1
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
Retail market in general and business activities in supermarket systems in Vietnam in
particular have witnessed considerable changes in recent years. At present the ratio of ultimate
spending in GDP in Vietnam is over 70% higher than the rate of regional countries with 55.9% in
Singapore, 58.2% in Malaysia and 67.7% in Thailand. Growth potential and attractiveness of Vietnam
retail market, especially in big cities like Hanoi or Hochiminh city, have drawn lots of research on
business opportunities; accordingly enterprises, retail organizations, supermarkets are supposed to
change their management modes, renovate procedures and approaches of serving, invest in technology
to meet the demand of customers. Besides, as competition has become more fierce and severe in the
context of trade liberalization, that domestic enterprises can come up with new operation modes with
appropriate marketing strategies so as to effectively exploit competitive advantages becomes urgent.
As there will be lots of unexpected fluctuations in the retail market in the future, a study on theories
and reality to build up a research model and plan strategic development solutions for retail businesses
in general and retail supermarket chains in particular is very necessary. Especially for Vietnam retail
supermarket chains – a newlydeveloped business model, scientific analysis of which marketing
strategic structures are general for the chains, which structures are particular for each chain member
and how retail supermarket chains should build their marketing strategic competency becomes ever
more essential. Under the pressure of modern retail styles in the same distribution system with the
presence of foreign enterprises (such as the supermarket of the worldfamous retail groups); in face of
challenges resulting from the impacts of macroeconomic environment, it is becoming imperative to
research marketing strategies of Vietnam retail supermarket chains.
With these approaches, the dissertation titled “Developing Marketing Strategies for Vietnam
Retail Supermarket Chains in Hanoi” was chosen as the subject for her PhD dissertation with a view to
further developing their business activities and enhancing effectivenes of supermarket chains in the
national distribution system.
2. Research objectives and tasks
2.1. Research objectives
The dissertation aims to build theoretical and practical grounds on developing marketing
strategies in the new market conditions which are adaptable to changes in the environment and market
(customers, competition) in order to bring about orientations, views, goals and solutions with strong
theoretical and practical foundations to develop marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket
chains located in Hanoi by 2023, vision 2030.
2.2. Research tasks
Generalizing fundamental theoretical subject matters to establish the content, build
theoretical hypotheses and models to develop marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket
chains located in big cities.
Testing and establishing models and measurements of the development of marketing
strategies for retail supermarket chains suitable for Hanoi retail market and environment; evaluating
2
the development of marketing strategies of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi in
recent time.
Proposing views and solutions to develop marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains located in Hanoi to ensure the adaptability, balance, enhance strategic capacity and
sustainable marketing competitiveness of retail supermarket chains in the market.
3. Research methods
Quantitative method is used to test and establish model and measurement scales.
Statistical analysis method is used to analyze secondary data related to the research
Descriptive statistical method is used to describe the situation of marketing strategy
development of some typical retail supermarket chains and the situation of marketing strategy
development of some Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi market.
Comparative method is used to compare independent retail supermarket chains, other retail
store chains, Saigon Coop Mart.
SPSS 18.0 software is used to process and analyze data.
4. Research subject and scope
4.1 Research subject: The development of marketing strategies of retail supermarket chains located
in Hanoi from theoretical and practical approaches
4.2. Research scope
In terms of content: The research is approached from strategic structure development with 6
following structures: Information management and situational analysis of marketing strategies;
Strategies for segmentation and positioning; Strategies for retail market offers; Strategies for
marketing channels; Strategies for promotion and retail mix; Organization, resources and core
competencies for marketing strategies
In terms of participants: Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi with necessary
and possible comparison and contrasts.
In terms of time: researching the situation since 2009 (when Vietnam opened its retail
market) and suggesting solutions for the period to 2023, vision 2030.
In terms of space: researching some Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains in operation in
Hanoi market.
5. Scientific and practical significance of the dissertation
In terms of theory: establishing some fundamental theories on strategies and marketing
strategy development in general and their applications for retail supermarket chains in particular.
In terms of practice: testing theoretical models via collected primary data and establishing
practical models for the development of marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
that are suitable for the environment and market of Hanoi; analyzing the development of marketing
strategic structures and the overall marketing strategic capacity of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
located in Hanoi, identifying the strengths and weaknesses as well as issues arising from situation
analysis.
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In terms of research objectives: Basing on research findings to propose views, orientations
and solutions to develop marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in
Hanoi, present proposals for Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains to improve their competitiveness and
business performance by 2023, vision 2030.
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6. Overview of previous studies
6.1. Foreign studies
Related to marketing and retailing in general, there are numerous books and research
papers. Related to the research of this dissertation include: Principle of Marketing P.Kotler, G.
Amstrong(2012), Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailin g
(Madhav N. Segal and Ralph W. Giacobbe Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Illinois,
USA), Marketing strategy of the supermarket((Ica maxi, Coum Forum, Netto, Lidl, Rafael Lucena
Matamalas iguel Santandreu Ramos, May2009), Reinventing marketing strategy by recasting
supplier/customer roles(Evert Gummesson School of Business, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
Sweden, and Hannu Kuusela and Elina Na ¨rva ¨nen School of Management, University of
Tampere,Tampere, Finland). These are specialized materials in marketing management and
retailing, but none of the research works have ever focused on the development of marketing
strategies for retail supermarket chains.
6.2. Domestic studies
In the past 10 years, there have been many research works and publications related to retailing,
retail supermarket chains and marketing strategies of enterprises. Some distinctive works include:
research by Nguyễn Hoàng Việt
titled “Scientific Grounds to Develop Business Strategies for
Stateowned Garment jointstock Enterprises of Vietnam after WTO entry”; research by Nguyễn
Hoàng Long, Nguyễn Đức Nhuận titled “Developing Export Marketing Strategies for Vietnam
Garment Enterprises to Export Products to the US Market”; research by Nguyễn Bách Khoa titled
“New Forms of Retailing Organization in Vietnam’s Domestic Market”; research by Phan Thị Thu
Hoài titled “Developing Target Market Positions for Supermarket Chains in Hanoi”; research by
Phạm Huy Giang titled “Developing Modern Chain Distribution System for Retail Supermarket
Chains in Hanoi”. These works look into the distribution system or chain distribution system, or the
development of marketing strategies in other fields to introduce general theories. They all have good
reference values, but so far no research work specifically investigates the development of marketing
strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains.
A thorough investigation into previous studies reveals that no published research work so far
has studied the development of marketing strategies of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in
Hanoi.
7. Organization of the dissertation: In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, Reference, Appendix,
the dissertation consists of 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical Issues and Practical Experience on Marketing Strategy Development
of Retail Supermarket Chains
Chapter 2: Situation of Marketing Strategy Development in Vietnam’s Retail Supermarket
Chains in Hanoi
Chapter 3: Views and Solutions to Develop Marketing Strategies for Vietnam’s Retail
Supermarket Chains in Hanoi by 2023 and Following Years
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6
CHAPTER 1
THEORETICAL ISSUES ON MARKETING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
OF RETAIL SUPERMARKET CHAINS
1.1. Concept and advantages of retail supermarket chains
1.1.1. Retail supermarket chains
From the concept of supermarket and distinctive features to distinguish a supermarket system
organized in chain model, the concept of supermarket chains in retail can be built up as follows: Retail
supermarket chains refer to a system of at least 2 retail supermarkets which have the same view and
business models, the same name and operational procedures which are managed under the same
orientations and centralized administrative agency. About products, these supermarkets often sell the
same products with the same price levels but they can add products suitable for local market.
Purchasing and distribution activities of the supermarket chains are centrally organized in big scale
for the whole chains.
1.1.2. Competitive advantages of retail supermarket chains
1.2. Issues and contents of marketing strategy development for retail supermarket chains
1.2.1. Concepts
This dissertation applies the following concepts:
Marketing strategy is “a logical and compatible set of strategic goals established by
integrating strategic devices and marketing sources that can be mobilized to supply values,
relationships and core competencies to target customers so as to reach longterm strategic goals of an
enterprise in the context of a frequentlychanging competitive market” [21]
Developing marketing strategies: “Developing marketing strategies of a retail business in
general and retail supermarket chains in particular represent an important content in marketing
strategic management, that is the process of ‘implementing’ structure components and contents of
strategies and managing the ‘compatibility’ of strategies with strategic changes from marketing
environment of retail supermarket chains so as to ensure the capacity growth of marketing strategies
and create development on the quality of marketing system of retail supermarket chains along the
time” [64]
1.2.2. Contents of marketing strategy development for retail supermarket chains
1.2.2.1. Developing information management and analyzing marketing strategy situation. This
structure consists of the following contents:
Conducting research and marketing surveys to review marketing environment and identify
opportunities and threats to strategies.
Applying tools to analyze marketing strategies (SWOT, Ansoff, GE/Mc Kisey, SPACE)
Managing database systems under three pillars of marketing strategies: customers,
competitors and enterprises under marketing strategy model
Building, operating and exploiting marketing information system to facilitate the
implementation of marketing plans.
1.2.2.2. Developing strategies for values choosing and positioning, including:
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Developing selection of market segments that retail supermarket chains wish to pursue
Developing value proposals and establishing goals for each selected target segment.
Developing value positioning in the strategic market, including: (1) Developing value
proposals of market offering; (2) Building competitive positioning at industry level (retail); (3)
Communicating the values to target customers via customer relationship management; partner
relationship management; competition and cooperation management with rivals, practicing green
ocean strategies; (4) Practicing retail positioning diagrams by combining different levels of retail
services.
1.2.2.3. Developing strategies for retail market offering, including:
Developing product strategies
+ Developing strategies for structuring retail products
+ Developing strategies for retail product quality
+ Developing strategies for retail product innovations
Developing retail distribution service strategies
+ Developing strategies for structures of quality of mix retailing services
+ Developing strategies for retail service brands of retail supermarket chains
Developing retail pricing strategies.
+ Developing strategies for product line pricing
+ Developing strategies for retail pricing practice
+ Developing strategies for flexible and competitive pricing
1.2.2.4. Developing strategies for marketing channels, including:
Implementing and adapting trade channels of retail supermarket chains to target market segments.
Developing organization and management of retail network – sales channels of retail
supermarket chains.
Implementing and adapting upstream distribution channels under supply chain management principles.
Implementing, adapting and updating traditional distribution network based on connected
computing system (LAN, WAN, Internet), EDI and applying software for inventory, order and
delivery management.
Adapting and modernizing channels in line with changes in marketing system and retail market.
Implementing and reestablishing core distribution processes including: managing the
process of order – payment; managing sales capacity and costs; managing service quality; managing
service supply capacity; managing distribution risks.
1.2.2.5. Developing strategies for promotion and retail mix, including:
Implementing marketing communication combining between advertising and sales
promotions in retail supermarket chains and creating sales atmosphere and experience in sales points
of subsidiaries in the chain.
Developing scales, frequency, quality of promotional tools in collaboration with public
relations and direct marketing.
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Implementing and adapting retail strategies which flexibly combine between “pull
strategies” and “push strategies”; practicing relationship marketing and creating positive features and
differentiations; establishing and developing retail uniqueness of each retail supermarket chain.
Implementing and modernizing sales technology of “supermarketstyled selfservice”,
shifting from selling “products” to selling “customer solutions”.
Developing and enhancing the quality of sales representatives and sales staff, practicing sales
staff management according to “teamwork” principle.
Implementing and adapting customer services before, during and after sales and additional
services, practicing the management of “reverse feedback” from customers – consumers to constantly
improve the quality and values of customer services of retail supermarket chains.
Implementing plans and operating components in retail infrastructure, enhancing the quality
of customerscontact staff to create reliable “physical evidence”, ensuring safety and hygiene of the
retail environment.
1.2.2.6. Developing the organization, resources and core competencies of marketing strategies to
ensure the development of marketing strategies, including:
Developing appropriate marketing organization and ensuring the capacity to implement and
adapt marketing strategies.
Developing resources of core competencies of marketing strategies to ensure the
development of marketing strategies.
Developing differential competencies to ensure the effective development of marketing strategies.
Developing competencies to create friendly, favorable, civilized, modern image of retail
supermarket chains in customer mind.
Developing creativity and flexible responses to raise the moving competitiveness in
comparison and/or peer competition with FDI retail supermarket chains.
Developing management capacity and implementing marketing strategies based on
intellectual and values of CMOs and midlevel marketing managers in retail supermarket chains.
On the basis of these contents, a theoretical research model on marketing strategy
development for retail supermarket chains can be built as shown in Figure 1.1
9
(Source: generalized and developed by the PhD learner)
Figure 1.1: Theoretical research model on marketing strategy development
for retail supermarket chains
Qualitative research conducted via indepth interviews with 16 marketing strategy managers
and marketing experts to adjust variables, measurement scales and generalization of observation
variables helps to produce the following model and measurement scales:
Independent variables:
+ Information management and marketing strategy situation analysis has 5 observation
variables of MIA1, MIA2, MIA3, MIA4, MIA5
+ Strategies for value choosing and positioning has 6 observation variables of VCP1, VCP2,
VCP3, VCP4, VCP5, VCP6
+ Strategies for retail market offering has 9 observation variables of TMO1, TMO2, TNO3,
TMO4, TMO5, TMO6, TMO7, TMO8, TMO9
+ Strategies for marketing channels has 7 observation variables of SMC1, SMC2, SMC3,
SMC4, SMC5, SMC6, SMC7
+ Strategies for promotion and retail mix has 7 observation variables of PRM1, PRM2, PRM3,
PRM4, PRM5, PRM6, PRM7
+ Organization, resources and core competencies of marketing strategies has 5 observation
variables of CMC1, CMC2, CMC3, CMC4, CMC5
Dependent variables: Developed marketing strategy proficiency has 5 observation variables
of SDP1, SDP2, SDP3, SDP4, SDP5
1.2.2.7. Criteria to evaluate the output of developed marketing strategies of retail supermarket chains
Group of criteria to evaluate the quality of annual marketing plans
Group of criteria to quantitatively evaluate the “output” of developed marketing strategies of
retail supermarket chains: growth rates of revenue, profit, market share, network expansion; indicators
such as ICOR, ROI, ROS, slowmoving inventory; productivity indicators (TFP, LP) and efficiency of
labor use; capital turnover indicators.
Group of criteria to evaluate the performance of developed marketing strategies in
components and general.
Group of criteria to evaluate the level of marketing practice quality.
1.2.4. Factors affecting marketing strategy development of retail supermarket chains
1.2.4.1. Macroenvironmental factors, including:
Economic – inhabitant and socio – cultural environment
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Institutional, legal and policy environment
Forces of technology, technical science.
1.2.4.2. Retail market factors, including:
Impacts of suppliers and upstream supply chains.
Competitors, including direct competitors in the same market segment, competitors in the
same industry in the total market and potential competitors of a specific retail supermarket chain.
The general public.
The functional marketing intermediaries
The barriers to retail market
1.2.4.3 International integration factors of retail market, including:
The entry of foreign ‘huge’ retailers
The barriers to market entry to Vietnamese products by foreign supermarkets
The advantages in competitive resources of foreign supermarkets
1.2.4.4. Internal factors of retail supermarket chains, including:
Positions and capacity of nonmarketing resources of retail supermarket chains
General marketing resources of retail supermarket chains
Factors of organization capacity of the entire enterprises
1.3. Lessons drawn for Hanoibased retail supermarket chains from experience of marketing
strategy development of distinctive foreign and domestic retail supermarket chains
The dissertation generalizes the experience of marketing strategy development of some
distinctive retail supermarket chains such as SevenEleven (711) of Thailand, WalMart Chains,
SaigonCoop mart and draw some lessons for Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi:
Retail supermarket chains attach great importance to marketing strategy development and
have official marketing strategies
It is necessary to attend to and realize customer philosophy in marketing strategies.
Enterprises need to come up with strategies for developing the chains in both scale and
quality, develop modern retail system beyond the geographical border of big cities.
Supermarket chains should pay more attention to customer care services to expand customer
base and enhance business performance.
It is necessary to meet market demand rapidly: innovating and enhancing product quality are
strategies to provide new and different products from those existing in the market.
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CHAPTER 2
SITUATION OF MARKETING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
IN VIETNAM’S RETAIL SUPERMARKET CHAINS IN HANOI
2.1. Overview of retail sector and retail supermarket business in Hanoi
2.1.1. Socioeconomic and business features of Hanoi
A political, cultural and economic centre of the country with favorable geographical
location, high density of production plants, organizations, universities, high level of living standards,
visiting residents, tourists so business activities develop strongly with quite advanced business and
technical infrastructure.
A national centre of political – administrative, cultural, scientific, educational, economic
activities and international transactions.
An area of 3,328.89 km2 with 30 districts, towns and 584 communes, wards (with 18 districts
and 386 wards), a population of 7.2 million, excluding around 2 million working citizens who are
temporarily living in the city without living registration. The city is the hub of road, rail, waterway and
airway traffic, making it very convenient for external transactions.
The most longlasting business centre in the Northern region which gathers investors with
enormous experience, capital and customers, a place which gathers many enterprises, international and
domestic partners, a giant consumption market with developed service sector and extensive
distribution network which can closely connect with sources of supply in the region.
The leading centre in science and technology with modern economic and trade infrastructure,
good conditions to attract domestic and international scientists.
A venue of diverse ecological and tourism resources to develop trade and tourism services.
An abundant population as favorable conditions for trade development. Labor structure
transitions appropriate with economic structure transitions. Population movements create higher
attraction to trade. Most people move to Hanoi from neighboring provinces and involve in manual
work.
2.1.2. Overview on retail business development in Hanoi since the open of retail distribution service
market (1st January 2009)
The total value of commodity retail increases from VND 90,756 in 2009 to VND 236,079
billion in 2015. Annually, the added value of Hanoi trade sector gain an average growth rate of
20.52% in the 20082015 period. Gross domestic product in 2015 increased by 2.9 times from that of
2009.
Trade infrastructure of the city has always been cared of.
Trade network and relationships take place in 2 routes, both independent and integrated
between retail and wholesale, between traditional and modern channels
2.1.3. Overview on the development of supermarkets and retail supermarket chains in Hanoi
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As of 1st July 2015, there were 187 supermarkets in operation, including 118 general
supermarkets and 69 specialist ones (electronics: 25, fashion: 15, others: 29), accounting for 19% of
the country’s total number, on average 1 district had 6.2 supermarkets. Of the total 159 graded
supermarkets, 20 were rated at grade I, 57 at grade II, 72 at grade III, the 28 remaining were not yet
graded. Of the 159 graded supermarkets, 103 were subsidiaries of 37 retail supermarket chains, 56
were independent retail supermarkets.
2.2. Establishing the real model for marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s supermarket
chains located in Hanoi via testing research model
2.2.1. Description of research sample
Quantitative research with measurement scales was conducted via the following steps:
Firstly, questionnaire was designed in 2 forms: (1) evaluation of marketing managers, experts,
state administrators about retail in general and retail supermarket chains in particular and (2)
evaluation of customers of retail supermarket chains with 5 observation variables of dependent
variables. Observation variables were developed into questions for respondents to answer based on the
5point Likert scale, where 1 represents totally disagree; 2 – hardly disagree; 3 – neutrally agree; 4 –
almost agree and 5 – totally agree.
Secondly, research sample was constructed under multiple choice method. As this research is
conducted at strategic management level, in order to have accurate and appropriate evaluation of
marketing strategy components, there should be the involvement of CEOs of supermarket chains,
marketing and business managers of subsidiary supermarkets in the chains as well as of opponent
enterprises, state administration staff of trade, CEOs of suppliers. In accordance with the rule of
multiple, each observation variable needs 4 – 6 questionnaires, so for Questionnaire 1 with 39
observation variables, there should be at least 39x5=195 questionnaires. The number of delivered
questionnaires was 350, the number of collected was 233, 18 were rejected for invalidity, so the
sample scale was 215 (the rate of collection was 64.4%); For Questionnaire 2 with 5 observation
variables as customers to retail supermarket chains, state administration staff of trade, the number of
delivered questionnaires was 150, the number of collected was 98, 7 were rejected for invalidity, so
the sample scale was 91 (the rate of collection was 60.8%). The structure of respondent classification
is presented in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Respondent structures in research sample
No.
Respondents
Ques. 1
1
CEOs and sales and marketing managers in retail
2
3
supermarket chains
CEOs of suppliers to retail supermarket chains
State administration staff in Ministries, Departments in
4
charge of retailing
Staff of Economic Departments at districts where retail
5
supermarket chains are located
Marketing and sales managers of other related retailing
6
forms
Experts of trade and business, researchers of retail
Ques. 2
No.
%
No.
%
89
41.40
40
18.60
6
6.60
27
12.56
8
8.80
21
9.76
11
12.09
14
6.51
24
21.17
14
15.38
13
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business development
Customers of retail supermarket chains
Total
215
100
52
91
57.13
100
(Source: survey findings)
2.2.2. Findings of scale and research model testing
2.2.2.1. Measurement scale testing
To evaluate the internal consistency of research concepts, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
and Cronbach’s alpha were used. The results of Cronbach’s alpha of 6 separate components of
marketing strategy development and marketing strategy capacity (see Appendix 7 – Table 2.3 in the
full report of the dissertation) reveal that: 6 components of marketing strategy development and
marketing strategy capacity and measurement scales of these components have Cronbach’s alpha
higher than 0.78, Corrected ItemTotal Correlation >0.3 meet the testing demand, so it could be
continued with EFA analysis. However, 2 observation variables VCP3 and PRM4 had Cronbach’s
alpha < 0.70 but they had Corrected ItemTotal Correlation >0.3 so they were still continued with
EFA. 2 observation variables of TMO5 and SMC6 had Cronbach’s alpha < 0.7, Corrected ItemTotal
Correlation < 0.3 rejected from EFA analysis.
2.2.2.2. EFA and CFA analysis
EFA analysis for measurement scales of components of marketing strategy development in
retail supermarket chains show that 6 components were extracted at Eigen value of 1.849 and average
variance extracted is 72.936% which means that conditions for variance extracted meet the
requirement (>50.0%). 2 observation variables VCP3 and PRM4 were rejected as their factors loading
were <0.50. 35 remaining observation variables were continued with second EFA and produced KMO
= 0.877 (> 0.5), Bartlett test had statistical significance of 0.000 with 5 components extracted at Eigen
= 1.849 with AVE of 72.963%. Measurement with observation variables rejected by EFA analysis,
Cronbach’s alpha of components “Strategies for values choosing and positioning” and “Strategies for
promotion and retailing mix” were recalculated at 0.8016 and 0.8247 respectively (see Table 2.5 – full
report of the dissertation and Table 2.4 full report of the dissertation).
CFA analysis of 6 components with 35 observation variables of the model extracted by
AMOS shows that the model has chisquare (X = 385.23 with 215 degrees of freedom, p = 0,000, chi
square adjusted to degree of freedom (CMIN/dt) is 1.79 (< 2.0). CFI = 0.936, TL= 0.923 (> 0.90);
RMSEA = 0.052 (< 0.08). So it can be concluded that the model was standardized in accordance with
collected data set.
The concept of developed marketing strategy capacity was assumed as a unidirectional
concept. 5 observation variables were used to evaluate the developed marketing strategy performance.
Table 2.5 – full report of the dissertation presents the results of EFA analysis for the developed
marketing strategy performance. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.8406; Eigen was 1.849; KMO = 0.836,
Bartlett test had statistical significance at 0.000, AVE was 72.963%. All factors loading were higher
than 0.70. EFA analysis suggests that 05 measurements/observation variables of the developed
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marketing strategy performance and 35 measurements/observation variables of 6 components of
marketing strategy development gained convergence validity. Observation variables can represent the
research concepts that need to be measured.
2.2.2.3.Correlation analysis
Correlation coefficient between dependent variables and independent variables components
of marketing strategy development – was high enough with statistical significance p<0.01, which
means independent variables could be used in the model to explain the developed marketing strategy
performance of Vietnam retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi (See Table 2.6 – full report of the
dissertation). All absolute correlation coefficients ranged between [0.2870.587], not exceeding
condition coefficient of 0.85 – which illustrates that discriminant validity was gained. In other words,
measurement scales in this research can measure the research concepts.
Independent variables/components of marketing strategy development in retail supermarket
chains have considerable correlations with each other.
2.2.2.4. Testing the relations between components of marketing strategy development and developed
marketing strategy capacity in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains in Hanoi
i. Multiple regression model is as follows
SDP = 1MIA + 2VCP + 3TMO + 4SMC + 5PRM + 6CMC + e1
ii. Testing the multicollinearity of variables in the model.
The testing results indicate that all variance values were higher than 0.53, VIF ranged from
1.31 to 1.93, illustrating that multicollinearity was not a problem to variables used to forecast
regression model of this research (See table 2.7, 2.8 – full report of the dissertation)
iii. Testing the appropriateness of the model and research hypotheses
The model has statistical significance at p < 0.001 with F = 70.624, statistical significance p
< 0.001 indicates that the multiple regression model is appropriate with the collected data set (See
Table 2.9 – full report of the dissertation)
Adjusted R2 shows the compatibility of the model as 72.2%, in other words about 72% of
variations of dependent variables “Developed marketing strategy performance” can be explained by 6
independent variables / components of marketing strategy development.
Standardized beta coefficient ranged from 0.087 to 0.299 with p < 0.05 indicating that these
6 components are good forecast indicators to the developed marketing strategy performance.
Multiple regression model demonstrating the developed marketing strategy performance is
built on the basis of the research findings is as follows:
SDP=0.094MIA+0.087VCP+0.299TMO+0.198SMC+0.143PRM+0.267CMC
This regression equation reveals that there are 3 groups of components with different
influences on the developed marketing strategy performance: Group 1, including strategies for market
offering and Organization, resources and core competencies of marketing strategies, have the most
important impacts (the most and second most important) on the developed marketing strategy
performance; Group 2, including Strategies for promotion and retail mix and marketing channel, has
very important impacts (the third and the fourth important) on the developed marketing strategy
performance; Group 3, including the remaining components of Strategies for value choosing and
positioning and Information management and marketing strategy situation analysis, has the smallest
but important impacts on the developed marketing strategy performance.
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Testing the research hypotheses based on regression model for standardized , R and p <0.05
indicates that all 6 research hypotheses have independent variables as good forecast indicators which
have positive and considerable statistical significance to the developed marketing strategy
performance. This means that 6 hypotheses H1 H6 are accepted.
2.3. Situation of marketing strategy development of some distinctive retail supermarket chains
located in Hanoi.
The dissertation conducted descriptive research on the marketing strategy development of 8
retail supermarket chains, including 4 basic chains (Hapro mart, Fivimart, Intimex, Vinmart) 4 variant
ones (Vinatexmart, Thế giới di động, Pico, Topcare) to draw some general features of the
development of marketing strategies in these chain in recent time (See full report of the dissertation)
2.4. Descriptive statistics analysis of marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains located in Hanoi
2.4.1. About information management and marketing strategy situation analysis. (See Table 2.2)
Table 2.2: Evaluation of information management and marketing strategy situation analysis
Evaluation scores
Code
MIA1
MIA2
MIA3
MIA4
MIA5
Observation variables
Mean
Research market systematically, update information about
customers and competitors in different market segments
Ensuring sufficient information to work out appropriate response
to expected situational strategies
Practicing TOWS analysis and other common marketing analysis
tools effectively
Ensuring database to implement annual marketing plans and
updating mid and longterm marketing strategies
Establishing computerbased marketing information system to facilitate
decision making to implement strategies rapidly and effectively
Total
Stand.
deviation
2.91
0.578
3.01
0.596
2.81
0.561
2.84
0.573
2.83
0.564
2.88
0.574
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.2: This component has mean score of
2.88 – rated as poor. One variable is rated at average (3.01) while 4 remaining variables are rated
below average, among which 3 variables with lowest scores are: TOWS analysis has not been
practiced (2.81); marketing information system is inadequate in both hardware and software (2.83);
information to facilitate the implementation of annual marketing plans is mostly qualitative and
subjective. As a result, marketing plans are not updated periodically (2.84)
2.4.2. About strategies for value choosing and positioning (Table 2.3)
Table 2.3: Evaluation of strategies for value choosing and positioning
Observation variables
Evaluation scores
Code
VCP 1
Having good attitudes toward serving and satisfying customers to
Mean
3.01
Stand.
deviation
0.597
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VCP 2
VCP 4
VCP 5
VCP 6
identify potentials for profits and growth in selecting target retail market
Effectively implementing visions for a comprehensive marketing
system to identify opportunities/threats in developing targets in each
market segment.
Effectively implementing proposals and selection of appropriate,
distinctive and differential values for different market segments
Implementing and adapting competitive value positioning for target
markets.
Effectively managing relationships with customers, suppliers and
competitors in the retail target markets.
Total
2.84
0.554
2.86
0.561
2.93
0.573
2.87
0.568
2.90
0.568
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.3: This component has mean score of
2.90. Of the 5 observation variables, 4 have scores of <3.0, 3 of which have scores even lower than the
mean score of the component (<2.9). They include: not having an overall vision of the marketing
system not only in the internal marketing system of the retail supermarket chains but more seriously in
the macro marketing system and marketing system of the retail sector; Not having vision and intensive
understanding and knowhow to implement target positioning, select and position values towards
opportunities/threats arising from the system. This is the component with the lowest mean score
(2.84); Values proposed and selected are not distinctive and differentiated from other retail
supermarket chains and in different market segments in terms of product types, services, personnel,
images and retail identities – this component reaches 2.86. The implementation of positioning
structure in reality, which means establishing and developing relationships with customers – end users,
suppliers in the supply chain to turn the relationships into partnership and strategic partnership in
comparison with competitors remains lower than requirement (2.87)
2.4.3. About strategies for retail market offering (Table 2.4)
Table 2.4: Evaluation of strategies for retail market offering
Evaluation scores
Code
TM01
TM02
TM03
TM04
TM06
Having flexible market offering with appropriate structures and
Mean
Stand.
deviation
3.32
0.617
gaining high trusts in controls over product quality, origin, labelling 3.02
0.593
selection of products, diverse brands, diverse quality/price correlation.
Having product quality higher than the average level in the market,
and food safety and hygiene.
Effectively implementing product launch, developing and updating
2.07
0.606
3.24
0.628
of distribution services which are differentiated and recognized by 3.09
0.613
new products and R&D on reseller brands.
Effectively implementing regulations on national and international
structures and standards on retail distribution services
Implementing pricing strategies based on margins, values and quality
customers
Observation variables
17
TM07
TM08
Implementing appropriate and reliable price practice (price discount
3.26
0.651
mechanism in comparison with other retail forms for the same kind of 3.30
0.643
and reduction)
Implementing and adapting flexible and competitive pricing
products.
Implementing and adapting differentiation, identity and uniqueness of
TM09
market offering of distribution service brands of retail supermarket 2.98
0.604
chains
Total
3.04
0.643
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
18
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.4: This component has mean score
of 3,04 – a bit higher than average. Of the total observation variables, 6 ones have scores higher
than average (mean scores >3.0), the remaining 2 variables are rated at poor (<3.0): Developing
new products has low score while this is the fundamental indicator of supermarkets of both basic
and variant kinds (2.97); Implementing market offering for distribution service brands of retail
supermarket chains does not have differentiation, identity and uniqueness from other forms of
retailing (2.98)
2.4.4. About strategies for marketing channels (Table 2.5)
Table 2.5: Evaluation of strategies for marketing channels
Observation
Code
Evaluation scores
Mean
variables
SMC1
SMC2
SMC3
SMC4
SMC5
SMC7
Effectively implementing trade/sale channels with high coverage,
market penetration and space advantages
Characterizing the network of supermarket subsidiaries to make
them recognizable, convenient to access, buy and save customer
costs.
Implementing fast and effective upstream distribution channels to
save operational costs of the chains.
Implementing strategies for internal distribution communication
channels and connecting with appropriate and update supply chains
based on electronic data exchange (EDI)
Making investments to develop fast distribution network to ensure
high quality based on franchising principles
Managing core distribution processes (order; payment; inventory;
supply capacity and productivity; risks) with high efficiency and
Stand.
deviation
3.14
0.613
2.96
0.579
2.88
0.581
2.81
0.568
3.08
0.601
2.95
0.586
safety
Total
2.97
0.583
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.5: Generally, this component has mean
score below the average (2.97). This is not only shown in the low quality of component variables but
also in the low quality of core distribution marketing process. This stems from the fact that most retail
supermarket chains in Vietnam have small number of subsidiaries (2 – 4 supermarket subsidiaries/ one
chain), the rate of circulation is low; there is inequilibrium between the channel. Of the 6 observation
variables of Strategies for marketing channels, 4 have low quality (<3.0).
Specifically, Not investing in and managing internal distribution communication channel for
the supermarket chains and supermarkets – suppliers chain so the flows in distribution channels as
well as sales management decisions in trade/sale channels are not systematic and quality is not
guaranteed (2.81); Indicators such as easy to recognize, differentiate, access and save customer costs
of sale channel have scores lower than average (2.96); One important coefficient that is considered as
19
the core of marketing channel strategies is the quality of distribution channel with upstream suppliers.
Despite having space advantages over other forms of retail, due to their small number of subsidiaries,
the retail supermarket chains do not have high position to suppliers of retail supermarket chains as
expected, so the quality of logistic activities, supply for trade stands and speed of inventory circulation
was below the requirement. This is one of the two observation variables with the lowest score in this
component (2.88); Quality of implementing core distribution network such as order, payment,
inventory, capacity, productivity, sales quota and risk management of Vietnam’s retail supermarket
chains gains low score (2.95).
2.4.5. About strategies for promotion and retail mix (Table 2.6)
Table 2.6: Evaluation of strategies for promotion and retail mix
Evaluation scores
Code
Observation variables
Mean
PRM
Implementing internal integrated marketing communication to create
1
an attractive, convenient and appropriate business atmosphere.
Implementing and adapting market strategic offering, sales
PRM
2
PRM
3
promotion, PR, direct marketing frequently, diversely, attractively
Stand.
deviation
3.48
0.663
3.53
0.671
2.98
0.608
3.26
0.627
3.17
0.619
3.32
0.605
3.29
0.634
and effectively/costly.
Implementing and adapting retail strategies combining between
“push” and “pull”, practicing relationship marketing and creating
PRM
retail identities in the retail supermarket chains
Implementing highquality sales force and organizing laborers under
5
PRM
teamwork principles
Implementing and adapting customer service modes and managing
6
‘reverse feedback’ systematically, professionally and effectively
Implementing plans and operating components in retail infrastructure,
PRM
enhancing the quality of customerscontact staff to create reliable
7
“physical evidence”, ensuring safety and hygiene of the retail
environment
Total
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.6: this component has the highest mean
score among the components of marketing strategy development in Vietnam’s retail supermarket
chains at present (3.29), rated at good level.
Of the observation variables, Implementing strategies to create business atmosphere,
providing sales promotion in combination with RP, direct marketing is rated at fairly good level and
highly appreciated in their service value perception. However, from the view of value and strategy
development, this variable has not yet met the requirements as there still exist inadequacies in
reliability, transparence and fair trade in RP and promotional campaign. The most important
20
observation variable is the quality of developing retail strategies and implementing customer supply
value, the 2 core indicators of which (developing sales strategies combining between “pull” and
“push” and creating retail uniqueness) do not have high mean scores, so the development quality of
this observation variable only gains mean score of 2.98.
2.4.6. About developing the organization, resources and core competencies of marketing strategies
to ensure the development of marketing strategies (Table 2.7)
Table 2.7: Evaluation of developing the organization, resources and core competencies of marketing
strategies to ensure the development of marketing strategies
Observatio Evaluation scores
Code
CMC
Mean
Stand.
deviation
Developing and adapting organization and resources for developing
appropriate marketing strategies which can be used effectively, 2.96
0.574
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
CMC
including:
Developing compatible marketing organization
Financial sources and funds for marketing strategy development
Sources of CMOs and midterm marketing managers
Intellectual capital/ marketing technology and brand assets
Physical – technical and information technology infrastructure
Upstream supply chain and outsourcing relationship.
Developing differential competencies for longterm period
2.86
3.01
3.12
2.89
3.04
2.84
0.558
0.597
0.601
0.586
0.953
0.562
2
systematically and effectively, including:
2.87
0.564
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
CMC
Differentiating retail services and retail uniqueness
Managing sales productivity and capacity
Ensuring superior quality and speed
Practicing integrated marketing effectively
Developing customersbased retail service brand values
Leading in information technology application and ecommerce
Developing competence to create the image of familiar, popular,
2.86
2.94
2.82
2.90
2.78
2.92
0.563
0.571
0.557
0.575
0.552
0.581
3
modern, civilized retailers
Developing creativity and flexible responses to raise the moving
3.04
0.593
competitiveness in comparison and/or peer competition with FDI retail 2.91
0.587
1
CMC
4
CMC
5
supermarket chains
Developing management capacity and implementing marketing
strategies based on intellectual and marketing culture of CMOs
Total
3.12
0.604
2.98
0.587
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.7: as the component with the second
most important impact on the level and sustainability of the developed marketing strategy performance
but in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains, this component only gains a mean score of 2.98 – rated as
fair. Of the 5 observation variables of this components, only two have scores higher than 3.0.
21
Despite the quite large number of resources of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains, their
performance only reaches a mean score of 2.96, rated as quite poor because of the 6 resources
constituting marketing strategies, 3 traditional resources (finance, human resources with CMOs and
midterm managers, retail supermarket infrastructure) receive greater attention, thereby gaining mean
scores higher than 3.0, the other 3 new but very important resources to marketing strategy
development (organizing marketing; intellectual capital, marketing technology and brand values of
retail supermarket chains; supply chain relationship and outsourcing business supporting and
development services) have mean scores of 2.86, 2.99 and 2.84 respectively. This reveals that at
present Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains have just built up competencies for “hardware” resources
while competencies for “software” are not fully cared of and developed effectively in balance while
these “software” elements have higher capacity of creating, supplying and implementing higher
customer values and more difficult to imitate. Competencies of differentiation reach mean of 2.87 –
rated as poor and 1 level lower than core competencies of resources. A slightly higher than the average
score of this component are observation variables: Managing productivity and sales capacity gains
2.94; Practicing internal marketing and interactive marketing – 2.90; Leading in information
technology application and ecommerce – 2.92. Three core differentiation competencies very
important to quality and performance of developed marketing strategies are rated at poor level,
including: “Differentiating retail services and retail uniqueness” – only 2.86; “Ensuring superior
quality and speed”. Best practicing product quality reaches 1.55/3 points; Quality of retail services
reaches 1.62/3 points and speed of circulation reaches 1.65/3 points (on the basis of 3point Likert
scale), rated as higher than average. This results from low mean score of competence – 2.82);
“Developing customersbased retail service brand values” is poor (mean: 2.78); “Developing creativity
and flexible responses to raise the moving competitiveness in comparison and/or peer competition
with FDI retail supermarket chains” is also poor at mean score of 2.91.
2.4.7.About the developed marketing strategy performance (Table 2.8)
Table 2.8: Evaluation of the customersbased developed marketing strategy performance
Evaluation scores
Obse
New
Code
rvation
variables
SDP1
SDP2
SDP3
SDP4
SDP5
Buying in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
has high retailing service and can satisfy
customer demand
Buying in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
brings me considerably higher values than costs
and satisfies my demand well.
Compared with other retail forms with similar
products and price levels, I trust in, prefer and
prioritize purchases in Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains.
I feel satisfied and secure with civilized and
appropriate selling styles of Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains.
I will choose to buy in Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains over the long term
Total
Mean
Stand.
deviati
on
FDI retail
electronic
chains
markets
(ĐTB)
(ĐTB)
3.14
0.603
3.61
2.97
3.02
0.598
3.84
2.98
3.13
0.611
3.79
3.05
3.21
0.611
3.48
3.06
3.09
0.594
3.67
3.01
3.118
0.608
3.678
3.014
22
(Source: data processed by SPSS 18.0)
The following conclusions can be made from Table 2.8: the developed marketing strategy
performance of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains is rated at 3.12 – at medium level; although it is
higher than the average level of retail sector, it is not up to expectation and not proportionate to the
potential and advantages of this modern and advanced retail form, it is also not comparable to FDI
retail supermarket chains in Vietnam at present amid the AEC entry in the near term. Although 5
observation variables have scores higher than 3.0, there remain the imbalances among them and the
dispersion of each variable and the population is high. 3 observation variables have higher scores than
the average score of the component, including: total quality, trust value, cultural and civilized values
of the supermarket chains have respective scores of 3.14, 3.13 and 3.21; the other two remaining
observation variables have mean scores lower than the average, including: customer supply values
(3.02) and customer loyalty (3.09)
The mean scores of 6 independent variables in the regression model are tested to compare
with the mean score of this component and the result is:
SDP= 0.094 x 2.88 + 0.087 x 2.91 + 0.299 x 3.16 +0.128 x 2.97 + 0.143 x 3.29 + 0.267 x 2.98
= 0.2707+0.2532 + 0.9448 + 0.3802 + 0.4705 + 0.7957= 0.3115
Compared with the SDP from the survey, the absolute error is 0.003 (9.6%). This means that
the tested regression model is accepted.
Regarding the order of importance, to create the developed marketing strategy performance,
the order of contributions to the total performance is: Strategies for retail market offering;
Organization, resources and core competencies of marketing strategies; Strategies for promotion and
retail mix; Strategies for marketing channels; Information management and marketing strategy
situation analysis; Strategies for value choosing and positioning.
In comparison with other forms of retailing, the dissertation conducted a multiplechoice test
with Group 2 for 2 subjects: FDI retail supermarket chains and new urban markets. The results
indicate that Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in Hanoi gain much lower mean scores than
FDI retail supermarket chains (3.678) but higher than new urban markets (3.014). The components
contributing to these results are customer supply values and customer loyalty.
2.5.1. Major strengths and advantages
The strategic roles of marketing in business management structure of Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains have been strengthened.
Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains have made more progress and gained higher developed
marketing strategy performance than other retail forms with similar product types (although still lower
than FDI retail supermarket chains in the same market place).
There have been considerable progress and improvements in marketing strategy
development towards higher quality level and advancement.
23
Focus has been put on improving the quality of physical components to satisfy customer
demand in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains – they are products, services and their integration with
prices to create market offering.
The development of marketing strategies in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains have
focused on and improved marketing competitiveness in three core factors in the context of the
competitive retail market in the world, ASEAN and Vietnam: speed of response, interactions with
competitors, relationships with customers – consumers.
2.5.2 Major limitations and weaknesses
The practice of information management and marketing strategy analysis remains inefficient,
unsystematic and unscientific in terms of collecting, sorting, saving, sharing and analyzing
information at strategic, tactic and functional levels; marketing information system has poor database,
lack lots of information from marketing research, marketing surveys, especially software to facilitate
marketing decision making process; Internal information network (LAN), external information
network (WAN) and the Internet have been set up but the quality remains limited.
The development of target marketing strategies is of low quality, capacities of managers
when implementing marketing strategies in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains remain weak.
The quality of implementing marketing strategies of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
remains limited in many aspects, not only in the number of subsidiaries /chain, average area / chain
subsidiary, area of shopping centres, storehouses, availability and delivery of products to chain
subsidiaries but also in upstream distribution channels, distribution of supermarket subsidiaries,
internal marketing communication channels, especially the quality and efficiency of core marketing
distribution process.
Most Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains just care about basic financial resources / budget
for strategies, human resources for strategies and infrastructure
Of 35 measurement scales/observation variables tested by Cronbach’s alpha and EFA
analysis, 18 observation variables have mean scores lower than 3.0, rated as poor and/or weak.
Marketing strategy development in most Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains is at low
quality, many components have become backward and not compatible with the advanced and civilized
form of retail.
In general, marketing strategy development in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains is just
below the medium level or rated as poor (1.48/3 points in Likert scale) in terms of marketing
practice quality.
24
CHAPTER 3
VIEWS AND SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR VIETNAM’S
RETAIL SUPERMARKET CHAINS IN HANOI BY 2023 AND FOLLOWING YEARS
3.1. Orientations, views, goals to develop marketing strategies for Vietnam’s retail supermarket
chains in Hanoi
3.1.1. Expected opportunities and challenges about changes in Hanoi’s retail environment by 2013
3.1.2. Development orientations of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains by 2020 and visions 2030
3.1.3. Views and goals to develop marketing strategies of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains in
Hanoi by 2023, vision 2030
View 1: Marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains located in
Hanoi must ensure the systematic renovation of Vietnam’s supermarket chains in the context of
international integration and roadmaps to fulfill WTO commitments.
View 2: Marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains must ensure
the consistency and compatibility with changes in Vietnam’s retail environment and customer
demand.
View 3: Marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains must ensure
innovation to maximize the marketing strategy performance in the current and future context of
Vietnam’s retail market.
View 4: Marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains must ensure
business efficiency of Vietnam’s supermarket chain, ensure the balance of the strategic system, create
prerequisites to restructure resources of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains.
View 5: Marketing strategy development of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains must ensure
the sustainability, ensure target market orientations and key customers, promote the core
competitiveness of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains.
3.2. Some main solutions to develop marketing strategies of Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains
by 2023, vision 2030
3.2.1 Solutions to develop structures of marketing strategic tools of Vietnam’s retail
supermarket chains.
3.2.1.1 Developing information management and marketing strategy situation analysis of retail
supermarket chains
Retail supermarket chains should apply SWOT analysis model as the foundation to establish
orientations for marketing strategy development
Management boards of retail supermarket chains should frequently collect information from
reports of sale teams of retail supermarket chains
Retail supermarket chains should automatize market information system
Each subsidiary in the retail supermarket chains should establish a division specializing in
researching market, behavior and psychology of consumers.
3.2.1.2. Developing strategies for value choosing and positioning
25
Retail supermarkets should segment markets according to behavior patterns: based on
profession, qualification and income of customers.
Retail supermarket chains should apply segmentation according to space and develop
network of retail supermarket subsidiaries.
Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains should focus on market segments of consumers with
demand for middle product quality and prices by 2023; by 2025, they should extend to market
segments of Vietnammade products with high quality/quite high and high prices.
Retail supermarket chains should adopt marketing differentiation approach to meet the target
market demand effectively to increase revenues and gain deeper market penetration.
Retail supermarket chains should focus on develop value differentiation positioning
Retail supermarket chains should practice direct competition positioning with other rivals by
convenience in space and prices thanks to their own advantages.
3.2.1.3. Developing strategies for retail market offering.
a. Developing products:
Adjusting structures of products, applying 80/20 rules for consumption seasons.
Characterizing products for sales.
Setting up and implementing minimal quota for new product development each month.
Managing life cycle of products
Implementing distinctive product and private brand strategies.
Paying attention to not only contents but also skills and arts of new product design and
product launch to the market.
Ensuring portfolio of products in Vietnam’s retail supermarket chains appropriate with
business scale and customer orientations by 2023.
b. Enhancing retail services:
+ Enhancing the quality of retail services provided by retail supermarket chains.
+ Supplementing some new services
c. Completing retail pricing strategies:
Completing pricing technique for product units:
Retail prices =
1
1 margins
x Cost price + VAT
Retail supermarket chains should set up appropriate and scientific process for pricing.
Retail supermarket chains can price some distinctive or typical products lower than market
prices and prices of competitors.
Retail supermarket chains should adjust prices flexibly, reliably and effectively based on 4
pricing strategies: discount pricing, time pricing; psychology pricing and seasonal pricing.
Retail supermarket chains should practice price list and price management effectively.
3.2.1.4. Developing strategies for marketing channels:
Each retail supermarket chain should have at least 5 supermarkets to ensure economy of
scales in purchasing and supply of products.
Nonfood products and industrial food should be imported via industrial and/or trade
wholesalers.