VAI MET v £ LICH St I^GlTdl MlJdiVG
d iiuYiiM B A TinTdr, xii^iH THAI^H H 6 A

NGUYEN VAN B A N G '

MAIVANTfJNG"

B

& Thudc lfi mft huyfn miin nfli tinh
Thanh Hda, cd difn tfch tM nhidn lfi
771,01km', cfich Thfinh p h i Thanh Hda
108km vl phfa Tfiy B^c. Phia Bic Bfi
Thudc gifip vdi tinh Hda Binh, phfa Tfiy
gifip vdi huyfn Quan Hda, Quan Sdn; phfa
Nam gifip vdi huyfn Lang Chfinh; phia
Ddng giap vdi cfic huyfn Ngoc Lfc, Cim
Thuy vft Thach Thfinh. 6 vi tri dia 1;^ nfty
tao thufin Ipi cho Ba Thude giao lUu ldnh
ti, -vftn hda - xa hdi... vdi cfic dia phUdng
khfie thdng qua efie Quie If £17, 15A vfi
dudng Hi Chf Minh.
Huyfn Ba Thfldc 1ft vflng dft't cd lieh sfl
binh thftnh vft phftt triin tfl rf't adm. Thufc
Hfu kf Dfi eu cfich ngfiy nay hfing vyn
nfim, cfic nhft khao co hpc da tim thft'y b
nhflng hang dfng, mfii dfi hfing ehyc dfi'u
tfeh cua ngUdi nguyen thuy, tieu biiu nhit
lfi mfii Da Dilu, mfii Dfi Nudc, hang Lftng
Trang (Lfim Xa)... Cflng vdi qufi trtnh vfn
dfng vft phfit triln khdng ngflng cua Uch

sfl, Bfi Thude da cd nhiiu thay dii v i dia
danh. Tfl thdi Hflng Vfldng, An Dfldng
Vfldng din nhflng nfim diu Cdng nguydn,
' ThS. Trudng D^i hpc Su phym Hft Nfi
" TS. Trudng D^i hpc Hong Dflc

Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Dd Lung ciia bf Ciiu
Chfin rii qufin Ciiu Chfin. Thdi thufc
Dudng (thi ky VII), Bfi ThUdc thufc huyfn
Trudng Lfim. Trai qua cfic triiu dyi Dinh,
Tiin Lfi, Lf. Trin (thi ky X - XIV), Bfi
Thudc cd tfin 1ft Lfii Giang, mft trong 14
huyfn cua Thanh Hda Iflc biy gid. Thdi Ld
Sd (1428 - 1527), Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn
Quang Binh, phu Thifu Thifin. Nfim Minh
Mfnh thfl 12 (1831), thufc chfiu Quan Hda,
phu Thp Xufin. Nfim T^ Dflc thfl 3 (1851),
chia 4 td'ng: Sa Lung, Thiit 6ng, Ci LOng
vft Diin Lu thufc chfiu Quan Hda. Nfim
Khai Djnh thfl 3 (1925), 4 ting tren dUpc
cit chuyin dl Ifp chfiu mdi 1ft chfiu Tfin
Hda gim 30 xa vft 221 chdm. Sau Cfich
myng thfing Tfim, ly ad chfiu Tfin Hda ddng
tyi La Hfin (xa Ban Cdng). Thfing 10-1945,
chfiu Tfin Hda dxKfc dii tfn thftnh Bfi Thudc
dl ghi nhd cdng lao cua Cim Bfi ThUdc,
mft thu linh ngudi Thfii qu6 b Thfldng
Xufin trong phong trfto Cin VUdng ching
Phfip. Thfing 3-1948, Chu tjch Hi Chi
Minh da k^ S&c lfnh so 148-SL, ddn vi

hfinh chfnh chfiu Bfi Thude dxlpc d^i thftnh


V6i nit vi lich aiSr ngudi mu6ng...
huyfn Bfi Thudc. Huyen Bfi ThUdc Iflc diu
cd 7 xfi 1ft: Quo'c Thftnh, Vftn Nho, Thiit
Ong, Hi Diin, Quy Ludng, Long Vfin vft Ban
Cdng. Ly sd ddng tai Cftnh Nfing. Ngfty 2-51964, theo Quyit dinh eua Bf Nfi vu, chia 5
xa Qu;^ Ludng, Hi Diln, Long Van, Vfin Nho
vfi Quic Thftnh thftnh 18 xa. Nftm 1965, xa
Tan Lfip dUpc thfinh Ifp, nfim 1984 xfi Diln
Lu dfldc chia thftnh 2 xa Diin Lu vft Diin
Trung. Nftm 1994, thftnh Ifp Tbi trfiii Cftnh
Nfing tren ed sd cua xft Lfim Xa.
Hien nay, Bfi ThUde gim cd 1 thi trfi'n
(Cftnh Nfing) vfi 22 xa, 1ft huyfn miln nfli
da tfc ngUdi, vdi td'ng dfin so 1ft 103.449
ngUdi (nfim 2007), trong dd ngudi Mudng
chiim 51%, ngUdi Thfii chiim 32%, ngudi
Kinh vfi mdt s i dan tpc khac chiim 17%
dfin si.
Lich sU hinh

thdnh

Ngudi Mudng la mdt trong 54 dfin tpe b
Vift Nam. Trong ddi s6hg, ciing nhU trong
y thflc tu gific tfc ngudi, dong bfio Mudng tU
nhfin minh lfi Moi, Mon, Mui... Ngudi
Mudng d Tbanh Hda song rai rfic d 11

huyfn miin nfli vft mft so xa mien xudi.
Tfp trung dong nhfi't b cfic huyfn Thach
Thftnh, Cim Thuy, Bfi ThUdc, Ngpc Lftc,
Nhu Thanh.
Dia bftn cU trfl cua ngudi Mudng Thanh
Hoa chu yeu 1ft vflng ban sdn dia, ven cfic
llfu vUc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, adng
Ciu Chfty, sdng Budi, sdng Muc. 0 khu vUc
nfty CO nhflng thung lung ldn, dfi't dai mfiu
md, cfi nhflng hfii bii ven sdng. Bdi vfiy con
ngudi din ty cU tfl rfi't lfiu ddi vft phfit triln
sdm nghi ndng trong lua nUde. Bdn canh
canh tfic rudng nUdc ngUdi Mudng cdn kit
hdp canh tfic nUdng rfty. Ngofti ra, khai
thfic tu nhidn nhU sfin b^t, hai lupm, dfinh
cfi ciing 1ft hoat dpng kinh t i gifl vi tri quan
trpng trong xa hdi truyin thing.

Trudc kia, kl ea gin dfiy, ngUdi MUdng b
Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi b Ba ThUdc ndl
rieng v5n nhfin minh lfi ngUdi b "trdn
Mudng" de phfin bift vdi ngudi d "dudi
Chp", tflc ngudi b dudi ddng bSng (miin
xudi) mft lfiu nay ngUdi Mudng quen gpi lfi
ngUdi Kinh trong khai nifm "kinh k^ ke
chp". Hofic tfl nhftn lfi ngUdi d mudng Khd,
mUdng Ong...
Theo tac gia Trin Quic Vupng vft
Nguyin DUdng Binh thi tfl "Mudng" xufi't
hifn vfio khoang t h i ky thfl XVII. Sfic lfnh

eua Kinh lupc sfl Bic Kj^ Nguyin Trong
Hifp di ngfty 2 thfing 6 nfim Dong Khanh
(23-6-1888), tai diiu 1 c6 ghi: "Lap mot tinh
gim cac dfi't (cua dan Mudng) xUa thudc cfic
tinh Hung Hofi, Sdn Tfiy, Hft Ndi, Ninh
Binh". Dfiy c6 the lfi vfin ban chinh thflc
diu tien cua Nhft nUdc phong kiin Vift
Nam dflng danh tfl Mudng dl chi nhom cU
dfin nfiy (1).
Cho din trUdc Cfich mang thang Tfim
nfim 1945, Ba ThUdc 1ft dia bftn sinh ty cbu
yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vfi Thai. NgUdi
Mudng sing tfip trung chu yiu trong 15
mudng, trong dd cd 8 mUdng ldn: mfldng
Khodng, mudng Kho, mUdng Lau, mudng
Kf, mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Diln,
mUdng Khddng. Bay mUdng nhd la mUdng
Pa Khan, mUdng Doi, mudng Dfio, mUdng
D6n, mudng Rim, mUdng Am, mUdng
Chfiu. Hp cua ngudi Mudng 1ft cac hp Hft,
TrUdng, Pham, Cao, Qufich, Le, Bfli...
NgUdi Mudng Bfi Thudc thufc nhdm
Mfldng Trong (Mudng goc/ban dia Thanh
Hda) cd dfic dilm rieng ve ngdn ngfl, trang
phye, phong tue so vdi Mudng Ngofii (3 eac
tinh phia B^c). Mudng Trong dUde phfin
thfinh hai nhdm: mUdng Ong (mfldng que
ngoai) vft mudng Ai (mudng que ndi) diu 1ft
mft goc eua ngudi Mudng Trong.



56

Rghian ciJru Ljch ait. s6 3.2012

Nhin chung, Bfi Thfldc 1ft vflng dit cd
ljch afl hlnh thfinh vfi phfit triln tfl rfi't
sdm, 1ft dja bfin sinh ty chu yiu cua hai dfin
tfc Mudng vft Thfii. Trong dd, ngudi Mudng
1ft eU dfin ban dja cd nln vfin hofi dfc aic.
Dd 1ft nin vfin hofi thung Iflng g^n liin vdi
ho^it dfng kinh t i Ifla nfldc, nUdng rfiy vft
khai thfic lfim t h i san. Ngofti ra cdn luu gifl
jihiiu dfi'u fi'n vfin hda Vift ci.
Vied'u true miidng
Lftng xdm cua ngudi Mudng thfldng dfl^c
xfiy dyng b chfin dii, chfin nfli, ndi dfi't
thoai, gin sdng, suii... TrUdc dfiy, mdi lftng
cua ngUdi Mudng c6 khoang vfti ehyc nde
nhfi, lftng nfto ddng dflc thi khoang bin,
nfim chye nde nhft. Nhin tfl xa, lfing cua
ngudi Mudng thudng i n minh trong nhiing
Iflm cfiy quanh lfing, nhiiu ndi cd nhiing
rfing tre bao bpc, nhUng i n tUdng hdn ca 1ft
hiu bet cac lftng mUdng dfldc t i dilm bing
nhiing-hfing eau cao vflt.
NgUcli Mudng 6 Ba ThUdc, Cim Thuy,
Lang Chanh ndi rieng vft Thanh Hofi ndi
chung gpi lftng lfi lung (2). Dfiy lfi ddn vi cd
ad cua xfi hpi Mfldng gim nhiiu tiiu gia

dinh phy. quyln. Lfing cdn 1ft mft khii cU
dfin lfim thftnh mft ddn vj cd ddi song rieng
v i nhilu mftt. Trong xa hfi truyin thing
(trUdc nftm 1945), lftng (lung) thufc a^
quan If eua mudng. Mudng (miidng) Ift ddn
vi to chfle xfi hfi, tfip hdp nhilu lftng trong
eflng mft thung lung, hay nhiiu thung
lung liln k i nhau. Ddn vi t i chflc mudng
dft dudi sy quan 1^' cua mft ddng hp qu^
tfc, gpi 1ft lang (f(io. Cy t h i nhU lftng Cha,
lfing Ki, lfing Chiing Cie... trudc nfim 1946
thufc mudng Ong, dudi ay quan ly eua
ddng hp Phgm Cdng; cac lftng Chiing Triu,
Chiing L§m, lftng Cd, lftng Xfim, lftng Sio...
thudc mudng Khd, dudi sU quan ly eua
ddng ho Hft Cdng (3)...

Trong xfi hfi truyin thing, ngudi Mudng
ndi chung 1ft cU dfin lftm ndng nghifp, kinh
t i ehu dyo 1ft cfty Ifla nfldc, vi t h i dia bftn ty
cu cua hp gfin liin vdi hf sinh thai thung
iQng. Do dd, khi tim dft't Iftp mUdng, ngUdi
Mudng chpn nhflng khu vyc thung lung hfi
ty diy du cfic diiu kifn cin thiit nhU cd
nUdc dl sinh hoyt, san xuit vft khai thfic
thuy san, dfi't trflng d l lftm rudng, cd rflng
dl khai thfic ngudn lfim san, cd t h i dit cao
b^ng d i dung nhft, hudng d i t thoang dfing
vfi di lyi giao lUu vdi cfic viing lfin cfn phai
thufin tifn.

Qua nghidn cflu khao sfit cfic mudng
trfin dja bfin huyfn Bfi Thudc vfi vflng lfin
cfn budc d i u chujig tdi thiy, thdng thudng
mft mUdng ci trudc dfiy dupc ciu thfinh b
trong dd ft n h i t 3 lftng co djnh, dd 1ft lftng
Chu (Chiing), lftng Ngooc (Ngpc) vft lftng
Coc (Goc, Cdc). BSn canh 3 lfing nfiy cdn cd
cfic lftng khfie, nhiiu hay ft la tfly theo difn
tfch dfi't dai, hch afl hinh thftnh, t i n tai vft
phfit triln cua tiing mudng.
Ba loyi lfing k l trfin gin Uin vdi aU hinh
thftnh vft ton tai ciia tflng mfldng. Bao gid
trong mft mfldng eiing cd nhiSng ngudi din
d}nh cu vft Ifp lftng diu tidn, nhflng lftng dd
thudng dupe gpi tdn 1ft lftng Cdc, cd ndi sau
nfty gpi trfch di 1ft Gic hay Cpe. NhUng
Cie, Gic hay Cfc diu cd nghia 1ft gdc, 1ft
diu tidn. C6 t h i lift kd ra mft s i tftn lftng
tren dia bftn huyfn Bfi ThUdc vft mdt s i
khu vyc cua huyfn Cim Thuy dl thiy sU
tUdng d6ng:
O mUdng Ong cd lftng Lung Cdc (4) (lftng
Cic), nay thupe xa Thiit 6ng.
6 mudng Ai ed lftng Lung Cfc, nay dii
ten thfinh lfing Mot thupc xa Lam Xa.
O mudng Khd ciing cd lftng Lung Cfc,
nay 1ft mft bf phftn cua Lftng Am thufc xa
Diin Quang.



Vfti n6t v& lieh si ngudi Hluimg..,
6 lfing Sfio xa Thiit Ke (xUa thufc
mUdng Khd) cd xdm Coc, lfi xdm hinh thftnh
diu tidn eua lfing nfty.

0 mudng Ai cd lftng Lflng Ngpc, nay gpi
1ft lfing Ngpc Sinh thufc xa LUdng Ngoai,
huyfn Bfi ThUde.

d xft Thanh Lfim (dia bfin ngfldi Thfii) cd
ban Coc, gifip mUdng Ai eu cfla ngUdi
Mfldng.
6 mUdng Tram (Cim Thuy) ed lftng
Liing Cdc, nay thufc xa Cim Lign.
6 mUdng Pbfi'm (Cim Thach
Cim
Thuy) c6 lftng Coc - Vfin...
Ngofii ra, mft s i lfing cua ngudi Mudng
cdn cd ten 1ft Cd, Cfn gin fim vdi tfl Coc,
tUdng dUdng vdi Cic, cd nghia 1ft gic.

0 mUdng Tram c6 lftng Lung Ngpc, nay
thufc xa c i m Thfinh, huyfn Cim Thuy.
6 Mudng Kim cd lftng Ngpc, nay thupc
xa Cim Ngpc, huyfn Cim Thuy...
Qua dfiy chflng tdi thfi'y dia danh huyfn
Ngpc Lfic phai giai thfch nd b ^ g ngon ngfl
ban dia Mudng. Vi trong ngdn ngfl Mudng,
Ngooc Rgac (J^gooc Ift nguon, Rgac 1ft nUdc)
dl chi nguon nUde. NhU vfty, Ngpc Lfic Ngooc Rgac phai c6 nghia dl chi ndi ed

nguon nude doi dfio thi dflng hdn.

Mdt loai hinh lfing khfic trong chinh thi
ciu true 1ft lfing Ngope, cd ndi phfit fim
trfch di 1ft Ngpc. Nhu vfiy, Ngope hay Ngpc
diu ed nghia nhu nhau, theo tiing Mudng
Ngope - Ngpc cd nghia la nguon. Nguon 5
dfiy de chi nguon nUde. Bdi vi, ngUdi Mudng
lfi cU dfin quen song d viing thung lung cd
truyin thong trong lua nUdc lau ddi nen
khi chon dfi't lfip mUdng bao gid hp cung dfit
yeu to nude len hfing diu. Do dd phai chpn
nhflng ndi thufin ldi ve nguin nUdc dl ainh
hoat vft Ift'y nUdc san xufi't. Vi vfty, nhflng
lftng sing d diu ngudn nUde la nhflng lftng
cfi lich sti dinh cU lfiu ddi, nen ngudi Mudng
gpi ten 1ft lftng Ngope di chi dfic dilm cU
trfl. Chinh vi b diu nguin nfin vi trf cua
lftng Ngooc thudng b nhflng khu vUc heo
hut hdn, sfiu hdn, vft khd di lai hdn so vdi
nhflng lang khfic. Chung ta cd t h i tim thiy
b tren dia bfin huyen Bfi ThUdc vft b mot a i
khu vyc Iftn cfn nhu C^m Thuy, Ngpc Lfc
nhflng lftng mang ten Ngope hay Ngpc eu
the nhu sau:
6 mudng 6ng cd Ngpc ling, 1ft mft khu
dit thufc lang Chieng, nay thuoc xa Thiet
6ng, huyfn Ba thUde.

Loai hinh lfing thfl ba 1ft nhflng lftng

mang tin Cbu. Hien nay dfi'u vit cua
nhflng lftng mang ten Chu kha md nhat.
Hiu nhu ngudi dan cl day khdng cdn nhd gi
nhieu vi nhflng lftng nfty. NhUng dfl sao
trong cd ciu t i chflc mft mUdng co cua
ngUdi Mudng trudc dfiy cd lftng Chu. Lftng
Chu 1ft ndi d cua lang dao trong mpt
mUdng. Cd the hieu ddn gian do 1ft "tbu dd"
cfla mdt Mudng, ndi ddng dd cfla lang dao
trong mUdng. Cd t h i kl ra dfiy mpt so diu
vit vi loai lang nfty tren dia bftn Bfi ThUdc
vft Quan Sdn nhU sau:
6 mUdng 6ng von cd lftng Lung Chu,
sau dd'i thftnh lftng Cha (nay thufc xa Thiet
Ki, huyfn Bfi Thudc). Day lfi ndi cd dia
danh dii "Lai Ly Lai Lfing, cd cfiy Chu da
lfi Chu dong, bdng thau qua thiic", lfi dia
danh dfldc kl trong Mo sfl thi Be ddt di
niidc cua dfin tfc Mudng.
6 Mudng Ai cung cd lftng Lung Chu (nay
thupc xa Tfin Lfip, huyfn Bfi ThUdc) cdn ed
ten khac lfi Chu San.
6 xa Thfinh Lam (dfi't ngUdi Thfii d hien
nay) cd ban Chu, giap mUdng Ai cu cua
ngudi Mudng.


sa
Ngofti ra, cdn cd dia danh mUdng Chu San, nay thufc xa Sdn Thuy vft Sdn Difn
huyfn Quan Sdn...

Sau nfty, nhflng ndi cl eua lang dyo dflng
diu mft mudng gpi 1ft lftng Chiing. Do dd
mUdng nfto cung cd mft lfing Chiing, thf m
chi ed mudng hai lfing chiing nhfl mfldng
Khd ed lftng Chiing Triu vft chiing LSm
diu 1ft ndi b cua lang dyo ddng hp lang dyo
Hft Cdng. Dfiy 1ft mudng duy nhfi't cua
ngudi Mudng b Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi Bfi
Thfldc ndi nfing c6 hai lftng Chiing. Theo
chflng tdi vfi mft s i nhft nghidn cflu cho
r^ng, cd li dia danh lftng Chu 1ft tdn gic c6
lieh afl lfiu ddi, cdn dja danh lftng Chiing
xufi't hifn mufn hdn sau nfty (rft't ed thi
anh hudng tfl ngudi Thfii?). Lfing Chiing
din trd ndn phi biin hdn, cfl chi nfio cd
lftng Chiing thi dd 1ft ndi b cua lang dgo
trudc dfiy. Do vfy, vi trf cua lfing Chu, lftng
Chiing bao gid cung b nhflng ndi trung tfim
cua mft mfldng, cd dong rufng rfng, dfi't
dai mftu md, dfin cU ddng due, nhilu gia
dinh khfi gia, di lgi thufin tifn... Cd t h i
thing kfi hfing ehyc lftng Chiing tren dja
bftn huyfn Bfi Thudc vft mdt s i huyfn lfin
cfin nhu Lang Chanh, Cim Thiiy, Ngpc Lfc
de thiy tinh p h i biin eua loyi lftng diln
hinh nfty.
Chiing Ong (thufc mudng 6ng, nay
thufc xfi Thiit 6ng, huyfn Bfi ThUdc).
Chiing Lim, chiing Triu (thufc mUdng
Khd, nay thufc xa Diln Lu, huyfn Bfi

Thudc).
Chiing Ai (thufc mudng Ai, nay thufc
xfi Ha Trung, huyfn Bfi Thudc).
Chiing Dfla (thufc mudng Khiing, nay
thufc xa LUdng Trung, huyfn Ba ThUdc).
Chiing Mung (thudc mUdng Tiln, nay
thufc xa Diln Thupng, huyfn Bfi Thudc).

Rghian eflu Ltch sir, s i 3.2012
Chiing Ddng (thufc mUdng Phft'm, nay
thufc xa Cim Thych, huyfn Cim Thuy).
Chiing Trim (thufc mUdng Tram, nay
thufc xft Cim Thftnh, huyfn Cim Thuy).
Chiing Vong (thufc mudng Vong, nay
thufc xa Cim Giang vft Cim <^uf, huyfn
Cim Thuy).
Chiing epi (thufc mUdng Cpi, nay thufc
xfi Cim Tfim, huyfn C^m Thuy).
Chiing Ban (thufc mUdng Chfinh, nay
thufc xfi Tfin Phflc vfi Quang Hiin, huyfn
Lang Chfinh).
Chiing Khyt (thufc mUdng Khat, nay
thufc xa Ding Ludng, huyfn Lang Chfinh).
Hay chiing Qu$c, chiing Mdn b huyfn
Ngpc Lfic...
C6 t h i thfi'y, dl sinh tin vft phat triln,
khi chpn dfi't lfip lfing, ngUdi MUdng da tfnh
din sU dinh cU bin vflng, dit dUng lfing
phai dfip flng cfic diiu kifn san xufi't, cfic
nguon tfti nguyen thidn nhien ciing nhu

mdi trudng sinh thfii. Thuc tl' cho thiy
nhflng dieu kifn tren 1ft cd sd vi2ng chic dl
ngfUdi Mudng dat din trinh do vfin minh
eao: vfin minh xdm lfing - vfin minh Ifla
nfldc.
Ve thiii chi xd hdi
Trudc Cfich myng thfing Tfim nfim 1945,
xa hfi Mudng 1ft mft xfi hfi cd ding cKp.
Ngudi Mudng ndi chung vft ngudi Mudng d
Thanh Hofi ndi ridng diu chiu aU thing tri
cua ting ldp lang dao.
Nhflng kit qua nghidn citu cua nhfi dfin
tfc hpc Tfl Chi cho thfify trong xfi hfi Mudng
truyin thong d Hda Binh moi con uguoi
dflpc "chfnh danh dinh phfin" chf t che. Quy
tfc gpi 1ft Lang, binh dfin gpi Ift Jfin (dfin).
Xa hfi Mudng 1ft xa hfi phy quyln, trong
dd quyen t h i tfip Ift quyln cua con trai


Vftl n6t vi lteh siir ngu'W OTuemg..
trudng. Bf mfiy nhft lang dUpc xfiy dyng
tren nguygn t^e iy. Con trai trudng cua chi
trfldng ho Bych Cdng thing trj toftn bf
thung liing mudng Rieh gim 12 xdm: dd 1ft
Lang Cun, gpi t i t 1ft Cun. Lang Cun mudng
Rich (Cun Rich) chi true tiip thing tri cd 3
xdm, gpi gfp lyi 1ft Chifng (Chiing), tflc
Chiing cua mUdng Rich. Cftc chi thfl chia
nhau thing tri cfic xdm khfic b ngofti pham

vi Chiing (6).

Mudng diu phai thdng qua ting ldp lang
dgo, edn lang dyo quan If true tiip dfin
Mudng. Din thdi nhft Nguyin (Minh Mang
thfl 16, nftm 1836) mdi chfnh thflc dftt chi
df lflu quan b mft s i huyfn miln nfli
Thanh Hofi, song thyc ra ehi thue hifn
dupc cl 2 huyfn Cim Thuy vft Thach
Thftnh. Cfic huyfn cdn lyi, trong dd cd
huyfn Bfi Thudc, nhft Nguyin da hdp phfip
hofi cho mft so lang dyo ed t h i lUc lftm tri
chfiu nhu trudng hpp ho Phgm b Ngpc Lftc,
hp Ld cl Lang Chanh, ho Qufich d Nhu
Thanh, hp Hft, hp Pham d Bfi Thudc, ddi vdi
cfic td'ng, lftng thi cae lang dao trd thfinh
chfinh ting, ly trUdng, xa chdm. Sau Cfieh
mgng thftng Tfim (1945) chi dd lang dao b
Thanh Hofi mdi hoftn toftn dUpc xofi bd.

6 Thanh Hda, ting ldp thing tri dflng
diu moi mUdng ldn 1ft cun, mUdng nhd 1ft
lang, mSi mudng ed nhiiu lftng (ft thi 4 - 5
lfing, nhiiu thi 10, 16 lftng), trong dd lftng
trung tfim 1ft lftng Chiing O ^ g Chu), dflng
diu mSi lfing 1ft dyo (6). Bdi vfy, tye ngfl
Mudng c6 cfiu "Bdt cd lang, ldng cb ddo"
(Mudng c6 lang, lfing ed dao). Dfiy lfi chi dp
Mfic dfl ed quyen hftnh ldn nhung khdng
cha truyin con nii de cai quan dfi't mudng. phai lfi vd ban, bdi vi ben canh quyin ldi

Tren thuc ti, cun hay lang ehi true tiip lang dao phai ed nghia vy dii vdi mudng, vdi
quan ly mft a i lfing b trung tfim mUdng, cy dan. Phai bao vf dan khoi bi cUdp bdc, trdm
the 1ft lftng Chiing. Lang cun vfla Ift cbu cfip; cflu giflp dan khi hi ddi do hoan nan,
Chieng, vfla lfim chu toftn mfldng. Ddng hp mit miia vfi xit xfl nhflng vy xfch mich giiia
lang dao cua ngudi Mudng d Ba Thfldc chu nhiing ngUdi dfin trong mUdng, trflng tri ke
yiu 1ft ddng hp Hft, Pham, Le, Cao. Vi quan ed tfi. Niu lang dao nfio khdng lam trdn
hf giiia cun ho$c lang vft dgo ngofti quan nghia vy 1ft ac dfc, khdng dupc long dfin. Hfi
hf ddng hp cdn Ift IKCZL hf thfl bfic gifla ding quan lang cd quyln phi truit lang dao
ngfinh ca vfi ngftnh thfl, ^u> phai tufin thii dl dUa ngudi khac len thay hof c ddn lang
quy chi ciia eun • lang hay quy ehi ciia dgo khfie vl. Hofic sing khdng cin lang dao
chieng. Nhfl vfy, lang dao cd quyin hftnh nhu 5 Ngpc ah (Ngpc Lfic), Mudng Nang
(Lang Chfinh) vft mdt so ncJi khfic cd ndi giet
rit ldn ve mfit kinh ti, hftnh chfnh vft tinh
lang daofienhU b Ngpc Lfic (7).
thin. Vi tinh t h i n cd t h i ngUdi dd 1ft thuy
ti cua ddng tfc, hofic 1ft ngUdi cd cdng khai
Nhin chung, ngudi Mudng d Ba ThUdc
pha dit mUdng. Vi kinh te thi lang dyo cai trong xfi hfi truyen thong thupc aU quan Vf
quan cac lftng trong mudng, ngofii ra nhfin trUe tiip cua cfic ddng hp lang dgo. Lang dao
dfin edn phai lao d}ch khdng cdng trdn ed vi tri vfi trach nhifm quan trpng trong
nhflng thfla rufng rdng vft to't eua nhft vifc duy trt in dinh vfi phfit triln xfi hpi. Khi
lang, mSi khi nhft lang ed cUdi xin, ma hda binh lfip lgi (1954) chi df lang dgo b
chay, lftm nhft thi nhfin dfin cfic lftng phai Thanh Hda mdi hofin tofin dUpc xda hd.
ddng gdp dl lo vifc eho nhft lang, hay moi
Ddi adng kinh td
khi di sftn vi dU^c thfl ldn cung phai biiu
Do d^c dilm cU tru chii yiu cl nhflng
nhft lang. Triiu dinh, quan lyi phong kiin
vft ea thi^c dfin Phap sau nfiy quan 1^ dit viing thung liing chfin nui, ngfldi Mudng



Rghien eflu Lieh siSr. stf 3.2012
li^a chpn tring trpt vft chfln nudi lftm hogt
dfng kinh t i chfnh. Cfic hogt dfng sfin bit,
hfii lUdm chi cd y nghTa bl tr^ cho nln kinh
t i ty cung ty cfi'p. Tfti san quan trpng eua
ddng bfto lfi dfi't dai, riing nfli vft sdng sudi
cd f nghia ci^c kf quan trpng. Trong dd,
rflng cd f nghia dfc bift, nd cung cip
nguin lUdng thv(c vft thyc phim, cung cip
gd d i lftm nhft vft eui dun, nguyfn lifu cho
nghi thu cdng nhu dan lit, dUpe lifu chfla
bfnh vft nhiiu lfim tho san quf hiim khfie.
Hifn nay, ddi sing kinh t i cua ngUdi
Mudng b Ba ThUdc nhin chung tUdng dSi
d'n dinh.
Trong xa hfi truyin thing, bin cgnh
cdng vifc dong fing, nam gidi cdn kit hpp t i
chflc sftn bin. Sfin bin trd thftnh tfip qufin,
ngofii mye dfch dem lai nguon thflc fin cdn
1ft mdt thfl vui giai tri cua gidi mfty rfiu g4n
kit moi quan hf cfng dong. Bdn cgnh vifc
sfin bin, ngUdi Mudng edn thu Ifl^ra vft
khai thfic cfi, tdm, cua, ie b khe su6i, ding
rudng. Dfiy lfi nguon dinh dudng rfi't quan
trpng vfi cin thiit trong ttfng bfla ftn cua
gia dinh.
Ngofti san xufi't kinh te ndng nghifp, phfit
triln kinh t i riing, dong bfto cl dfiy cdn kit
hdp lftm cfic nghi thu cdng nhu dft thi cim,

dan Ifit phye vy chinh ddi song sinh hogt
hftng ngfty. Hifn nay, mdt bf phfn gia dinh
cl dfiy trong thdi gian ranh roi chj .em phy nfl
da nhftn dan edt thud moi ngfty thu nhfip
dupe tfl 20 • 30 ngftn ding/ngUdi du di phy
chi them nhu ciu sinh hoat hfing ngfiy.
Vi nhu ciu cufc song ciing nhu sflc ip vi
dfin so din din mft thUc trgng so rufng
da't canh tftc trfin moi mft nhfin khiu ft
din nen thdi gian dU thfla rfi't nhilu. Do dd
mpt bd phfin thanh nidn trong df tuoi lao
dfng chua lfip gia dinh da rdi lfing di vfio
cfic tinh, thftnh pho khu vuc phia Nam lftm
nghe may, giflp vifc, phu hi, bic vfic, lftm

dudng... dl kiim thdm thu nhfp cho ban
thfin vft g^a dinh.
Ddi sdng tinh thdn vd giao luu vdn
hda
Ngudi Mudng ci Bfi Thfldc cd truyin thing
chung sing hoft thufin, thUdng ylu dflra bpc
iSn nhau tgo nin tinh c i kit cfng ding cao.
Dfiy 1ft mft trong nhflng 1^ do chinh dl vftn
hofi Mudng c6 aflc sing trUdng tin. Vftn hoa
dfin gian cua ngUdi Mudng khfi phong phfl
vft da dgng. Bin cgnh cfic truyfn thd nhu Ut
Ldt - Hi Lidu, Nftng Nga - Hai Mii, Nftng
dm - Chftng Bing Hudng, Con Cdi... edn cd
kho tftng ca dao, tyc ngfl Mudng phan anh
cufc diu tranh bit khufft cua con ngUdi vdi

thiin nhifin, ca ngdi trong lao dfng, tinh
yfiu, kinh nghifm san xuft't...
Ngfldi Mudng cd tfn ngudng ban dia rit
dftc sie. Hftng nfim dfin lfing t i chfle cfic ll
cflng thin nude, t h i n dfift vft thin rCtng dl
eiu mong dfi't trdi mUa thuftn gid hda, mfla
mftng bfi thu, nhfin khang vfit thinh...
Cong chieng 1ft mpt trong nhiing nhae cu
truyin thong eua dan tfc dU0e sfl dyng
trong 13 tit, ddn khfich din lftng, mflng nhft
mdi, mflng tho, cudi vp... Hifn nay, mft s i
lftng edn gifl dupc hftng chye ehiic eong, vft
dfiy vin lfi n i t sinh hoat fim nhae chu yiu
cua ngudi Mudng.
Trong nghi li cd nhilu bfti cung, cfic bfti
mo, diln hinh nhu Mo de ddt de niidc dflng
cho li ldn s i (thupng tho) hay Mo lin trdi
dflng cho dfim ma... Dfiy ehinh 1ft nhflng
tnidng ca Mo d$c s^e, cflng cd the gpi tang
ca vk li ca, vi b trong Mo khdng chfla chit
noi bi sfiu mft bilu thi nhfn thflc vl nhfin
sinh quan vft t h i gidi quan dfim chit nhfin
vfin eua ngudi Mudng.
Le hfi Pidn Pdong dupc ngudi Mudng t i
chfle 3 nfim mft l i n vfto thing 3 fim lich,
phfin IS 1ft cflng to n g h i thuic chiia bfnh,
phfin hfi 1ft cufc hat giao duyen khdng chi


Vol n^t vi Ijeh siS- ngirfll mirtmg...

cua nhflng trai thanh nfl tfl mft edn cd sU
tham gia cua ca cae cy dng cy bft. Dfiy 1ft ll
hfi dfic aic cua ngudi Mudng, thi hifn tfnh
nhfin vfin sfiu sic, giao due y thflc tri fin vft
tinh doftn ke't eua cfic thftnh vidn trong
cong dong.
Chdo ma 1ft mot hinh thflc diln xfldng
dan gian dflng de tiSn dfla ngUdi chit cao
tuoi vi coi vinh h^ng. Chu yiu 1ft diln cfic
trd vui nhu Ddnh ghen, Mdt 6ng hai bd...
tao nen nhflng dfng tac gfiy eudi dl lfim
giam di n5i buon gia chu, anh em hp hfing
lang xdm khi phai vinh biet mft ngUdi
thfin.
Trai qua hftng ngftn nfim lich sfl ngUdi
Mudng da tu trang bi eho minh truyin
thing cin cfl lao ddng, tinh t h i n ydu que
hUdng dfi't nude vft truyin thing kidn cUdng
ba't khufi't trong su nghifp diu tranh ching
quan xfim lupc. Trong cufc khfing chiin
chong quan Minh diu t h i ky XV, nhan dfin
Mudng d day da giflp ngbia qufin Le Lpi Iftp
nen nhflng chiin cdng quan trpng nhU trfin
BoMfng - LSi Giang...
Trfldc nfim 1960, huyfn Ba ThUdc lfi dia
bftn sinh song chu yeu cua ngUdi MUdng vft
ngUdi Thai. Dfiy lfi dieu kien cfin ban thuf n
ldi de hai tfc ngUdi nfty giao lUu, tiep biin
va bao ton ban sic vfin hda truyin thong 6
mSi tie ngudi. Cd le vi t h i mfi ngUdi Mudng

vfi ngudi Thfii b Ba Thude ndi rieng vin cdn
bao luu dupe nhieu nit vfin hda dfic trflng
cua minh. Diin hinh cu t h i nhit dd 1ft ngdn
ngfl, fim thUe vft cfic phong tuc tfip qufin
khac.

miin xudi di eU lln miin nfli ndi chung vfi
Bfi Thudc ndi rieng dl xfiy dung vft phfit
triln vflng kinh t i mdi. Trong ddng ngUdi
dd, ngofti ndng dfin cdn c6 ca dfin cdng, bf
dpi, gifio vidn vft mft s i gia dinh b eac tinh
phia Bfle nhfl b Nam Dinh, Thfii Binh...
din day b vft budn ban. Thye ticho thft'y vi
trf cua ngUdi Kinh cung nhu sU anh hudng
vftn hda tfl ngUcli Kinh dgn cfic tfc ngUdi
ban dia d dfiy 1ft rfi't dfing kl. Hp cd vai trd
tfch eye trong vifc phat triln kinh t i - xa
hdi - vfin hofi gifio due b Bfi Thudc. Cy thi
nhu thfim canh tflng vy vft da dang ed ciu
cfiy trdng trong ndng nghifp, md rfng
mgng lUdi giao thUdng budn bfin, nfing cao
dfin tri... Chfnh vi vfty mdt lin nfla ngUdi
Mudng b dfiy ndi rieng dUdc giao luu, tiip
xuc vfin hda vdi ngUdi Kinh.
Hdn nfla, 6 vi tri dia ly tUdng doi thufin
lpi, gin k l vdi cac true dudng Quic lp 217,
15A vfi dudng Ho Chi Minh, ngUdi Mudng b
Ba Thudc hifn nay cang cd lpi t h i trong
viec giao lUu kinh ti, vfin hda - xa hpi... vdi
cfic dia phUdng khfic trong vfi ngofii tinh.

Hifn nay, dUdc su quan tam cua Dang
va Nba nUdc ndn ddi song kinh ti, vfin hofi
- xa hfi eua dong bfio ndi dfiy da cd nhilu
thay doi, hoft nhftp cflng vdi su phat triln
chung cua ea nUdc. Mpi ngUdi ai cung cd
quyln lpi, song binh d^ng, quan he gifla cac
ddng hp trong thdn lftng bin chflt dofin kit.

Nhan xdt
Bfi Thudc lfi vflng dfi't eo ed con ngudi eU
trfl lfiu ddi tfl Hfiu kf Dfi cu, da mdi cho
din thdi k;^ Vfin hofi Ddng Sdn vft phfit
Diu nflm XdQ'i, thuc hifn myc tieu kinh triin lien tyc din hifn nay. Din trudc Cach
te - xa hfi trong k i hoach 5 nfim lin thfl mang thfing Tam, Ba ThUde 1ft dia ban sinh
nhit (1961-1965), Ban Bi thU Trung Udng ty chu yiu cua hai dfin tpc anh em Mudng
Dang ra Chi thi md rpng cudc vftn dfng vft Thfii. NgUdi Mudng ci dfiy lfi cU dan ban
dong bfio miin xudi len miln nui tham gia dia dinh cU ehu yeu b nhflng vflng thung
phfit triin kinh t i - vfln hofi. Ki tfl thdi liing, tgo nen nin vfin hofi Mudng dflc sfic.
gian dd mft bd phftn cfl dfin ngudi Kinh b Dd lfi nin vfin hofi thung lung gfin liln vdi


Rghian cflru L|eh sfr. stf 3.2012
hogt dfng kinh t i tring Ifla nude, k i t hpp

bin vflng b vflng dft't nfty. Nhflng tfin dit,

vdi canh tfic nUdng rfiy vfi khai thfic lfim

tdn lftng ciia ngudi Mudng b Bfi Thudc vft


t h i san. Qua nhilu ddi sinh sing b vflng

nhflng khu vyc lfin cfin 1ft bfing chflng sinh

sinh thfii thung Iflng, ding bfto Mfldng dft

dfng vft khfich quan v i qufi trtnh chinh

dflc k i t vft tfch luy dupe vin tri thflc dja

phye, khai phfi, dinh eU bin viJng tfl nhilu

phUdng phong phfl vft da dyng d i djnh cU

ddi b vflng d i t nfiy.

CHU THiCH
(1). Trdn Quic Vili^ng, NguySn DUdng Binh,
"M^t udi nh^n x4t v4 mdi quan h( Viit • Mi/dng
vd qud trinh phdn hda giSa t^c Mi/dng vd t^c
Vift~. Thflng bfio Khoa hgc trudng D^i hpc Ting
h9p Hft Nfi, S^ hpc, t f p 6. Nxb. Gifio dye, Hft
Nfi, 1970.

Ii4n aau t«n hp 1ft "Cflng", cy t h i nhU Hft Cflng,
Phf m Cflng, Tnidng Cflng...
(4). Ngudi Muong b Bfi ThUdc gpi lfing 1ft Lung
(cQng cfl t h i phfit Am 1ft Lgng, Lung).
aS). Nguyin Til Chi, Cdp phdn nghiin eOuvdnhda
vd t^ ngudi, Nxb. V&n hfla thflng tin, T^p chf Vftn


(2). Ldng, lUng, hay Igng lfi cfich phfit fim ciia
tCtng dia phUdng. NgUcti Mudng b Bdc Df nhil Hoft
Binh, Phd Thp... gpi noi cU tnl ciia minh 1& quel
hofic xdm. Quel hay xdm diu c6 nghia lfi lftng.
(3). Qua tim hiiu dupc biit nhQng d6ng hp qu^
tfc lang d^o d Thanh H6a thudng c6 tfin ldt dulng

hfla nghf thufit xutft b&n, Hfi Nfi, 1996. tr. 63.
(6). Theo quy udc dfin gian, ohOng lfing ldn
ngudi Mudng tbUdng gpi 1ft tdng, lftng nho gpi lfi
litng hofc 1ft lOSng.
(7). Minh Hifu, Tgc ngQ ddn ea Muitng Thanh
H6a, Nxb. Vfin hfla dfin tfc, Hfi Nfi, 1999, tr. 62.

THAMKHAO:
(1). Vudng Anh, Hofing Anh Nhfin. De d£t di
nudc, Ty Vfin hfla Thanh Hfla x u i t hkn, 1975.
(2). Charlea Robequain, Le Thanh H6a, Etude
Gflographique

dune

Province

Annamite

Bruxellea, G - Van Oeat, 1929.
(3). Chfion. C, Notes sur lea Muong de la
province de Son Tay. BEPEO, Vol V, Hanoi, 1905.

(4). NguySn Tfl Chi. Gdp phdn nghiin cihi vdn
hoa vd tpc ngudi, Nxb Vftn hfla thflng tin, Tfp chf
Vfin hfla nghf thufit xuit ban, Hfi Nfi, 1996.

(7). Minh Hifu, T V ngQ ddn ea Mt^ng

Thanh

Hda, Nxb VAn hfla dAn tfc. Hft Nfi, 1999.
(8). Jeanne Cuiainier, Ngudi MUdng (dia ly
nhdn vdn vd xa h^i h^),

Nxb Lao dfng, Hft Nfi,

1995.
(9). P. Groaain, La province mUdng de Hba
Binh, Bdt, Revue Indochinoise, Hanoi. 1926.
(10). Vifn Dfin tfc hpc, Cdc ddn f^ A ngUM d'
Vi4t Nam (ede tinh phia Bie), Nxb Khoa hpc za
hfi, Hfi Nfi, 1978.
(11). Trfin Qudc V u ^ g , Nguyen Dudng Knh,

(5). Gouloubew. V, Le peple de Dong Son et les
Muong, BEPEO. Vol, Hanoi, 1937.
(6). Cao Sdn Hii, Tuc ngQ Mudng TTianh Hod,
Nxb Vftn hofi thflng tin, Hfi Nfi. 2002.

" ^ f t vfti nhfin xfit \i mflt quan hf Vift - Mudng vfi
quA trinh phfin hfla giOa tfc Mudng vft tfc Viftf,
ThUng bdo Khoa hge tnidng Dgi hge Ting h^ Hd

N^i, Sxi hpc, tfp 5, Nxb Gifio dye, Hfi Nfi, 1970.