THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN MINH VU
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT IN BAC
NINH CITY

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time
Major: Science and Environmental Management
Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office
Batch: 2014-2018
Type: On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Thai Nguyen, 25/9/ 2018


DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree Program

Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name

Nguyễn Minh Vũ

Student ID

DTN1453070083

Thesis Title

Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh
city

Supervisor (s)

Dr. Hoàng Hải Thanh

Supervisor’s
signature(s)
Abstract: The environment is of special importance to human life in general and to
the economic, cultural and social development of each country in particular. In
recent years, there have been many policies related to environmental protection for
socio-economic development and environmental quality. Together with many
solutions such as science and technology books ... socialization of environmental
sanitation is also an important solution in the strategy of environmental protection
and sustainable development. With population growth, the consequence is an
increase in the amount of domestic waste. Vietnam is currently facing
environmental pollution caused by domestic waste. Bac Ninh city is high
population. The problem of waste is being mentioned by Bac Ninh province leaders.
The following report shows the status of waste management in Bac Ninh City and
outline some measurements to minimize the amount of waste in Bac Ninh City
Keywords

Solid waste, Waste, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Number of pages


62 pages

Date of submission 25/9/2018

1


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Graduation is the process of learning so that each student can apply the
knowledge and theories learned in the school to life solving, making the students
familiar with the working methods and skills. This is an indispensable stage for
every student in the learning process. With the agreement of the School
administrators, the Board of Directors of the Advanced Education Program Office ,
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, I research the project:
"Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh City".
The practice time is not long, but it gives me useful knowledge and valuable
experience, so far i have completed my graduation project.
I would like to sincerely thank the teachers in the Advanced Education
Program Office, who taught and trained us and especially teacher Dr. Hoang Hai
Thanh, who directly guide and help me during my practice and complete the
graduation thesis.
I sincerely thank staffs who are working at the Department of Resources and
Environment of Bac Ninh province are enthusiastic in helping me in the process of
good practice.
Due to time constraints, the first step is to familiarize myself with the new
method, which will inevitably report deficiencies. I would like to receive comments
from teachers and all students to complete this thesis.
Thank you sincerely !

2



TABLE OF CONTENT
List of figures................................................................................................. 6
List of tables .................................................................................................. 7
List of abbreviations ...................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 9
1.1. Rationale ................................................................................................ 9
1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................. 10
1.3. Contents of work................................................................................... 10
1.4. Description of my activities .................................................................. 10
1.5. Timeline ................................................................................................ 10
2.1. The scientific basis of the topic ............................................................. 11
2.1.1. Overview of waste .............................................................................. 11
2.1.2. Source of solid waste .......................................................................... 12
2.1.3. The impact of solid waste on the environment and the health of the
community ............................................................................................ 13
2.1.3.1. Impact on water environment .......................................................... 13
2.1.3.2. Impact on the air environment......................................................... 13
2.1.3.3. Impact on the soil environment ....................................................... 13
2.1.3.4. Impact on human health .................................................................. 14
2.2. The legal basis of the topic .................................................................... 14
2.3.2. Situation of managing and treating domestic waste in Vietnam ........ 21
2.3.2.1. Situation of management and treatment of solid waste in urban
areas and cities in Vietnam ................................................................... 21
2.2. Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions in Bac Ninh city 23
2.2.1. Natural condition ................................................................................ 23
2.2.2.1. Geographical location...................................................................... 23
2.2.2.2. Topography, geomorphology .......................................................... 24


3


2.2.2.3. Geological........................................................................................ 25
2.2.2.4. Climate and hydrological ................................................................ 25
2.2.2. Social and economic conditions ......................................................... 27
CHAPTER 3. SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY ........ 31
3.1. Object and scope of the study................................................................ 31
3.1.1. Research subjects................................................................................ 31
3.1.2. Research scope ................................................................................... 31
3.2. Location, study time .............................................................................. 31
3.3. Research content .................................................................................... 31
3.3.1. Survey, assess the natural, socio-economic conditions of the Bac Ninh
city ........................................................................................................ 31
3.3.2. Survey and evaluate the current status of waste in the Bac Ninh city 31
3.4. Research Methods ................................................................................. 32
3.4.1. Method of collecting secondary data ................................................. 32
3.4.2. Survey method, interview................................................................... 32
3.4.3. Method of surveying the local survey in combination with the
interview ............................................................................................... 33
3.4.4. Analytical method of data synthesis ................................................... 33
3.4.5. Method of determining the volume and composition of garbage ...... 33
CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED ...................... 34
4.2. Assessment of waste management and treatment in the area of Bac
Ninh city ............................................................................................... 34
4.2.1. Source of waste and components of domestic waste in the Bac Ninh
city ........................................................................................................ 34
4.2.2. Collection status. transport. Waste treatment of the Bac Ninh city ... 38
4.2.2.1. Solid waste management in Bac Ninh province ............................. 38
4.2.2.2. Collection status, transport and handling of domestic solid waste . 40


4


4.2.3. Assessment of community awareness on the management and
treatment of domestic waste in Bac Ninh city ...................................... 46
4.3. Some problems in waste management in Bac Ninh city ....................... 48
4. Proposed measurements to manage and address daily garbage in wards in
the Bac ninh city ................................................................................... 49
4.4.1. Solutions to waste management ......................................................... 49
4.4.1.1. Solutions on raising awareness of waste management ................... 49
4.4.1.2. For activities of collecting and treating domestic waste ................. 51
4.4.2. Solutions for environment at city level .............................................. 51
4.4.3. Technology solutions.......................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 54
5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 54
5.3. Recommendation ................................................................................... 55
References .................................................................................................... 56
Appendix ...................................................................................................... 58

5


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Administrative map of Bac Ninh city .................................................... 24
Figure 4.1: Percentage distribution of waste components in wards ......................... 38
Figure 4.2: Domestic solid waste management model in Bac Ninh city ................. 39
Picture 1.1: Dong Ngo rubbish dump - Bac Ninh city ............................................. 58

6



LIST OF TABLES
Table 2: Solid waste generation in some countries .................................................. 16
Table 2.1: Monthly average air temperature ............................................................ 26
Table 2.2: Average monthly evaporation volume .................................................... 26
Table 2.3: Characteristics of air humidity in Bac Ninh city .................................... 26
Table 2.4: Monthly average wind speed .................................................................. 27
Table 2.5: Population of Bac Ninh in the years ....................................................... 28
Table 4.1: Volume of domestic waste generated at sources .................................... 34
Table 4.2: Waste generated in households in wards in Bac Ninh city ..................... 35
Table 4.3: Total waste generated from sources in wards Bac Ninh city.................. 36
Table 4.4: Composition of garbage in wards in Bac Ninh city ................................ 37
Table 4.5: Average amount of waste collected in wards in Bac Ninh city .............. 42
Table 4.6: Rate of household waste collection at Bac Ninh city ............................. 43
Table 4.7: The maximum rate of collection and transportation services for garbage
collected in the area of Bac Ninh province .............................................................. 45
Table 4.8: The level of public interest in environmental issue ................................ 47

7


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
ODA: Official Development Assistance
TWh: Terawatt hours
EM : Effective Microorganism

8



CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.

Rationale

Vietnam is on the path of industrialization and modernization of the country.
Moving from a subsidized economy to a market economy, Vietnam is facing
enormous challenges in terms of economic growth and the fight for environmental
protection.
In recent years, with the increasing urbanization speed and the strong development
of industries, services, tourism ... leading to higher living standards, waste arising
from the activities of people is becoming more and more diverse and more toxic in
nature.
The management and treatment of daily life waste in most cities and towns
of our country have not met the requirements of hygiene and environmental
protection. There are no consistent solutions, correct policies and appropriate steps
to manage solid waste in urban construction and management will lead to
unintended consequences, deterioration of the environment quality, which entails
risks to public health and limits the development of society.
Over the years, together with the economic development to improve people's
lives. In order to realize the objective of sustainable development, economic
development and environmental protection, the management and treatment of solid
waste in Bac Ninh province has been and is being concerned by the provincial
authorities and concerned agencies. Although the facilities, technical facilities and
people have been strengthened, garbage collection and treatment has not met the
actual demand. This shows what is and is not in the management of solid waste in
general and waste in particular in Bac Ninh city.
The management of domestic waste is an indispensable requirement and this
problem needs to be solved in a timely manner, ensuring first and foremost sanitary,

urban landscape, public health and it also ensures to minimize negative impact on
the environment.
Recognizing the importance of waste management in the face of the many
difficulties of this management, and with the consent of the management board, the
board of directors of Advanced Education Program Office - University of Thai

9


Nguyen, under the direct guidance of teacher Dr. Hoang Hai Thanh, so I studied the
topic: "Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh city ".

1.2.

Objectives

-

Assessing the current situation of collecting, transporting and treating

household waste in Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province
Providing some recommendations to improve the efficiency of solid waste
management in Bac Ninh city.

1.3.

Contents of work

Project has been implemented during the internship:
Investment project to build pollution treatment system of Khac Niem noodle village


1.4.

Description of my activities

Week 1: Go to internship area, learn about the facilities and works.
Week 2 : Receive the topic.
Week 3: Learn about the topic, read the documentation.
Week 4,5,6,7: Field survey, interview
Week 8,9,10,11, 12 : Writting report.
Week 13,14,15,16: Join the other project.

1.5.

Timeline

Time: 1/3/2018 - 30/6/2018

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CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. The scientific basis of the topic
2.1.1. Overview of waste
Related concepts:
* Garbage: A term used to refer to solid waste that is relatively fixed, disposed of
from human activity. Home waste or solid waste is a component of solid waste,
which is understood as solid waste arising from everyday human activities ( Tran
Hieu Nhue, 2001).
* Wastes are products generated during human activities, industrial production,

agriculture, transportation, services, commerce, family life, schools, residential
areas, restaurants, hotel. In addition, also incurred in transportation such as
emissions of vehicles involved in transportation, waste is metal chemicals from
other materials (Nguyen Xuan Nguyen, 2004).
- Recycling: In fact, people take back the material from the old product and use it to
create new products.
- Reuse of waste: In fact, there are products or raw materials with long life span,
which can be used many times without changing the physical shape or chemical
nature (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003).
There are many different types of waste sorting. There is currently no uniformity in
the classification of wastes, however, by the practical perceptions of economic
activity and the implications of waste management research that can be divided into
different ways the following classification:
- Classification by origin:
Household waste, also known as waste or household waste, is generated by
households.
+ Wastes from production, business and trade activities are those originating from
economic sectors such as industry, agriculture and services.
- Classification of waste according to physical properties: solid waste, liquid waste,
gas waste.

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- Classification of wastes by chemical nature: In this way, organic, inorganic or
physical waste is disposed of, such as metal waste, plastic, glass, paper, newspapers.
- Classification according to levels of harm to humans and organisms: toxic waste,
special waste. Each classification has a specific purpose for the effective research,
use or control and management of waste (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003).
* Discarded materials mean products or materials which are excluded from the

process of production or consumption and recovered for recycling and reuse as
materials for the production of other products.
* Managing daily garbage: It is the planning and management of investment,
construction of waste management facilities to collect, store, transport, reuse,
recycle and treat waste to reduce environmental pollution.
* Garbage collection is the gathering, sorting and temporary storage of garbage at
many collection points and establishments approved by competent agencies.
* Garbage transportation means the process of transporting garbage to the place
where it is generated, collected, stored, transported to the place of disposal,
recycling, reuse or landfill.
* Waste treatment means the process of using technology solutions to reduce,
eliminate or destroy harmful or useless components in garbage, recover, recycle or
reuse, useful ingredients in garbage.

2.1.2. Source of solid waste
The volume of domestic waste is increasing due to the impacts of population
growth and socio-economic development, where demand for consumption in urban
centers and rural areas has changed. change. The main sources of waste are:
- From residential areas (one household, many households ...)
- From industrial zones (light industry, chemical industry, energy industry, building
materials )
- From agriculture (hulls, bottles of pesticides )
- From urban areas (bus stations, parks )
- From trade, services (shops, markets )
- From agencies, schools
- From health facilities (waste of patients, staff )

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The assessment of the sources of solid waste has given us some insights so that we
can apply scientific and technical measures to minimize the negative impacts of
solid waste on the environment school.

2.1.3. The impact of solid waste on the environment and the health of the
community
2.1.3.1. Impact on the water environment
Solid waste, especially organic waste, is readily biodegradable in water.
Garbage landfill will be separated in combination with other water sources such as
rain water, underground water, surface water to form leaking water. Leakage leaks
in the landfill will increase the biodegradability of garbage as well as in the
transportation of environmental contaminants. The potential environmental
pollutants present in the garbage water are COD, N-NH3, BOD5, TOC and a large
number of microorganisms, in addition to heavy metals. Influence the water
environment if not treated (National Environment Report , 2011).

2.1.3.2. Impact on the air environment
Biodegradable waste (such as food, fruit, vegetables ...) in appropriate
temperature and humidity conditions (best temperature of 35oC and humidity of 7080%) will be obtained by microorganisms Decomposition creates odors and many
other pollutants have a negative impact on the urban environment, human health
and performance (National Environment Report , 2011).

2.1.3.3. Impact on the soil environment
In the organic waste soil will be the microorganism decomposes in two
aerobic and anaerobic conditions. When appropriate moisture will produce a series
of intermediates, eventually forming simple minerals such as water, CO2, CH4 ...
With a sufficient amount of waste and water leaks, the self-cleaning ability of the
soil environment makes these substances less polluting or polluting.
But with the amount of waste that is too large to clean the soil, the soil will
become overloaded and contaminated. These pollutants, along with heavy metals,

toxic substances and microbes, in the soil that feed into the groundwater, pollute
this water layer.

13


For non-degradable garbage such as rubber, plastic ... if no suitable treatment
solution, they will be the risk of degeneration and soil fertility reduction (National
Environment Report , 2011).

2.1.3.4. Impact on human health
Waste generated from urban areas, if not properly collected and treated, will
pollute the environment, negatively affect the health of the community and
deteriorate the urban landscape. The composition of solid waste in daily life is very
complex, which contains human and animal germs, organic wastes, dead organisms
and so on, thus creating favorable conditions for flies, mosquitoes and mice to
reproduce, spreading the disease to humans, sometimes becoming epidemic. Some
bacteria, viruses, parasites ... exist in the garbage can cause diseases such as
malaria, skin diseases, typhoid, diarrhea, helminths ...
Classifying, collecting and disposing of garbage in contravention of
regulations is a serious danger for sanitation workers and refuse workers, especially
when they encounter waste from hospitals or industry.
In unprotected landfills, if left unchecked, there would be serious problems
for the landfill and communities in the area, such as polluting the air, water, soil
environment and the environment. The place where the intermediate host hosts the
disease.
Garbage that is not well collected will also be one of the factors that hinder
flow, reducing the drainage capacity of rivers and urban sewage systems (National
Environment Report , 2011).


2.2. The legal basis of the topic
a) Legal documents of the state
- 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
- Environmental Protection Law 2014 No. 55/2014 / QH13.
- Decree No. 59/2007 / ND-CP 9/4/2007 on solid waste management.
- Circular No. 13/2007 / TT-BXD dated December 31, 2007 of the Ministry of
Construction guiding a number of articles of the Government's Decree No. 59/2007
/ ND-CP on solid waste management.

14


- Document No. 2272 / BXD-VP dated November 10, 2008 of the Ministry of
Construction announcing the norms for estimation of collection, transportation and
disposal of urban waste.
- The Ministry of Finance's Circular No. 121/2008 / TT-BTC dated December 12,
2008, guiding the mechanism of incentives and financial supports for investment
activities in solid waste management.
- Pursuant to the Government's Decree No. 04/2009 / ND-CP of January 14, 2009,
on preferences and support for preservation activities

b) Profile of the cooperating agency
Address: at number 7 - Hai Ba Trung - Suoi Hoa - Bac Ninh City - Bac Ninh
Province
* Function and mission
The Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province
(hereinafter referred to as the Department) is a specialized agency under the
Provincial People's Committee, subject to the management and administration of
the provincial People's Committee and the direction, the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment.

Apart from advising and helping the provincial People's Committees in the
State management over natural resources and environment, including land, water
and environment, meteorology and hydrography, climate change, geodesy and
cartography, mineral resources the Department has the task of implementing legal
documents, planning, plans, programs, projects and projects on natural resources
and environment after being approved. At the same time, Inspection, registration,
licensing, diplomas and certificates in the field of natural resources and
environment.
* Organizational structure:
- Address:
Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company
4 Nguyen Dang Dao, Suoi Hoa, Bac Ninh
- The main tasks:

15


+ Collect, transport waste treatment from households, market area, restaurant,
shopping centers and tourist spots.
+ Street sweeps and water sprinklers, clearing, dredging sewers urban.
+ Planting and tending trees, managing urban flower gardens, ensuring street
lighting.
- Garbage collection capacity of the company:
+ Number of collectors: 154 (divided into 10 groups)
+ Number of vehicles: 215 vehicles
+ Number of specialized junk trucks: 9 cars,7 specialized vehicles ironing waste.

2.3. Situation management and treatment of domestic waste in the world
and Vietnam
2.3.1. The situation of managing and treating domestic waste in the world

In the past years, environmental issues as well as waste management have
been neglected for a number of reasons, mainly due to the underdeveloped
economy, low population, and unsustainable science and technology. Today, waste
management in urban areas is really a matter of concern. Cities are often the center
of economic, political, cultural and social development, science and technology, etc.
This is where the various types of waste are generated that can cause negative
impacts on people and environment, urban landscape, people's health. It is estimated
that the world's annual volume of waste is between 2.5 and 4 billion tonnes (except
for construction and dismantling, mining and agriculture).
According to Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa (2006) , the level of urbanization is high, the
amount of waste increases per capita, for example, in some countries today: Canada
1.7 kg/person/day; Australia 1.6 kg/person/day; 1.3 kg/person/day; 1.3 kg/
person/day; China 1.3 kg/person/day.
Table 2: Solid waste generation in some countries
Countries

Urban
Volume of urban solid waste (Kg /
population
person / day)
(%total)

Low income countries

15,92

0,40

Nepal


13,7

0,50

16


Bangladesh

18,3

0,49

Việt Nam

20,8

0,55

India

26,8

0,46

Middle Income Countries

40,8

0,79


Indonesia

35,4

0,76

Philippines

54,0

0,52

Thailand

20,0

1,10

Malaysia

53,7

0,81

High Income Countries

86,3

1,39


Korea

81,3

1,59

Singapore

100

1,10

Japan

77,6

1,47

(Sources: Department of Environmental Health, 2006)
With the increase of waste, the classification, collection and treatment of
waste is something that every nation needs to pay attention to. Today, the world has
many ways of treating waste resources such as: technology uses heat, buried
technology, Seraphin technology, biotechnology ...
Typically, some countries already have very specific waste management and
treatment models:
* Singapore is the 100% urbanized and cleanest city in the world. Singapore has
invested in the collection, transportation and treatment of garbage, and has
developed a strict legal system as a precondition for better waste disposal.
Singapore waste is collected and sorted by plastic bags. Recycled wastes are

transported to recycling plants, and other wastes are disposed of by burning and
burial. In Singapore there are more than 300 private companies specializing in
industrial and commercial waste collection. All these companies are licensed and
under direct supervision of the Department of Science, Technology and
Environment. In addition, households and companies in Singapore are encouraged
to collect and transport garbage to companies themselves. For example, for
households collecting direct garbage at home, they have to pay a fee of $ 17 per
month, indirectly collected at residential areas for only $ 7 per month (Le Huynh
Mai, 2009).

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Garbage from various sources after collection is taken to the waste separation
center, where the waste is classified as flammable and non-flammable. Flammable
substances are shipped to the incineration plant and the flammable substances are
transported to the Semakau landfill built on an island off Singapore's coast.
The stages in Singapore's waste management system are rhythmic and interrelated,
from collection, sorting, transportation to burning or burial. Waste gas treatment
from incinerators is carried out in a rigorous process to avoid the transfer of solidto-gaseous pollutants, and burial sites are also operated under strict procedures to
ensure safety. full of works and environmental protection (Le Huynh Mai, 2009).
* Japan: Japanese families classify waste into 3 separate types and put in 3 bags
with specified color: organic waste, inorganic waste, paper, cloth, glass, metal
garbage. The organic waste is transported to a garbage treatment plant for the
production of micro-organism fertilizers. The remaining garbage, such as paper,
cloth, glass, metal, is transported to a recycling facility.
The organic waste after transportation to the plant will be fed into a lagoon with a
lid and flowed in a stream of water that has a very strong airflow on the organic
matter and dissolves them thoroughly after the treatment. It's just a kind of fine sand
and waste water that reduces pollution. Unsourced scales will be compressed into

very good sidewalk tiles, which will absorb water when it rains (Danida Project,
2007).
* Bulgaria: In Bulgaria, organized urban waste collections reached 84.2% of the
population, including most urban residents, while in rural areas only accounted for
nearly 40%. The classification and recycling of waste is still slow
Waste generation: Urban per capita emissions in 2004 were 427 kg, below the EU25 average of 537 kg
Waste collection: In 2004, Bulgaria was met by an organized urban waste collection
system, and the urban waste collection and transportation systems met 1801
residential areas, with the number of population is 6,551,181 people, accounting for
84% of the national population. Since 2004, the Ministry of Environment and Water
(MOEW) has started to finance separate waste collection systems in urban areas. In
2004, pilot projects were funded in 12 cities, four licensed packaged waste
registrations, and 446 thousand tonnes of marketed packaging.

18


Treatment: Bulgarian waste is collected, recyclable waste is reused and waste is
disposed of with various methods such as incineration, burial or treatment by means
of reprocessing. mechanical, chemical and physical. At present burial measures are
still the basic measure in Bulgaria, accounting for 86.5% of waste generated (Tran
Quang Ninh, 2008).
* China:
Amount of waste generated: The average level of solid waste in China is 0.4 kg /
person/day, compared with 1.1 kg/person/day in Japan and 2.1 kg/person/day.
However, due to rising living standards, the average solid waste in 2030 will
exceed 1 kg/person/day. This increase is due to the rapid increase in urban
population. This results in a rapid increase in Chinese solid waste.
Waste Composition: China's urban waste contains large amounts of ash
(approximately 25 million tons / year or 13%) of organic waste, accounting for 4065%. Waste is paper, plastic and plastic coated rapidly.

Treatment: Approximately 20% of urban sprawl in China is collected and treated in
line with the investment of about 30 billion yuan (3.7 billion dollars) for the
management of solid waste and there are improvements. Significant in the field of
solid waste management. Most of the big cities are turning to hygienic burying and
using more scorching technologies.
Also present in China is one of the popular technologies of garbage treatment plants
in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, China, which is the application of waste treatment
technology in closed equipment. Garbage is received, put into the composting
equipment (mostly silage) 10-12 days, the content of H2S, CH4, S02 reduction, is put
out to ripen. Then sort and process organic fertilizer. The advantage of this method
is that after 10-12 days, the smell of H2S has been reduced, leaving the workers
harmless, recovering the garbage water without affecting the aquifer and recovering
the product. Inorganic substances sent to landfill do not cause smells ( Tran Quang
Ninh, 2008).
* Sweden: In December 2003, the Swedish government instructed the
Environmental Protection Agency to draw up national waste plans. Waste
management in Sweden has made resource use more efficient and less
environmentally-friendly. Successes include:

19


- Domestic waste disposed of for burial reduced from 1.38 million tons in 1994 to
0.34 tons in 2004.
In 2004, about 1.3 million tons of materials and 5.7 TWh (TWh = 1012 Watts)
energy were in the form of heat and electricity was recovered from domestic waste.
- The burial of other wastes also decreased. In 2004, about 2.1 million tons of waste,
excluding residential waste, were buried outside industrial parks, down 56% since
1994.
Waste: municipalities responsible for the collection and treatment of household

waste and similar wastes. Except for household waste, responsible producers (such
as packaging, newspaper, tires, cars and waste from ele solid wasteical and ele solid
wasteonic products). For other wastes, the responsibility depends on the owner of
the facility where the waste is generated. Waste is collected and treated by
landfilling, biological treatment or turning waste into energy:
+ Burying: The volume of daily-life waste to be buryed down shall be markedly
reduced and in 2004, it shall be 0.38 million tons. Up to the present time, the
amount of waste dumped for the first time accounts for only 10%.
+ Biological treatment: In 2004, 10.4% (0.43 million tons) of domestic wastes went
through biological treatment, up 7.7% since 2003, the waste was classified in
source. Approximately 48 kg of human waste (including green waste and food
waste) is treated.
The most common collection systems for private homes are two different garbage
bins, one for bio-waste and one for other types of waste. The next popular collection
system is visual classification, different colored plastic bags are placed in the same
trash, usually placed in 3 different buckets.
Turn waste into energy: Up to now, there are 29 waste incineration plants in
Sweden. In 2004, the plants treated 1.94 million tons (46.7% of domestic waste) and
the energy yield was about 9.3 TWh in the form of heat and electrical power ( Tran
Quang Ninh, 2008).

20


2.3.2. Situation of managing and treating domestic waste in Vietnam
2.3.2.1. Situation of management and treatment of solid waste in urban
areas and cities in Vietnam
* Emerging situation: In Vietnam, more than 15 million tons of solid waste are
generated each year, of which domestic waste from households, restaurants, markets
and businesses accounts for 80% of the total volume. Waste is arising in the

country. The remainder comes from agricultural facilities. Industrial hazardous
wastes and medical wastes are produced in small quantities, but they are also
considered as noteworthy sources because they pose a risk to health and the
environment.
Urban areas are the main source of domestic waste. Urban areas have a
population of only 24% of the country's population but generate more than 6 million
tons of waste each year (equivalent to 50% of the country's total domestic solid
waste). Waste generated from households and business districts in rural and urban
areas has different components. Daily household wastes, markets and businesses in
rural areas contain a large proportion of biodegradable organic matter (60-70%). In
urban areas, waste has a lower level of biodegradable organic matter (about 50% of
total domestic solid waste). Changes in agglomeration and product models are
responsible for increasing the incidence of hazardous and non-biodegradable wastes
such as plastics, metals and glass ( Tran Quang Ninh, 2008).
* Management Status: The waste treatment is mainly carried out by Urban
Environmental Company (URENCO). It is responsible for collecting and disposing
of household waste, including household waste and office waste, and is responsible
for treating both industrial and medical waste. in most cases.
At present, a number of large urban centers are applying in practice the solid waste
management system, including:
- The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for drawing up
the national environmental improvement strategy and advising the state to set up
national environment management laws and policies.
- The Ministry of Construction shall guide the urban management and construction
strategy and waste management

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- The People's Committee of the province, the Department of Natural Resources and

Environment has the task of protecting the urban environment, strictly abide by the
general strategy and the general law on environmental protection of the state
through the development of specific rules and regulations.
- URENCO is directly responsible for the task of waste treatment, environmental
protection city
With the theme of socialization of environmental protection, the government
encourages private companies and community-based organizations to work closely
with local authorities in managing the solid waste.
Like many countries in South and Southeast Asia, disposal of waste in open
landfill or controlled landfill sites is a major treatment in Vietnam. According to
Decision No. 64/QD-TTg, dated 22/4/2003 of the Prime Minister, in 2007, out of
439 establishments causing serious environmental pollution nationwide, there were
49 open-air dumping sites or areas Bureaucracy that is hazardous to the
environment and high human health must be thoroughly treated. However, it is
necessary to find funding sources for these activities.
At present, the government is giving priority to the construction of waste
treatment and disposal systems, including landfills. However, due to the lack of
financial resources, most of the sanitary landfills are built with ODA. Destructive
disposal is a common practice in areas where waste collection and disposal services
are not routinely disposed of in the home, usually in rivers or lakes near the home,
or disposed of wanted in empty land.
Solid waste treatment technology in urban Vietnam is usually self-designed
and manufactured, but has gathered relatively full range of common types to treat
solid waste water and urban emissions. The level of technology has met Vietnam's
environmental standards. In particular, the price is lower than the price of imported
technology. However, the production of equipment and technology is still
individual, single, not producing mass environmental technology or manufacturing
on the technology chain. Investment capital for the environment in our country is
still very limited. The team of scientists and environmental technology is weak and
lacking.

In order to promote the management of solid waste in urban areas and
industrial parks, the Prime Minister issued the directive on strengthening

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management of solid waste . Tuy Hoa City (Phu Yen) was funded by the Belgian
Government for the improvement of hygiene and environmental protection. This
project has a total budget of 3.3 million Euro, implemented in three years (20062008), helping Tuy Hoa City build a sanitary waste treatment facility to improve
environmental conditions; Health for people in the area. The project also contributes
to improving the management capacity of Phu Yen Urban Environment
Management Company in collecting and treating solid waste; At the same time,
raising awareness of the community, increasing people's participation in improving
sanitation and environmental protection ( Tran Quang Ninh, 2008).

2.2. Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions in Bac Ninh city
2.2.1. Natural condition
2.2.2.1. Geographical location
Bac Ninh city is located in the south of Cau river, north-east of the province,
30 km south of the center of Hanoi, 20 km north of Bac Giang city, boundary line as
follows:
- The North borders on Yen Phong and Bac Giang;
- To the south, it borders on Tien Du distric - The east borders with Que Vo;
- The West borders on Yen Phong district

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Figure 2.1. Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province
Figure 2.1. Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province

Bac Ninh has 19 administrative units (Tien An, Ninh Xa, Suoi Hoa, Vien An,
Dap Cau, Thi Cau, Kinh Bac, Dai Phuc, Vu Ninh, Vo Cuong, Van An, Van Duong,
Hap Lung, Khuc Xuyen, Phong Khe, Khac Niem) and three communes (Hoa Long,
Nam Son and Kim Chan). Bac Ninh is located in the economic triangle of Ha Noi Hai Phong - Quang Ninh, more than 100 km east of Hai Phong Industrial Center in
Quang Ninh. Bac Ninh city has important traffic routes such as National Highway
1A, 1B, 38, 18, Bac Ninh - Noi Bai, Hanoi - Lang Son railway, waterway (Cau
river), travel and cultural exchange. These conditions have created favorable
conditions for Bac Ninh to develop in all socio-economic
(Geography-Natural, Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province).

fields

2.2.2.2. Topography, geomorphology
Topography: The terrain of Bac Ninh is relatively flat with elevations of
between +4.0 to +2.5 m, including plain terrain and transition terrain between the

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