CAU CHUY^M
MOT AO AI\IH
KHOA HOC
JEAN FRANCOIS DORTIER

T

LTS: Tuc tho vdt td. hay cdn
goi id Totem gido (totemisme)
trude ddy vdn dugc col id mdt
tlid chd CO sd cua tdn gido vd
tdn tai mdt cdch khd phd bidn
cua cdc tdc ngudi nguydn thuy.
Tuy nhian, tir nhiifng nam 30 cua
TK XX, nhidu nhd khoa hoc phu
nhdn tu cdch dd. Ho coi cdc
bidu thj vdt td chi id mat dau
hl$u khu biat, hodc mat kidu tu
duy phdn ioai. Do vdy, nd chi id
mOt do dnh khoa hoc. Chiing ta
hay tbeo doi didn bidn cua cdu
cliuy$n ndy...

rong vung cac hd
ldn (hd Huron, hd
Thupng...),
noi
bidn gidi giria Hoa Ky va
Canada, cd mOt lanh thd
truyin thdng cria ngudi da
dd Ojibwas. Vao TK XVHI,

nhiiu nha truyin giao,
thuong nhdn va ngudi du
hanh da tidp xric dupe vdi
cac thj tdc san bdt va danh
bdy dy. Ngudi thi de cai dao
cho hp, ke thi dl mua lOng
thri cua hp, ke khae nria thi
vi tinh hieu ky cria ngudi
tham hiem. Mpt trong nhung
thuong nhdn va du hanh dy,
ngudi Anh J.K.Long, da ghi
lai nhring quan sat cria minh
vl ldi sdng cua ngudi
Ojibwas trong mdt cudn du
ky xua't ban ndm 1791:
Voyages and Travels of an
Indian Interpreter
and
Tradeur. Trong chuyen kl
cria minh, J.K.Long giai
thi'ch rdng nhring ngudi da
dd ay dupe td chric thanh cac
bd lac, nhung bd lac nay lai
chia thanh cac thi tdc, mdi

thj tpc mang ten mdt con vdt.
Cd thj tdc gd'u, thj t6c ca, thi
tOc seu, thi tOc rai ca, thi tpc
ca hdi, thj tOc sdc... Cac
thanh vien cua mOi thj tOc

giri nhirng mdi lidn hd ban
hun va thdn tOc. Khi mpt
thanh vidn thj tpc gd'u don
tie'p mOt ngudi cring thj tOc,
anh ta ndi: "Hay vao di, anh
ban, anh la ngudi cria thj tdc
toi (cria vdt t6 tOi) ma", hodc:
"thj tOc (vdt td) chring ta la
thj tOc gd'u". Nhung ngudi da
dd nay con tOn kfnh nhung vj
thdn bao hO cd khuOn mat
thri vdt (gdu, chd sdi, bd
rring...) hien len vdi hp trong
gidc mo. Cudi cring, nhung
chuyen kl va truyin thuyet
cria hp ndi ndng nhu nhung
thyc thi lai, nria ngudi nria
rria, hodc nria ngudi nria gd'u,
ma xua kia da timg sdng tren
mat trai dd't. J.K.Long, ngudi
ndm ngon ngri cua ngudi
Ojibwas rdt tdi, da ket ludn
hoi nhanh rdng con vdt td
cua mpt thj tOc ring vdi hdn
con vdt dupe thj tOc dy cring
Sd301
Thing 7-2009


VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T WVtlt MCOAl

trong nhung nghi 11 cua nd.
Do vat td dupe bidu hidn d
noi nay noi kia mpt chrit trdn vri khf, trong noi cu trri,
dudi hinh thuc xam minh nen nd cd thi dupe coi nhu
mpt vj than bao trp, mdt hnh
hdn bao dam sy bao hd cho
mdi bp lac. Trong sudt TK
XIX, cd nhung nha quan sat
khae thdng bao nhung sy
kien tuong ty diln ra d chau
Uc, 0 Peru, 0 chdu Phi,...
Thdm chf ngudi ta xet doan
rdng thi che vat td rat gidng
vdi nhiing tap quan da dupe
biet tdi d cac cu dan thdi cd,
chdng han d ngudi Celtes, la
nhiing ngudi cring thd linh
hdn ddng vdt.
Mdt vat td trong tdc
ngudi hoc
Ndm 1865, nha tdc ngudi
hpc ngudi Scotland John F.
MacLennan vie't mpt bai co
ban vl vdt td trong
Chamber's
Encyclopedia,
vl sau trd thanh mdt tai lieu
gdc dupe nhiiu ngudi dya
vao. J.F. MacLennan cho
rdng tuc thd vat td la mpt giai

doan phd quat ma td't ca cac
xa hpi ngudi diu da trai qua,
bdng chung la nd dupe bao
hieu p nhiiu vring tren the
gidi. Theo ong, cd le dd la
ngudn gdc cria hien tucmg xa
hdi va tdn giao. J.F.
MacLennan cdn nhan xet
rdng the che vdt td gdn vdi
mdt sy cam ky tfnh due
khong cho phep lay mdt
ngudi thupc bd lac minh. Tac
gia nay cho rdng ddng sau sy
cam ky ay la mpt sy bdt bupc
dupe che day nhdm khuyen
U|Sd301
Thang 7-2009

khfch mdt quy tdc "ngoai
hdn" (thudt ngu tdc ngudi
hpc ma dng la ngudi dat ra,
cd nghia la bdt bupc phai tim
mpt ngudi chdng d ben ngoai
bd lac minh). Chdng han,
nhring thanh vidn cria bd lac
qua bdt bude phai lay ngudi
thupc bd lac chim ung (va
ngupc lai). Hon nua, ngudi ta
cd the tim thdy nhimg cam
ky vl an udng cd lidn quan

vdi con vdt dupe coi la vat td:
cam gidt va dn thjt con vdt ay,
vi dd la mdt ngudi anh em
hay mdt vj td tidn. Sy gdn ke't
nay giria td chric xa hdi (bd
lac), ton giao (thd mdt linh
hdn ddng vdt), cam doan tinh
due (ngoai hdn) va nhung
cam ky vl an udng chua tha'y
ndu ra d nhring nha tdc ngudi
hpc ddu tien. That vay, tri
nhung nam 1880, viec thd
vat td mdi trd thanh mdt
trong nhung chu dl dac biet
ua thi'ch cua bd mon tdc
ngudi hpc vria mdi ra ddi.
Td't ca nhring ten tudi ldn
cua mon hpc nay- Herbert
Spencer, Edward B.Tylor,
Willam
R.Smith,
John
Lubbock, James George
Frazer, Arnold Van Gennep,
Emile Durkheim - se lay viec
thd vat td lam ddi tupng
nghien crixi. Mdt sd tac gia,
nhu tu vien trudng Breuil
(1877-196i) hay Salomon
Reinach (1858-1932), cdn

gpi y rdng cac con vat dupe
phat hien trong cac hang ddng
tiin sri cd thi la bieu hien cua
mpt ldi thd vdt td tiin sri.
Ddng sau nhung khae biet vl
ly giai, td't ca diu ddng y coi

dd la mdt the che'nguyen thiiy
ndm ngay trong nhring ngudn
gdc cria tdn giao.
Ba cudn sach quan trpng
vl chu dl nay dupe xua't ban
ddu nhung nam 1910. Dd
trude he't la cua J.G.Frazer
xua't ban nam 1910, Totem
gido vd ttic ngoai hdn (1),
mdt cud'n sach dd so gdm
bd'n tap, liet kd td't ca nhung
du kien da dupe biet tdi vl
chu dl nay vao thdi dd, va rat
nhanh chdng dupe coi la mdt
su quy chie'u. Rdi de'n ndm
1912, Sigmund Freud (18561939) cong bd Vdt td vd cdm
ky(2). Cudn sach la mdt kiiu
kjch ban hu ca'u vl nhung
ngudn gdc, dupe xdy dyng
chung quanh dl tai giet cha.
Theo S.Freud, viec giet cha
la nin tang cua ton giao va
cua dao drie. Cring nam dd,

E.Durkheim cho ra mdt cud'n
sach ldn ve Nhdng hinh
thdc so ddng cua ddi sdng
tdn gido, vdl phu dl He
thdng vdt td d chdu Uc.
E.Durkheim (gidng nhu
S.Freud hay J.G.Frazer),
chua bao gid dich than quan
sat hien tupng vdt td. La mpt
nha tu tudng phdng gia'y, dng
khai thae nhiiu ngudn thu
tjch dl de dyng len ly thuye't
cua minh. Diiu dd rat phri
hpp vdi sy phdn cdng lao
ddng theo each hieu cua dng:
vdi nha tpc ngudi hpc vl viec
chdm nom thu thap nhung dri
kien diln da, vdi nha xa hdi
hpc vd vide phan loai, tdng
hpp nhung dri kidn de tim
dupe mpt sy giai thich
chung. Trong nhung ngudn


THE GICH VA^JJd^A.
dupe E.Durkheim su dung,
CO nhiiu cudc diiu tra cdn
than vl vide thd vat td chdu
Uc cria Francis J.Gillen
(1856-1912) va Baldwin

Spencer (1860-1929).
Ngudi Irland F.J.Gillen da
di cu sang chau Uc, noi dng
lam nghi didn tin vidn. Nha
nghien crin ty hpc nay quan
tdm tdi thd dan va trong
nhiiu ndm da tfch Iriy dupe
nhiiu sy quan sat vl ldi sdng
cua hp. Vide ong gap
B.Spencer, mdt nha ty nhidn
hpc, giao su d Melbourne da
tdi khu vyc nay de tim kiem
con drii cd trii (mdt thri chudt
ehui cd trii), la cd y nghia
quyet djnh. Hai dng quyet
dinh lien kit vdi nhau dl
nghien crin thd dan. Hp cring
nhau cdng bd nhiiu cudc
nghien cun ma vl sau trd
thanh nhung tai lieu co sd
khdng the bd qua dupe.
Trong dd hp md ta ti mi
nhung phong tuc, nhring tfn
ngudng va nhring nghi thric
cua cac bp lac d mien nam va
miin bdc chdu Uc.
d nhumg ngudi thd dan
Thd ddn thudng sdng
thanh bay vai ca thi, tri mudi
de'n hai muoi ngudi, tuong

ring vdi mdt hai gia dinh:
chang han hai anh em va
nhung ngudi vp cua hp (theo
che do nhiiu vp va cd the cd
hai hay ba vp) va con cai.
Dan ong lam cdng viec sdn
bdt (kanguru, da diiu,...) nhu
mdt hoat ddng sang trpng ma
dan ba bj cam, cung nhu lam
nhung nghi thric tdn giao chu
ye'u. Dan ba thi hai lupm (cac

qua mpng, trting, thdn ldn,
con trring...) va giri Iria.
Nhring nhdm gia dinh nhd du
cu tren cring mpt lanh thd dy
lien kit vdi nhau bdng nhung
lien he bd lac. Mdi bd lac,
nhu cua ngudi Walpiri hay
ngudi Arunta, chia lam hai,
bdn hay tam thj tpc va mang
nhung ten gpi khae nhau. Hp
cd nhring quy tdc xac djnh rd
nhring ludt le hon nhdn giria
cac bp lac dy. Neu bd lac chia
thanh hai (trudng hpp don
gian nhd't), thi nhring thanh
vidn cria thj tpc A nhd't thiet
phai tim cho dupe mpt ngudi
chdng d thj tpc B va ngupc

lai. Khi cac bd lac chia thanh
nhiiu thj tdc, cac quy tdc kit
hdn trd nen rat phric tap. Vao
mpt sd thdi ky trong ndm,
thanh vien cria nhiiu thj tpc
thudng tu tap trong nhung
nghi ll ldn keo dai nhiiu
ngay. Nhring nghi ll ay dua
tdi nhung nghi thric ca hat va
nhay mria trong nhiiu gid
liin, thdn hinh to ve nhung
huy hieu cua thj tpc minh.
Ngudi ta lpi dung nhring
nghi ll dy de ve len nin da't,
len vd cdy hodc len vach
hang da nhiiu hinh anh ma
chi nhung ngudi da qua ll
trudng thanh mdi cd the
"dpc" dupe. Mdi thj tdc cdn
cd nhiing huyIn thoai phric
tap phri hpp vdi thdi gian
ndm mo (dreamtime), mdt
kieu xri sd ben kia cd nhring
linh hdn lam sdng day the
gidi. Trong nhung linh hdn
dy, nhiiu linh hdn mang ten
ddng vdt hay cay cdi: gidc
mo con vdt cd trii dudi quan,

gidc mo thdn ldn, gidc mo

ngoi sao,... F.J.Gillen va
Spencer cdn gpi ra sy tdn tai
cua nhung vdt thieng, nhu
churinga, mot vat bdng gd
hay bdng da dupe dung lam
noi trri cho mdt linh hdn td
tidn, ma mdt sd trong dd ro
rang dupe dring cho vide thd
vat td.
Nhring nghi 11 tap the ldn
d'y, nhu da dupe F.J.Gillen va
B.Spencer cho biet, khien
cho E.Durkheim rat quan
tam, vi ong thdy dd la mpt
trong nhring nin tang cua ton
giao chau Uc, va do dd, cria
viec thd vdt td. Gidng nhu
dd'i vdi nhung nha tpc ngudi
hpc khae, viec thd vat td ddi
vdi E.Durkheim la hinh thric
ddu tien cria ton giao. Nhung
ong lai bac bd nhung ludn
diim cria cac tac gia khae,
nhu E.B.Tylor, J.G.Frazer
hay Max Muller (18231900), nhung ngudi timg giai
thi'ch sy ra ddi cria ton giao
bdng tam ly ca nhan: nhu cau
giai thi'ch nhung bf dn cria ty
nhien hay dl dupe che chd
ddi vdi nhring bf dn ay. Viec

thd vat td, E.Durkheim nhan
xit, trude hit la mpt hien
tupng tap thi. Linh hdn - vat
td dupe tdn sring bdi mpt
nhdm lay nd lam biiu hieu
(embleme). Luan diim trung
tdm cua E.Durkheim, vi the,
cho rdng ton giao vdt td cd
chric ndng gdn kit nhung
thanh vien cua xa hpi vdi
nhau. Khi ton sring mpt vj
thdn dupe biiu hien bdng
mdt vat td tap thi, ngudi ta
chi thieng lieng hda mpt
Sd 301 n | i
Thang 7-2009


VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T MWbfC MCOAi
each v6 thric mdi lien hd gdn
hp vdi nhau. Vat td chi la sy
phan anh ly tudng xa hdi cua
hp. "Thupng de' la xa hdi",
E.Durkheim tdm tdt nhu vdy;
va nhring vj than hien than
dudi hinh thric ddng vat hay
cay cdi vat td chi la hinh anh
hien than cua nhdm. Rdt
cupc, thd vdt td khdng phai la
mdt sy sring bai con vdt ma

la thd cring mdt sric manh
dem lai linh hdn cho nd:
mana. Khi thd dan cdu xin
linh hdn cua chd sdi hay cria
rdn cdu vdng, thi dd la mdt
sric manh che gidu, "linh
hdn" hay mana (sric manh,
linh hdn...), dupe hp dya vao
ma khdng phai la ban thdn
con vat.
Theo E.Durkheim, chi khi
cd nhring cudc tu hpi ldn cua
hp, nhu F.J.Gillen va
B.Spencer mo ta rat rd, cd ca
hat va nhay mria, khi dd
nhdm mdi cd y thric vl ban
than nd. Vao djp nay, nhdm
tao ra mpt bieu tupng thdng
nha't cua nd qua nhung hinh
anh tupng trung (nhung hinh
ddng vat va thyc vat). Va den
lupt nd, biiu tupng tap the d'y
tao ra xa hpi bdng each gdn
kit nhring thanh vien cria nd
chung quanh mdt bieu hieu
chung. Nhu vay, thd vat td la
"mdt cpng ddng tinh than"
dupe ren drie bdi mdt sue
manh tdm thdn vo hinh
(mana) hien than dudi nhung

hinh thric khae nhau theo
timg nhdm: mdt con chim cdt,
mdt con chim ung, mpt con
thdn ldn, mpt con rdn, doi khi
mpt vang trang ludi liim...
Sd301
Thang 7-2009

NhOmg nam 30: nhiimg
phe phan va viec giai cau true
Nhung khdng phai ta't ca
cac nha tpc ngudi hpc diu
tan thanh quan diim vl vai
trd trung tdm cria vdt td d'y.
Trong khi nhring cdng trinh
nghien crin vl thd vat td tich
ddn lai, thi mdt sd tac gia bdt
ddu thay ra tinh nudc ddi cua
thudt ngri nay, tham chi nghi
ngd tfnh thd'ng nhd't cua hien
tupng nay.
Franz Boas (1858-1942),
mdt ten tudi ldn cua nhan hpc
My, nhdn xet rdng tri vdt td
dupe dring de md ta nhung
hien thyc khae nhau. Mdt
trong nhring hpc trd cria ong,
Alexander A.Goldenweiser
(1880-1940), da chring muih
trong mdt loat nghidn crin d

ngudi Iroquois rdng trong
nhiiu bd lac khdng cd sy
tuong ring giria vide gpi thj tdc
minh vdi tdn mpt con vat va
viec thd cring ddi vdi con vat
ay. Cung vay, sy lien ke't giua
thd vdt td va cdm ky tfnh due
hay dn udng la khdng cd tfnh
he thdng. Chdng han, d ngudi
Iroquois, neu cac thj tdc dupe
chi bdng tdn gpi nhung con
chim hay nhiing con vdt cd vri,
thi khdng cd mdt cam ky nao
khong dupe dn con vdt d'y;
cring the, hp khdng sung kinh
con vat ay nhu mdt vj td tidn.
A.Goldenweiser, do dd, da
lam ldn khi lidn ket td chric thj
tdc (dupe ddng nhd't vdi tdn
mdt con vdt), vide thd cac thdn
Unh va cac quy tdc hdn nhdn
thanh mdt he thdng thdng
nhd't.
Vide nghien crin trudng
hpp Polynesie cring gdp phdn

lam nd tung khai nidm thd
vdt td. Nam 1914, nha tdm ly
hpc William H.Rivers (18641922) tudng rdng cd thi
chumg minh sy tdn tai cria

vide thd vat td trdn hdn dao
nhd Ttkopia. Nhung vai nam
sau, ngudi Anh Raymond
W.Firth da lay lai hd so d'y va
chumg minh rdng vide thd vat
td cua Rivers trdn thyc te la
tuong ring vdi nhung thi che
khdng an khdp nhau: mdt
bdn la td chuc cua thj tdc, va
mdt bdn la mdi lidn he ma
thudt - tdn giao giua ngudi va
con vdt. Khdng cd sy tuong
ring giua vide tu gpi bdng tdn
mdt con vdt va viec tdn thd
nd, cung nhu khdng co
chuyen lay con ga trd'ng
Gaulois lam bieu hidu cua
nudc Phap tai mdt sd mdn
the thao cd nghia la ngudi
Phap thyc hanh mdt sy tho
cung ga trdng, hay coi no
nhu td tien cria hp va khdng
an thjt nd!
Tri nhCmg ndm 30, vide
thd vdt td ma cho tdi lric dd la
mdt trong nhung nin tang
nghidn cihi nhdn hpc, da bdt
ddu tan ra. Mdt sd tac gia,
nhuAdolphus P.Elkin (18911979), xudt phat tri nhung
cudc diiu tra so sanh d chdu

Dai duong, da lam v5 tung
khai nidm nay bdng each
phan bidt nhimg each thd vdt
td ca nhdn, tinh due. thj tdc,
dja phuong, phric h(tp, mdi
each cd nhOng hanh vi xa hdi
khae nhau. Mdt sd tac gia
khae tham chf cdn di tdi chd
tri bd khai nidm nay. Cang
ngay nd cang bj cac nha tdc
ngudi hpc xudt sdc, nhu


TH£' GI(^l_VANJi6A.
Robert Lowie (1883-1957),
Alfred Radcliffe Brown
(1881-1955) hay Edward
Evans Pritchard (1902-1973)
coi la gia tao. Tri nhring ndm
1940, vide thd vdt td bdt ddu
mdt di sy quan tdm cua tpc
ngudi hpc ddi vdi nd. Nhung
tac gia cdn tidp tuc ndi tdi nd
tri nay chi coi nd nhu mdt
lien hd rdt chung dl thdng
nha't mdt nhdm ngudi vdi
mdt cai tdn ddng vdt.
Claude Levi Strauss: suy
nghi lai ve viec thd vat td
The nhung, ndm 1962,

Claude Levi Strauss da lay
lai hd so nay va cdng bd mdt
cud'n sach nhd: Thd vdt to
ngdy nay. Vl cdn ban, nha
nhdn hpc nay tan thanh
nhung su phe phan cria
nhung ngudi di trude minh.
Ong bac bd sy ddng nhd't
giria ten gpi cua mdt thj tdc,
tin ngudng ton giao va cac
quy tdc ngoai hdn. Nhung
khdng chi bac bd, dng cdn dl
xudng mdt con dudng khae:
suy nghi lai vl hidn tupng vdt
td trong mdt cai khung giai
thi'ch mdi.
Tri cai ngudi ta gpi la thd
vdt td, nha nhdn hpc ngudi
Phap dl nghj chi giu lai mdt
yeu td: ten gpi mdt thj tpc
bdng mdt cai ten ddng vdt,
cdy cdi hay mdt hien tupng
ty nhien nao khae (mdt con
chim, mdt cai cdy, mat trdi,
sdm set,...). Dd'i vdi C.Levi
Strauss, mdi lidn he nay chi
la m6t hinh thric "xung
danh", nghia la mdt each dl
cho nhdm ty gpi. Chinh xac
hon, dd la mdt each ty xac

djnh dd'i vdi cac thi tdc khae.

Vi cai cdn ban la ndm trong
sy ddi lap va sy gidng nhau
vdi cac thj tdc khae. O ddy,
C.Levi Strauss lay lai, bdng
each phd quat hda, mpt y
tudng da cd d E.Durkheim,
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
va cua A.Radcliffe Brown.
Bdng each ty gpi la "chd
sdi", khdng phai la dl mdt
nhdm khdng djnh mdt
nguydn tdc ddng nhd't ddi vdi
nhung thanh vidn cria nd, dd
trude hit la dl xac djnh mdt
ddu hieu phdn biet vdi cac thj
tdc lang giing. Cac thj tpc
Uc d triln sdng Darling, d
Nouve Galles phi'a Nam cho
chring ta mdt vf du rd rang.
Cac thj tdc nay chia thanh
hai nria; thj tpc chim cdt va
thj tdc qua. Ca hai diu la
nhring con chim dn thjt.
Nhung tren mpt binh dien
khae, chim cdt va qua ddi lap
vdi nhau: mdt ben la loai
chim sdn mdi, ben kia la loai
chim kin kin bat nhan

(charognard). Gidng nhau vl
mdt vai mat, chring lai ngupc
nhau vl mpt vai mat khae.
Va dd chi'nh la hien tupng vdt
td, theo C.Levi Strauss. Viec
so sanh nay cho phep diln
dat nhring mdi lien he giria
hai thj tdc trdn binh didn
tupng trung. Chring thudc
mdt gidng (chim an thjt),
nhung lai rat trai ngupc nhau
(mdt bdn la chim sdn mdi,
bdn kia la chim lay trdm thric
dn). Mdi lidn he gidng nhau/
ngupc nhau d'y cho phep cac
thj tpc ty phdn biet nhau.
Chim cdt va qua ddi lap nhau
nhu hai con vdt vria lien ket
vria ddi ldp nhau, gidng nhu

dm va duong, mdt trdng va
mat trdi, lanh va ndng.
VI the, theo C.Levi
Strauss, thd vdt td la mOt
each suy nghi vl the gidi tri
nhring pham trri ro ret, mpt
sy chia cdt the gidi theo
nhung nguyen ly tuong hpp
va ddi lap. C.Levi Strauss chi
lam cong viec ap dung vao

viec thd vdt td mdt nguyen ly
da dupe tu duy cria nhung
ddn nguyen thuy sri dung.
Viec chia cdt xa hpi thanh
nhung thj tpc vdt td chi la dl
thi hien mdt thupc tfnh phd
quat cua dau dc con ngudi:
suy nghi vl the gidi bdng
each phan loai no bdng
nhung pham trri logic (3).
Cach tie'p can vl thd vat td
cria C.Levi Strauss, do dd, la
rat trung thanh vdi tinh than
cua chri nghia cdu trric da
dupe ong ap dung vao huyIn
thoai va vao nhung lien he
than tdc. Ddi vdi ong, cac
loai ty nhien khong phai la
do cac thj tpc lya chpn nhu
nhring loai an dupe hay
khong dn dupe, ma nhu
nhung "loai thuan tien cho tu
duy". Nhu vay, ong lot bd
khdi viec thd vat td khoi mpi
thudc tfnh tinh cam, xa hdi,
de bie'n nd thanh mpt he
thdng tu duy. Cach tiep can
trdn trui ay khong quan tdm
de'n cac chric nang xa hdi cua
vat td hay cac nghi thric gdn

kit vdi cac chric nang ay.
Cai chet ciia mdt khai niem
Tuy dupe ton trpng nhung
each tie'p can cdu true vl viec
thd vdt td sau dd khong dupe
tidp tuc. Phai ndi rang chu
nghia cau true tring thdng trj
S«301[|
Th^ng 7-2009


VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T MlUbC MCOAl
trong nhung nam 60 da dan
dan mat di sric hdp ddn cua
nd trong cac nha tpc ngudi
hpc, hay ndi mdt each chung
hon, trong cac khoa hpc nhan
van. Tri ludn diem cua C.Levi
Strauss, ngudi ta chu yeu giri
lai ky nidm vl mdt sy giai
cau trric theo quy tdc "ao
giac logic" trude ddy.
Ngay nay van dl thd vat
td da chim trong nhring sy
mo hd cria nhan hpc. The
nhung khai niem dd da cd
mpt ljch sri lau dai va xdy
dyng. Vat td trude hit da
dupe nhin nhan nhu mdt ton
giao thj tpc ddng mpt vai trd

can ban trong ljch sri con
ngudi: nd dupe coi nhu mptthe che phd quat vao lric khdi
dau cua tdn giao. Rdi ngudi
ta tha'y tri nay tren thuc te' da
tap hpp nhring hien thyc rat
khae nhau. Thj tdc, sy thd

T

cring ddng vat, nhimg cam
ky tinh due da cd mat trong
nhiiu xa hdi nguyen thriy,
nhung ta't ca nhung yeu td d'y
hiem khi dupe gdn ket vdi
nhau. Cud'i cring, tri nay va y
tudng vl nd da roi vao su gat
bd d cac nha tdc ngudi hpc.
Chring chi cdn dupe dring vdi
vo sd nhung can nhdc. Trong
trudng hpp tdt nhd't, ngudi ta
coi nd nhu mdt nguyen tdc
phan loai the gidi xa hdi, vdi
vide lot bd nhring thudc tinh
tdn giao.
Sau khi giri mdt vai trd
ldn, tuc thd vdt td da bj vih
bd, bj dua xudng hang nhung
ao giac vl qua khri. Mdt ao
giac khoa hpc cho tha'y rdng
cac nha tdc ngudi hpc cring

cd nhring tin ngudng va
huyIn thoai cua ho •
J.FD
VIET CHUNG luoc dich

1. Tac pham nay. Totem gido vd
tuc ngoai hdn, ciia Frazer tuy chira
duac dicti ra tidng Viet, nhung ban
doc quan tam co the doc thiy nhi^u
tu lieu a mot tac pham khae cua tac
gia: Cdnh vdng, Tap chi Vdn hda
Nghe thudt va Nxb Vdn hda Thdng
lin, 2(X)7.
2. Co the tham khao phan Ion tac
phim nay trong cuon Phdn tdm hpc
vd van hda ldm linh do D6 Lai Thiiy
bien .soan. Nxb Vdn hda Thdng nn,
2003, 2005.
3. O Viet Nam. tdtem giao dupe
de cao. Nguoi dau lien, hin la chiu
anh huong cua Levi - Strauss, coi
totem giao khong phai la mot thiet
che tdn giao nguydn thuy. ma la mpt
hlnh thurc tu duy la Trin Quoc
Vuong. Vi nhu. ong coi Au Co - Lac
Long Quin khong phai la vat to. ma
chi la bieu hidu cho sir phin biet
ngucri a vimg cao, vimg niii (chim) va
nguoi 6 viing thip. vting nuoc
(r6ng)...


CONG DUNG CUA TRE

re dupe dring lam thyc pham trong cac bua an cria ngudi Trung qudc va ngudi cac
nudc Dong A khae. Mang tre dupe dring che bie'n nhiiu mdn an chdu A, ngoai ra
con dupe xat lat, vo trring va ddng hop de ban trong sieu thj. Viet Nam cring cd nhiiu mdn
an che bie'n tri mang. Mut mang tre cdn dupe cdt dpt dl lay nhya lam thanh mdt thri rupu
ngpt gpi la Ulanzi tai miin tay bdc Tanzania (qud'c gia d phfa ddng chau Phi). Tre (trric)
cung la thric an chu yeu cua loai gd'u trric.
Lien quan de'n am thyc, nhung than tre gia ldn, vi rdng rupt nen dupe dring de lam vat ndu
thric dn (tre dac rupt gpi la tre dye). Thric an dupe dat vao dng tre va nau tryc tie'p tren Iria.
Trong xay dyng, tre dupe ddn vl va xri ly thanh mdt loai vat lieu xdy dimg rat cung
nhung lai nhe. Vat lieu tre dupe dring trong xay dyng nha cria truyin thdng d chdu A, lam
gian giao. lam cau tre hoac lam cdt tre khi dd be tdng thay cho sdt thep. Nha xdy dyng
bang tre cd thi chdng dpng da't. Vdi nha kiln true my thudt, tre cdn cd the xay dyng nen
nhring cdng trinh kiln trric my thudt ddc dao.
Tre cdn dupe lam nhiiu vat dung thu cdng trang tri, lam vat lieu ndi that nhu giudng,
ban, ghe, tu, nem, khung xe dap...
Mdt trong nhring ring dung cua tre gan day hon la dupe dring dl lam vai. Vai lam tri
tre cd nhiiu phdm chat tdt, rat nhe va cyc ky mim mai, mac rat thich, hrit md hdi rat td't,
la loai vai ly tudng mac khi tap the due hay may quan ao cho tre nhd •
VO HOANG MINH
• Thang 7-2009
ElSd301