Tran Nguyen Han High School

Nội dung kiến thức cơ bản ôn thi vào 10
I/ Ch 1: các thì trong tiếng anh tenses
1) The present simple ( Thì hin ti thng )
a. Form (Cu to)

S + am/is/are +....
S + V/ V(s /es)
b. Usage (cách dùng)
Thì hin ti thng c dùng :
- Din t s vic thng sy ra giai on hin ti:
Eg:

I go to work at 7.30
She works in a bank
He goes to school at 6.30

- Diễn tả những thói quen, tập quán hay đặc tính :
Eg:
He often plays badminton everyday
Mr Bott drinks strong tea after meals.
- Diễn tả một chân lí hay một sự thật hiển nhiên:
Eg:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
The earth goes round the sun
2) The present continuous (Thì hin ti tip din) progressive
a. Form (Cu to)

S + am/is/are + V- ing + O (object)
Note: read reading

Play playing
Go going
Eg: Run running , sit sitting, swim swimming
Have having ,
Lie - lying
Die - dying
b. Usage: Thỡ hin ti tip din dựng :
- Ch mt hnh ng, s vic ang sy ra ti thi im núi
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Eg:

We are studying / learning English
She is reading a book
It is raining heavily

- Ch mt s thay i ang sy ra xung quanh thi im núi
Eg:
The population of Vietnam is increasing very fast
The earth is getting warmer and warmer
- Ch mt hnh ng c lờn k hoch t trc cho tng lai
Eg:
She is buying a new car next week
* now, at the moment, at present, right now
3) The past simple (Thỡ qua kh thng)
a. Form (Cu to)

S + was / were +.....
S + was / were + not (wasn't/weren't)
Was / were + S +.....?
Yes, S + was/were
No, S + wasn't/weren't
S + V + ed (V2) + (O)
S + did + not + V
(didn't)
Did + S + V? - Yes, S + did / No, S + didn't
She went to the theatre last night
She didn't go .............................
Did you go to the theatre last night? Yes, she did
Eg: like liked, stay stayed, play played.......
See saw, go went , have had , come came ,
write wrote, buy bought, ......
b. Usage (Cách dùng)
Thì quá khứ thờng đợc dùng để
- Diễn tả một hành động, sự việc đã xảy ra và kết thúc tại một thời điểm xác định trong qúa khứ ( thờng đi
kèm với các trạng từ:

yesterday, last night, last week, last year, ago, in ....)

Eg:
The football match finished at 5.00 yesterday
The football match didn't finish at 5.00 ........
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Did the football match finish at ..............? No, it didn't
The boy came to see his parents last week
They boy didn't come to ........
Did the boy come to see....? Yes, he did
- Diễn tả một loạt các hành động nối tiếp nhau trong quá khứ
Eg:
He walked into the room, turned on the light and saw a terrible mess.
4) The past continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
a. Form:
S + was/were + V- ing + (O)
S + wasn't/weren't + V-ing + O
Was / were + S + V-ing + O?
Yes, S + was/ were
No, S + wasn't/weren't
b. Usage:
- Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn dùng để diễn tả những hành động, sự việc đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong
quá khứ
Eg:
They were singing in the room at 10 p.m yesterday
They weren't singing in the room at 10................................
Were they singing in the room at......? Yes, they were
She was watching TV at 8.00 last night
She wasn't watching TV.......
Was she watching TV at...? No, she wasn't
Note:
Có thể dùng

when hoặc while với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn


- Dùng when trong trờng hợp khi có một hành động đang xảy ra thì một hành động khác xen ngang. Chú ý
when thờng đứng ở mệnh đề với thì quá khứ đơn.
Eg:

They were having dinner when I came home.
We were going home when it rained.

- Dùng while khi có hai hành động song song cùng xảy ra tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ.
Eg:
She was cooking while her husband was watching TV
The boy was playing tennis while his brother was playing football
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5) The present perfect (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
a. Form:

S + has/have + VPII + O
b. Usage: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành dùng để:
- Diễn tả một hành động đã xảy ra tại một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ (không xác định rõ thời điểm) và
kết quả của hành động còn lu lại đến hiện tại.
Eg:
They have bought a new TV
The volleyball match has finished
- Diễn tả một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục ở tơng lai
Eg:
She has learnt English for five years.

- Diễn tả sự việc sẽ hoàn thành ở tơng lai; trớc mệnh đề thờng có : if, when, before, after, as soon as...
Eg:
Lets have our meeting after we have had lunch.
* Cách dùng của thì hiện tại hoàn thành với một số trạng từ:
+ For: Chỉ khoảng thời gian hành động thực hiện đợc là bao lâu: for 2 years, for 10 minutes, for a long time,
....
Eg:
Nam has learnt English for 4 years.
We have lived here for 3 months.
+ Since: Chỉ mốc thời gian: since 2000, since Monday, since last summer...
Eg:
I have not seen her since last Spring
They have bought this flat since 2006
+ Just: Chỉ hành động mới xảy ra đợc một thời gian ngắn
Eg:
Mark has just finished his report
It has just started raining
+ Already: Đợc dùng để nhấn mạnh rằng một hành động nào đó đã xảy ra sớm hơn mong đợi.
Eg:
Mike: Is Sarah going to phone you later?
Laura: No. She has already phoned me.
+ Yet: Đợc sử dụng với động từ phủ định để nhấn mạnh rằng hành động nào đó cha xảy ra
Eg:
I havent finished my homework yet
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The post hasnt arrived yet
+ Ever: thờng đợc dùng để hỏi sự trải nghiệm trong công việc hoặc cuộc sống
Eg:
Have you ever been to France?
Have you ever met President Bill Clinton?
+ Never: Nói về hành động, sự việc cha từng trải qua. Never đợc dùng trong câu khẳng định nhng mang
nghĩa phủ định.
Eg:
I have never been to Australia
I have never eaten this food
6) The present perfect continuous (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a. Form

S + have/has + been + V-ing + O
b. Usage: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn dùng để nhấn mạnh một hành động đã xảy ra nhng còn tiếp tục ở
hiện tại và còn có thể kéo dài đến tơng lai (Hành động này mang tính liên tục không có sự gián đoạn)
Eg:
I have been learning French for 5 years
I have been writing this report since 8.00 p.m
7) The past perfect (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
a. Form:

S + had + VpII + O
b. Usage: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành dùng để:
Chỉ một việc đã hoàn thành trớc một thời gian nhất định ở quá khứ. Thì quá khứ hoàn thành thờng đi kèm
với các từ chỉ thời gian nh: after, before, when, by the time, as soon as, ever, already, never....
Eg:
When I got home, someone had taken my bicycle.
We didnt need to queu because I had bought the tickets
8) The simple future (Thì tơng lai thờng)

a. Form:

S + will + V + O
b. Usage:Thì tơng lai thờng dùng để dự đoán một hành động, sự việc nào đó sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai
Eg:
We will go to Thailand next week
It will rain tomorrow
* Note: So sánh thì tơng lai thờng với cách nói tơng lai gần
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- Thì tơng lai thờng (will) diễn tả ý nghĩa tơng lai nhng không khẳng định chắc chắn hành động sẽ xảy ra,
nó chỉ có tính chất dự đoán
Eg:

The football match will occur tomorrow afternoon

- Dùng thì tơng lai gần (going to) khi chúng ta muốn nói hành động nào đó đã đợc sắp xếp, lập kế hoạch cụ
thể và chắc chắn hành động đó sẽ xảy ra.
Eg:

It is going to rain tonight
I am going to visit Hue next Sunday

9) The future continuous (Thì tơng lai tiếp diễn)
a. Form:


S + will + be + V-ing + O
b. Usage: Thì tơng lai tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động sẽ đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm trong tơng lai
Eg:
I will be waiting for you at 8.00 tomorrow morning at the station.
By the time next week, we will be living in Ho Chi Minh City.

Exercises
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct forms
1. We _____ (go) to the concert tonight.
2. I _____ (collect) stamps since I was a child.
3. John _____(repair) the TV set now. He _____(work) with it for three hours.
4. Mr Park _____(walk) home from work when he _____(see) the accident.
5. I cant go with you because I _____(not, finish) my work.
6. I _____(not, see) him since we _____(leave) shool.
7. The car _____(be) ready for him by the time he _____(come) tomorrow.
8. We _____(walk) for three hours and we are very tired.
9. My clothes are not in my room. Someone _____(take) them away.
10. When we _____(take) our exams, we _____(go) on holiday.
11. I hope that by the end of the month, I _____(do) all the decorating.
12. After the guests _____(leave), she _____(go) back into the living room and _____(turn) off the light
13. They _____(learn) French from nine to ten in this room. Dont let anyone disturb them.
14. I _____ (stay) in this hotel since April
15. The last train _____(leave) the station at 5.00 yesterday afternoon.
16. The children were frightened because it _____(get) dark.
17. She _____(say) that she had phoned me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she _____(not, phone)
yet.
18. This time next month I _____(sit) on the beach.
19. The commitee _____(meet) next Monday.
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20. The police are trying _____(catch) the burglar.
21. By the end of the term I _____(read) all twelve volumes.
22. Dont leave till you _____(talk) to the headmaster about the problem.
23. It was a fine day and the roads were crowded because a lots of people _____(rush) to the seaside.
24. She _____(drive) the same car since 2000.
25. The window cleaner _____(come) at eight tomorrow.
26. I will get back as soon as I _____(get) through my business.
27. When I first met him he _____ (work) in a restaurent.
28. He _____(play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and _____(throw) out
a bucket of water.
29. While we _____(fish), someone came to the house and left this note.
30. I have reminded you once; I _____(not, do) it again.
31. I am sure that you _____(like) our new house.
32. The population of the world _____(rise) very fast.
33. I _____(listen) to the music when the phone _____(ring).
34. John and Mary _____(not,talk) to each other since their quarrel yesterday.
35. I _____(find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I _____(lose) my ticket.
36. I _____(hire) a typewriter and I will learn to type.
37. It is a serious injury but he _____(walk) again in six months.
38. By the end of this week her illness _____(cost) her $ 10,000.
39. After the phone _____(buzz) for a long while, the headmaster _____(answer) it.
40. I wish I _____(know) you need the book.I _____(can buy) it for you in Paris.
II/ Ch 2: thể bị động the passive voice
1) Form:

S(noun/ pronoun) + be + VPII + (by agent)

Eg:
Active: They grow this fruit in very hot countries.
Passive: This fruit is grown in very hot countries.
2) Usage: Thể bị động đợc dùng trong những trờng hợp sau
- Khi chúng ta không biết ai đã thực hiện hành động hoặc không quá quan trọng phải biết hành động đó đợc
thực hiện bởi ai.
Eg: My briefcase was stolen last night ( I dont know who stole it)
- Khi ta nhấn mạnh vào bản thân hành động chứ không nhấn mạnh vào chủ thể gây ra hành động
Eg: My hair is being done by the hairdresser

*Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động:
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+ Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động
+ Chia động từ to be theo chủ ngữ mới vừa xác định sao cho đúng ngôi và hợp thì
+ Chuyển động từ chính trong câu chủ động sang quá khứ phân từ trong câu bị động
+ Khi muốn nhấn mạnh tác nhân gây nên hành động ta phải dùng by + agent (tác nhân)
Ta có sơ đồ tóm tắt nh sau:

S + V + O

S + be + VPII + (by + agent)
Note:
Khi một ngoại động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ (một trực tiếp và một gián tiếp) ta có thể chuyển thành hai
câu bị động
Eg:

I gave him an apple
A apple was given to him
He was given an apple by me
* Một số hình thức bị động ở các thì:
1. Passive in the simple present (bị động với thì hiện tại thờng)
Form: S

+ are/is/am + VPII + (by agent)

Eg: Someone cleans the room everyday
The room is cleaned everyday
They dont produce this computer any more.
This computer is not produced any more
2. Passive in the present continuous (bị động với thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
Form: S

+ are/is/am + being + VPII + (by agent)

Eg: They are mending their car
Their car is being mended
Those birds are building a nest in the tree
A nest is being built in the tree by those birds
3. Passive in the past simple (Bị động với thì quá khứ đơn)
Form: S

+ was/were + VPII + (by agent)

Eg: They cancelled all flights because of fog
All flights were cancelled because of fog
Someone took my calculator

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My calculator was taken by someone
4. Passive in the past continuous (Bị động với thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
Form: S

+ was/were + being + VPII + (by agent)

Eg: At this time yesterday, he was playing the guitar at school.
The guitar was being played at school (by him) at this time yesterday
She was writing a report at 8.00 last night
A report was being written (by her) at 8.00 last night
5. Passive in the simple future (bị động với thì tơng lai đơn)
Form: S

+ will + be + VPII + (by agent)

Eg: They will prepare some food tomorrow.
Some food will be preapred tomorrow
We will pay attention to the projects inthis area.
The projects in this area will be paid attention to (by us)
6. Passive in the present perfect (bị động với thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
Form: S

+ have/has + been + VPII + (by agent)


Eg:
- She has packed all the books
All the books have been packed by her
- They have sold thousands of CD since 1989
Thousands of CD have been told since 1989
7. Passive with the model verbs (bị động với động từ khuyết thiếu)
From:

S + can/could/may/might/would/shall/should/must/have to/used to + be + VPII
Eg:
- They can make the white wine from the red grapes.
The white wine can be made from the red grapes
- No one could solve this problem
This problem couldnt be solved
8. Bị động với have/get something done. Hình thức bị động này đợc sử dụng để nhấn mạnh rằng hành
động của chủ thể đợc thực hiện bởi một ngời khác
Eg:
- Someone painted Johns flat ysterday.
John had his flat painted yesterday
- Mary is going to cut her hair
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Mary is going to have her hair cut
9. Bị động với hình thức nguyên thể (infinitive) và danh động từ (gerund)
Eg:
- We dont want to be refused entry

- She hates being photographed
10. Bị động với các động từ chỉ quan điểm ( Verbs of opinions )
Believe, know, say, report, think,..... Hình thức bị động này thờng đợc sử dụng khi ngời ta muốn tránh đề
cập tới chủ thể thực hiện hành động
Form: It

+ to be + VPII + that + clause
Hoặc S + to be + VPII + to infinitive/to have + VPII

Eg:
- People believe that David left Paris last week
It is believed that David left Paris last week
David is believed to have left Paris last week
- People thought John had paid too much
It was thought that John had paid too much
John was thought to have paid too much

Exercises
Exercise 1: Put the following sentences into the passive voice
1. They are pulling down the old theatre.
................................................................................................................................................................................
2. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month
................................................................................................................................................................................
3. The burglar had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.
................................................................................................................................................................................
4. It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child
................................................................................................................................................................................
5. People must not leave their bikes in the hall
................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Someone repaired her car yesterday

................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Someone is using the computer at the moment
................................................................................................................................................................................
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8. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you
................................................................................................................................................................................
9. They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day
................................................................................................................................................................................
10. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will.
................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 2: Rewrite each sentences, begining as shown, so that the meaning stays the same
1. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpower.
The Chinese .......................................................................................................................................................
2. They didn’t look after the children properly
The children .......................................................................................................................................................
3. You shouldn’t leave these documents on the desk. You should lock them up.
These documents ...............................................................................................................................................
4. Visitors must leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloak – room.
Umbrellas and sticks .........................................................................................................................................
5. He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another.
He ......................................................................................................................................................................
6. We ask tenants not to turn their radios on loudly after midnight.
Tenants ..............................................................................................................................................................
7. The children are organizing the Christmas party
The Christmas party ...........................................................................................................................................
8. We can see those mountains from a great distance.

Those mountains ................................................................................................................................................
9. Peter’s driving licence was taken away by the police
Peter ...................................................................................................................................................................
10. Why did no one inform me of the change of plan?
Why .................................................................................................................................................................?
Exercise 3: Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word in capitals
1. Candidates may not use the dictionaries (BY)
............................................................................................................................................................................
2. People said that the President was killed by a mad man (IT)
............................................................................................................................................................................
3. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation (BEING)
............................................................................................................................................................................
4. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview (I)
............................................................................................................................................................................
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5. I am going to move many things next week. (TO BE)
............................................................................................................................................................................
III/ Ch 3: câu điều kiện conditional sentences
Câu điều kiện là loại câu gồm 2 phần: một phần nêu lên điều kiện của hành động và một phần còn lại nêu kết
quả của hành động, hay còn gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện và mệnh đề chính
Nếu mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện đứng trớc thì nó đợc ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phảy. Ngợc lại thì
không có dấu phảy. Trong câu thì hai mệnh đề này có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau.
1. Câu điều kiện loại 1 ( Type 1 conditionals)
Dùng để diễn tả một khả năng hoặc điều kiện nào đó có thể xảy ra đợc ở hiện tại hoặc trong tơng lai
Form:


If + S + present simple, S + simple future (will)
Eg:
If I have enough money, I will buy that flat
If you keep driving like that, you will have the accident
2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 ( Type 2 conditionals)
Thể hiện điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại ( ớc muốn ở hiện tại nhng thực tế sẽ không thể xảy ra đợc)
Form:

If + S + past simple, S + past future (would/could/should)
Eg:
If I knew the answer, I would tell you
If It didnt rain, we would go
Note: Động từ to be trong mệnh đề điều kiện là were có thể dùng cho tất cả các ngôi
Eg:

If I were you, I would call the police
I would build more hospitals if I were a President.

3. Câu điều kiện loại 3 ( Type 3 conditionals)
Form:

If + S + past perfect (had + VPII ), S + would/could/should + have + VPII
Thể hiện điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ
Eg: If I had known she was ill, I would have come to see her
Note: Trong mệnh đề chỉ kết quả, tùy theo ngữ cảnh có thể thay thế would bằng các động từ khuyết thiếu khác
nh: may, might, should......
Eg: If you hadnt reminded me, I might have forgotten that
4. Câu điều kiện loại không ( Type (O) conditionals)
Form:


If + present, S + present

Thể hiện điều kiện luôn đúng ở thời điểm hiện tại hoặc trong tơng lai
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Eg:

If there is no air on the earth, life doesnt exist
If you work late, you get tired

Note: Cách dùng Unless trong câu điều kiện có nghĩa tơng đơng với if....not
Eg: Unless Susan had to work in the evenings, she would go to the concerts
( If Susan didnt have to work in the evenings, she would go to the concerts)
5. Một số hình thức điều kiện đặc biệt

a. Sử dụng If only để nhấn mạnh tình huống mang tính giả thiết
Form:
Eg:

If only, S + past
If only, the river were one feet long
If only, I hadnt drunk too much

b. Sử dụng should trong mệnh đề điều kiện để tạo khả năng hành động có thể xảy ra. Trong
câu should có thể hiểu theo nghĩa là: Tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên
Form :

Eg:

If + S + should + V + O, a question
If you should see him in London, could you tell him to call me?

c. Sử dụng were to trong mệnh đề điều kiện để tăng thêm tính giả thiết. Mệnh đề kết quả
thờng là một câu hỏi
Form :
Eg:

If + S + were to + V + O, a question
If I were to ask you to lend me some money, what would you say?

d. Sử dụng cụm từ giả thiết If it were not for / If it hadnt been for + O để miêu tả hành
động này phụ thuộc vào hành động khác
Eg:

If it were not for you, I failed the exam
If it hadnt been for him, the team wouldnt have won the game

6. Câu điều kiện với wish gồm 3 dạng

a. Thể hiện mong ớc thay đổi một việc gì ở hiện tại
Form:
Eg:

S + wish + S + V (past simple)
I wish I had a motorbike ( In fact, I dont have one now)
I wish you werent leaving ( In fact, you are leaving now)


b. Thể hiện mong muốn điều gì sẽ xảy ra hoặc muốn ai đó làm việc gì. Tình huống trong câu
thờng liên quan tới tơng lai.
Form:
Eg:

S + wish + S + would/could + V
The telephone has been ringing for 5 minutes. I wish someone would answer it.
I wish I would come on holiday with you next month

- Cấu trúc trên cũng đợc sử dụng để phàn nàn về một thói xấu của ai đó
13

Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
I wish she wouldnt be so talkative

Eg:

I wish you wouldnt keep interrupt me

c. Thể hiện sự hối tiếc điều gì đã xảy ra trong quá khứ

S + wish + S + had + VPII

Form:
Eg:

I wish I hadnt eaten so much ice cream

I wish I had known that Mike was ill. I would have gone to see him

Exercises
Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
1. If I _____(find) a cheap room, I will stay a fornight.
2. A lot of people _____(be) out of work if the factory closed down.
3. If I saw a tiger walking across the park, I _____(climb) the tree.
4. Why dont you drive your car to work? If I _____(have) a car, I would drive it to work.
5. He might get rid of his cough if he _____(not, smoke) so much.
6. If I _____(understand) my problem, I wouldnt have asked for your help.
7. She was sent to the prison only because she refused to pay the fine; if she had paid the fine,
she_____(not be) sent to prison.
8. Most people _____(attend) the union meeting if they had had longer notice of it.
9. The job is much worse than I expected. If I _____(realize) how awful it was going to be I wouldnt
have accepted it.
10. If the earth suddenly stopped spinning, we all _____(fly) off it.
11. Provided your remember the password, you _____(be) in no danger.
12. If you had really wanted to come, you _____(leave) a few hour early.
13. I will lend you my radio as long as you _____(bring) it back before Sunday.
14. If the picture were genuine, it _____(to be) worth thousands of pounds.
15. We would have gone to the talk if we _____(know) about it.
16. I didnt recognize him at first because he was wearing a dark glasses; if he hadnt worn them I
_____(recognize) him immediately.
17. I _____(buy) those shoes if I were you.
18. Why didnt you say you were short of money? If I had known I _____(lend) you some.
19. If only we _____(have) a light! Its depressing waiting in the darkness!
20. The man _____(die) if the ambulance hadnt arrived so quickly.
Exercise 2: Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same
1. what would you do if you found some buried treasure?
If you were ........................................................................................................................................................

2. Working so much will make you tired.
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Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
If you .................................................................................................................................................................
3. We didnt visit the museum because we hadnt time
We would ..........................................................................................................................................................
4. Without you, I would have given up years ago.
If it .....................................................................................................................................................................
5. We didnt go by air only because we hadnt enough money.
If we ...................................................................................................................................................................
6. If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know?
If you should ......................................................................................................................................................
7. I regret not studying hard last term.
If only ................................................................................................................................................................
8. He didnt work hard at school, so he didnt get a good job when he left.
If ........................................................................................................................................................................
9. People dont do enough exercise, so there is a lot of heart disease.
If people .............................................................................................................................................................
10. Children have bad teeth because they eat too many sweets
Children would have better teeth if ...................................................................................................................
VI/ Ch 4:
lời nói trực tiếp _ lời nói gián tiếp (Direct and indirect speeches)
Lời nói trực tiếp (thờng đợc đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép) đợc sử dụng khi chúng ta muốn lặp lại / trích dẫn
nguyên văn lời nói của ai.
Lời nói gián tiếp đợc sử dụng khi chúng ta muốn thuật / thông báo lại lời nói của ai đó.
Eg:


Direct speech: I like the visit, John said
Indirect speech: John said he liked the visit

* Một số lu ý khi đổi từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp
+ Thay đổi về thì của động từ:
Direct speech

Indirect speech

Present simple

Past simple

Eg: I live in a small house, she said
Present continuous
Eg: I am reading a book, he said
Past simple / present perfect
Eg: I bought a new computer, Mary said
15

Eg: she said she lived in a small house
Past continuous
Eg: He said (that) he was reading a book
Past perfect
Eg: Mary said she had bought a new computer
Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School

He said he had finished English course

“ I have finished English course,” he said
Simple future
Eg: “ I will help you,” John said

Past future
Eg: John said that he would help me

Am/is/are going to
Eg: “ I am going to meet her,” he said

Was/were going to
Eg: He said that he was going to meet her

Can/may/have to (must)

Could/ might/had to

Eg: “ I can’t find my wallet,” she said

Eg: She said that she couldn’t find her wallet

“ I have to write the report,” the manager said

The manager said that he had to write the report

+ Thay ®æi c¸c tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian
Direct speech


Indirect speech

Now

Then

Today

That day

Ago

Before

Tomorrow

The next day / the following day

Yesterday

The previous day / the day before

The day after tomorrow

In two day’s time

The day before yesterday

Two days before


Next week / year

The following week / year

Last week / month / year

The previous week / month / year

This

That

These

Those

Here

There

Tonight

That night

+ Thay ®æi vÒ c¸c ®¹i tõ:
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng
Direct speech
16

Indirect speech


TÝnh tõ së h÷u
Direct speech

Indirect speech

Composed by : Hoµng ViÖt C−êng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
I

He / she

My

His / her

We

They

Our

Their

You

You / he / she


Your

His / her / their

They

They

Their

Their

He / she

He / she

His / her

His / her

It

It

Its

Its

* Một số hình thức câu gián tiếp cơ bản:
1. Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu và lời khuyên

Ba động từ chính thờng đợc sử dụng trong dạng này là: tell, ask và advise
Form:
Eg:

S + V( told / asked / advised ) + O + to ( not to ) + infinitive
Shut the door, Tom, he said
He told Tom to shut the door
You should stop chatting on the Internet, Mark, Jane said
Jane advised Mark to stop chatting on the Internet
Switch off the TV, Carol said
Carol asked me to switch off the TV

Note: Một số động từ khác cũng đợc sử dụng theo hình thức trên: order, persuade, remind, forbid, warn...
2. Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp: đợc chia thành 2 loại
a. Yes / No questions: Sử dụng If hoặc whether và các dộng từ: ask, want to know
Form:
Eg:

S + asked / wanted to know + (O) + if / whether + clause
Have you bought your ticket, Tom? Bill asked
Bill asked if Tom had bought his ticket.
Do you want to buy second - hand books? Johnson asked
Johnson asked if / whether I want to buy second - hand books
b. WH questions: thờng bắt đầu bằng các từ để hỏi: who, whom, what, which, where, when, why...

Form:
Eg:

S + V + (O) + question words + clause
What is your name? he asked


He asked me what my name was

Why did you come so late? she asked

She asked me why I came so late

Exercises
Exercise 1: Put the following statements into indirect speech
1. I am working in a restaurent, she said
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Tran Nguyen Han High School
................................................................................................................................................................
2. “ I have got a job on oil – rig,” Paul said
................................................................................................................................................................
3. “ I will find my skates when I get home,” Ann said
................................................................................................................................................................
4. “ My younger brother wants to be a tax inspector,” Mary said
................................................................................................................................................................
5. “ We were waiting for school bus at 5.00 pm yesterday,” the children said
................................................................................................................................................................
6. “ I have just received a postcard from Mark,” Jerry said
................................................................................................................................................................
7. “ I don’t know why you waste so much time polishing the car,” Ann said
................................................................................................................................................................
8. “ Who has been using my computer?” my friend said

................................................................................................................................................................
9. “ Do you grow your own vegetables?” I asked
................................................................................................................................................................
10. “ Where are you going for your summer holiday?” she asked
................................................................................................................................................................

Exercise 2: Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown
1. “ Keeping all the windows open, Bill.”
I told ......................................................................................................................................................
2. “ Do you want to see the cathedral?” she said
The guide asked ....................................................................................................................................
3. “ Could you please ring back in half an hour?” she said
she asked him .......................................................................................................................................
4. “ Remember to book a table, Ann,” he said
He reminded Ann ..................................................................................................................................
5. “ Do you speak English?” they asked
They asked me .......................................................................................................................................
6. “ Go to the dentist, Brad, before your toothache gets worse,” I said
I advised .................................................................................................................................................
7. “ Would you like to have lunch with me today?” he asked
He invited ..............................................................................................................................................
8. “ Don’t smoke near the petrol pump,” the man said
18

The man asked .......................................................................................................................................
Composed by : Hoµng ViÖt C−êng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
9. Why dont you take the rest of the day off? said my assistant

My assistant wanted to know .................................................................................................................
10. Sit down and tell me what is worrying you, he said to her
He told her .............................................................................................................................................

Exercise 3: Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals
1. How many people came to the party? I asked (HAD)
................................................................................................................................................................
2. Dont forget to put your name at the top of the page, he said (REMINDED)
................................................................................................................................................................
3. Dont worry about a few mistakes, said Mary (ADVISED)
................................................................................................................................................................
4. Keep an eye on your luggage, Tom I said (WARNED)
................................................................................................................................................................
5. Read the questions twice and dont write in the margin, my teacher said (TOLD)
................................................................................................................................................................
6. Shall we go to the night club? he said (SUGGESTED)
................................................................................................................................................................
7. Would you mind turning the music down, Mike? Jolie said (ASKED)
................................................................................................................................................................
8. Would you like to join me for lunch? Ann said to Laura (INVITED)
................................................................................................................................................................
9. I really must leave now, Mr Dott said (INSISTED)
................................................................................................................................................................
10. I didnt have the money so I didnt buy a new TV set. Barbara said (WOULD)
................................................................................................................................................................

V/ Ch 5:
Mệnh đề quan hệ relative clauses
Mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) là mệnh đề nói cho chúng ta biết ngời hay vật mà ngời nói muốn đề cập đến. Nó
thờng bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ ( ĐTQH) hoặc trạng từ quan hệ: who, whom, whose, which, that,

when, where, why....
1. Who: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, đợc dùng làm chủ ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg:
19

The lady is my headmaster. She lives next door.
The lady who lives next door is my headmaster.
Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
The baby is my sisters daughter. She is crying loudly in her room.
The baby who is crying loudly in her room is my sisters daughter.
Theres the boy. He broke the window.
Theres the boy who broke the window.
I couldnt understand the woman. She spoke to me on the phone this morning.
I couldnt understand the woman who spoke to me on the phone this morning.
2. Whom: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, đợc dùng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH
Eg:

The man is my farther. You met him at the party yesterday.
The man whom you met at the party yesterday is my father.
I met the people. You told me about them.
I met the people whom you told me about.
She is the girl. My car crashed into her last night.
She is the girl whom my car crashed into last night.

3. Whose: là đại từ quan hệ dùng để thay thế cho các tính từ sở hữu (my, our, their, his, her, its) hoặc sở
hữu cách (S)
Eg: - Whats the name of the man? His car was crashed into your house?

Whats the name of the man whose car was crashed into your house?
- Huong was a good student. Her family was very poor.
Huong, whose family was very poor, was a good student.
- Lenin was a great lover of music. His parents had a big library.
Lenin, whose parents had a big library, was a great lover of music.
- The workers are still working very hard. Their lives are getting better.
The workers whose lives are getting better are still working very hard.
- Peter wanted to help Tom. Toms family had a hard life.
Peter wanted to help Tom whose family had a hard life.
4. Which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, đợc dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong MĐQH
4.1 Which can make as a subject ( Which đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ)
Eg: The book is mine. The book is on the table.
The book which is on the table is mine.
The car is a Ford. The car is in the garage.
The car which is in the garage is a Ford.
The colour T.V gives good pictures. It was bought yesterday.
The color T.V which was bought yesterday gives good pictures.
The window is repaired now. It was broken last night.
The window which was broken last night is repaired now.
A few years ago, Judy Garrette made a musical. It was a big success.
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Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
A few years ago, Judy Garrette made a musical which was a big success.
The blouse is made of real cotton. It costs $ 50.
The blouse which costs $50 is made of real cotton.
4.2 Which can make as an object. ( Which đóng vai trò làm tân ngữ)

Eg: The story is interesting. Im reading the story
The story which Im reading is interesting
The hat is beautiful. She gave it to me on my birthday
The hat which she gave to me on my birthday is beautiful.
The watch is expensive. She is wearing it
The watch which she is wearing is expensive.
The dress is lovely. She bought it in a shop last week
The dress which she bought in a shop last week is lovely.
The story says about the life of a man in the mountain. She is reading it
The story which she is reading says about the life of a man in the mountain.
The ring is made of diamond. Huong is wearing it
The ring which Huong is wearing is made of diamond.
5. That: là đại từ quan hệ đợc dùng để thay thế cho Which và Who ( trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
Eg:

I cant find the book that / which I was reading
What is the name of the player that / who was injured?

6. Relative pronounce: (adverb pronoun ) Where Trạng từ quan hệ
Dùng để thay thế cho từ hay cụm từ chỉ địa điểm hoặc nơi chốn.
Eg: This is the square. Uncle Ho read the independence there.
This is the square where Uncle Ho read the independence.
That is the house . I was born in that house.
That is the house where I was born .
7. Restrictive clause ( definite clause ) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
Là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu. Nếu bỏ nó đi câu sẽ không rõ ràng về nghĩa
Eg: The man who you met yesterday is my father.
(Restrictive clause)
The baby who is playing in her room is my daughter.
(Restrictive clause)

8. Non - Restrictive clause ( Non - definite clause ) Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
Là mệnh đề không cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, nó chỉ có tác dụng bổ xung thêm thông tin mà thôi. Nếu bỏ
phần này đi nghĩa của câu không hề thay đổi. Nó đợc ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu
phẩy (,)
21
Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
Eg: Mr Dai, who you met at the party last night , is my father

(Non - Restrictive clause)
Hemingway, who was born in 1899 , was an American writer

(Non - Restrictive clause)
Note: Kh«ng dïng That trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh
Eg:

Einstein, that failed his university entrance exam, discovered relativity (Sai)
⇒ Einstein, who failed his university entrance exam, discovered relativity (®óng)

9. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ víi giíi tõ vµ l−îng tõ
All of, many of, much of, most of, either of, any of, none of, neither of, half of, both of, each of, each of,
one of + whom (people) / which (things)
Eg:

Jack has three brothers, all of whom are married
There are dozens of TV channels, some of which operate 24 hours a day

Exercises

Join these sentences using relative pronouns:
1.

Oxford is a great university. It is known all over the world.
→....................................................................................................................................

2.

I don’t like stories. They have unhappy ending.
→....................................................................................................................................

3.

There’s a canteen. Students usually have lunch in the canteen.
→....................................................................................................................................

4.

My father bought a motorbike. The motorbike costs two thousand dollars.
→....................................................................................................................................

5.

I lost a watch. It was invaluable.
→....................................................................................................................................

6.

The books belong to Ann. They are on the table.
→....................................................................................................................................


7.

I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
→....................................................................................................................................

8.

Shakespeare wrote plays. People have enjoeyed them for four centuries.
→....................................................................................................................................

9.

They are the postcards. I sent them from Australia.
→....................................................................................................................................

10.

That is the magazine. I got it for you yesterday.
→....................................................................................................................................

11.
22

The house has been built in the forest. It doesn’t have electricity.
Composed by : Hoµng ViÖt C−êng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
→....................................................................................................................................

12.

We listened to a speech last night. It was informative.
→....................................................................................................................................

13.

We heard the music at the concert last Sunday. We enjoyed it.
→....................................................................................................................................

14.

I took the picture of a rainbow. It appeared in the sky after the shower.
→....................................................................................................................................

15.

That is the building . We passed by it.
→....................................................................................................................................

16.

His best film was about the life of Uncle Ho. This film won several awards.
→....................................................................................................................................

17.

The window overlooks the garden. It is broken.
→....................................................................................................................................


18.

Here is a photo. The photo shows my house.
→....................................................................................................................................

19.

They are the shops. I got these from them.
→....................................................................................................................................

20.

The house is for sale. It has the green shutters.
→....................................................................................................................................

21.

A woman spoke to me. She was very helpful.
→....................................................................................................................................

22.

They are the children. Their team won the match.
→....................................................................................................................................

23.

She took me to her village. She was born and grew up there.
→....................................................................................................................................


24.

A dictionary is a book. It explains words.
→....................................................................................................................................

25.

He’s the boy. I bought this toy for him.
→....................................................................................................................................

26.

Jack knows a man. The man’s name is William.
→....................................................................................................................................

27.

It is an event. I would rather forget it.
→....................................................................................................................................

28.

This is the theatre. His father used to work there.
→....................................................................................................................................

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Composed by : Hoµng ViÖt C−êng



Tran Nguyen Han High School
29.

Here are the letters. They arrived this morning.
→....................................................................................................................................

30.

That’s the house. The Smiths live in it.
→....................................................................................................................................

31.

Where is the lady? She asked for some more tea.
→....................................................................................................................................

32.

The clothes come from France. They are very good.
→....................................................................................................................................

33.

The market has fresh vegetable. I usually go to it.
→....................................................................................................................................

34.

The blouse is made of silk. Mary is wearing it.
→....................................................................................................................................


35.

The plane leaves at 7 o’clock. I am taking it to Hanoi.
→....................................................................................................................................

VI/ Chủ đề 6:

H×nh thøc nguyªn thÓ vµ ®u«i – ing
(The infinitive and - ing form)
1. Verb + to - infinitive

a. Sau mét sè ®éng tõ chóng ta cã thÓ sö dông h×nh thøc nguyªn thÓ cã To ( to – infinitive)
decide, manage, arrange, agree, desire, fail, plan, promise, tend, afford, offer, appear,
demand, ask, expect, prepare, refuse, want, pretend, prove....

S + V + to - infinitive

Form:
Eg:

She agreed to lend him some money
She promised to help me

b. Chóng ta cã thÓ ®Æt “not” tr−íc “to – infinitive”
Eg:

At last, I manage not to lose my temper

2. Verb + ing - form


a. Sau mét sè ®éng tõ chóng ta cã thÓ sö dông h×nh thøc “ing – form”. H×nh thøc nµy gäi lµ
danh ®éng tõ (Gerund) : like, dislke, enjoy, keep, love, finish, stop, mind, hate, give up,
imagine, can’t stand, can’t insist, suggest,......

S + V + ing - form

Form:
Eg:
24

I don’t mind waiting
Composed by : Hoµng ViÖt C−êng


Tran Nguyen Han High School
She keeps saying the same things
b. Đôi khi có thể đặt not trớc ing-form
Eg:

Imagine not having anywhere to live

3. Verb + to infinitive or Verb + ing - form
a. Một số động từ có thể theo sau bởi ing- form hoặc to infinitive mà ý nghĩa của câu không hề bị thay
đổi: begin, continue, hate, like, intend, love, prefer, start.

S + V + to - infinitive / ing - form

Form:
Eg:


John likes to stay / staying at home
Bosman started to paint / painting a picture
People began to leave / leaving the theatre before the end of the play

Nhng sau các cụm từ nh: would like, would love, would prefer.... chúng ta chỉ sử dụng hình thức to
infinitive
Eg:

Would you like to go for a walk?
Mark would prefer to drive than take the train

b. Sau các động từ: try, remember chúng ta có thể sử dụng một trong hai hình thức ing- form hoặc to
infinitive nhng ý nghĩa của câu sẽ khác nhau
+ Try
- try to do st: cố gắng để làm việc gì
Eg:

I tried to run this computer programme
He tried to lift the heavy box

- try doing st: thử làm việc gì
Eg: I tried clicking on the box, but it doenst work
+ Remember
- remember to do something: Nhớ trớc khi làm việc gì
Eg:

I must remember to post this letter today
You remember to feed my dog and cat everyday


- remember doing something: Nhớ lại đã làm việc gì trong quá khứ
Eg:

She remembers going to the bank

4. Verb + object + to infinitive
Có một số động từ sử dụng theo cấu trúc trên: tell, force, allow, teach, expect, ask, remind, beg, take, order,
warn, persuade.....
Eg:

I expect the goods to arrive on time
I will persuade Laura to go the doctors

5. Infinitive with / without to

a. Infinitive with to: decide, agree, offer, want, hope, plan, promise....
25

Composed by : Hoàng Việt Cờng