoa
vdi cd cfi'u da dang (cdng nghipp, thUdng
nghipp, ndng nghipp...). Ddng thdi, Tay Ban

Nha cung xfiy diing mpt sd cdng trinh kien
tnic, ehu yeu Ifi nhfi thd, trUdng hpc, tao ed
sd cho sU phfit triln cua nen vfin hda My
Latinh sau nfiy. Ngfiy nay, chung ta dUdc
tidp can vdi nhQng thanh tiiu cfic nen vfin
minh ed xUa ciia ngUdi da dd qua rfi't nhieu
cong trinh nghien cQu eua cae giao si vfi
thiie dfin Tfiy Au, trong dd ed phfin ddng gdp
khdng nhd cua Tfiy Ban Nha. NhQng tfic
dpng tfch ciic ciia chfnh sach thiic dan Tay
Ban Nha doi vdi khu viic Trung vd Nam My
tuy khdng phai luc nao cung dUpe danh gifi
edng bfing, khfich quan, nhUng ro rfing dd Ifi
"nhQng diiu khdng the phd nhdn ".
(Xem tii'p trang 59)


vi cang the giao due 6 khu hi hi...

59

trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr. 941.
(7). Ho Sd so 13024.
(8). Ho sd so 13024.
(9). Ho sd so 13254.
(10). Ho sd so 13110.
(11). Ho Sd so 13254.
(12). Ho Sd so 13254.
(13). Nghj quyd't ciia Ban ThUcIng vy Khu uy
Khu Ty trj Vi§t Bfic, so 39-NQArB, ngfiy 9-9-1959

vl nhi^m vy phfit triln giao dye trong cfic nien
kh6a 1959 vfi 1960. Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam: Vdn
ki^n Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 20 (1959). Nxb. Chinh trj
Quoc gia, Hfi NOi, 2002, tr. 1035.
(14). Ho sd 13298.
(15). Ho sd so 13118.
(16). Xem: Bp Giao dye vfi dfio tao: Ndm mUdi
ndm phdt trien sU nghiip gido due (1945-1995).
Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 1995, tr. 100. Dang Cpng
san Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng Todn tdp, tdp 21

MOT SO TAC DONG

(1960). Nxb. Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr.
552, 553; tftp 24 (1963), Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia,
Hfi Npi, 2003, tr. 421 vfi tfip 25 (1964), Nxb. Chfnh
trj Qu6c gia, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr. 220, 221.
(17). Ho sd B6 13298.
(18). Ho sd so 13332.
(19). Ho sd so 13254.
(20). Ho sd so 13332.
(21). Ho sd so 13254.
(22). Ho sd so 13332
(23). Ho sd so 13364.
(24). Ho sd s^ 13592.
(25). H$ 4-^2 Ifi hpc sinh 16p 4 hpc thSm hai
nfim sU pham. H§ 7-H Ifi hpc sinh hpc Idp 7 hpc
thgm mpt nfim sU ph^im. Sau khi tot nghiep, hp trd
thfinh nhiing gifio vien cfi'p I.
(26). Ho sd so 13254

(27). Ho sd so 13298.
(28). Ho sd so 13254.

TiCH CUC CUA CHiNH SACH THUC

DAN

(Tiep theo trang 67)
CHU THICH
(1),

(11). Alvin M. Joseph, Jr, The

(4). Simon ColUer, Thomas E. Skidmore, The

Indian

Heritage of America, Houghton Mifflin Company,

Cambridge Encyclopedia

1991, tr. 278, 284
(2), (6). Robert A. Divine, J.H. Breen, George
M. Fredrickson, R. Hal Williams and Randy
Roberts, Amerca, past and present (A division of
Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview, Illinois,
London, England), 1990, tr. 8, 4.
(3), (7), (14), (16). Charles Gibson, Spain in
America, The University Library Harper & Row,
Publishers, New York, Evanston and London,

1966, tr. 117, 125,88, 125.

Caribbean, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr

of America and the

203.
(5), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13). Hubert Herring, A
history of Latin America from the beginnings to the
present, Alfred A Knopf PubUsher, New York,
1967, tr. 411, 199, 199, 204, 210, 210.
(15). Michael C. Meyer, William L. Sherman,
The course of Mexican history, Oxford University
Press, 1987, tr. 199.