SỞ GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO TỈNH VĨNH PHÚC
TRƯỜNG THPT …………….
=====***=====

BÁO CÁO CHUYÊN ĐỀ

CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT THÔNG DỤNG TRONG VĂN
VIẾT TIẾNG ANH

Tác giả chuyên đề: ………….
Tổ : Ngoại ngữ .
Email: …………….

……………


CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT THÔNG DỤNG TRONG BÀI VIẾT
NỘI DUNG
A. CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT LIÊN KẾT Ý TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các liên kết từ thể hiện ý thêm vào (to add)
2. Các liên từ thể hiện ý liệt kê (to list)
3. Các liên từ diễn đạt mức độ quan trọng (order of importance)
4. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện nguyên nhân, lý do (to express reason)
5. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ kết quả (express result)
6. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để đưa ra dẫn chứng, ví dụ (to give an example)
7. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để giải thích (to explain, làm rõ ý)
8. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhấn mạnh (to emphasize)
9. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để tổng kết, kết luận (to summarize/ to conclude)
10. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý tương tự (to express similarity)
11. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhắc lại ý đã được đề cập đến trước đó. (to repeat)
12. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện sự chuyển tiếp (to express transition)

13. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ mục đích (to express purposes)
14. Các cách diễn đạt ý trái ngược (to express direct opposition)
15. Các cách diễn đạt kết quả không mong đợi (to express unexpected results)
16. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện (to express condition)
17. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện ngược lại (to express negative condition)
18. Các cách diễn đạt ý thay thế, thay vì (to express an alternative)
19. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin cụ thể hơn hoặc đặc trưng cho thông tin trước đó (to particularize)
20. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin rõ ràng hơn và chính xác hơn ( to correct)
21. Các cách diễn đạt thời gian (to express time)
B. MỘT SỐ CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT QUEN THUỘC KHÁC TRONG VIẾT BÀI NGHỊ LUẬN VÀ BÀI
BÁO CÁO TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các cách diễn đạt để giới thiệu câu chủ đề
2. Các phát triển ý trong một đoạn văn
3. Các cách diễn đạt quan điểm
4. Các cách diễn đạt khả năng.
5. Các cách diễn đạt sự so sánh
C. BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG


I. LỜI NÓI ĐẦU
Liên kết từ và các cách diễn đạt để liên kết ý từ lâu đã được biết đến là nhân tố làm cho một bài viết trở
nên mạch lạc và lô gic. Dù là ngôn ngữ nào được sử dụng thì việc dùng các liên kết từ hợp lý sẽ giúp bài
văn trở nên dễ hiểu và gây ấn tượng tốt hơn với người đọc. Các liên kết từ và các cách diễn đạt liên kết ý
chính là dấu hiệu để người đọc có thể dự đoán được ý mà mình sẽ đọc và nắm bắt được mục đích của tác
giả. Trong tiếng Anh, các cách diễn đạt này (connectors hay connective expressions) giúp cho bài viết trở
nên khoa học và mang tính học thuật cao hơn. Qua việc sử dụng các cách diễn đạt liên kết ý, người đọc
cũng có thể đánh giá được khả năng sử dụng ngôn ngữ của người viết. Do vậy việc dạy học sinh cách sử
dụng các cách diễn đạt liên kết ý trong khi viết bài luận là rất quan trọng. Ngoài lợi ích dễ thấy trong viết
văn, việc hiểu được các cách diễn đạt này còn giúp học sinh tăng khả năng đọc hiểu. Hơn thế nữa, trong
những năm gần đây các đề thi ĐH hay đề thi Trung Học Phổ Thông Quốc Gia (THPT QG) đều nhắc đến

phần kiến thức này trong các câu hỏi trắc nghiệm, multiple choice. Từ thực tế trên, tác giả chuyên đề này
xin giới thiệu một hệ thống các cách diễn đạt liên kết ý thông dụng trong viết luận tiếng Anh phục vụ cho
các em học sinh lớp 12. Mặc dù mục đích chính của chuyên đề hướng vào phần viết luận nhưng phạm vi
ảnh hưởng của nó còn có thể hướng tới cả phần bài đọc hiểu và các phần ngữ pháp và từ vựng trong phần
câu hỏi trắc nghiệm. Hy vọng rằng chuyên đề này sẽ là một nguồn tham khảo bổ ích cho các em học sinh
trong quá trình ôn thi.
Thời gian thực hiện chuyên đề này là 6 tiết học, ngoài ra nó sẽ được nhắc lại trong tất cả các bài viết luận
mà các em học sinh lớp 12 được yêu cầu viết trong quá trình ôn thi THPTQG.
Có rất nhiều tư liệu phân loại các liên kết từ theo các tiêu chuẩn khác nhau, cách sắp xếp và phân loại sau
đây theo tác giả là hợp lý và dễ hiểu.


II. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH
A. CÁC LIÊN TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý thêm vào (to add)
And

Also

Besides

In addition

In addition to

Moreover

E.g.

Further

As well

Furthermore
What is more

- We kissed and hugged each other.
- You can pay your bills in cash. You can also write a check.
- My sister works full-time at the school cafeteria. Besides this, she is taking 18 credits at school.
- I have to study this evening. In addition, I have to cook dinner.
- Pets need nutritious food. Furthermore, they need vaccinations.
- As your professor, I will teach you to write better. Moreover, I will increase your vocabulary.
- The police have found the missing money. What is more, they have arrested the thief.
- Mary won the gymnastics competition. She graduated with honors as well.

2. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý liệt kê (to list)
Các liên từ này cũng thường được dùng để làm dấu hiệu nhiện biết các ý chính trong bài
First / Second / Third /Last/ Last of all / Last but not least
Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly / Lastly
In the first place / In the second place / In the third place
First of all / To begin with / Next / Then / Later / After that/ Afterward / Finally
For one thing / For another thing
As well as / Too
E.g.
- First of all, I’d like to talk about the benefits of having a pet pig.
- To begin with, pet pigs are cleaner than dogs.
- For one thing, they’re completely loyal to their owners.
- For another thing, you might want to consider how cute they look in pyjamas.
- Secondly, their impressive numeracy skills must be mentioned.
- In the third place, you can always count on your pet pig to perform some tricks for you when
you’d like to impress a pretty girl.

- Finally, pet pigs are fantastic guards. No burglar would ever have the heart to hurt a pet pig.


- Lastly, your reputation as an eccentric will rapidly grow in the neighbourhood if you’re seen
walking a pet pig on a leash every morning.
3. Các cách diễn đạt mức độ quan trọng (to express order of importance)
Primarily
More importantly
E.g.

Essentially

Basically

More significantly

Most importantly

Most significantly

- I’d like to talk to you about how to keep calm at your workplace. Most importantly, never go to
the canteen while your boss is there.
- You’ll have to focus on your immediate surroundings. Primarily, on your computer screen.
- Above all, don’t ever look up from your notes when people are around.
- Most significantly, avoid eye-contact at all costs.
- How can I put this? Essentially, having an affair with one of your colleagues should be the last
thing on your mind.
4. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện nguyên nhân, lý do (to express reason)
Because


Since

On account of Owing to
Caused by
Thanks to
E.g.

Results from
In view of

As
Due to

Accordingly,
for

As a result of The reason for this is
For fear of/that

Given that

- We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend.
- Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.
- He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his health.
- Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots.
- His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.
- The reason for this is that the traffic was too heavy.
- Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main

source of income for locals.

- In view of what you've said, I think we should reconsider our proposed course of action.
- It's thanks to Sandy that I heard about the job.
- They wouldn't let their cat outside for fear (that) it would get run over.
- Given (the fact) that he's had six months to do this, he hasn't made much progress.
5. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ kết quả (express result)


So

Hence

Thus

Accordingly

Consequently

Therefore

Because of this/that

For this/that reason As a result/consequence (of)

With this in mind
E.g.

Bearing this in mind Taking this into account

That is why


- I’ve done a pranic healing course. As a result, I’ve been able to cure my neighbour’s sick cat.
- Zack has skipped school on many occasions. As a consequence, he’s failed his

French test.

- We’re going to experience some meteor showers in the next few days. Therefore, the number of
miraculous self-healings will rise.
- You didn’t tell me you wanted to come. Thus, we won’t be taking you with us.
- Plenty of tourists visit the area in summer. Accordingly, selling hand-made objects is the main
source of income for locals.
- Cats have flexible spines. Hence, they can do many physical maneuvers that people cannot do.
- Jennifer realized that her job was at a dead end. With this in mind, she went back to college to
learn more skills.
- Jennifer realized that her job was at a dead end. Take this into account, she went back to college
to learn more skills.
6. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để đưa ra dẫn chứng, ví dụ (to give an example)
For example

For instance

Such as

To demonstrate
E.g.

To illustrate

e.g

- To solve this problem, you might want to try making small gestures. For example, making your

spouse’s favourite meal for dinner or giving him a massage after a tiring day.
- Appreciate the small things your spouse does for you. For instance, leave thank
you notes for them every now and then.
- Misunderstandings can be highly destructive. To illustrate, if your spouse sees you with a friend of
the opposite sex in a café, he might not understand why he hasn’t been invited and demand an
explanation.
- That sum of money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation.
7. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để giải thích (to explain, làm rõ ý)
That is

Namely

To put it differently
E.g.

That is to say i.e
To put it in a different way

In other words
To put it in another way

- I have a very good reason for not trusting my ex. Namely, he’s a convicted felon.


- Don’t be unsociable. In other words, go out and make some friends.
- John has managed to get over Jane. Put differently, he’s started seeing other women.
- Keep romance alive. That is to say, don’t let your lovelife fall into routine.
8. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhấn mạnh (to emphasize)
In fact/Actually
Indeed


Definitely
Extremely

As a matter of fact

Surprisingly
Unquestionably

Absolutely

Certainly
Surely

Without doubt

Undoubtedly

E.g.
- I love sleeping with my pet pig. As a matter of fact, I can’t fall asleep unless he’s in my bed.
- I told them not to invite Rachel to the party. In fact, I was the only person who saw what a party
pooper she really was.
- I think it would be a good idea to send her some flowers. Actually, you should get her a hundred
orchids.
- He may be the best-dressed man around. Indeed, he has a really good taste in fashion.
- Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty.
- It's absolutely impossible to work with all this noise.
- Undoubtedly , she was the best candidate.
9. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để tổng kết, kết luận (to summarize/ to conclude)
In short


In brief

In conclusion In Summary

To sum up
E.g.

To be brief

To conclude

All in all

To summarize

- In conclusion, it may be said that pigs make the best pets.
- "So you didn't enjoy the party then." "In brief, no."
- In summary, it may not be the best idea to frequent the same pubs as your boss.
- To sum up, some people are better suited to working from home than others.
- All in all, you have to make sure both you and your customers are satisfied with your work.
10. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện ý tương tự (to express similarity)
Likewise

In the same way

Correspondingly

Similarly
E.g.


In the same manner

Also

- You can’t give your phone number to every man who asks for it. Likewise, you can’t go out with
everyone who fancies you.


- You’re not allowed to use your phone here. Similarly, you have to switch it off when you’re in the
library.
- She’s an excellent photographer. Correspondingly, her paintings are works of art.
- Cutting down on sugar will help you lose weight. In the same way, doing more exercise will help
you get rid of a few kilos.
- I want to talk to Prince Harry when I’m in England. Also, I want to meet his sister-in-law.
11. Các cách diễn đạt dùng để nhắc lại ý đã được đề cập đến trước đó. (to repeat)
As aforementioned

As noted before/above

As explained earlier
E.g.

As mentioned earlier/above

As has been noted
As mentioned previously

- As aforementioned, the Sun was once believed to move around the Earth.
- As explained earlier, trees repire at night by absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide into

the air.
12. Các cách diễn đạt thể hiện sự chuyển tiếp (to express transition)
As far as

With regard toAs regards

As to/for

With respect to

As far as X is concerned

Regarding

E.g.
- I’m going to Janet’s party at the weekend. As for Mary’s, I think I’ll pass.
- Starting your own IT company may be the one of the best things you can do right now. With respect
to opening a pet shop, it’s hard to say the same thing.
- Start your day with making the most important phone calls. Regarding emails, you might put them
off until later.
- With regard to handling complaints, you might want to keep in mind that your customers are always
right.
- Working from home has many advantages. As regards disadvantages, it might be difficult to keep
your cat off your keyboard.
- As far as dogs are concerned, they might give you a chance to get up from your desk and get some
exercise during the day.
13. Các cách diễn đạt chỉ mục đích (to express purposes)
To

In order to


So as to

With the purpose of With a view to
E.g.

So that

In order that


- In order to make a cake, you need to some instructions.
- With the purpose of widening their knowledge, many students choose to study abroad.
- The antique table needs refinishing. For this purpose, we are stripping away the old varnish
and sanding the wood.
14. Các cách diễn đạt ý trái ngược (to express direct opposition)
However

Conversely

By contrast

But

Compared to

On the other hand

In contrast


Whereas

By comparison
E.g.

Compared with

On the contrary

Contrary to

- Some language teachers believe in memorizing dialogues. However, others think that
memorization is not as good as engaging in natural conversations with native speakers.
- House prices have gone up this year. In contrast, car prices seem to be stagnating.
- England has the best language schools. On the other hand, it has the worst weather.
- Going out with Jim has its risks. By comparison, being with Tim is as easy as falling off a log.
- I don’t hate Jim. On the contrary, I’m rather fond of him.
- You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.
15. Các cách diễn đạt kết quả không mong đợi (to express unexpected results)
However

Nevertheless

Though

Despite

In spite of the fact that

Still


Nonetheless

Although

In spite of

Even so

yet

All the same

Despite the fact that
E.g.

Even though

In any case

- This restaurant has the best kitchen in town. However, their staff are quite rude.
- I was in so much pain I didn’t want to get up in the morning. Nevertheless, I went to football
practice as usual.
- I don’t think Sean has serious behavioural problems. Nonetheless, I’ll talk to him first thing in
the morning.
- I’ve asked you a thousand times not to leave your dirty socks on the floor. Yet, you keep doing it.
- I was thinking of going round Jim’s place. In any case, I haven’t been invited.
- Yes, he’s very good-looking. All the same, I don’t think you should go out with him.
16. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện (to express condition)
So long as


As long as

If


Only if
E.g.

Provided (that)

Providing (that)

- So long as the standard condition is given, the chemical reaction will happen
- If the children spend too much time in front of computer screen, their eyes will be affected.
17. Các cách diễn đạt điều kiện ngược lại (to express negative condition)
Or else
E.g.

Otherwise
- Children should be take a good care of, or else/ otherwise they will be easily influenced by

temptation.
18. Các cách diễn đạt ý thay thế, thay vì (to express an alternative)
Alternatively
E.g.

Instead

Instead of


- You can save this computer program on your hard drive. Alternatively, you can put it on a
floppy disc.
- Instead of travelling to the place, children can read books to know about it
19. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin cụ thể hơn hoặc tiêu biểu, đặc trưng cho thông tin trước đó (to
particularize)
In particular
E.g.

Particularly

(More) Specifically

Especially

- Children are easily affected by the media. Violent movies may be especially harmful to them.
- Nearly a third of marriages end in divorce. In particular, it’s middle-aged couples that yearn for
much more from life.
- Couples tend to argue about financial issues. More specifically, they argue when one of them is out
of work.

20. Các cách diễn đạt các thông tin rõ ràng hơn và chính xác hơn ( to correct)
Rather
E.g.

To be (more) precise

To be (more) exact

- I thought it was a good idea to get a ferret. Rather, it had always been my dream to get one.

- You might want to change a few things. To be more precise, I think you should start again from
scratch.


21. Các cách diễn đạt thời gian (to express time)
At first after

next

before

at the same time

First

Later

afterwards

before that

meanwhile

Second

after that

previously

at that time


while

Third

then

before

finally

in the meanwhile

As
E.g.

when

as soon as

soon

since

- It wasn’t a piece of cake to learn English. At first, I couldn’t pronounce all the words correctly.
- Then, I couldn’t spell all the words correctly.
- Afterwards, I had a hard time understanding the tenses.
- Later, I couldn’t memorize phrasal verbs and idioms.
- In the meantime, I was getting some help from my English teacher.
- Meanwhile, I was enjoying my skype lessons more and more.



B. MỘT SỐ CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT SỬ DỤNG TRONG VIẾT BÀI NGHỊ LUẬN VÀ BÀI BÁO CÁO,
TƯỜNG THUẬT.
1. Các cách diễn đạt để giới thiệu câu chủ đề
- It is often said/ asserted/ claimed that…….

- One of the most striking features/aspects of this

- It is universal/acknowledged that….

problem/issue/topic/question …..

- It is a well-known fact that …….

- A number of key issues arise from …..

- For the great majority of people ….

- Firs of all, let us try to understand /consider …..

- A problem that is often debated nowadays is that

- By way of introduction …

of…
2. Các phát triển ý trong một đoạn văn

- What we are mainly concerned with here is …


- This brings up to the question of whether…..

- Incidentally, we must not forget….

- On the one hand…… On the other hand……

- As far as … is concerned ….

- As for …..
3. Các cách diễn đạt quan điểm

- Added to that ……

- I think/don’t think that …..

- In my opinion/view ….

- I think it is probable that …..

- From my point of view….

- I believe that ….

- For me …..

- My own view of this is that …

- As I see it …..

- Personally speaking …


- A lot of people claim that ….

- It seems to me that….

- For me, the gist of the matter is that ….

- I feel strongly that …..
4. Các cách diễn đạt khả năng.
- It is highly probable that …….

- It would appear/ it would seem that ….

- There’s a strong chance that….

- It is within the bounds of possibility that …..

- It is reasonable to think that…..

- There is reason to believe that …..

- It stands to reason that….
5. Các cách diễn đạt sự so sánh

- There are grounds for believing/ for the belief that …..

- In comparison with/ Compared with/ When

- As opposed to/ Unlike ….


compared with…..

- The former ….. the latter…..

- By comparison ….

- There is some resemblance/ similariiy between ….

- If you compare ….

and…..

- Whereas/ Whilst….

- It is greatly superior to ….

- In contrast to ….

- It is much inferior to……


CÁC ĐỀ ĐẠI HỌC VÀ THPTQG NHỮNG NĂM TRƯỚC CÓ SỬ DỤNG PHẦN KIẾN THỨC
TRONG CHUYÊN ĐỀ NÀY
Đề thi ĐH năm 2006
Câu 8: _______ the storm, the ship couldn't reach its destination on time.
A. In case of

B. In spite of

C. Because of


D. But for

Câu 59: Tom's very good at science when his brother is absolutely hopeless.
A

B

C

D

Đề thi ĐH năm 2007
Câu 26: The building has a smoke detector ______ any fires can be detected immediately.
A. so that

B. if

C. such as

D. as if

Câu 29: Ensure there is at least a 3cm space ______ allow adequate ventilation.
A. so that

B. with a view to

C. in view of

D. so as to


Câu 38: I hadn’t realized she was English ______ she spoke.
A. in case

B. only after

C. until

D. when

Câu 47: ______, he felt so unhappy and lonely.
A. Despite of his wealth B. Rich as he was C. Rich as was he D. Despite he was so rich
Câu 53: In my opinion, I think this book is more interesting than the other one.
A

B

C

D

Đề thi ĐH năm 2008
Câu 8: The price of fruit has increased recently, ______ the price of vegetables has gone down.
A. otherwise B. when

C. whether

D. whereas

Câu 11: The doctor decided to give her a thorough examination ______ he could identify the causes of

her illness.
A. unless

B. after

C. so that

D. so as

ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2009
Question 23: Even though the extremely bad weather in the mountains, the climbers
A

B

decided not to cancel their climb.
C

D

ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2010
Question 31: “You can go to the party tonight______ you are sober when you come home.”
A. as long as B. as far as

C. as well as D. as soon as

Question 69: Because they erected a barn, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.


A. They erected a barn, and as a result, the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.

B. They erected a barn so that the cattle would get into the wheat field.
C. They erected a barn in case the cattle couldn’t get out into the wheat field.
D. In order not to keep the cattle away from the wheat field, they erected a barn.
ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2012
Question 21: You should look up the meaning of new words in the dictionary ______ misuse them.
A. so that not to

B. so as not to

C. so that not

D. so not to

Question 24: ______ smoking is a causative factor of many diseases, there is no ban on tobacco
advertising.
A. In spite of
B. However
Question 27: He is a very intelligent boy;
A. otherwise

B. so

C. Although
D. Therefore
, he sometimes gets bad marks.
C. thus

D. however

ĐỀ THI ĐH NĂM 2013

Question 18: The pool should not be made so deep ______ small children can be safe there.
A. if

B. so as to

C. though

D. so that

Question 33: ______ his brother, Mike is active and friendly.
A. Alike

B. Unlike

C. Dislike

D. Liking

Question 36: ______ John Kennedy was elected president, he was the youngest American President ever.
A. When

B. While

C. Before

D. As long as


C. PRACTICE
EXERCISE I. Circle the letter that correctly identifies the nature of the underlined transition in each

of the following sentences.
1. A water main downtown broke this morning, so several businesses had no water for hours.
a. addition

b. time

c. comparison

d. cause and effect

2. Even though most Americans are primarily concerned about AIDS as it exists in the U.S., it should be
remembered that it is now nearly a worldwide disease.
a. addition

b. time

c. contrast

d. comparison

3. Larry will probably be a late bloomer socially, just like his older brothers.
a. time

b. contrast

c. comparison

d. cause and effect

4. There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, bring a portable radio and

listen to music on the earphones while you work.
a. contrast

b. comparison

c. illustration/example

d. cause and effect

5. The lazy checkout clerk forced the six-pack of cola into the bottom of the bag, tearing it. Then she
shrugged her shoulders and said, “I guess you’ll have to carry the bag from the bottom.”
a. time

b. contrast

c. comparison

d. illustration/example

6. Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be used for
communication. Moreover, in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be the year the first rocket to
the moon was launched.
a. addition

b. time

c. contrast

d. cause and effect


7. Some people in New Jersey built their houses very close to the shoreline. Consequently, they have
had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea.
a. addition

b. contrast

c. illustration/example

d. cause and effect

8. Running can make people more aware of their physical surroundings, such as the scent of
honeysuckle or the changing moods of the trees.
a. addition

b. contrast

c. illustration/example

d. cause and effect

9. Residents complain bitterly about potholes in the streets and sloppy trash pick-up, yet these same
people resist paying higher taxes for the improvement of these services.
a. time

b. contrast

c. comparison

d. illustration/example


10.Telephone interviewing allows for a large number of responses in a short time and at relatively low
cost. Moreover, the method permits interviewers to reach respondents at specific times of the day; this is
an important consideration in the study of radio and TV listening habits.
a. addition
Key: 1. d

b. time
2. C

3. c

c. contrast
4.c

5.a

6.a

d. comparison
7.d

9.c

10.b


EXERCISE II. Circle the letter of the word that correctly identifies the appropriate transition word or
phrase. Then underline the kind of transition you have used.
1. __________ the invention of television, people probably spent more of their leisure time reading.
a. Nevertheless


b. Because

c. Before

The transition word indicates: addition cause and effect time 2. If you’re having company for dinner,
try to get as much done in advance as possible. __________, set the table the day before.
a. For instance

b. In contrast

c. Similarly

The transition word indicates: illustration/example comparison contrast
3. __________ I’m very allergic to flowers, my boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses.
a. Until

b. Because

c. Even though

The transition word indicates: time contrast addition
4. My grandfather loves to say, “You’re as nervous __________ a long-tailed cat in a roomful of rocking
chairs.”
a. after

b. as

c. as a result


The transition word indicates: cause and effect time comparison 5. __________ Manny’s car stereo
was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but I had no idea what he was saying.
a. Moreover

b. Because

c. Just as

The transition word indicates: comparison addition cause and effect
Key: 1.c

2.a

3.c

4.b

5.b

EXERCISE III. The following passages have words deleted. Choose the word or phrase that best
completes each passage.
1. When a student cheats, he reveals two things about himself. In getting help from another student, he
proclaims that someone else is more competent than himself; __________, the cheater shows his
perfectionist tendency by suggesting that he is being measured against unrealistic standards.
a. in addition

b. on the contrary

c. as a result


d. in short

2. The adolescent attitude towards study is that it is a task to be avoided if at all possible. At best it is an
unpleasant chore. It is begun under duress and escaped as soon as the opportunity presents itself. The
mark of truly adult learning, ______________, is that it is done with no sense of being forced. It is
entirely voluntary and carried on with a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction.
a. likewise

b. however

c. in other words

d. finally

3. Frequent moves made by the average American family put a strain upon young people, who often
grow up feeling they have no real home and that they owe no allegiance to anyone; ______________,
crime, divorce, and other social problems have increased in recent times.


a. consequently

b. at the same time

c. in other words

d. for instance

4. What we were once taught as common courtesies, ______________ saying “please” and “thank
you,” are becoming less common.
a. thus

Key: 1.b

b. before
2.b

3.a

c. first

d. such as

4.d

EXERCISE IV. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. Many Americans think that gambling and prostitution are victimless crimes in which no one is injured
except for the offender. ______________, there has been pressure from some groups to decriminalize
such activities.
a. However

b. For Example

c. Consequently

d. Also

2. Most animals sleep in the same fashion as humans do; they relax their muscles and lie down.
______________, birds and horses sleep in an upright position.
a. However

b. For example


c. Likewise

d. Therefore

3. Jogging provides many positive health benefits for runners in their middle and senior years.
______________, joggers tend to have a lower incidence of heart attacks than do non-joggers.
a. For example

b. In conclusion

Key: 1.c

3.a

2.a

c. In addition

d. Nevertheless

EXERCISE V. Read the essay and, for each blank, decide which two of the three given answers are
right and which wrong.
“Who learns faster - children or adults?”
Small children seem to learn very quickly, _______________ (1) adults sometimes appear to lose the
ability to pick up new subjects such as languages, music, games, or computer programs. In this essay, I
will discuss _______________ (2) children or adults make the best learners.
It is _______________ (3) that children seem to learn very quickly. In just a few years, they can learn
how to play a musical instrument, speak one or even two new languages, and deal with many subjects at
school. They _______________ (4) have time for sports and hobbies,and become experts in their favorite

pastimes. _____________ (5), how much of this is social pressure and how much is genetic? I am
convinced that while children's brains have a natural ability to absorb new information as part of their
developmental growth, much of their achievement is because of social pressure. Schools force them to
take many subjects.


Parents force them to practice new sports or to learn music. Even their playmates force them to become
better at computer games or to read Harry Potter novels faster. _____________ (6), children may enjoy
learning, but their environment also is a big motivating factor.
Adults _______________ (7) are supposed to be poor learners. _______________ (8), I disagree with
people who say that adults cannot learn quickly. Adults have many skills that compensate for the decline
in the ability of the brain to grasp and remember new material.
They can organize their learning by setting times for reading or practice. They can build on skills and
experiences they know already. Adults usually cannot learn to do ballet or to play the violin, but
_______________ (9) these physical challenges, their motivation can often be higher than a child's.
_______________ (10), society does not encourage many adults to learn. People are busy with families
and work, and some adults may feel that further learning is pointless, _______________ (11) they have
already achieved many goals at work or in their personal life.
_______________ (12), I feel that we cannot generalize about children or adults being better learners. It
depends on the situation and the motivation of the person, and the level of enthusiasm he or she has for
learning.
1

a. while

b. whereas

c. since

2


a. if

b. whereas

c. whether

3

a. obvious

b. undoubtedly true

c. completely truth

4

a. even

b. even though

c. also

5

a. despite

b. nevertheless

c. however


6

a. as regards

b. in summary

c. to sum up

7

a. on the contrary

b. opposite

c. on the other hand

8

a. however

b. although

c. nevertheless

9

a. even in spite of

b. even though


c. even despite

10

a. unfortunately

b. unluckily

c. unlikely

11

a. furthermore

b. since

c. due to the fact that

12

a. in summary

b. to cut a long story short

c. in conclusion

4.a

8.a


Key: 1.a

2.c

3.b

5.c

6.b

7.c

9.c

10.a

11.b

EXERCISE VI. Put the following transitions in the appropriate spaces:
To sum up, Moreover, In fact , In addition, Consequently , Furthermore, Fortunately,
However, Moreover , For example, In other words, As time goes by

12.c


The Weekend Market
Many tourists I have met have told me that one place they have to go is the weekend market. This
market is huge and has everything from bags, souvenirs and handicrafts to many kinds of animals, many
kinds of plants and it also has a variety of local food. 1. ___________, the weekend market is a great

place for shopping and experiencing the local culture.
The market is located near the city's main bus station so people come from all over the country to
buy and sell goods. 2. __________ , it is also near a sky train station and a subway station which makes
it very convenient for city people, especially young people who don't have cars.
The market is very large and full of hundreds of small shops and stalls. 3.____________, it can be
confusing to get around. 4. _________, if you get lost, it is a good idea to look for the clock tower which
is right in the middle of the market. It will help you find your way.
When I walk into the market early on a Sunday morning there are people and cars and motorcycles
everywhere. You have to be careful where you walk. Many people are bringing their goods to sell in big
bags on carts and trolleys. 5. ________, you might even have to jump out of the sellers' way as they
charge along the narrow walkways with their goods. 6. ___________ to the sellers, tourists and locals
are pouring in looking for something to eat or ready to start shopping. 7. ____________, the market gets
more and more crowded and you have to start squeezing past people to keep moving.
As you walk through the market you will experience many sensations. 8. _____________, there are
many smells, scents and aromas. One moment you will be smelling the aromas of stir-friend cooking
dishes from a small restaurant and the next you smell the scents of orchids and other flowers as you pass
through the cooler and more relaxing garden section. 9. _______________, walking deeper into the
market, your eyes will have trouble recording so many products with their many colors, designs and sizes.
After a while you may feel dizzy and look for a quiet place to have a rest and a refreshing drink. 10.
__________, there are many small cafes and drink stalls selling fresh coconut juice, orange juice or iced
water.
11.__________, a day at the weekend market is both a day of shopping and a unique
experience for your senses. It is a kind of magical journey that is great as a first experience for tourists
and anescape from daily life for locals. 12. ___________ while it is usually hot and crowded, the
atmosphere is friendly and good-natured.
Key:
1. In other words

2. Moreover


3. Consequently

4. However

5. In fact

6. In addition

7. As time goes by

8. For example

9. Furthermore

10. Fortunately

11. To sum up

12. Moreover


KẾT LUẬN
Các kiến thức trong chuyên đề này đang được tác giả áp dụng cho học sinh lớp 12, là đối tượng chuẩn bị
tham dự kỳ thi THPT QG và thường xuyên tiếp xúc với các dạng bài tập viết luận trong tiếng Anh. Vì vậy
chuyên đề này là rất thiết thực đối với các em. Mặc dù đã được áp dụng trong 4 tiết nhưng kết quả của
chuyên đề vẫn chưa thể được đánh giá bởi vì phần kiến thức này sẽ được các em học sinh sử dụng rất
nhiều trong suốt quá trình ôn tập lớp 12. Mọi đánh giá và kết luận sẽ được xác định chính xác vào cuối
năm học, tuy nhiên vì đây là phần kiến thức khá cơ bản nên hứa hẹn sẽ phục vụ đắc lực cho các em.



TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
1. Yoffie, S. Sentence connectors for use in writing composition. Retrieved from:

/>2. Sentence connectors. Retrieved from: www.awc.metu.edu.tr/handouts/Connectors.pdf
3. Essay writing – connectors and useful expressions. Retrieved from:
www.iesjacaranda.es/.../Connectors%20and%20useful...

4. Explicit/implicit relationships within and between sentences.
5. List of Sentence Connectors in English with Examples. Retried from:
/>
6. Transitional words and phrases showing relationships within and between sentences.