Dewberry®

iii

LAND DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK
PLANNING, ENGINEERING, AND SURVEYING
Dewberry®
Editor-in-Chief: Sidney O. Dewberry
Coordinating Editor: Lisa N. Rauenzahn
THIRD EDITION

MCGRAW-HILL
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Dewberry®

iv

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Land development handbook : planning, engineering, and surveying / Dewberry ;
Sidney O. Dewberry, editor-in-chief ; Lisa N. Rauenzahn, coordinating editor.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-149437-3 (alk. paper)
1. Surveying—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Real estate development—Planning—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Engineering geology—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Dewberry, Sidney O. II. Rauenzahn, Lisa N. III. Dewberry.

TA549.L29 2008
690—dc22 2008014415
Copyright © 2008, 2002, 1996 by Dewberry.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of
1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CCW/CCW 0 1 4 3 2 1 0 9 8
ISBN 978-0-07-149437-3
MHID 0-07-149437-5
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sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of
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services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.



Dewberry®

v

To the hardworking Dewberry employees who dedicate their talent, energy, and passion to building
amazing places.

Ours is a business in which a great deal of what we do has a visible and tangible impact on the world. I
love driving past the places our firm has had a hand in creating. Conference centers. Housing
developments. Lakes. Golf courses. Libraries. Churches. Bridges. Roads. Telecommunications facilities.
Small or large, they’re all something to be proud of. Such landmarks also provide a satisfying reminder:
when it comes to measuring the land, reshaping it, getting across it or building on it, Dewberry has done
it—and done it well—for a half century.

—Sidney O. Dewberry
The Dewberry Way: Celebrating 50 Years of Excellence, 13 April 2006


Dewberry®

BRIEF CONTENTS
I. OVERVIEW
1 Overview of the Land Development Process
II. FEASIBILITY AND SITE ANALYSIS
II.A Feasibility and Programming
2 Environmental Policy and Regulations
3 Environmental Site Feasibility and Assessments
4 Historic Architectural and Archaeological Resource Assessment

5 Engineering Feasibility
II.B Site Analysis: Allowable Use of Site
6 Real Property Law
7 Comprehensive Planning and Zoning
8 Subdivision Ordinances, Site Plan Regulations, and Building Codes
II.C Rezoning
9 The Rezoning Process
10 Exactions, Infrastructure Enhancements, and Fees
III. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
11 Development Patterns and Principles
IV. SCHEMATIC DESIGN
IV.A Base Map Preparation
12 Control Surveys for Land Development
13 Boundary Surveys for Land Development
14 Topographic Surveys
IV.B Refinement of Previous Assumptions
15 Environmental and Natural Resources
16 Impacts to Historic Architectural and Archaeological Resources
17 Brownfield Redevelopment and Environmental Considerations
18 Floodplain Studies
19 Preliminary Engineering and Hydrologic Analysis

vii


Dewberry®

V. FINAL DESIGN
20 Street Design
21 Storm Drainage Design

22 Stormwater Management Design
23 Grading and Earthwork
24 Wastewater Collection
25 Water Distribution
26 Dry Utility Design and Engineering
27 Erosion and Sediment Control
28 Construction and Contract Documents
29 Construction Cost Estimating
VI. PLAN SUBMISSION AND PERMITTING
30 Plan Submission, Review, and Approval Process
31 Environmental Permits
32 Building Permits
VII. CONSTRUCTION
33 Construction Stakeout Surveys
34 Certificates of Occupancy and Postconstruction Services
VIII. TECHNICAL APPENDICES
App. A Aerial Mapping and Surveying
App. B Stream Restoration
App. C Soils
App. D Wastewater Treatment
App. E Water Supply and Treatment
App. F Case Study: Merrifield Town Center
App. G Technical Appendix
App. H Land Development Handbook

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ix

CONTENTS
Foreword
About the Author

xxiii
xxv

Preface

xxvii

Contributors

xxxi

I. OVERVIEW
CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THELANDDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
1 Sidney O. Dewberry, PE, LS
Introduction
Ŷ The Conversion of Land
In Search of “Greener” Pastures: A Back-to-the-Future Look at the
Land Development Industry

3
3
4

Ŷ Land Planning and Development in Historic Context


4

Ŷ Back to the Future: Where Do We Go from Here

8

Ŷ Building for Today’s Demographic

8

The Land Development Process

9

Ŷ Communication Skills

10

Ŷ Public Involvement

11

Ŷ Basis for Design

11

Ŷ Traditional Steps in the Land Development Design Process

14


Design: Understanding of Basic Requirements

16

Ŷ Design Elements

18

Ŷ Design Philosophies

19

Conclusion

19

Ŷ The Land Professional

19

Ŷ This Handbook

20

Acknowledgment

20

References


20

Additional Readings

20

II. FEASIBILITY AND SITE ANALYSIS
Step 1: Feasibility

23


Step 2: Site Analysis
Site Assessment
Ŷ Appreciation of Program

24
24
24

II.A. Feasibility and Programming
CHAPTER ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY ANDREGULATIONS
2 Jeffrey M. Moran, PE; Updated/Revised: Christina Gray
Introduction

35

Environmental Policy


35

Ŷ Federal Laws and Rule Making

36

Environmental Regulations

36

Ŷ Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934, as amended through
1965)

36

Ŷ Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA; 1947,
as amended through 1991)

37

Ŷ Clean Water Act (CWA; 1948, as amended through 1987)

37

Ŷ National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA; 1966, as amended
through 1992)

40

Ŷ Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968, as amended through 1974)


40

Ŷ National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 1970)

40

Ŷ Clean Air Act (CAA; 1970, as amended through 1990)

40

Ŷ Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA; 1972, as amended through
1996)

42

Ŷ Endangered Species Act (1973, as amended through 1988)

42

Ŷ Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 1974, as amended through 1996)

42

Ŷ Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972, as
amended through 1988)

42

Ŷ Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA; 1976, as amended through

1988)

44

Ŷ Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA; 1976, as
amended through 1992)

44

Ŷ Noise Control Act (1972, as amended through 1978)
Ŷ Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA; 1980, as amended through 1986)

44
44

Ŷ Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA; 1986)

44

Ŷ Pollution Prevention Act (1990)

44

Ŷ Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)

45

Ŷ Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
(Brownfields Law; 2002)


45


Conclusion

46

Acknowledgment

46

References

46


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x

CHAPTER ENVIRONMENTALSITEFEASIBILITY AND ASSESSMENTS
3 Jeffrey Moran, PE; Updated/Revised: Stephanie B. Perez, PG
Introduction

47

Environmental Site Feasibility

47


Ŷ Preliminary Wetland Assessment

48

Ŷ Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat Review

49

Ŷ Cultural Resources Assessment

49

Ŷ Regulatory Database Review: Contamination Investigation

49

Ŷ Natural Hazard and Risk Assessment

49

Ŷ Site Walkover/Reconnaissance

49

Environmental Assessments under CERCLA and NEPA

50

Ŷ Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) under CERCLA—Due

Diligence

50

Ŷ NEPA Environmental Assessment (EA)
References
CHAPTER HISTORIC
ARCHITECTURAL
AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
4 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
Elizabeth Couture, MURP, MARCH; Updated/Revised: Andrea Burk
Introduction

55
56

57

The Historic Preservation Movement

57

Getting Started: Know Your Project

60

What Is a Historic Property?

60


Ŷ Historic Property Identification

61

Ŷ Historic Architectural Resource Survey

62

Ŷ Archaeological Investigation

62

Legal Issues Pertaining to Preservation

62

Conclusions

63

References

63

CHAPTER ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY
5 Bill Fissel, PE; Updated/Revised: Jay Kruse, PE
Introduction

65


Engineering Feasibility Study

67

Ŷ Scope and Process of the Study

67

Ŷ Required Information

68

Ŷ Sources of Information

72

Ŷ Site Inspection

75


Ŷ Site Analysis Mapping and Report

77

Ŷ Yield Study

78


Ŷ An Alternative Study Approach

81

Ŷ Site Selection Study

82

Other Impact Studies

85

Ŷ Traffic Impact Study

85

Ŷ Community Impact Study

87

Ŷ Fiscal Impact Study

89

Ŷ Environmental Impact Study

89

Example of a Preliminary Feasibility Study


92

References

98

II.B Site Analysis: Allowable Use of Site
CHAPTER REAL PROPERTY LAW
6 Carlyle W. Blomme, RLS, J. Randall Minchew, Esq., Craig N. Thomas,
Esq.; Edited/Updated: Curt Sumner, LS, Gary Kent, LS; Updated/Revised:
Donald A. Wilson, LLS, PLS, RPF
Understanding Law to Guide in Boundary Determination
Ŷ Sources of Law

99
99

Ŷ Introduction to Property Law

101

Ŷ Classification of Property

101

Types of Estates and the History of Their Origin

102

Ŷ Modern Classification


103

Ŷ Fee Simple Estates

103

Ŷ Estates Not of Inheritance

103

Ŷ Concurrent Ownership

104

Ŷ Wills and Descent

104

Ownership and Transfer of Title of Real Property

104

Ŷ Deeds

104

Ŷ Land Descriptions

105


Ŷ Adverse Possession

105

Ŷ Easements

106

Ŷ Title Report

108

Ŷ Eminent Domain

109

Ŷ Dedication

109

Ŷ The Doctrine of Agreed Boundaries

109

Ŷ Created Boundaries by Acquiescence

110



Ŷ Created Boundaries by Estoppel

110

Ŷ Liens and Mortgages

111

Ŷ Action for Ejectment

111

Ŷ Surveys for Transfer of Developable Real Estate

111

Law of Evidence

111

Ŷ Indispensable Evidence

112

Ŷ Undisputed Evidence

112

Ŷ Prima Facie Evidence


112

Ŷ Additional Types of Evidence

112

Ŷ Collecting Evidence

112

Ŷ Consideration of Evidence

112


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xi

Water Law

113

Ŷ Riparian Rights

113

Ŷ Surface Water

114


Ŷ Subsurface Waters

114

Land Use

115

Ŷ Land Use Regulations

115

Ŷ Ordinances

115

Ŷ Restrictions

115

Ŷ Subdivision Development

115

Ŷ Shopping Centers

117

Ŷ Industrial Parks


117

Ŷ City-County Planning and Zoning

117

Summary

118

References

118

Additional Reading

118

CHAPTER COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AND ZONING
7 Lawrence A. McDermott; Updated/Revised: Silvia D’Jaen Silverman,
AICP
Introduction
Comprehensive Planning

119
120

Ŷ Community Planning: A Participatory Process


121

Ŷ Composition and Characteristics of the Comprehensive Plan

122

Ŷ Establishment of Goals and Objectives

123

Ŷ Inventory and Trends

124

Ŷ Land Use Maps

124

Ŷ Plan Implementation

126

Ŷ What to Look For and How to Use the Comprehensive Plan

126

Zoning

128


Ŷ Introduction

128

Ŷ The Zoning Map

130

Ŷ What to Look For and How to Use the Zoning Ordinance and Map

130

Ŷ Zoning Administration

132

Ŷ Zoning Concepts

134

Ŷ Floating Zones

135

Zoning Changes

140


Ŷ Proffered Zoning


141

Ŷ Contract Zoning

141

Related Techniques in Development Regulation

141

Ŷ Adequate Public Facilities (APF) Ordinances

141

Ŷ Development Review Point Systems

142

Ŷ Deed Restrictions and Covenants

142

Ŷ Environmental Regulations

143

Smart Growth

144


Ŷ Introduction

144

Ŷ Fundamentals and Principles

144

Conclusion

145

References

146

CHAPTER SUBDIVISION ORDINANCES, SITE PLAN REGULATIONS, AND
8 BUILDING CODES
Lawrence A. McDermott; Updated/Revised: David L. Taylor, Jr., RLA
Introduction
Subdivision Ordinances

147
148

Ŷ Evolution of Subdivision Ordinances

148


Ŷ Components of Subdivision Ordinances

148

Ŷ Development Management and Review

152

Ŷ Guaranteed Performance

153

Ŷ Durability of Information

153

Ŷ Benefits to the Land Development Design Team

153

Ŷ Related Development Ordinances

153

Ŷ What to Look For and How to Use Subdivision Ordinances

154

Site Plan Regulations


155

Building Codes

156

References

156

II.C Rezoning
CHAPTER THE REZONING PROCESS
9 Lawrence A. McDermott; Updated/Revised: Megan M. Bramble, Esq.
Introduction

157

Technical Analysis of Rezoning

158

Ŷ Reasons for Rezoning

158

Ŷ Background Investigation

158

Administration of the Rezoning Process

Ŷ The Professional Planning Staff: Decision Influencers

160
160


Ŷ The Political Leaders: Decision Makers

161

Ŷ The Community: Friends Not Foes

162

Presentations

165

Ŷ Presentation Information and Graphics

166

Ŷ Review of the Application Submittal

167

Ŷ The Public Hearing and Role of the Development Team

167


Related Processes

177

Ŷ Comprehensive Plan Amendment

177

Ŷ Special Exceptions

177

Conclusion

177

References

178


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xii

CHAPTER EXACTIONS, INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCEMENTS,
10 FEESLawrence A. McDermott
; Updated/Revised: Lisa N. Rauenzahn, PE, LEED AP
Introduction


AND

Exactions, Infrastructure Enhancements and Fees

179
179

Ŷ Land Reservation

180

Ŷ Dedications

180

Ŷ Preservation

181

Ŷ Payments-in-Lieu

181

Ŷ Impact Fees

182

Ŷ Linkage

183


Ŷ Review and Processing Fees

183

Conclusion

183

References

184

III. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Introduction
Step 3: Conceptual Design
CHAPTER DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND PRINCIPLES
11 Dennis Couture, ASLA, RLA; Updated/Revised: N. Andrew Bishop, LA,
Planner
Introduction
Development Patterns

185
185

187
188

Ŷ Conventional Subdivision


188

Ŷ New Approaches to Subdivision: Providing Design Flexibility

189

Ŷ Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND)

191

Ŷ Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

194

Ŷ Active Adult Communities (age 55 and older)

194

Ŷ Mixed-Use Development

194

Ŷ Master Planned Communities

194

Development Principles

195


Ŷ Environmental Impacts and Opportunities

195

Ŷ Aesthetic Impacts and Opportunities

195

Ŷ Financial Impacts and Opportunities

196

Ŷ Operational Impacts and Opportunities

196

Ŷ Marketing Impacts and Opportunities

196

Residential Land Use

197


Ŷ Single-Family Detached Dwellings

197

Ŷ Design Considerations


198

Ŷ Single-Family Semidetached Dwellings

199

Ŷ Single-Family Attached Dwellings

199

Ŷ Live/Work Units

200

Ŷ Multifamily Residential Structures

201

Ŷ Site Design—Residential Development

205

Nonresidential Land Use

205

Ŷ Market Considerations

205


Ŷ Design Considerations

206

Retail

206

Ŷ Freestanding Retail Development

207

Ŷ Strip Centers

207

Ŷ Retail Center

207

Ŷ Retail Mall

208

Ŷ Main-Street Retail Development

208

Ŷ Retail Center Design Considerations


208

Ŷ Other Considerations

211

Office Uses: Overview

212

Ŷ Freestanding Office Buildings

212

Ŷ Office Park

213

Ŷ Garden Office

214

Ŷ Town House Office

214

Ŷ Office Design Principles

214


Industrial

214

Ŷ Heavy Industry

215

Ŷ Medium-Intensity and General Industrial Use

215

Ŷ Light Industrial Use

215

Ŷ Special Industrial Use Patterns

216

Ŷ Industrial/Office/Retail Hybrid Building Forms

216

Conclusion

218

References


219

IV. SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Introduction
Step 4: Schematic Design

221
221


Base Map

223

IV.A Base Map Preparation
CHAPTER CONTROL SURVEYS FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT
12 Joseph W. Betit, PLS
Introduction

225

Identify the History of Prior Project Control

227

Ŷ Following in the Survey Control Footsteps of Previous Project
Surveyors

227


Ŷ Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Modern Survey
Control

227

Identify Your Local Agency Datums Regulatory Requirements

227

Ŷ Survey Control Metadata (Data Lineage)
Ŷ Determine Agency-Required Survey Specifications and Accuracy
Standards

227
229


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xiii

How to Handle the Multiple Coordinate Systems Characteristic of
Regional Infrastructure Projects
Determine Project-Specific Geospatial Accuracy Requirements

230
230

Ŷ Hydraulic Component


230

Ŷ Concrete and Prefabricated Structures

230

Designing and Planning the Project Survey Control Scheme

230

Overview of GNSS Methods

231

Typical Forms of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Surveying

231

Ŷ Single Base Station Radio RTK with or without Repeater Radio

231

Ŷ Single Base Station Radio RTK with One or Two (Max.) Repeater
Radio(s)

231

Ŷ Multibase Network RTK


232

Ŷ Networked Base Station VRS RTK with Cell Phone

232

How Network RTK (VRS) and Single Base Radio RTK Work and
Their Differences

232

Ŷ Ease of Setup and Better Security of Equipment

232

Ŷ Range of Area of Operation of VRS versus Radio RTK

233

Ŷ Accuracy

233

Recommended VRS Positioning Procedures
Ŷ In the Box
VRS Precise Vertical Procedure
Ŷ What the Survey Controller Precision Estimates Mean
Guidelines: When to Use VRS RTK and Radio RTK—Lessons
Learned and Best Practice


233
233
234
236
236

Ŷ DOT Work

236

Ŷ Curb and Gutter and Other Concrete Structures

237

Ŷ ALTA Boundary and Control Recovery

237

Ŷ Aerial Mapping Control

237

Ŷ Initial Base Station Positioning for Radio RTK

237

Ŷ Setting Control Station Pairs for Large-Site Mapping

238


Ŷ As-Built Surveys

238

Vertical Accuracy Differences between VRS and RTK

238

Ŷ Project Size and Radio Reception Considerations When Selecting
VRS or Radio RTK for Projects

238

Review of U.S. Surveying Standards and Specifications

238

Ŷ Specifications

238


Ŷ National Datum Adjustment Lineage—Critical Knowledge for
Today’s Land Surveyor
Ŷ Global Positioning System (GPS)
Ŷ ACSM/ASPRS ALTA Standard—Classification and Specifications
for Cadastral Surveys

239
239

240

Ŷ National Map Accuracy Standards

241

Ŷ Equipment Specifications

241

Review of Surveying Statistics

241

Ŷ Accuracy and Precision

241

Ŷ Types and Sources of Error

243

Ŷ Probability Theory

243

Ŷ The DIN Specfor Conventional Survey Instruments

244


Legal Defensibility of Survey Control and GNSS RTN Positions in
Land Development Surveying

244

Overview of Adjustments

246

Ŷ Horizontal Adjustments

246

Ŷ Angular Adjustment

246

Ŷ Error of Closure

247

Ŷ Traditional Methods of Horizontal Adjustment

247

Ŷ Vertical Adjustments

247

Ŷ Least Squares


248

Overview of a Typical Least Squares Adjustment of Conventional
Survey Data

249

Acknowledgment

257

References

257

Additional Reading

257

CHAPTER BOUNDARY SURVEYS FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT
13 Gary Kent, LS; Updated/Revised: Karen Brill, PS
Introduction

259

Ŷ Property Surveying

259


Ŷ Functions of the Property Surveyor

259

Ŷ Legal Descriptions

260

Surveys for Boundary Location

261

Ŷ Encroachments and Gaps

261

Ŷ Importance of the Survey in Land Development

262

Ŷ Research of Land Records

262

Ŷ The Title Search

263


Ŷ Check of Adjoining Property

Analysis of Information and Preparation of Composite Map

265
265

Ŷ Monuments

266

Ŷ Discrepancies

266

Ŷ Preparing for the Fieldwork

267

Application of Information to the Boundary Survey

267

Ŷ Standards

267

Ŷ Fieldwork

267

Ŷ The Traverse Survey


267

Ŷ Locating Features and Improvements

269

Ŷ Easements

269

Ŷ Grave Sites

270

Ŷ Evidence of Possession

270

Ŷ Office Work and Computations

270

Ŷ Boundary Determination

271


Dewberry®


xiv

Legal Considerations in Boundary Determination

271

Ŷ Conflicting Title Elements

272

Ŷ Possession

272

Ŷ Senior Rights

272

Ŷ Written Intentions of the Parties

272

Ŷ Calls for Monuments

273

Ŷ Distance, Direction, Area, and Coordinates

273


Ŷ Boundaries by Agreement

273

Ŷ Boundaries by Acquiescence

273

Ŷ Boundaries by Estoppel

273

Ŷ Party Walls and Line Fences

273

Ŷ Evidence

273

Ŷ Basic Rules for Guidance in Boundary Location

274

Ŷ Informing the Client

275

Ŷ Preparation of the Final Map and Description


275

References
CHAPTER TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
14 Carlyle W. Blomme, RLS, Mary M. Root, LS, Eric V. Day, PLS;
Updated/Revised: Curt Sumner, LS; Updated/Revised: Kirk W. Norton, PS,
LS, PLS, Thomas English, PLS, PP
Introduction

276

279

Planning Topographic Surveys

279

Gathering the Data

280

Photogrammetry and Topographic Mapping

280

Ŷ Advantages and Disadvantages

281

Ŷ Map Accuracies


281

Field Methods for Topographic Mapping

282

Ŷ General Procedures

282

Ŷ Electronic Mapping Using Conventional and GPS Methods

283

Ŷ Coordinating Field and Office Procedures for Electronic Survey
Systems

287

Baseline Topography

289

Determination of Strike and Dip of Outcrops

290

Summary


291

References

293


IV.B Refinement of Previous Assumptions
CHAPTER ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES
15 Kimberly V. Larkin
Introduction

295

Wetlands

295

Ŷ Wetlands Defined

296

Ŷ Wetland Functions

297

Ŷ Wetland Losses

299


Ŷ Wetland Delineation Criteria and Methodology

300

Open-Space and Vegetation Preservation

303

Ŷ The Values and Benefits of Trees and Open Space

303

Ŷ Preservation/Protection Ordinances

305

Ŷ Open Space, Tree Preservation, and the Site Development Process

306

Ŷ Forest Preservation, Location, and Function

307

Ŷ Tree Protection during Construction

308

Ŷ Open-Space and Tree Preservation Plan


310

Summary

310

References

310

CHAPTER IMPACTS
TO
HISTORIC
ARCHITECTURAL
AND
16 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Elizabeth Couture, MURP, MARCH; Updated/Revised: Andrea Burk
Introduction

313

Impact Assessment

313

Ŷ Defining Impacts

314

Ŷ Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation


314

Treatment of Historic Properties

314

Professional Qualification Standards

315

Successful Preservation Design Examples

315

Ŷ McNair Farms

315

Ŷ Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal

316

Ŷ Franklin Farm

317

Ŷ Riverside Drive

318


Summary

319

References

319

CHAPTER BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT
17 CONSIDERATIONS
David Bausmith, PE
Introduction

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

321


Brownfields by the Numbers

321

Ŷ Market Growth

323

Ŷ Regulatory Incentives


323

Ŷ Financial Incentives

324

Environmental Considerations

327

Ŷ Contamination Sources

328

Ŷ Regulatory Issues

336

Challenges and Solutions

337

Ŷ Remediation Technologies

338

Ŷ Engineering and Institutional Controls

341


Ŷ Integrated Remediation and Redevelopment

342


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xv

Conclusions

343

References

343

CHAPTER FLOODPLAIN STUDIES
18 Gilbert R. Jones, PE
Introduction

345

FEMA and the National Flood Insurance Program

345

Ŷ History of the NFIP
Ŷ Role of Municipal Governments and Lenders in Floodplain

Management under the NFIP

345
346

Ŷ FEMA Flood Map Products

346

Ŷ Flood Map Revisions

348

Ŷ Community- and Property Owner–Initiated Amendments and
Revisions

348

Ŷ Studies and Restudies

350

Ŷ Acceptable Flood Study Methodologies

350

Preparing a Floodplain Study

350


Ŷ Introduction

350

Ŷ Planning a Flood Study

350

Ŷ Data Acquisition

351

Ŷ Hydrologic Analysis

351

Ŷ Hydraulic Analysis

352

Ŷ Special Considerations

352

Ŷ Preparation of Deliverables

355

References


355

CHAPTER PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING AND HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
19 David A. Jordan, PE; Updated/Revised: Christopher M. Grrotti, PE
Introduction

357

Components of a Preliminary Engineering Study

358

Ŷ Site Layout and Roadway Design
Hydrologic Analysis

358
358

Ŷ Rainfall and Runoff

360

Ŷ Design Storms

361

Ŷ Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves

361


Ŷ Rational Method Hydrology

365

Ŷ NRCS Methodology for Computing Runoff

378