LLOYD'S PRACTICAL

SHIPPING

GUIDES

Other titles in this series are:

MARITIME LAW

Chartering Documents

3rd edition
by Harvey Williams

BY

The Hague and Hague- Visby Rules

CHRISTOPHER HILL

4th edition
by John Richardson

MA(Oxon) FICS

Introduction to P&I

2nd edition
by Chris Hill,
Bill Robertson

and Steven Hazelwood
Lay time and Demurrage in the Oil Industry

by Malcolm Edkins and Ray Dunkley
Marine Claims

2nd edition
by Christof Luddeke
Maritime

Law

5th edition
by Chris Hill
Mu/timodal Transport:
Avoiding Legal Problems

edited by Diana Faber
Neil Cockett on Bunkers

by Neil Cockett

FIFTH EDITION


Informa Professional
(a trading division of Informa UK Ltd.)
69-77 Paul Street
London EC2A 4LQ
Great Britain

EAST ASIA

PREFACE

Informa Asia
Sixth Floor, Hollywood Centre
223 Hollywood Road
Hong Kong
First published in Great Britain 1981
Revised reprint 1984
Second edition 1985
Third edition 1989
Fourth edition 1995
Fifth edition 1998
Reprinted 2001
© Christopher Hill 1981, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1995, 1998
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record
for this book are available
from the British library.
ISBN 1-85978-836-X
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior written permission of
Informa Professional
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the
information contained in this book is correct neither the
editor and contributors nor Informa Professional can accept
any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any

consequences resulting therefrom.

Text set in 10/11 Plantin by
Interactive Sciences Ltd
Gloucester
Printed in Great Britain by
MPG Books Ltd,
Bodmin, Cornwall

A customary gap of approximately five years between editions has been shortened this time to roughly two years which should logically mean that there should
be only two fifths of the customary volume of updating to weave into this latest
edition. However, it is not that simple and the amount of work which my two selfsacrificing and devoted helpers (Alison Shaw-Uoyd, a solicitor and partner of
Lewis Moore & Co., and Lewis Moore himself) and I have had to put into this
revision has been as great as for the previous edition.
In attending to the chapter on charterparties which is under my personal care,
I have accounted for the latest (1996) version of the Inter-Club Agreement and
have extended the commentary on maritime arbitrat~on particularly to include a
summary of the more significant provisions of the 1990 Arbitration Act. Recent
pertinent cases have been woven into the text throughout the chapter and a fresh
commentary made upon the subject of repudiation of a charterparty contract.
Another fresh feature is a description of trip charters which can be found at the
beginning of the chapter.
The Merchant Shipping Act 1995, which has taken effect in England since the
previous edition was printed, has been introduced into those chapters to which
it relates. Being a consolidating Act, it casts its net widely over various subjects
dealt with in this book, e.g. Chapter 1 (ownership/registration),
Chapter 7 and
Chapter 10. The chapter on salvage has been updated by the addition of the
latest case law (in particular the Nagasaki Spirit) and by a mention of the latest
version (1995) of LOE Collisions similarly has been enlarged by recent and

relevant case law.
The chapter to receive probably the most attention in the updating process is
Chapter 4 (Admiralty Jurisdiction etc.) where recent cases have been added and
the increasing interrelation of European Community Law and English Admiralty
Law has necessitated an enlargement of the chapter with greater attention to
detail.
The chapter on pollution has been updated by introducing a commentary on
the 1992 Convention (which, in many countries, has replaced the 1969 Civil
Liability Convention) and also the 1992 Fund Convention which has replaced
the 1971 Convention. TOVALOP and CRISTAL have been relegated to recent
past history as both those industrial schemes came to an end in February
1997.
The chapter on Harbour and Docks which has had a place in the book since
it was first written has in this edition been dropped. I felt that it had little interest
for the vast majority of readers since the very nature of its subject-matter was that
v


Preface

it was only concerned with domestic English law and the reality of this book is
that over the years it has gradually transformed from being very largelyan English
maritime law text into a text which incorporates and comments as much upon
International Conventions and internationally flavoured agreements as on pure
English law.
The law in this edition is as stated at 1 October 1997.
To conclude, I acknowledge, as in previous editions, with gratitude the
valuable work done by my secretary, Mrs Irene Edwards, in the preparation of
this edition. She has done it with her characteristic good humour. Alison would
like to express her sincere gratitude to her secretary, Mrs Vi Rayment, particularly when faced with typing additions/amendments after some weekend

work.
My thanks are also due to Matthew Vafidis of Haight Gardner Holland and
Knight, San Francisco and Charles Whited of Murphy Rogers and Sloss, New
Orleans, both of whom have given me useful hints and suggestions for updating
and improving the American law section of the Pollution chapter.
CHRISTOPHER HILL

CONTENTS

Page
v

~eface
Abbreviations
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Table of International

Conventions

1 OWNERSHIP

AND REGISTRATION

Ownership
Co-ownership
Ownership and registration
Who can own a British ship?
Historical development
The Merchant Shipping (Registration etc) Act 1993

Merchant Shipping Act 1995
Entitlement
Port of registry
Central register of British ships
Marking requirements
Refusal to register
The certificate of registry
Transmission of ownership
Transfer of ownership
Removal from the register
Registration in overseas territories
Bareboat charter
Small ships register
Open registries
The International Transport Workers Federation
Registration

xvii
xix
xxxiii
xxxix
1

•

1
'2
3
3
4

7
9
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
21
22
24

2 SHIP MORTGAGES

27

Mortgage of ship at common law
Modern form of statutory mortgage
How may an equitable mortgage be effected?
Registration of statutory mortgages
Legal mortgage of a registered ship (or share)
The vital significanceof registration

28

28
30
30
31
31
vii


Contents

Contents

Priorities
What is a collateral deed?
Transfer of a registered mortgage
What is transferred under the mortgage?
Fishing nets on trawlers
What happens when a mortgage is discharged?
What are the rights of the mortgagor?
Insurance
Power of a mortgagor to sell the ship
To what extent has the mortgagor the right to redeem?
What are the rights of the mortgagee?
Default in mortgage repayments
Endangering the security
The mortgagee in possession
Actual possession
Constructive possession
The right of a mortgagee to foreclose on the mortgage
Power of sale of a mortgagee

The position of mortgagee when vesselremoved from British registry
Improper exercise of a mortgagee's powers
What is a certificate of mortgage?
Contents of certificate
Convention

32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
38
38
38
38
41
41
41
41
42
44
45
45
45
48


3 SALE OF SHIP AND SHIPBUILDING

49

~-

CONTRACTS

What is a sale?
When is a binding agreement reached?
Representations
Innocent misrepresentations
The rule in Hedley Byrne
Economic loss under Hedley Byrne
Misrepresentation Act 1967
Fraudulent misrepresentations
Breaches of contract may be conditions, warranties or intermediate terms
What is a condition?
What is a warranty?
What is an intermediate term?
Implied conditions and warranties
Express conditions
Contract term implied by court to give 'business efficacy'
The ability of a seller to exclude his liability
What is a consumer sale?
What is an international sale?
When does property pass?
What are the seller's duties?
What are the buyer's duties?
What are the seller's remedies?

What are the buyer's remedies?
What is the position when the ship is under charter at time of sale?
Sale and purchase practice
viii

~

50
50
52
53
53
54
55
57
57
57
58
58
58
60
61
62
63
63
65
67
67
67
68

70
70

Norwegian Saleform 1993
Execution of bill of sale
Examples of broker's involvementlegally
The use of ,Mareva' jurisdiction
Shipbuilding contracts
Formation of contract
Duties of a builder
Doctrine of frustration
Passing of risk
Destruction of ship being built
What are the builder's remedies?
What are the buyer's remedies?

72
75
75
76
78
79
81
81
82
82
82
84

4 ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION, MARITIME CLAIMS,

LIENS AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY

91

Admiralty jurisdiction
Supreme Court Act 1981
Supreme Court Act 1981, section 22
Exerciseof jurisdiction
Nature of action in rem
•
Advantagesof in rem action
\
Procedure for an action in rem
Renewal of validity of writ in rem
Arrest of a ship
'Alternative ship arrest'
Meaning of 'beneficiallyowning'
Procedural aspects of arrest of a ship
Wrongful arrest
What is a maritime lien?
Maritime liens and the conflict of laws
'Other charge'
'Ship repairer's lien'
The CivilJurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (The Brussels Convention)
Stay or dismissal of proceedings
Position where there is a pre-existing arbitration clause
Article 26 of the Brussels Convention
What is the appropriate forum?
Jurisdiction clauses
Immunity of State-owned vessels

Sovereignimmunity
Historical development

91
93
101
102
102
103
103
105
106
107
110
114
120
120
121
128
128
129
139
145
146
149
160
167
167
167


5 CHARTERPARTIES

177

Demise charterparties
Trip charters
Slot charterparties
Time charterparties
Subject details (charterparties generally)
Obligationsof seaworthiness (time or voyagecharterparties)

177
178
179
179
180
180
Ix


Contents

Contents

Time charters
Performance-speed and consumption
How should speed and consumption claims be calculated?
Method (a)
Method (b)
Charterparty bunkering disputes

Safe ports
Off-hire
Net loss oftime
Events preventing the full working of the vessel
Deficiencyof men
Detention by averageacts
What is meant by the words 'any other cause preventing the full working
of the vessel'?
A right to make deductions from hire
Express deductions
Equitable deductions
Deliveryof cargo without production of original bills of lading
Deck cargo
liens
Where and when should a possessorylien on cargo be exercised?
lien on sub-freights
Right to lien sub-sub-freights
Authority to sign bills of lading
What are the duties of a Master re signing bills?
To what extent may the Master delegate his authority to sign
How far down a charterparty 'chain' may this authority extend?
Shipowner's implied right of indemnity
To what extent can the question of identity of the carrier be resolved when
the vesselis under time charter?
The Inter-Club agreement
General description
Is the Inter-Club agreement legallybinding?
What is meant by a 'properly settled' claim?
What happens about recoverabilityof legal costs under the agreement?
Inter-Club agreement-1996 version

Obligation to pay hire and the right of withdrawalof vessel for non-payment
Payment to be made in cash
Withdrawalmust be permanent, not temporary
Anti-technicalityclauses
Redelivery
What is meant by the 'illegitimate last voyage'?
~PE'93
Voyagecharterparties
The charterer's right to cancel
Arrival at loading port
Where must a vesselhave reached before it can be said to have arrived
in the legal sense?
Notice of readiness '
Can an invalidNOR become validated when a ship does become ultimately
in all respects ready?
Laytime
When does laytime commence?
X

181
181
182
183
184
185
186
188
188
189
190

190
190
191
191
191
192
194
196
197
197
198
199
200
201
202
202
203
203
203
205
206
206
207
208
208
209
210
210
211
213

218
219
220
220
220
221
222
222

Does laytime commence immediately all three of these conditions are met?
Who pays for waiting time?
How is laytime calculated?
Excepted periods from laytime
Used laytime
What is demurrage?
Despatch money
'Full and complete' cargo
Freight
How is freight calculated?
Can deduction be made from freight by way of equitable set-off?
Deadfreight
Clause 2 of the Gencon charterparty
What is meant by the word 'personal' in the context of Clause 2?
What is meant by repudiation?
Lack of clarity in Charterparty text itself
How is a repudiatory breach to be analysed?
The innocent party may choose to affirm
Maritime arbitration (commentary on significant aspects of London's
arbitration service)
General comments

Private sector litigation
•
Commercial service
\
Pre-1996 Right of appeal
Arbitrators powers including power to dismiss cases for want of
prosecution
Time limits
Extension of time
The Arbitration Act 1996
The award
Right of appeal
Can parties exclude judicial review?
Costs
What is meant by a 'sealed offer'?
Doctrine of precedent does not apply

222
222
224
226
227
228
228
228
229
229
230
230
231

231
231
232
232
234
235
235
235
235
236
238
239
239
239
242
242
243
243
243
244

6 COLLISIONS

245

Loss or damage caused without actual contact
The 'agony of the moment' defence
'JYpicalcollisionsituations
International regulations for the prevention of collisionsat sea
Exhibiting of lights and shapes

Causativepotency
The 'last opportunity' rule
Presumption of fault
The 1910 Collision Convention and the Maritime Conventions Act 1911
Loss of life/personalinjury claims
Contribution between joint tortfeasors
The Law Reform (Contributory Negligence)Act 1945
Multiple collisionsituations
Bider Brethren and Nautical Assessors

246
249
250
253
277
281
281
284
284
286
287
287
288
290
xl


Contents

Contents


Limitation period
Brief summary of legal procedure in pursuit of a collision claim
'Tug and tow' situations
The divided damages rule
Division of loss
(1) Collision involvingdamage to ship only
(2) Collision involvingship and cargo damage only
(3) Collision involvingship and cargo damage and loss of life and
personal injury to crew
Differences of United States law
Measure of damages after collision
Measure of damages where ship is damaged but not lost
Ascertaining the remoteness of damage
In what currency should a court or tribunal award damages?
Should losses followinga breach of contract be treated differently
from losses resulting from a tort?

292
293
293
295
295
296
296

7 SALVAGE

311


Maritime property
Life salvage
Voluntariness
Instances where the crew of a ship in distress can claim salvage
The position of a passenger claiming as salvor
Realdanger
Part II
The salvageservice must be successful if only partially
When may a charterer be entitled to claim salvage?
When may a cargo owner be entitled to claim salvage?
Uoyd's form of salvage agreement (LOF 80)
The International Convention of Salvage 1989
Special compensation for preventing or minimising damage to the environment
Uoyd's form of salvage agreement (LOF 90)
Uoyd's form of salvageagreement (LOF 95)
Code of practice between ISU (International SalvageUnion) and
International P&I Club
Nagasaki Spirit
Who contributes to a salvage award?
How are values assessed?
Ships
Car~
Freight at risk
Pro rata payment of the salvage award
Apportionment as between owners, master and crew of salving vessel
Apportionment amongst various sets of salvors or salving ships
Wrongful dispossession of earlier salvors by later salvors
Possessoryrights of a salvor
To what extent may a salvor be held legallyresponsible for the consequences of
his negligence?

A salvor's ability to limit liability
What happens if and when a wrongdoer 'turns salvor'?

312
312
313
314
315
316
318
319
320
320
321
330
334
335
341

xii

297
298
299
301
304
306
307

342

343
346
347
347
~
348
349
350
352
353
354
355
358
359

Circuity of action in the context of salvage actions
Time limit
When does towage become salvage?

360
361
361

8 TOWAGE

363

Tug-owner's right to limit liability

371


9 LIMITATION

375

OF LIABILITY

Historical development
Circumstances where Master or crew member may wish to limit
The limitation fund
Application of limitation after maritime collision between two vessels at fault
Tug and tow situations
The Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976
Article 1: Persons entitled to limit liability
Article 2.1: Claims subject to limitation
Article 2.2
Article 3: Claims excepted from limitation
Article 4: Conduct barring limitation
•
Article 5: Counterclaims
\
Article 6: The general limits
Article 7: The limit for passenger claims
Article 9: Aggregation of claims
Article 10: Limitation of liability without constitution of a limitation fund
Article 11: Constitution of the fund
Article 12: Distribution of the fund
Article 13: Bar to other actions
Article 14: Governing law
Time limitations


375
384
389
392
393
395
395
396
398
399
400
403
403
405
406
407
408
409
411
412
413

10 OIL POLLUTION

417

Trespass
Public nuisance
Private nuisance

Civil liability based on International Convention
International Convention on' Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969
Compulsory insurance
International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund
for Compensation 1971
Where does fund incur no obligation?
How much in total is the fund obliged to payout?
'Roll-back relief' (Article 5)
How pollution damage is variously defined
Difference between preventive measures and threat removal measures
Environmental damage
Tovalop
The Cristal agreement
Revisionsto Tovalop

419
420
420
420
421
426
426
427
428
428
428
429
430
431
433

434
xIII


Contents

Contents

Cristal revision
Liability
Limitation of liability
Compulsory insurance
The Fund Convention 1992
What are the exceptions to the obligations of the fund to pay compensation?
What is the maximum amount of compensation the fund must payout?
Conversion of units of account
There should be a fair distribution of compensation
Who contributes to the fund?
.Can complete uniformity and reciprocity ever be truly achieved?
US Oil Pollution legislation
Who can be liable?
Circumstances creating liability
Are there any exceptions to liability?
Can a responsible party limit his liability?
What will 'break' limitation?
Financial responsibility under OPA 1990
Do victims fare better under OPA 90 or 1992 Convention?
Insurance for oil pollution liabilities
The Amoco Cadiz


434
436
437
438
440
441
441
442
442
442
442
442
443
443
444
444
444
444
445
445
445
446

11 SEAFARERS

449

1992 Civil Liability Convention

AND


THE

SHIP'S

MASTER

The contract of employment
Crew lists
Seamen's documents
NUMAST (National Union of Marine Aviation and Shipping Transport)
Rights and duties of the seaman
VVages
Historical theory
Circumstances where ship is wrecked or lost
A seaman's remedies if wages unpaid
Payment of wages
Allotment of wages
Claims against a seaman's wages
Certificates of competency and manning
Other specialists' positions
Other ranks
Safe manning scales
The employment of aliens in United Kingdom-registered ships
VVelfare,safety and accommodation
Health
Repatriation
Deceased seamen
Industrial disputes
Discipline

Disciplinary procedures for the Merchant Navy
Stowaways; unauthorized presence on board ship
Unfair dismissal

xiv

449
451
451
451
452
452
452
453
454
454
455
455
455
456
456
456
457
458
458
458
459
460
460
462

464
464

Liability for injury
The role of the ship's Master

465
467

12 PASSENGERS

473

Athens Convention
Basis of liability
Limit of liability
Loss of right to limit
Time bar for legal action

477
478
479
480
481

13 PILOTAGE

485

What is a pilot?

What is compulsory pilotage?
Defence of compulsory pilotage
Geographical application of Pilotage Act
Obligations under the compulsory pilotage provisions
Right of authorized pilot to supersede unauthorized pilot
What constitutes an offer of pilotage services?
Misconduct of pilot
Limitation of a pilot's liability
A pilot authority's right to limit
' \
Pilotage charges

485
489
493
493
493
495
496
497
497
498
498

APPENDICES

501

Appendix 1 Merchant Shipping Act 1995
Appendix 2 Bill of Sale (Bodies Corporate and individuals)

Appendix 3 Bills of Sale (individuals and joint owners and Body Corporate)
Appendix 4 Memorandum of Agreement (Norwegian Saleform 1987)
Appendix 5 Memorandum of Agreement (Norwegian Saleform 1993)
Appendix 6 New York Produce Exchange Form 1946
Appendix 7 Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement (1996)
Appendix 8 GENCON
Appendix 9 Uoyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (1995 revision) and
Salvage Agreement Procedural Rules
Appendix 10 United Kingdom Standard Conditions for Towage and Other
Services (revised 1986)
Appendix 11 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (1976),
Articles 15-22
Appendix 12 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution
Damage 1992
Appendix 13 International Convention on the Establishment of an International
Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992
Appendix 14 Parties to: (1) The International Convention on Civil Liability
for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels, 1969 (2) The SDR Protocol 1976 to
the CLC 1969 (3) The 1992 Protocol to the CLC 1969 (4) The International
Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation
for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels, 1971 (5) The SDR Protocol 1976 to the
Fund Convention 1971 (6) The 1992 Protocol to the Fund Convention 1971

501
505
509
513
519
529
533

537

Index

597

543
553
557
561
573

593

xv


ABBREVIATIONS

AC
All ER
AMC
App Cas
Asp MLC

Appeal Cases (3rd series)
All England Reports
AmericanMaritime Cases
Appeal Cases (2nd series)
Aspinall'sMaritime Law Cases


1891-Current
1936-Current
Current
1875-1890
1871-1940

B & Ald
Bos & P

Barnewalland Alderson
Bosanquetand Puller

1817-1822
1796-1804

CA
Ch
Ch Rob
CPD

Court of Appeal
Chancery Division
Christopher Robinson (Admiralty)
Common Pleas Division

De G & J

De Gex and Jones


1857-1860

E& B
ELD
Ex

Ellis and Blackburn
Italian Law Reports
ExchequerReports

1851-1858
Current
1847-1856

H& C
Hag Adm
HL

Hurlstone & Coltman
Haggard (Admiralty)
House of Lords

1862-1866
1822-1838

IMO

International Maritime Organizations(formerlyIMCO)

KB


King's Bench

1901-1952

LJ
LJCP
LJP
U.L.Rep
Uoyd's Rep
LRA & E
LR CP
LR HL
LR QB
LR Eq
LT
Lush

LawJournal Reports
LawJournal Reports (Common Pleas)
LawJournal Reports (Probate, Divorceand Admiralty)
Uoyd's List Law Reports
Uoyd's Law Reports
Admiraltyand EcclesiasticalCases
Common Pleas Cases
Englishand Irish Appeals
Queen's Bench
Equity Cases
Law Times Reports
Lushington (Admiralty)


1831-1949
1831-1880
1831-1949
1919-1950
195O-Current
1865-1875
1865-1875
1866-1875
1865-1875
1866-1875
1859-1947
1859-1862

M&W
Moo PC

Meeson & Welsby
E. F. Moore

1836-1847
1836-1862

•
\

1799-1808
1875-1880

xvII



Abbreviations
P
PC
PD

Probate Division (3rd series)
Privy Council
Probate Division (2nd series)

1891-Current

QB
QBD

Queen's Bench
Queen's Bench Division

1891-Current
1875-1890

RSC

Rules of the Supreme Court

SI
S& S

Statutory Instrument

Schip en Schack (Dutch Law Reports)

Current

TI..R

Times Law Reports

1884-1952

WLR

WeeklyLaw Reports

1953-Current

1875-1890

TABLE OF CASES
[page numbers printed in bold indicate either where text from a case is quoted or where the facts
of a particular case are set out]

AIS Atlantica v Moran Towing & Transportation Co Inc [1974] AMC 555, US Court of

Appeals ..........................................................................................................................
373
Abidin Daver, The [1984] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 339; [1984] 2 WLR 196, HL ......................... 149,150
Acrux, The [1962] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 405 .............................................................................
37,120
Aditya Vainbhav,The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 63 .................................................................

192
Adler v Dickson [1954] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 267, CA ............................................................. 473, 474
Admiralty v The Camroux [1958] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 378 ........................................................
282
Admiralty Commissioners v Cox and King (1927) 27 U.L.Rep. 223, CA ........................... 84,85
Admiralty Commissioners v SS Volute, 9 U.L.Rep. 71, 439; [1922] 1 AC 129, HL ...........
282
Aegnoussiotis,The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 268 ...................................................................
196
Afovos,The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 335, HL ............................. \ ........................................
209
Agios Giorgis, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 192 ............................. :\....................................
196
Aktion, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 283 ..............................................................................
72
Al Battani, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 219 ........................................................................
163
Al Bida, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 124, CA .....................................................................
182
Al Tabith and Alanfushi, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 214 ....................................................
414
Al Tawfiq,The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 598 ......................................................................... 72, 73
Al Tawwab,The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 201 .......................................................................
141
Albionic, The (1941) 70 U.L.Rep. 257 ..............................................................................
315
Alcorn v Republic of Columbia [1984] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 368, CA .........................................
174
Aldebaran, The. See Esso Brussels, The
Aldora, The [1975] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 617 ..............................................................................

362
Alev,The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 138 ..............................................................................
197,210
Alexander Shukoff (SS) v SS Gothland, 4 UL.Rep. 259, 305; 5 U.L.Rep. 237; [1921] AC
216, HL .........................................................................................................................
489
AlfredToepfer International v Itex Italgrani Export [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 360 ..................
234
AlfredTrigon, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 333 ....................................................... 61,73,76,77
Aliakmon, The [1986] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL ......................................................................
54
Alletta, The [1965] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 479; [1966] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 573, CA ........................ .491, 492
Alletta, The [1973] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 375, CA .......................................................................
381
Alletta, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's R~p. 40 ............................................................................. 123, 124
Almak, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 559 ..............................................................................
201
Alnwick,The [1965] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 69 .............................................................................
413
Alter Tabith, The and The Alan Fushi [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 336 ............... :......................
292
American Farmer, The (1947) 80 UL.Rep. 672 ..................................................... 316,352,353
Amsterdam London VerzekeringMaats NY v NY Rederij VIH Gebr Goedkoop, 27 November
1974, No 30 S & S 1975, Amsterdam District Court ......................................................
373
Andrea Ursula, The [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 145 ..................................................................
110
Angelic Spirit, The and The Y Mariner [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 595 ....................................
267
Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd v Damant. See Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd v The

Admicalty
Anglo-SaxonPetroleum Co Ltd v The Admiralty; Same v Damant (1947) 80 U.L.Rep. 459,
CA .............................. ,...............................................................................................
355, 356
Anna H, The, [1995] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 11; LMLN 388, CA ....................... 119, 129, 132, 135, 137
Anna L, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 379 ............................................................................
292

xix


Table of Cases
Annangel Glory, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 45 ................................................................
80, 199
Anneliese, The [1970] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 355, CA ..................................................................
284
Annie Hay, The [1968] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 141 ........................................................................
384
Antares II, The and The Victory [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 482 ............................................. 92,291
Antonis P Lemos, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 283, HL ......................................................
97
Apollon, The [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 476 ............................................................................
368
Apollonius, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 53 .........................................................................
182
Aquacharm, The [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 237 ......................................................................
189
Arantzazu Mendi, The, 63 U.L.Rep. 89; [1939] AC 256, HL ............................................
117
Aratra Potato Co Ltd and MoreIlo International Ltd v Owners of the E1 Amria. See EI

Amria, The
Arctic Trader, The [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 449 ................................................................
200, 201
Argentino, The (1888) 13 PD 191, CA; 14 App Cas 519, HL ...........................................
303
Argo Hope, The [1982] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 559 ....................................................................
265,266
Argonaftis, The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 487 ........................................................................
300
Aries, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 334, HL .........................................................................
230
Astra Trust v Adams and Williams [1969] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 81 .............................................
60
Athanasia Comninos, The [1990] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 277 ........................................................
203
Athelvictor, The (1945) 78 U.L.Rep. 529 ..........................................................................
387
Atlantic Baron, The [1979] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 89 ....................................................................
81
Atlantic Song, The [1983] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 394 ...................................................................
162
Atlantic Star, The [1973] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 197, HL ............................................................
92,150
Atlantic Trader, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 324 .................................................................
100
Atlas Shipping Agency v Suisse Atlantique and others [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 188 ............. 76, 131
Attika Hope, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 439 .....................................................................
198
Attorney-General v PYA Quarries [1957] 2 QB 169, CA ...................................................
420

Auriga, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 384 ...........................................................................
271, 272
Aventicum, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 184 ........................................................................
111
Baiona, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 121 .............................................................................
239
Baleares, The [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 130; [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 349, CA ...................... 219,237
Baleares, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 215, CA ....................................................................
219
Banca Agricola di Greci v Impresa Cesara Davanzali [1975] ELD 686, Ancona CA,
Italy ...............................................................................................................................
348
Banco, The [1970] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 230; [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 49, CA ...............................
104
Barras v Aberdeen Steam Trawling Co (1933) 45 U.L.Rep. 199, HL .................................
453
Basildon, The [1967] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 134 ...........................................................................
36
Bazias 3, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 101, CA ....................................................................
148
Bazias 4, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 101, CA ....................................................................
148
Beaver, The (1800) 3 Ch Rob 92 .......................................................................................
314
Beaverford, The v The Kafiristan [1938] AC 136, HL .......................................................
359
Behnke v Bede Shipping Co, 27 UL.Rep. 24; [1927] 1 KB 649 ........................................
49
Benlawers, The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 51 ..........................................................................
205

Bergen, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 380 ..................................................................
134-135, 166
Berge Sund, The [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 460; [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 453, CA .....................
190
Berkshire, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 185 ......................................................................
199, 468
Berny, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 533 ............................................................................
103,104
Berwyn, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 99, CA .......................................................................
388
Bineta, The [1966] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 419 ........................................................................
25, 67, 93
Black Falcon, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 77 ......................................................................
211
Blanche, The (1888) 58 LT 592 ........................................................................................
40
Blankenstein, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 93, CA ...............................................................
68
Blitz, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 441 ...............................................................................
37, 120
Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Docks Co Ltd, Re (1926) 24 UL.Rep. 139, CA .......................
79
Bold Bucc1eugh,The (1852) 7 Moo PC 267 ......................................................................
122
BoleslawChrobry, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 308 .............................................................
251
Botany Triad and Lu Shan, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 259 ...............................................
410
Boucraa, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 149, CA; [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 251, HL ..................
238

XX

Table of Cases
Bowbelle, The [1990] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 532 ......................................................................
402,412
283
Boy Andrew, The v St Rognvald (Owners) (1947) 80 U.L.Rep. 559, HL ...........................
Bramley Moore, The [1963] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 429, CA .....................................................
393,394
230
Brede, The [1973] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 333, CA ........................................................................
Bremer Vulkan Schiffbau und Maschinenfabrik v South India Corp; Gregg v Raytheon Ltd
238
[1981] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 253, HL ......................................................................................
399
Breydon Merchant, The [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 373 ...........................................................
496
Buck v 1)rrrel (1922) 10 U.L.Rep. 74 ................................................................................
Buena Trader, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 27; [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 325, CA .............. 51,68,70
58
Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL ..........................................
249
Bywell Castle, The (1879) 4 PD 219, CA ..........................................................................
62
CPC Gallia, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 68 ........................................................................
283
CaIIiope, The [1970] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 84 .............................................................................
42
Calm C, The [1975] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 188, CA, British Columbia ........................................
Caltex v BP [1996] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 286 ..........................................................................

155, 156
62
Catnmell-Laird & Co Ltd v Manganese Bronze & Brass Co Ltd [1934] AC 402, HL .........
60
Canadian Yacht Sales v MacDonald [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 298, Sup Ct, Ontario ...............
53
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164, CA ..................................................
146
Cap Bon, The [1967] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 543 ..........................................................................
Caparo Industries v Dickinson [1990] 2 AC 605, HL ........................................................
54
Capitan San Luis, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 573 .......................................................... .410, 411
Capricorn, The. See Antares Shipping Corp v Delmar Shipping and Portland Shipping Co
,
Inc
359
Cargo ex Capella (1867) LR 1 A & E 356 ................................ " .......................................
372
Carlton, The (1931) 40 U.L.Rep. 101 ...............................................................................
106
Carmania II, The [1963] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 152 .....................................................................
248
Carnival, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 14 (CA) ....................................................................
Caroline P, The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 466 .............................. ·..·....···..··.......... ·........ ·.... ·.. 200
397
Caspian Basin v Bouygues (No 4) [1997] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 507 ............................................
Cavendish, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 292 .....................................................................
494,495
198
Cebu, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 302 ................................................................................

40
Celtic King, The [1894] P 175 ..........................................................................................
247
Centurity, The [1963] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 99 ...........................................................................
263
Century Dawn, The v Asian Energy [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 138 .........................................
117
Cerro Colorado, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 58 ..................................................................
310
Chikiang, The [1926] AC 637, HL ....................................................................................
209
Chikuma, The [1981] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 371, HL ..................................................................
328
Choko Star, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 508, CA ...............................................................
Choko Star, The [1990] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 516, CA ...........................................................
197,321
197
Chrysovalandou Dyo, The [1981] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 159 ........................................................
Chugaway 2, The [1973] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 159, Exchequer Court (Admiralty), Canada ...... 381,382
Citi-March Limited v Neptune Orient Lines Limited [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 72 .............. 164, 165
488
Clark v Hutchinson (1924) 18 U.L.Rep. 27 .......................................................................
Clayton v Albertson [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 457 ..............................................................
.490,491
474
Cockerton v Naviera Aznar SA [1960] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 450 .................................................
40
Collins v Lamport (1864) 11 LT 497 ...................................................... :.........................
Colorado, The (1923) 14 U.L.Rep. 251, CA .....................................................................
32,33

Compania Mercantil Argentina v United States Shipping Board (1924) 18 U.L.Rep. 369,
167
CA ..................... ·....·..··...... ··..···· ..·..····· ..···· .... ·..····.........................................................
372
Conoco Arrow, The [1973] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 86 ....................................................................
Conoco Britannia, The [1972] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 342 ............................. ·...·....... ·.... ·....··.... ·..· 372
Continental Bank v Aeakos Compania Naviera SA [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 505 ........ 135, 165, 166
Coral I, The [1982] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 441 .........................................................................
258, 278
152
Coral Isis, The [1986] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 413 .........................................................................
40
Cory Bros & Co v Stewart (1886) 2 TLR 508, CA ............................................................
168
Cristina, The, 60 UL.Rep. 147; [1938] AC 485, HL ........................................................
95
Currie v M'Knight [1897] AC 97, HL ...............................................................................

xxi


Table of Cases
Cythera, The [1965] 2 Uoyd's

Table of Cases
Rep. 454, Sup Ct, NSW

....................................................

Da Ye, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 30 ...... ·.......................................................................

Dagmara and Ama Antxine, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 431 ..............................................
Daressa, The [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 60 ·..........................................................................
Darrah, The, [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 359; [1977] AC 157, HL ........................................
Darya Tara, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 42 ......................................................................
Davies v Mann (1842) 10 M & W 546 ..............................................................................
Dawson v Yeoward [1961] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 431, CA ............................................................
Dayspring, The [1968] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 204 ........................................................................
De Mattos v Gibson (1859) 4 De G & J 276 .....................................................................
Deichland, The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 113, CA ......................................
132, 136, 137,
Democritos, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 149, CA ...............................................................
Despina R, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 319, CA .................................................................
Devotion, The and The Golden Polydinamos [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 464 ...........................
Diana Prosperity, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 60, CA .........................................................
Dias, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 325, HL ..........................................................................
Didymi, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 166; [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 108, CA ...........................
Dione, The [1975] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 115, CA .......................................................................
Dixon Kerly v Robinson [1965] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 404 ...........................................................
Docker v Hyams [1969] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 487, CA ...............................................................
Dominique, The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 431, HL ...............................................................
Dunelmia, The [1969] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 476, CA ..................................................................
D'Vora, The [1952] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 404 .............................................................................

317
272, 273
96
305, 306
223, 224
195, 196
282

56
382
40
141, 144
211
307
256
83
228
183
211
84
60
230
169
99

Eagle, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 70 .................................................................................
474
Eastern City, The [1958] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 127 .....................................................................
186
Ecay v Godfrey (1946) 80 U.L.Rep. 286 ...........................................................................
58
Eglantine, The, The Credo and The Inez [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 390, CA ..........................
247
El Amria, The [1980] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 390 .......................................
135, 149,161, 162, 164, 166
Eleftheria, The [1969] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 237 .........................................................................
161
Elliott Steam Tug Co Ltd v New Medway Steam Packet Co Ltd (1937) 59 U.L.Rep. 35 ...

365
Elpenor, The (1933) 47 U.L.Rep. 183 ..............................................................................
351
Empire Gulf, The (1948) 81 U.L.Rep. 255 ....................................................................
.350, 351
Empire Jamaica, The [1955] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 50 ..............................................................
390, 391
Emre II, The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 182 ........................................................................
147,152
Ercole, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 516 ..............................................................................
276
Ert Stefanie, The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 349, CA ............................................................
383, 384
Eschersheim, The; The Jade [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .............................
95, 97,98,107,357
Esso Brussels, The [1972] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 286; [1973] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 73, CA ................. 276,277
Esso Malaysia, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 143 ................................................................
286, 287
Esso Petroleum Co v Mardon [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 305; [1976] QB 801, CA .................. 53, 55
Esso Petroleum Co v Southport Corp [1953] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 414; [1954] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 446,
CA; [1955] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 655, HL ............................................................................
419, 420
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Hall Russell & Co Ltd [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 8, HL ...................
494
Estrella, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 525 ..........................................................
252, 253, 266, 267
Eurymedon, The (1937) 59 U.L.Rep. 214; [1938] P 41, CA .........................................
282,283
Eurysthenes, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 171, CA ..............................................................
379

Evia, The (No 2) [1982] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 307, HL ..............................................................
187
Evje, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 57, HL ............................................................................
169
Evpo Agnic, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 411, CA ...............................................................
109
Factortame Ltd, ex parte (No 3). See R v Secretary of State for Transport
Faethon, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's' Rep. 538 ...........................................................................
Fairport, The (No 4) [1967] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 602 .............................................................
Fairport, The (No 5) [1967] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 162 ................................................................
Falstria, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 495 .............................................................................
Fanchon, The (1880) 5 PD 173 ........................................................................................

xxii

265
261,262
99
154
40

Fantasy, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 391; [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 235, CA ...........................
Father Thames, The [1979] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 364 .............................................................
Fehmarn, The [1957] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 551, CA ...................................................................
Ferdinand Retzlaft', The [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 120 .........................................................
Fina Canada, The [1962] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 445, CA ..........................................................
Firethorn, The (1948) 81 U.L.Rep. 178 ............................................................................
Fisher Renwick & Co. v Tyne Iron Shipbuilding Co (1920) 3 u.L.Rep. 201 ......................
Five Steel Barges, The (1890) 15 PD 142 ..........................................................................
Fletcher and Campbell v City Marine Finance [1968] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 520 ..........................

Fogo, The [1967] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 208 ................................................................................
Forum Craftsman, The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 102 .............................................................
Foulder v Canadian Pacific Steamship Co [1968] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 366 ................................
Franconia, The (1878) 3 PD 164, CA ...............................................................................
Freccia del Nord, The [1989] I Uoyd's Rep. 388 ..........................................................
Fritz Thyssen, The [1967] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 199, CA ............................................................
Funabashi, The [1972] I Uoyd's Rep. 371 ........................................................................
Furness Withy & Co Ltd v Duder [1936] 2 KB 461 ..........................................................

195
110-112
162
301, 302
290,291
351
81
311
38,45
280
150
465
14
104,139
291
386
373

Gabela v Vergottis (1926) 26 U.L.Rep. 238 .......................................................................
85
Gannet, The [1967] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 97 ..............................................................................

259
Gas Enterprise, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 352 .................................................................
182
Gatoil International Inc v Arkwright-Boston
[1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 181; [1985] I All ER 129,
HL .................................................................................................................................
98
Gator Shipping Corp v Trans-Asiatic Oil Ltd SA and Occidental Shipping Establishment
(The Odenfeld) [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 357 ............................
\ .......................................
47, 48
Gay Tucan, The [1968] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 245 ..............................................................
94,118,119
Gaz Fountain, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 151 ...................................................................
413
Geertje K, The [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 285 .........................................................................
351
General VII, The [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1 .......................................................................
255, 256
General Capinpin, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .........................................................
224
Genimar, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 17 ..........................................................................
252, 253
Giacinto Motta, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 221 .............................................................
286,305
Gladys, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 402 .............................................................................
52
Glaholm v Barker (1866) LR 2 Eq 598 ..............................................................................
390
Glaucus, The (1948) 81 U.L.Rep. 262 ..............................................................................

317
GlenatIric, The, 81 U.L.Rep. 175; [1948] P 159, CA ........................................................
368
Golden Sands, The [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 166 ..................................................................
352
Goldman v Thai Airways International Ltd [1983] 3 All ER 693, CA ................................
401
Goldsmith v Roger [1962] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 249, CA ............................................................
56
Goliath Transport & Shipping BV v The General Authority of the Port of Alexandria (The
Salviva) [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 457, CA ..........................................................................
367
Good Friend, The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 586 ....................................................................
180
Goodey and Southwold Trawl~rs Ltd v Garriock, Mason and Millgate [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep.
369 ................................................................................................................................
76
Goring, The [1986] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 127; [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 15, CA; [1988] I Uoyd's Rep.
397, HL ..............................................................................................
,............... 318,331,336
Grand Champion Tankers Ltd v Norpipe NS (The Marion) [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1,
HL .................................................................................................................................
383
Granit SA v Benship [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 526 ................................................................
180
Grant v Norway (1851) 20 LJPC 93 .......................................................................
199,466-468
Great Marine, The (No 2) [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 250 ........................................................
61
Great Western Railway Co v Royal Norwegian Government (1945) 78 U.L.Rep. 152 ........

366
Greenhalgh v Mallard [1943] 2 All ER 239 ........................................................................
70
Gregg v Raytheon Ltd. See Bremer Vulkan Schiftbau und Maschinenfabrik
v South India
Corp
Gregos, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 40; [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 464, CA ..........................
211, 212
Gyllenhammar v Sour Brodogradevna Industrija [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 403 .......................
80

xxiii


Table of Cases

Table of Cases
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341 .................................................................................
219
Halcyon Skies, The [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 461 ................................................
121, 124, 125,454
Halcyon The Great, The [1975] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 518 ...........................................................
42,43
Hamburg Star, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 399 ................................................................
97, 155
Hannah Blumenthal, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 103, HL ..................................................
238
Hans Hoth, The [1952] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 341 ....................................................................
384, 486
Happy Fellow, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 130; [1998] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 13 (CA) ............... 156, 157

Harland & Wolff Ltd v Lakeport Navigation Co Panama SA [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep.
301 ................................................................................................................................
87
Harrison v Knowles & Foster [1918] 1 KB 608, CA ..........................................................
57
Harrods (Buenos Aires) Ltd, Re [1991] 4 All ER 334, CA .............................................
158, 160
Havhelt, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 523 ................................................................
142, 144, 148
Heather Bell, The [1901] P 272, CA .................................................................................
35,40
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners [1963] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 485; [1964J AC 465, HL
...................................................................................................................................
53 et seq.
Helene Roth, The [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 477 .....................................................................
123
Helmsman, The (1950) 84 U.L.Rep. 207 .......................................................................
316, 317
Heranger,
SS (Owners) v SS Diamond
(Owners) 62 U.L.Rep.
204; [1939] AC 94,
HL .................................................................................................................................
246
Hibbs v Ross (1866) LR 1 QB 534 ....................................................................................
14
Higham v Stena Sealink [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 26 .............................................................
482
Hobbs Savill & Co v The Vasilia (Owners), Albaran Bay Corp [1972J I Uoyd's Rep. 51 .... 43, 44
Hoegh Apapa, The [1983J 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL ...............................................................

23
Hoistencruiser,
The [1992J 2 Uoyd's Rep. 378 ..............................................................
205, 206
Homer, The [1973J I Uoyd's Rep. 501, CA ......................................................................
249
Homewood, The (1928) 31 U.L.Rep. 336 .........................................................................
361
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Limited v KKK Limited [1961] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 493 ....................
232
Honshu Gloria, The [1986] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 67 ...................................................................
34
Hook v Consolidated Fisheries [1953] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 647, CA ..........................................
382
Hook v Cunard Steamship Co [1953] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 413 ..................................................
460
Horlock, The (1877) 2 PD 243 .........................................................................................
1
Houda, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 333 .............................................................................
193
Howard Gohn) & Co (Northern) v Knight GP) [1969] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 364 ........................
60
Howard Marine Dredging Co Ltd v Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep.
334, CA .........................................................................................................................
56
Hulthen v Stewart & Co [1903] AC 389 ............................................................................
225
Humorous, The and The Mabel Vera (1933) 45 U.L.Rep. 51 ............................................
34
Hyundai v Papadopoulos [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 1 ..............................................................

83
Hyundai v Pournaras [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 502; [1979] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 130, CA; [1980] 2
Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .........................................................................................................
82, 83
I Congreso del Partido, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 536; [1980] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 23, CA; [1981]
2 Uoyd's Rep. 367, HL .......................................................................
110, 113, 171, 172, 174
Ignazio Messina v Polskie Linie Oceaniczne [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 566 ..............................
52
TIe Aux Moines, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 502 .................................................................
68,69
Impetus, The [1959] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 269 ...........................................................................
368
Industrie, The (1871) LR 3 A & E 303 ..............................................................................
246
Innisfallen, The (1866) LR 1 A & E 72 .............................................................................
40
loannis Daskalelis, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 174, Sup Ct, Canada ................................
32, 121
Ira, The [1995] 1 Uoyd's Rep .• 103 ...................................................................................
188
Iran Torab, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 38 .........................................................................
265
Irene's Success, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 635 .................................................................
54
Irish Stardust, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 195, Federal Court of Canada ...........................
489
Isaacs (M) & Sons v William McAllum & Co Ltd, 1 U.L.Rep. 30,68; 6 U.L.Rep. 289; [1921]
3 KB 377 .......................................................................................................................
70

Island Archon, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 227 ..................................................................
202

xxiv

Jade, The. See Eschersheim, The
Jalamatsya, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 164 .....................................................................
147, 148
James River Transport Inc v Nasenbulk [1974] AMC 575 ...............................................
251, 252
117
Jarvis Brake, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 320 ......................................................................
220
Johanna 0ldendorff, The [1973] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 285; [1974J AC 479, HL .........................
John Helmsing Schiffahrts GmbH & Co KG v Malta Drydock Corp [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep.
88
444 ................................................................................................................................
Johnny Two, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 257 ............................................
105, 106, 115, 117,118
40
Johnson v Royal Mail Steam Packet Co (1867) LR 3 CP 38 ..............................................
54
Junior Books v The Veitchi Co [1983] 1 AC 520, HL ........................................................
Junior K, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's

Rep. 583 .........................................................................

52, 180

390

Kathleen, The (1925) 22 U.L.Rep. 80 ...............................................................................
382
Kathy K, The [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 36; [1976J 1 Uoyd's Rep. 153, Sup Ct, Canada ........
40
Keith v Burrows (1877) 2 App Cas 636 .............................................................................
Kelman v Livanos [1955] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 120 .....................................................................
59,60
Kherson, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 261 .......................................................................
141, 144
187
Khian Sea, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 439 ........................................................................
363
Kismet, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 585 .............................................................................
Knapp v Port of London Authority and Cory Bros Shipping Ltd (Third Party) [1977] 1
369
Uoyd's Rep. 662 ............................................................................................................
Koningin Juliana, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 353, CA; [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 111,
260
HL ....................................
······················
.......................................................................
Koscierzyna, The and The Hanjin Singapore [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 124 .........................
269, 270
Kuwait Airways v Iraqi Airways Company and Republic of Iraq [1994] 1 Uoya's Rep. 276,
175
CA; [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 317, HL ...............................................................
\... ............
223
Kyzikos, The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL ........................................................................
209

Laconia, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 315, HL ....................................................................
Laconian Confidence, The (Andre and Cie SA v Orient Shipping) [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep.
191
139 ................................................................................................................................
Lady Gwendolen, The [1965] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 335, CA ............................................
380,381,400
Lady TahilIa, The [1967] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 591 .....................................................................
61,62
78
Laing & Sons Ltd v Barclay, Curle & Co Ltd [1908] AC 35, PC .......................................
144
Lake Avery, The [1997J 1 Uoyd's Rep. 540 .......................................................................
Lakhta, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 269 ...........................................................................
153, 154
197
Lancaster, The [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 497 .........................................................................
Lash Adantico, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 114, CA ........................................................
308, 309
223
Laura Prima, The [1982] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .................................................................
Law Guarantee & Trust Society v Russian Bank for Foreign Trade [1905] 1 KB 815,
CA .................................................................................................................................
39, 40
226
Lefthero, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 109, CA ....................................................................
Leoborg, The [1962] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 146 .........................................................................
98, 370
192
Leon, The [1985] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 470 ................................................................................
178

Lendoudis Evangelos 2, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's· Rep. 404 .....................................................
165
Lexmar Corporation v Nordisk Skibsrederforening
[1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 289 ....................
Liberty Shipping (Owners of The Don Jose Figueras), Re [1973] AMC 2241, US District
Court ..........................................................................................................................
379, 380
Liesbosch, Dredger v SS Edison, 45 U.L.Rep. 123; [1933] AC 449, HL ................. 300, 301, 305
220
Linardos, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 28 ............................................................................
285
Linde, The [1969] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 556 ...............................................................................
Lion, The [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 144 .............................................................................
481,483
Lips Maritime Corp v National Maritime Agencies Co (The Star of Kuwait) [1986] 2 Uoyd's
61
Rep. 641 ........................................................................................................................
24
Liverpool Borough Bank v 1Urner (1860) 29 I.J Ch 827 ....................................................
Uoyd Pacifico, The [1995] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 55 ..........................................................
98, 100, 115
353
Loch Tulia, The (1950) 84 U.L.Rep. 62 ............................................................................
Lok Vivek, The and The Common

Venture

[1995] 2 Uoyd's

Rep. 230 ............................


268, 269

xxv


Table of Cases

Table of Cases
Lord Strathcona SS Co Ltd v Dominion Coal Co Ltd, 22 U.L.Rep. 237; 23 UL.Rep.
145;
[1926] AC 108, PC ........................................................................................................
Lorentzen v White Shipping Co Ltd (1943) 74 UL.Rep.
161 ............................................
Lovegrove v Campbell (1948) 82 UL.Rep.
615 .................................................................
Lusitania, The [1986] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 132 ..........................................................................
Lyrrna, The [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 27 ................................................................................

70
182
50
355
126

M Vatan, The [1990] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 336 ........................................................................
349, 350
M.C. Pearl, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 566 .......................................................................
158
Mabel Vera, The. See Humorous, The

McCutcheon v David MacBrayne Ltd [1964] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 16, HL .................................
475
McDougall v Aeromarine of Emsworth Ltd [1958] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 343 ...............................
85, 86
McInerny v Uoyds Bank [1974] I Uoyd's Rep. 246, CA ...................................................
54
McMillan v Crouch [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 325, HL ..........................................................
496
MacShannon v Rockware Glass Ltd [1978] AC 795, HL ...............................................
150, 163
Maciej Rataj, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 552, CA ..........................................
135,140,142,144
Maira, The [1985] I Uoyd's Rep. 300, CA .......................................................................
36
Maloja II, The (1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 48; [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 374, CA ..........................
273
Mancunium, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 627 .....................................................................
259
Manor, The [1907] P 339, CA ..........................................................................................
39,40
Mardina Merchant, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 424 ...........................................................
118
Marechal Suchet, The (1911) 80 LJP 51 ...........................................................................
365
Mareva AS, The [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 368 .......................................................................
190
Margaret, The (1881) 6 PD 76, CA ..................................................................................
283
Maria, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 167 ...............................................................................
244

Marika M, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 622 ........................................................................
189
Marine Sulphur Queen, The [1973] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 88, US Court of Appeals ....................
379
Marion, The. See Grand Champion Tankers Ltd v Norpipe A/S
Maritime Harmony, The [1982] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 400 ..........................................................
255
Maritime Trader, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 153 ..............................................................
112
Mark Edmund Denby v The Hellenic Mediterranean
Lines Co Ltd [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep.
320 ................................................................................................................................
165
Martin Fierro, The [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 130, CA ............................................................
277
Mason v Wallasea Bay Yacht Station (1939) 65 U.L.Rep. 204 ...........................................
57
Matija Gubec, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 24 .....................................................................
211
Maule, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 419 ..............................................................................
94
Mawan, The (now named Mara) [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 459 ..............................................
109
Meandros, The, 20 U.L.Rep. 316; (1925) 132 LJ 750 .......................................................
346
Mekhanik Evgrafov, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 330 ...........................................................
391
Merak, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 250, CA .......................................................................
50
Merchant Prince, The [1892] P 179, CA .......................................................................

248,251
Mexico I, The [1990] I Uoyd's Rep. 507 ..........................................................................
221
Mihalis Angelos, The [1970] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 43; [1971] 1 QB 164, CA ..............................
219
Mihalios Xilas, The [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 397, CA; [1979] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 303, HL .........
197
Mikhail Lermontov, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 155, Aus Ct ..............................................
475
Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 201, HL ............... 306,307,310
Minerva, The (1933) 46 U.L.Rep. 212 ..............................................................................
95
Miraflores, The and The Abadesa [1967] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 191, HL ...................
247, 283, 289, 290
Mobile Towing Co v The Janita [1975] AMC 1074, US District Court ..............................
373
Monica S, The (1967] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 113 .......................................................................
73,123
Montague v Babbs [1972] l.Uoyd's Rep. 65 .....................................................................
495
Moore '(I Metcalf Motor Coasters [1958] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 179; [1959] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 264,
CA ................................
~ ...............................................................................................
376
Morris v Lyonesse Salvage Co Association (The Association and The Romney) [1970] 2
Uoyd's Rep. 59 ..............................................................................................................
355
Muller (WH) & Co v Trinity House (1924) 20 UL.Rep.
56 ...................................
_ .........

496
Muncaster Castle, The. See Riverstone Meat Co Pty v Lancashire Shipping Co Ltd
Myrto, The [1977] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 243 ...............................................................................
39,40

xxvi

66
NY & 'Vredobert' v European Shipping Co Ltd (1926) 25 U.L.Rep. 210, HL ...................
Nadale v The Tequila (1974] AMC 860, US District Court ...........................................
124,125
343
Nagasaki Spirit, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 323 .................................................................
191
Nanfri, The [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 132, CA .......................................................................
Narada, The [1977] I Uoyd's Rep. 256 .........................................................................
128, 129
351
National Defender, The [1970] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 40, US Ct ..................................................
23
Nawala, The (1980] I Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .........................................................................
306
Naxos, The [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 149 ..............................................................................
112
Nazym Khikmet, The [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 362 ...............................................................
202
Nea Tyhi, The [1982] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 606 ..........................................................................
Nema, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 239, HL ...................................................................
237, 242
311

Neptune, The (1824) 1 Hag Adm 227 ...............................................................................
Neptune Navigation Corp v Ishikawajirna-Harima
Heavy Industries Co Ltd [1987] 1 Uoyd's
68
Rep. 24, CA ...................................................................................................................
165
New Hampshire v Strabag Bau AG [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 361 ...........................................
316
Newman v Walters (1804) 3 Bos & P 612 ..........................................................................
413
Niceto De Larrinaga, The [1965] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 134 ........................................................
Niedersachsen,
The [1983] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 600 ..................................................................
76,77
158, 164
Nile Rhapsody, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 383 ..............................................................
Niobe, The (1888) 13 PD 55 ..........................................................................................
294,364
73
Niobe, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 487, CA .......................................................................
52
Nissos Samos, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 378 ...................................................................
201
Nogar Marin, The (1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 410 ....................................................................
140
Nordglirnt, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 470 ........................................................................
262
Nordic Clansman, The [1984] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 31 ............................................
:..................
261

Nordic Ferry, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 591 .....................................................
\ .............
381
Norman, The [1960] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL .......................................................................
251
Norwalk Victory, The (1949) 82 U.L.Rep. 539 ..................................................................
Nowy Sacz, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's

Rep. 682 ............................................................

265,270,271

Ocean Enterprise, The [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 449 .............................................................
Oceanic Grandeur, The [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 396 ............................................................
Odenfeld, The. See Gator Shipping Corp v Trans-Asiatic Oil Ltd SA and Occidental Shipping

93
351

Establishment
Oldekerk, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 95 ............................................................................
Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949] 1 KB 532, CA ......................................................
Olympic, The [1913] P 92, CA .........................................................................................
Onassis and Calogeropoulos v Vergottis [1968] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 403, HL .............................
Ouro Fino, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 325, CA ................................................................
Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound)
(1961] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1; (1961] AC 388, PC .......................................................
304, 305,
Overseas Union Insurance v New Hampshire [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 204 ...........................
Owners of the Herceg Novi, ,The v The Owners of the Ming Galaxy [1998] 1 Uoyd's Rep.

167 ................................................................................................................................

289
474
453
69
278

Pa Mar, The (1995) LMLN 461 ....................................................................................
322,
Pacific Concord, The [1960] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 270 ................................................................
Pamela, The (1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 249 ...........................................
·.......... ·...... ·............ :..
Pan Atlantic Group Inc v Hassneh Insurance Co of Israel (1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 120,
CA ................. ······· .. ·..····· .. ·.. ·.. ···· .. ·········· .. ·....................................................................
Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416, CA ..............................................
Parlement Beige, The (1880) 5 PD 197 ..................................................................
122, 167,
Pass of Melfort, The. See Bulk Oil SS Co Ltd v Tees Conservancy Commissioners
Penelope, The [1979] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 42 ............................................................................
Penelope II, The [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 17 ........................................................................
Peonia, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 100, CA ......................................................................
Pergo, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 582 ...............................................................................
Pertnina 108, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 311, Singapore Ct ..............................................

323
303
210

420

140
157

236
474

462
188
7,258
233
6,357
352

314
313
~3, 84
),272
535
139
159
320
268
88
298
246
100
250
103
414
80

71
270
,,247
62
0,31
151
315
,394
78
275
495
492
394
69
193
351
302
93
107
54

172

163
227

390
157
211
332

107

274
281
378
104
100

xxvii

xix


Table of Cases

Table of Cases
Peter Benoit, The (1915) 85 LJ 12, HL ..........................................................................
284, 285
Petition of Melijoy Transportation Co Inc, The [1974] AMC 1293, US District Court ......
380
Petr Schmidt (Galaxy Energy International Limited tI Novorossiysk Shipping Company)
[1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 284 ..............................................................................................
221
Petrol Shipping Corp tI The Kingdom of Greece, Ministry of Commerce, Purchase Directorate [1966] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 431, US Court of Appeal ...................................................
169
Philippine Admiral, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 568; [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 234,
PC ..............................................................................................................
170, 171, 172, 174
Pickaninny, The [1960] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 533 .......................................................................
32

Pierce tI Wood (1934) 48 U.L.Rep. 26 ...............................................................................
66
Playa Larga, The [1983] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 171, CA ...........................................................
172, 173
Po, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 206, CA .............................................................................
139
Point Breeze, The (1928) 30 U.L.Rep. 229 .......................................................................
124
Polemis & Furness Withy & Co, Re, 8 U.L.Rep. 263, 351; [1921] 3 KB 5eO,
CA .....................................................................................................................
.301, 304, 305
Polzeath, The [1916] P 241, CA ...........................................................................................
.4, 6
Port Line v Ben Line Steamers [1958] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 290 .................................................
70
Porto Alexandre, The, 1 U.L.Rep. 191, CA ...................................................................
167, 172
Postlewaite v Freeland (1880) 5 App Cas 559 ....................................................................
225
President Van Buren, The, 19 U.L.Rep. 185; (1924) 16 Asp MLC 444 .......................... 364, 365
Prins Bernhard, The [1963] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 236 .................................................................
129
Prinsengracht, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 41 .................................................................
119, 135
Prinses Juliana, The, 54 U.L.Rep. 234; (1936) 18 Asp MLC 614 ......................................
490
Product Star, The (No 2) [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 468; [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 397, CA .......
187
Pulkovo, The, and The Oden [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 28 .................................................
274, 275

Queen Elizabeth, The (1949) 82 U.L.Rep. 803 .................................................................
Queen of the South, The [1968] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 182 ..........................................................

347
117

R v Bjornsen (1865) 12 LT 473, CCR ..............................................................................
14
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd (No 3) [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep.
648, European Court of Justice ..........................................................................................
7, 9
Rahimtoola v. Nizam of Hyderabad [1958] AC 379, HL ....................................................
169
Rama, The [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 281 ...............................................................................
95, 96
Ranger, The [1970] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 32 ...............................................................................
75
Rasbora Ltd v JCL Marine [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 645 .......................................................
63
Reardon Smith Line v Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries [1963] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 12; [1963]
AC 691, HL ...................................................................................................................
225
Regina D, The [1992J 1 Uoyd's Rep. 543, CA ..............................................................
249, 250
Reid v MacBeth and Gray [1904] AC 223, HL ..................................................................
80
Rena K, The [1978J 1 Uoyd's Rep. 545 ............................................................................
146
Rene, The [1955] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 101 ............................................................................
319,359

Rewia, The [1991J 2 Uoyd's Rep. 325, CA .......................................................................
165
Rhone, The, and The Peter A B Widener [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 600, Can Ct ....................
295
Rijn, The [1981J 2 Uoyd's Rep. 267 .................................................................................
190
Rilland, The [1979] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 455 .............................................................................
327
Rindby v Brewis (1926) 25 U.L.Rep. 26 ............................................................................
496
River Rima, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 193, HL ...............................................................
99
River Wear Commissioners v Adamson (1877) 2 App Cas 743, HL ....................................
419
Riverstone Meat Co Pty tI Lancashire Shipping Co Ltd (The Muncaster Castle) [1961] 1
Uoyd's Rep. 57; [1961J AC 807, HL .............................................................................
231
Roseline, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 410 .......................................................................
258,272
Rothnie, The [1996J 2 Uoyd~.s Rep. 206 ............................................................................
164
Royal Eagle, The (1950) 84 U.L.Rep. 543 .........................................................................
246
Royal Wells, The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 255 ...................................................................
100, 127
Rylands tI Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 ...................................................................•.......
419
Sabine, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 465 ..............................................................................

xxviii


250

462
Safe Carrier, The [1994] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 589 .....................................................................
188
Saga Cob, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 545, CA ..................................................................
San Nicolas, The and The Fraternity L [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 582 .................................
257, 258
233
Santa Clara (Vitol SA) tI Norelf Limited [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 128 ...................................
St Blane, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 557 ........................................................................
356, 357
352
St Paul Marine Transponation Corp tI Cerro Sales Corp [1975] AMC 503 .......................
Salviva, The. See Goliath Transpon & Shipping BV tI The General Authority of the Pon of
Alexandria
314
San Demetrio, The (1941) 69 U.L.Rep. 5 .........................................................................
313
Sandefjord, The [1953] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 557 .......................................................................
Sanko Steamship Co Ltd tI Kano Trading Ltd [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 156, CA ................... 83,84
Sanshin Victory, The [1980] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 359 ............................................................
260, 272
535
Santa Ana, The [1975] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 276, US Ct ............................................................
139
Sargasso, The [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 424 ...........................................................................
159
Sarrio SA tI Kuwait Investment Authority [1997] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 113 .................................

320
Sava Star, The [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 134 ..........................................................................
268
Savina, The [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 141, CA .......................................................................
88
Sayers v International Drilling Co NV [1971] 1 WLR 1176, CA ........................................
298
Schooner 'Catherine', The v Dickinson, 58 US (17 How) 170 (1854), US Sup Ct ............
246
Scott v London Dock Co (1863) 3 H & C 596 ..................................................................
100
Sea Friends, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 322 ......................................................................
250
Sea Star, The [1976] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 477, CA ....................................................................
Seaconsar Far East Ltd tI Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran [1993] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 236,
103
CA ........................ ············· ..·.... ·..············· .................................................. ,..................
414
Seaspeed America, The [1990] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 150 .............................................
, ..............
80
Seath & Co v Moore (1886) 11 App Cas 350, HL .............................................................
71
Selene G, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 180 ..........................................................................
270
Sestriere, The [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 125 ...........................................................................
Shell Spirit 2, The [1962] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 252 .................................................................
246, 247
62
Shepherd v Kain (1821) 5 B & AId 240 .............................................................................

Shizelle, The [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 444 .............................................................................
30,31
151
Sidi Bishr, The [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 42 .........................................
·.... ·.......... ·........ ·........
Simon v Taylor, Leishman, Bastian, Dickie, Contract Services Ltd, Evermore Marine
315
Technical Services Pte [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 338, Singapore High Court .......................
Sir Joseph Rawlinson, The [1972] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 437 ....................................................
393, 394
78
Siskina, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1, HL ..........................................................................
275
Skyron, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 254 .............................................................................
495
Smith v Cocking [1959] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 88 ........................................................................
492
Smith v Veen [1955] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 438 ............................................................................
394
Smjeli, The [1982] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 74 ................................................................................
69
Solholt, The [1981] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 574 .............................................................................
193
Sormovskiy 3068, The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 266; [1994] CLC 433 ..................................
351
Southern Venturer, The [1953] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 428, Ct of Session ......................................
302
Soya, The [1956] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 557, CA .....'....................................................................
93
Soya Margareta, The [1960] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 675 ................................................................

107
Span Terza, The [1982] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 225 .......................................................................
54
Spartan Steel & Alloys v Martin & Co (Contractors) [1973J QB 27, CA .......................... :.
Spiliada, The. See Spiliada Maritime Corp v Cansulex Ltd
Spiliada Maritime Corp tI Cansulex Ltd (The Spiliada) [1987] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 1,
HL ...............................................................................
149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160, 163
227
Stainless Emperor, The [1994J 1 Uoyd's Rep. 298 ............................................................
Star of Kuwait, The. See Lips Maritime Corporation tI National Maritime Agencies Co
274
State of Himachal Pradesh, The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 97, CA ..........................................
281
Statue of Libeny, The [1971] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 277, HL .......................................................
378
Steedman tI Scofield [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 163 .................................................................
104
Stephan J, The [1985] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 344 .........................................................................
100
Stinne Peter [1986] Folio 171, referred to Supreme Court Practice 1995, Vol 2, page 341 .....

xxix


Table of Cases

Table of Cases

Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland v P & 0 Steam Navigation Co (1882) 7 App Cas 876,

HL .................................................................................................................................
389
Sttathcona, The [1925] P 143 ...........................................................................................
40
Sttathnewton, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 219, CA ............................................................
205
Sullivan v Constable, 43 u.L.Rep. 10; (1932) 48 TLR 369 ...............................................
58
Susan V Luckenbach, The (1950) 84 U.L.Rep. 538, CA ...................................................
360
Sylt, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 240 ..............................................................................
140, 165
Synova, The [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 40 ...............................................................................
117
Tacoma City, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 330, CA .................................................. 100, 126,454
Tactician, The (1907) 10 Asp MLC 534 ............................................................................
486
Taylor v Bullen (1850) 5 Ex 779 ........................................................................................
62
Taylor v Geelong Harbour Trust Commissioners and Howard Smith [1962] 1 Uoyd's Rep.
143, Sup Ct, Victoria .....................................................................................................
366
Teal, The (1949) 82 U.L.Rep. 414 ....................................................................................
387
Tenes, The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 367 ...........................................................................
274,275
Tequila, The. See Nadale v The Tequila
Terneuzen, The (1938) 60 U.L.Rep. 368 ...........................................................................
453
Texaco Caribbean, The. See Hapag-Uoyd AG, Stork Amsterdam NV and Fitzgerald v Texaco

Line and Texaco Panama Inc
Texaco Southampton, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 94, Aus Ct .............................................
334
Thompson v London, Midland & Scottish Railway Co Ltd [1930] 1 KB 41, CA ...............
474
Toepfer v Molino Boschi [1996] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 510 ..........................................................
165
Tojo Maru, The [1971] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 341, HL ...... 311, 330, 332, 356, 358, 387, 395,397,403
Toluca, The [1984] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 131, CA ....................................................................
260, 261
Toni, The [1974] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 489, CA ..........................................................................
266
Towerfield (Owners) v Workington Harbour & Dock Board (1950) 84 U.L.Rep. 233,
HL .................................................................................................................................
488
Transoceanica Francesca, The, and The Nicos V [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 155 ......................
308
Traugutt, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 76 ............................................................................
163
Trelawny, The (1801) Ch Rob 216n ..................................................................................
312
Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 581, CA ............. 170,
171,172
Tribels, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 128 .............................................................................
325
Troilus, The [1951] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 467, HL ......................................................................
317
Troll Park, The [1988] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 55 ..........................................................................
74
Troll River, The [1974] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 181 .....................................................................

250, 251
Truculent, The [1951] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 308 .........................................................................
382
Tubantia, The (1924) 18 U.L.Rep. 158 ..........................................................................
354,355
Tuck v The Viking Prince [1974] AMC 921, US District Court, New York .......................
42
Tuyuti, The [1984] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 51 ............................................................................
104, 146
Two Friends, The (1799) 1 Ch Rob 271 ............................................................................
314
Ultisol v Bouygues [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 140 ...................................................................
158
Uniform Star, The [1985] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 173 ...................................................................
24
Union Transport v Conti Lines [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 229 ................................................
131
Unique Mariner, The [1978] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 438 .................................................... 328, 329, 330
Unique Mariner, The (No 2) [1979] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 37 .................................................. 354, 365
United States v Standard Oil Co of California (Limitation) [1974] AMC 580, US CoUrt of
Appeals ..........................................................................................................................
380
United States, Petitioner v Reliable Transfer Co Inc [1975] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 286 .................
299
Uranienborg, The P935) 53 U.L.Rep. 165 .......................................................................
368
Urquiola, The (unreported) ...............................................................................................
423
Utopia, The [1893] AC 492, PC .......................................................................................
542

Varna, The [1993] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 253, CA ........................................................................
Varna (No 2), The [1994] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 41 ...................................................................

XXX

115
154, 155

V•• IO ••••• [1984] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 235 (CA) .......................................................................
146
Ven.IUlll,The [1980] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 393 .........................................................................
200
Vera CM, The [1884] 9 PD 96 ........................................................................................
95
VeraerUlI, The [1992] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 353, CA .................................................................
78
VikA'olt,The [1980] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 560, CA .................................................................
200,202
Viralnla M, The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 603 .......................................................................
222
VishvaAbha, The [1990] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 312 .....................................................................
153
VishvaAjay,The [1989] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 558 ......................................................................
153
Volturno, The (1921) 8 U.L.Rep. 139,449, HL ................................................................
307
VolvoxHollandia, The [1988] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 361, CA .......................................................
392
Vorraa, The [1983] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 579, CA .......................................................................
225

Vosper Thornycroft Ltd v Ministry of Defence [1976] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 58 ............................ 86,87
Waddy v Boyd Line [1966] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 335 ..................................................................
Wagon Mound, The. See Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co
Ltd
Wakaw,The and The Woolviston [1952] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 272 ..............................................
Wallonia (E.R.), The [1987] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 485 ................................................................
Waltraud, The [1991] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 389 ..........................................................................
Wartior, The (1862) Lush 476 ...........................................................................................
Waziristan, The [1953] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 361 ........................................................................
Westport, The (No 3) [1966] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 342 ...............................................................
Willis v Claxton [1951] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 70 .........................................................................
Wills v Ambler [1954] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 253 .........................................................................
Wladyslaw Lokietek, The [1978] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 520 ........................ :.................................
World Harmony, The [1965] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 244 ................................. ~ .............................
World Navigator, The [1982] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 23 .................................................................
World Star, The [1986] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 274 .......................................................................
World Symphony, The [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 251; [1992] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 115, CA ............

246
258
409
314
493
100
58
58
411
102
179
147

211

Xin Yang, The and The An Kang Jiang [1996] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 217 ....................................

159

466

Yolaine, The [1995] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 7 .....................................................................
327,347,348
Yolanda Barbara, The [1961] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 337 ...............................................................
46,47
Zirje, The [1989] 1 Uoyd's Rep. 493 .............................................................................
Zoe Colocotroni, The (1981) ·...... ·................................................................................

.413,414
.430, 431


TABLE OF LEGISLATION
[Page numbers printed in bold indicate where text is set out]

of
Act
Administration
Justice
1956 ......................................
91, 93, 124
s. 1 ....................................................
97

(1) ...............................................
357
(h) ..........................................
373
3(3) ...............................................
III
(4) ...........................................
111, 113
Admiralty Court Act 1840 ....................
91
s. 6 ....................................................
318
Admiralty Court Act 1861 ....................
91
Aliens Restrictions
Amendment
Act
1919 ..............................................
457
Arbitration Act 1950 .............................
235
s. 7 ....................................................
236
13A ...............................................
242
(1)-(5) .. , .................................
238
27 ..............................................
239,240
Arbitration Act 1975 .............................

236
s. 1 ................................................
147, 148
Arbitration Act 1979 .........................
236,239
s. 1 ....................................................
237
6(2) ...............................................
235
Arbitration Act 1996 ................ 146, 147,236,
239
ss. 5,7, 12, 16(4), (5),17(1),
18,20,
29, 30 ........................................
240
33-41, 34(1)(2), 37 ......................
241
41(1), 46(1)(a), (b), 52, 69(3) ......
242
59-65 ...........................................
243
Attachment of Earnings Act 1971 .........
455
Bills of Lading Act 1855 .......................
199
British Nationality Act 1981 ................ 6, 8, 20
Canada Shipping Acts. 647(2) ...........................................
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 ......
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 ......


295
387
387,
469

Carriage
Goods
by
Act
of
Sea
1992 ..........................................
199, 468
Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage
by Sea (United Kingdom Carriers)
Order 1987 ....................................
480

Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage
by Sea (United Kingdom Carriers)
(Amendment) Order 1989 .............
Charter (Merchant Shipping (Modification of Enactments) Bareboat Charter) Ships Order 1994
regs. 77, 84, 87 .................................
Civil Aviation Act 1982s.87 ..................................................
Civil Jurisdiction
and Judgments
Act
ss.I;~:

.:::::<::~:::::..:::::::::::::::::::::

..
1.~

480

19
98

et

~q4

s.9 ....................................................
138
26 .......................
140, 142, 145-149, 152
(l)(a), (b) ...............................
146, 147
42 ..................................................
131
(3)-(6)(b)
..................................
139
43(1)(b)(c)
....................................
131
49 ..................................................
160
Civil Jurisdiction
and Judgments

Act
1991 ..............................................
129
Liability
(Contribution)
Civil
Act
1978 ....................................
97,287,295
Collision Regulations and Distress Signals Order 1977 .............................
253
Companies Act 1985s.36A ...............................................
75
Companies Act 1989s. 130 ................................................
75
Comprehensive
Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability
(CERCLA) Act ..............................
430
Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 .....
242
Defence of the Realm Act 1914 ............
Employment Act 1980s. 17 ..................................................
Employment Protection (Consolidation)
Act 1978 .......................................
Fatal Accidents Acts 1846-1959

...........


493

23, 24
464
286

xxxiii


Table of Legislation

Table of Legislation

Fatal Accidents Act 1976 .......... 286, 287, 466
Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933Pt. I ..................................................
428
ss. 4, 5,8 ..........................................
428
Hague-Visby Rules .................... 180, 189,469
Art. 3(3)(a)-(c), (4) ..........................
468
4 ................................................
199
Harbours, Docks and Piers Clauses Act
1847s.44 ..........................................
37, 38, 120
Jiealth and Safety at Work etc. Act
1974ss. 2, 7 ..............................................
466
Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order

1986 ............................................
6,8,20
Interpretation Act 1978s. 17(2)(b) ...........................................

3, 29

Law of Property Act 1925ss. 101-102 .......................................
94
Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 ..............................
75
Law Reform (Contributory Negligence)
Act 1945 .................... 287,290,476,488
s. 1 ....................................................
288
Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act 1935 ...........................
287
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions)
Act 1934 .......................................
466
Limitation Act 1980s. 35 ..................................................
292
Marine Insurance Act 1906s. 14(1)(2) .........................................
38
Maritime Conventions Act 1911 ........ 287,294
s. 1 .................................
284-286,289,290
(1) ...............................................
260
3 ....................................................
286

4(1) ...............................................
284
8 ......................... 292, 342, 378,413,414
Merchant Shipping Act 1854 ................
485
Merchant Shipping Acts 1894-1994 ......
3
Merchant Shipping Act 1894 .. .4, 5, 7, 29, 33,
42,375,385,387,449,476
Pt. I ..................................................
20, 24
VIII .............................................
385
X .................................................
487
s. 1 .......................................................
.3, 4
ss. 24-38 ....................... :...................
15
s. 24 .................................................
.49, 66
ss. 31--46 ....................... :...................
28
s. 31 ..................................................
28
34 ..................................................
35
35 ............................................
42,43, 44
41(1), (2) ......................................

46

xxxiv

Merchant Shipping Act 1894-t:onr.
ss. 42, 45, 46 ....................................
46
56-60 ...........................................
15
s.59(2) .............................................
6
71 ..................................................
67
158 ................................................
453
419(2) ........................................
262,264
(4) ...........................................
284
502 ................................................
110
503 ...................................
110, 378, 383,
386,387,391,411
(l)(a), (b) ................................
376
(c) (d) (i) (ii) (2) (a)-( c) ............
377
513(2) ............................................
128

546 ................................................
318
ss. 572-632 .......................................
487
s. 633 ................................................
493
742 ............................................
318,492
Sched. 1, Pts. 1,2 .............................
28
Merchant Shipping Act 1911s. 8 ....................................................
414
Merchant Shipping Act 1958 ................
397
Merchant Shipping Act 1964 ................
81
Merchant Shipping Act 1970 ........... 449, 459,
461,462
ss. 27-41 ...........................................
460
s.42 ..................................................
460
Merchant Shipping Act 1974 .............. 81, 489
s.6(4) ...............................................
427
Merchant Shipping Act 1979 ........... 154,408,
449, 462
s. 8(1)(a), (c), (2) ..............................
492
14 ......................................

477,478,482
17 ..............................................
358,376
ss. 23-25 ...........................................
460
s. 29 ..................................................
459
38(2) .............................................
426
Sched. 3 ............................................
482
Merchant Shipping Act 1980Sched. 1 para. 12 ..............................
44
Merchant Shipping Act 1981 ................
385
Merchant Shipping Act 1983s. 5 ..................................................
20,426
(1) ...............................................
19
9 ....................................................
426
10(2) .............................................
20
Merchant Shipping Act 1984 ................
456
Pt. I ..................................................
495
Merchant Shipping Act 1988 ............. ..4,5,7,
20,33
Pt. I ..................................................

3
II .................................................
6
s. 6 ....................................................
13
(3) ...............................................
17
11 ..................................................
18
14 ..................................................
7
(1) .............................................
9

Merchant Shipping Act 1988-cont.
ss. 30-31 ...........................................
462
Sched. 1 ............................................
10
para. 12(c) ...........................
17
para. 21 ...............................
28
Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ..... 3-5, 8, 9, 96,
101, 106, 157,294,331,
341, 361,449,450,477
s. l(l)(a), (c), (d) ..............................
9
(2) ...............................................
11

7 ....................................................
11
ss. 8-23 .............................................
3
s.8 ..................................................
11, 501
9 ..............................................
3, 15, 501
(1) .................................................
9, 10
(2)(a), (b) ....................................
10
10 ...........................................
3, 502, 503
(1) .............................................
10
(2)(b), (c) ..................................
10
(d) .........................................
15
(g) .........................................
10
(4)(a) .........................................
15, 29
13 ..................................................
14
14 ..................................................
13
16 ..................................................
15,29

(2) .............................................
15
(4) .......................................
18,37, 44
17 ..................................................
18, 19
(7) .............................................
18
(11) ...........................................
19
23 ..................................................
11
ss. 30-41 ...........................................
454
s.34(4) .............................................
455
35(1) .............................................
466
40 ..................................................
455
ss. 47,51 ..........................................
456
s. 53 ..................................................
462
58 ..................................................
257
(I) .............................................
461
ss. 73-76 ...........................................
458

s.85(3) .............................................
254
92 ..................................................
280
93 ..................................................
281
ss. 94-100 .......................... :..............
462
103-104 .......................................
464
s. 154 ................................................
422
169 ................................................
428
183 ............................................
478, 482
184 ................................................
478
185 ..................... 376, 395, 406, 481, 498
(4) ................................
358, 395, 400
186 ............................................
402,403,
406,481,498
187 .....................................
285, 287-290
ss. 188, 189 ...................................
285,287
s. 190 ................................................
292

(1) ...........................................
414

Merchant Shipping Act 1995-t:onr.
s. 190(2)-(6) .....................................
415
224 ......................................
98, 312, 322
271 ................................................
459
313 .......................................
11, 18,378,
452, 486
314 ................................................
3
Sched. 1 ............................................
15, 29
para. 3(1) ............................
15
paras. 4, 5, 6 .......................
16
para. 7 ................................
30
para. 8 ................................
32
para. 9(1)(2) .......................
44
para. 10 ..............................
35
paras. II, 12 .......................

33
para. 13 ..............................
35
6 ........................................
478, 482
Part II, Art. 5 .................. 479,480
Part II, Art. 12 ....................
481
7 ........................................
376,498
Part II, para. 3 ....................
398
11 .....................................
318, 333,
334, 340
12' ..........................................
377
Scheds. 13, )4 ..................................
3
Merchant Shipping (Certificate of Deck
Officers) Regulations 1985 .............
455
Merchant Shipping (Certification of Marine Engineer Officers and Licensing
of Marine Engine Operators) Regulations 1995 .................................
456
Merchant
Shipping
(Certification
of
Deck and Marine Engineer Officers)

(Amendment) Regulations 1995 .....
456
Merchant Shipping (Crew Agreement,
Lists of Crew and Discharge of Seamen) Regulations 1991 .............. 450,451
Merchant
Shipping
(Disciplinary
Offences) Regulations 1972 ...............
463
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention
of Collisions) Regulations 1972 ..........................
247, 253, 255
Rule 5 ...................................
256,275,291
6 ...................................
272,275,291
7 ...........................................
258, 291
(b), (c) ....................................
275
(d) ..........................................
259
8 ...............................................
291
(a) ...........................................
259
(b) ..........................................
275
(c), (d) ....................................

259
9 ...................................
256, 261, 272
(a) ...........................................
260
(b) ..........................................
291
Rules 10, 13(b) .................................
272
14, 15, 16, 17(a), (b) ...............
269
Rule 18 .............................................
272

XXXV


Table of Legislation
Table of Legislation
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1972-cont.

Merchant Shipping
owners
and

regs. 12-15 ....................................
254,264
reg. 19 ..............................................
270

(a) ..........................................
272
(b), (d) (i) ............................
274,275
23 ..............................................
270
25(a) ..........................................
260
27,29 ........................................
270
35 ..............................................
261
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention
of Collisions) Regulations 1983 ..................................
253, 264
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1989 .....................................
254
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention of Collisions) (Amendment) Regulations 1991 .................
254
Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and
Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996reg. 2 ................................................
254
3(a)(f) ........................................
278
6(1) ............................................
264
8(b) ............................................

274
9 ................................................
262
10 ...........................................
254,264
(e) ..........................................
263
(d) ..........................................
262
14 ...........................................
265,266
regs. 15, 16 ............................
263, 266-268
reg. 17 ..............................................
266
(a) (i), (ii) ................................
267
(b), (c), (d) .............................
268
regs. 21, 22(d) ...................................
278
23(a)(i), 24(b)(c)(f)(g), 25, 26 ...
278
reg. 27 ..............................................
278
(d)(g) .....................................
280
28 ..............................................
280
34(d) ..........................................

267
Merchant Shipping (International
Labour Conventions) Act 1925s. 1(1) ...............................................
453
Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) Act 1900s. 1(1)(a)(b) ......................................
385
(2), (3) ........................................
385
ss. 2, 3 ..............................................
387
Merchant Shipping (Liability of Shipowners and Others) Act 1958 ........
358,
s.2(l)(c)(d)
...................... :...............
(2) ...............................................
(a) .......................................
388,
(b) ..........................................
3 ....................................................

xxxvi

376
386
389
389
388
384

1958-conr.


(Liability of ShipOthers)
Act

s. 3(1)(2) ..........................................
385
4(1) ...............................................
377
5 ....................................................
411
7(1)(2) ..........................................
391
Merchant Shipping (Local Passenger Vessels) (Masters' Licences and Hours,
Manning and Training) Regulations
1993 ..........................................
470, 471
Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act
1971 ..............................................
422
Merchant
Shipping (Registration,
etc)
Act 1993 ..............................
3,4,7 er seq.
Pt. I ..................................................
29
s.2 ....................................................
8
(3) ...............................................
13

3(4)(a) ...........................................
29
6 ....................................................
29
7 ....................................................
9
Sched. 1 ............................................
29
Merchant Shipping (Registration,
etc)
Act 1993 (Commencement
No 1
and Transitional Provisions) Order
1993 .................................................
.4, 7
Merchant Shipping (Registration of Fishing Vessels) Regulations 1988 ............. 6, 7
Merchant
Shipping
(Registration
of
Ships) Regulations 1993 ................. 10, 20
Pts. I, II ............................................
12
Pt. III .... · .............................................
8, 12
IV ·.................................................
9, 12
V .................................................
9
VI ................................................

12
IX ...............................................
18
XIII .............................................
12
reg. 2(5) ............................................
3
5 ................................................
11
7 ................................................
8
regs. 8, 9, 12 .....................................
9
reg. 22 ..............................................
11
24 ...............................................
12, 16
28 ..............................................
12
30 ..............................................
13
36 ..............................................
13
(4) ..........................................
8
(5) ..........................................
13
regs. 37,39 .......................................
15
reg. 42 .. ·............................................

15, 45
regs. 43, 44, 45 .................................
17
46,47, 48 .................................
16
reg. 56 .......................................
,......
17
59 ..............................................
31
regs. 60, 61 .......................................
33

Shipping
(Registration
Merchant
of
Ships) Regulations 1993-conr.
reg. 62 ..............................................
35
63 .........................................
15, 37,44
71 ..............................................
17
regs. 73-87 ........................................
19
reg. 101 ............................................
17
Sched. 1 ............................................
13

Shipping
(Registration
Merchant
of
Regulations
Ships) (Amendment)
1994 ..............................................
3
Merchant Shipping (Safety Convention)
Act 1949 .......................................
81
Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Pollution) Act 1994 ........... 322,330,331,341
Merchant Shipping (Small Ships Register) Regulations 1983 .....................
30
Misrepresentation Act 1967 ............. 53, 54, 56
s.2(1) ...............................................
55
3 ....................................................
55
Misrepresentation
Act (Northern
Ireland) 1967s.3 ....................................................
55
New Zealand Admiralty Act 1973s. 5(2) ...............................................
Nuclear Installations Act 1965 ..............

114
400

Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 ............. 65,502,

535
Pilotage Act 1913 .................................
493
Pt.2 ..................................................
485
s. 11 ..............................................
490-492
(1)(2) .........................................
496
15 ......................................
.487-489, 494
(1) .............................................
488
30 ..................................................
496
(3) .............................................
495
43 ..............................................
491,496
44 ..................................................
496
50 ...............................
:..................
496
Pilotage Act 1983 .................................
498
s. 30 ..................................................
492
32( 1) .............................................
422

35 ..................................................
488
36(3) .............................................
495
51 ..................................................
496
Pilotage Act 1987 .................................
485
s. 1 ....................................................
489
7 ....................................................
489
(4) ...............................................
490
(5) ...............................................
491
8 ....................................................
490
10 ..................................................
498
(1)-(5), (7) ............................
498, 499

Pilotage Act 1987-conr.
s. 15 ......................................
.490, 493, 494
(1), (2) ......................................
490
16 ..............................
.488, 489, 494, 495

17(1)-(4) .......................................
495
18 ..................................................
496
19 ..............................................
496, 497
(1 )(2) .........................................
497
20 ..............................................
496,497
21 (1 )(a)(b)(2) ................................
497
22(2) .............................................
497
(3)(4) .....................................
497, 498
(5) .............................................
497
Pilotage Authorities (Limitation of Liability) Act 1936 .............................
.485, 498
Pons Act 1991 .....................................
530
Responsibility
of
Shipowners'
Act
1733 ..............................................
Rules of the Supreme Court (RSC)Order 11 ...........................................
12 r.8 .....................................
75 r. 5(4)(g) ............................

r,6 .....................................
(IA) ..........................
116,
r.7 .....................................

381
160
137
115
137
412
116

Sale of Goods Act 1893 ........................
49
ss, 12, 13 ..........................................
63
s. 14 ..................................................
62
(2) .............................................
63
48 ..................................................
25
51 (3) .............................................
69
61 ..................................................
64
Sale of Goods Act 1979 ........................
80
Pts. 1, 2, 3 ........................................

64
s.2 ....................................................
50
ss. 6, 7 ..............................................
82
s. 12 ..................................................
58, 63
13 ..................................................
63, 64
(1) .............................................
59
14 ..................................................
63,64
(2)(3) .........................................
59
15 ..................................................
64
17 ..................................................
65
18 ..................................................
65,66
(1) ..................... ·........................
78, 79
ss. 20, 27, 28 ....................................
67
s. 29 ..................................................
85
34 ..................................................
85
ss. 41,48 ..........................................

67
s. 51 ..................................................
68
61 ..................................................
49
Sched. 1, para. 3 ...............................
58
paras. 5, 11 ........................ 59, 63
State Immunity Act 1978s. 10 ...............................................
173,174
(2)(3)(5) ....................................
174

xxxvii


Table of Legislation
Statutory Instrument
1980 (SI 1980
No 1092) .. ·· ...............................
478, 482
Statutory Instrument
1980 (SI 1980
No 1125) .......................................
482
Statutory Instrument
1987 (SI 1987
No 635) .........................................
483
Statutory

Instrument
1987 (SI 1987
No 703) .........................................
479
Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act
1973 ·.... ··· .. ·..................................
.49, 63
ss. 6, 7 ..............................................
64, 65
9, 10, 11 ......................................
64
Supreme Court Act 1981 ....... 3,91, 134, 138,
159, 162,372
s. 1(1)(a) ...........................................
110
3(4) .. ·........ ·.... ··.........................
107, 110
ss. 20-24 ...........................................
93
s. 20(1)(b) ·.. ·...................................
(c) (d) ....................................
(2)(a) .........................
67,93,
(b) .........................
(c) .........................

24,93,
46,93,

(e) .......................................

(f)(g) .....................................
(j)(k)(l) ..................................
(m) ........................................
(r) .........................................

98, 101
101
106, 109
106, 109
106, 109
96,499
96
101
99
106
109

(s) .........................................
(3) .............................................
(4)(c) .........................................

101
94

(7) .............................................

101

(c) .........................................
21 ..................................................


94
133
106, 128

(2)(3) .....................................

Supreme Court Act 1981--cont.
s.21(4) ........................................
106, 107,
108, 109, 110-112, 114,
115
(8) .............................................
103
22 ..................................................
101
(2) .............................................
102
24(1) .............................................
98
(h) .........................................
97
Supreme
Court
of Judicature
Act
1873 ..............................................
113
Supreme
Court

of Judicature
Act
1875 ..............................................
113
Supreme Court ofJudicature (Consolida,tion) Act 1925 ...............................
91, 99
Third Parties (Rights against Insurers)
Act 1930 .......................................
396
Trades Union Act 1984 ........................
24
Trade Union and Labour Relations Act
1974s. 13 .......... ·· ......................................
23, 24
29(1) .............................................
23
US Anti Drug Abuse Act 1986 .............
216
US Limitation of Liability Act 1851 ......
444
US Oil Pollution Act 1990 .............. 443 et seq.
US Ship Mortgage
Act, Title 46,
USC ..............................................
42
US Water Pollution Control Act ............
446
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 .. .49,64,475
s. 1 ....................................................
65

2(1) ...............................................
370
(3) .................................................
477
(4)( e) .............................................
370
ss. 5, 6 ..............................................
64
8(1), 10(1) ...................................
55
12 ..................................................
371
Unregistered Ships Regulations 1991 ....
461

TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS
[Page numbers printed in bold indicate where text is set out]

Accession Convention of 1978 ..............
131
Accession Convention of 1989 ..............
131
Arrest Convention
1952 (International
Convention on the Arrest of Seagoing Ships) ..................................
91, 93,
107, 112, 129, 132, 138
Art. 2 ....................................
134, 137, 138

3 ................................................
134
(4) ...........................................
108
Arts. 5, 6 ...........................................
134
Art. 7 ....................................
134, 135, 166
(1) (b) .......................................
138
Athens Convention 1974 on the Carriage
of Passengers and their Luggage by
Sea ............................................
400, 477
Arts. 1,3 ..........................................
478
Art. 4 ............................................
478, 479
(3) ...........................................
480
5 ................................................
479
7 ............................................
479, 480
(1) ...........................................
405
8 ............................................
478-480
(4) ...........................................
480

9 ................................................
479
Arts. 10, 11 .......................................
480
Art. 13(1) .........................................
480
(2) .........................................
481
14 ..............................................
481
Arts. 15, 16(3) ..................................
482
Art. 19 ..........................................
406, 481
Brussels Convention 1910 on Collisions
at Sea. See Collision Convention
1910
Brussels Convention 1968 on Jurisdiction
and the Enforcement of Judgments
in Civil and Commercial Maners ... 115,
129, 392
Art. 1(2) ...........................................
132
(7) ...........................................
137
2 .............................
133, 137-140, 165
3 ................................................
133
4 ................................................

159
17 .................................
135, 137, 138,
140, 141, 160, 165-166

Brussels Convention 1968 on Jurisdiction
and the Enforcement of Judgments
and
in
Civil
Commercial
Maners-cont.
Art. 18 ..............................................
137
Arts. 21-23 .......................................
158
Art. 21 ..................................
139, 140-145,
157,159,160,165
22 ..................................
139, 140, 142,
144-146,157,159,165
26 ...... : ...................................
145, 146
57 .......... ~ ..............................
132, 134,
135, 137, 138, 14~
166
(2) .........................................
166

(a) .....................................
135
Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage
by Sea Convention 1974. See Athens
Convention 1974
Charter of the United NationsArt. 102 ............................................
560
Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Convention 1968. See Brussels Convention
1968
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
Convention 1969. See under International
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
Convention 1984. See under International
Collision
Convention
1910
(Brussels) ..................................
284, 285,
299, 323
Collision Convention 1952Art. l(b) ...........................................
139
Convention on Liability of Operators of
Nuclear Ships 1962 .......................
400
Convention on Limitation of Liability for
Maritime Claims 1976 (The London
Convention) ......................
154, 158, 328,
376, 378, 387, 389, 394,
399,401,406,481,498

Art. 1 ....................................
.358, 395, 557
(2) .................................
396, 406, 407

xxxix


Table of International

Conventions

Table of International

Convention on Limitation of Liability for
Maritime Claims 1976 (The London
Convention)-cont.
Art. 1(4)(6) .......................................
396
2 .............................
358,397-399,410
(1) ...........................................
402
(a) .......................................
396
(b) ...................................
396, 397
(c) .......................................
396
(d) .................... 396,397,398,558

(e) .... ·....................... 396, 398, 558
(f) ....................................
396, 398
(2) ........................................
397,398
3 .............................................
399,400
4 ............................................
402,498
5 ................................................
403
6 ...........................................
399, 403,
404, 405, 406, 408, 557
(1 )(2) .......................................
409
(4) ...........................................
395
(7) ...........................................
409
7 .....................................
405,407,408
9 ............................................
.406,407
(1)(a)-(c), (2) ..........................
408
10 ..............................................
407
11 ...........................
116,408,409-412

12 ..............................................
409
(3)(4) .....................................
410
13 ..........................................
157,411
(1) .........................................
412
(2) .........................................
411
14 ..........................................
410,412
Arts. 15-22 ............................
412,557-560
Convention on the Limitation of Liability
of Owners of Sea-going Ships 1957
(Brussels, 10 October) .............. 158, 376,
389,395-397,400,402,
411,412,559
Art. 6(3) ...........................................
384
Council Regulation
(EEC)
No 2137/
85Art. 1 ....................................................
8,9
EEC TreatyArt.7 ................................................
7
52 .. ·........ ·................................
7-9, 20

58,221 ......................................
7
European
Convention
on
State
Immunity ......................................
173
Fund Convention
national

1971. See u~r

Inter-

Hague Convention 1965 on the Service
Abroad of Judicial and Extra-judicial
Documents in Civil and Commercial
Maners (15 November)Art. 15 ..............................................

xl

IMO Resolution A464(XII)
IMO Resolution A626(15)

..................
....................

254


IMO Resolution A678(16)

................

264
254,264

IMO Resolution A736(18)

................

254,264

International Convention on the Arrest of
Sea-going Ships 1952. See Arrest
Convention 1952
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969
(Brussels, 29 November) .......... .420,421,
432-425,429,433,434,
446,447,561
Art. 5(1), (7) .....................................
425
International Convention on Civil Liability for
Oil
Pollution
Damage
1992 .........................................
425,435,
436
Art. I ................................................


561

(2) ............................................

437

(5)-(7)

437

......................................

II ...............................................

562

III ..............................................

562

(1) (2) .....................................

439
439, 575

(3) .. ·...................................
(4) .........................................

439


IV ..............................................

563
563, 564

V .. ·..........................................
(1) ...............................

438,574,499

(2) ...........................................
(3) .......................................

438
438,575

(4), (6) ....................................

438

(9), (10) ..................................

573

VI ..............................................

564
440, 564-566,
571,574

(I) ........................................
573

VII .................................

(7), (8), (10) .........................
VIII ...........................................

440

IX .. ·........ ·..............................

566
566, 576

X ...........................................

566, 577

Arts. XI, XlI, XII bis, XII ter ............

567
International
Convention on the Establishment of an International
Fund
for Compensation for Oil Pollution
Damage
1971
(Fund
Convention) .........................................

425,434,
568
Art. I (a), (b) .....................................

130

426

2(1)(b)

.......................................

426

4(4)(a)

.......................................

428

5 ................................................

428

International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund
for Compensation for Oil Pollution
(Fund
ConvenDamage
1992
tion) ..........................

425,427,445,569
Art. I ................................................
573
(3)(a), (c) .................................
442
Art.2 ................................................
574
(2) ...........................................
441
3 ................................................
574
4 .............................................
574-576
(4)(a) .......................................
442
Arts. 5, 6 ...........................................
576
Art. 7 .............................................
576, 577
Arts. 8, 9 ...........................................
577
Art. 10 ...........................................
577, 578
Arts. 11-14 .......................................
578
Art. 15 ...........................................
579,580
Arts. 16-18 ....................................
580, 581
19-28 .......................................

581
Art. 29 ...........................................
581, 582
Arts. 30-32 .......................................
582
33-36 .......................................
583
Art. 36 bis .........................................
584
36 ter ......................................
584, 585
Arts. 36 quater, 36 quinquies ............
585
International
Convention on Maritime
Liens and Mortgages 1993 .............
48
Art. 1 ................................................
128
4 ............................................
127, 128
Arts. 6, 7 ...........................................
128
International
Convention
on Salvage
1989 ..........................
318,330,331,414
Art. I ............................................
331, 549

(a) ................................
336, 338, 339
(b) ........................................
336,338
(c) ............................................
336
(d) .......................................
336, 339
(e) ............................................
336
5 ................................................
334
6 ............................................
322, 549
(3) ...........................................
331
7 ................................................
331
8 .................................
;.......... 336, 550
10 ..............................................
312
Arts. II, 12 .......................................
333
Art. 13 .........................................
335,337,
338,340-343,345,550
(1) ......................................
336-338
(2), (3) ....................... 333,336, 337

14 .........................................
333, 334,
336-338, 340, 343, 550
(1) ...............................
335,337-340
(a) .....................................
346
(2) .............................
335, 339, 340,
343-346
(3) ...............................
341,343-345
(4) ......................................
341, 344

Conventions

International
Convention
on Salvage
1989-cont.
Art. 14(6) .........................................
341
16 ..............................................
333
18 ..............................................
334
19 ..........................................
334, 336
Arts. 20-22 .......................................

334
Art. 23 ..........................................
334, 361
33 ..............................................
346
Convention
on Tonnage
International
Measurement of Ships 1969Annex I .........................................
426,439
International Convention on the Unification of Certain Rules concerning the
Ships
Immunity
of State-owned
1926 (Brussels) ..........................
167, 168
International Convention for the Unification of certain Rules relating to the
Limitation of Liability of the Owners
of Seagoing Vessels 1924 (Brussels,
25 August) .....................................
559
International
Oil Pollution Compensation Fund. See International
Convention pn the Establishment of an
Internatiol\al Fund for Compensation 1971
Law of the Sea Convention 1958 ..........
Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships
Convention
1962. See under Convention
and

Mortgages
Convention
Liens
1926 ..............................................
and
Mortgages
Convention
Liens
1967 ..............................................
Limitation
of Liability for Maritime
Claims Convention 1976. See under
Convention
Limitation of Liability of Owners of Seagoing Ships 1957. See under Convention
London Convention
1976. See under
Convention
Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and
the Enforcement
of Judgments in
Civil and Commercial Maners 1988
(See
Brussels
Convention
also
1968) ............................................

21

142

142

129

Maritime Liens and Mortgages Convention 1993. See under International
Protocol of 1955 relating to the Warsaw
Convention on Carriage by Air ......
Protocol of 1976 relating to the International Convention on Civil LiabiliDamage
ty
Oil
Pollution
for
1969 ..............................................

400

561

xli


Table of International Conventions
Protocol of 1979 relating to the Convention on the Limitation of Liability of
Owners of Sea-going Ships 1957 ....

385,
390

Protocol of 1984 relating to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969 ............ 435, 436
Protocol of 1992 relating to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969 ........... 421,426,

435,436
Arts. 12, 13 .......................................
568
. Art. 14 ..............................................
569
15 ................................................. 569,
570
16 ..............................................
570
Art. 17 ........................................... 570, 571
Arts. 18, 24 .......................................
571
Art. 28 ..·...... ·................................. 585, 586

Protocol of 1992 relating to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969-com.
Art. 29 ..............................................
586
30 ·.... ·...·................................. 586, 587
Arts. 31, 32 .......................................
587
Art. 33 ........................................... 587,588
34 ···..··..·................................. 588, 589
35 ..............................................
589
36 ..·..··....·............................... 589, 590
Arts. 37, 38 .......................................
590
Art. 39 ..............................................
591
Annex .... ·...·................................... 571, 572

Safety of Life at Sea Convention ..... :.....
Salvage Convention 1989. See under International
Warsaw Convention on Carriage by
AirArt. 25 ..............................................

CHAPTER

OWNERSHIP

AND REGISTRATION

OWNERSHIP

89

401

1

What constitutes absolute ownership of the thing, whether it be goods or a ship,
has been the subject of much discussion since the beginning of time. Some define
ownership simply as the possession of the absolute right to sell the thing, the right
to enjoy quiet and uninterrupted possession of it. These are certainly facets of
true ownership and indeed are reflected in the historical legal maxim, nemo dat
quod non habet, a free translation of which could be 'no one can pass to another
a title which is not his to give'. Clearly the vendor of anything, be it goods or a
ship or land, can only effectively pass to another ~erson the rights which he
himself possesses. With land it is all-important that the title should be traced
back as far and as carefully as possible so that the purchaser can satisfy himself
as far as is humanly possible that his title is as unshakable as it can be made. Even

freeholders of real property can never be absolutely sure that their title is good as
against 'all the world'. When property passes from hand to hand it is usually, but
not always, as the result of a commercial agreement supported by consideration
to bind the exchange of promises into a contract enforceable at law. A total failure
of consideration on either side will abort the contract and prevent the passing of
property.
Evidence of ownership must necessarily largely rest on documents and, in the
case of vessels, regard will be had to relevant entries in the port of registry or to
executed bills of sale but this must nevertheless be necessarily prima facie
evidence only, displaceable by more positive proof to the contrary. (The bill of
sale under which the ownership of British ships is transferred is in no way
connected with or affected by the Bills of Sale Acts.)
The Horlock (1877) 2 PD 243

In an action re co-ownership,it was allegedthat A by process of bill of sale was registered
as sole owner of the ship and that subsequently another bill of sale was executed to B, the
plaintiff, who acquired the same property for value. A denied that he had signed the bill
of sale and contended that if any such bill of sale was registered it was done so
fraudulently.
Held: that as legal ownership had passed to B for valuable consideration by the
execution and registration of a bill of sale without notice of fraud, B had acquired a good
title.
A total failure of consideration in a commercial transaction can render a
prospective new shipowner powerless to become effectively the true new owner
no matter how strenuous and meticulous his efforts in completing the formal
1


Ownership


Ownership and registration

re-registration and allied statutory documentation required of a shipowner on his
own behalf. How the shipping laws of the United Kingdom can in certain
circumstances complicate such situations will be seen later when sale of ships is
discussed.
Co-ownership

Co-owners are of two classes. (1) Joint owners, in whom are vested the property
in a ship or a share therein jointly with unity of title and no distinction of interest.
(2) Part owners or co-owners properly so-called, in whom is vested severally
distinct shares in the ship, but with an undivided interest in the whole.
The former are joint tenants of the property held, the latter are tenants in
common with each other of their respective shares. Normally the relations of the
co-owners inter se are regulated by express agreement; the management of the
ship being delegated to a ship's manager or husband who mayor may not be a
part owner. Where, however, there is no agreement, their rights inter se are
governed, at any rate in English law, by the principle that the will of the majority
must prevail, provided that the interests of the dissenting minority can be
properly protected. The power of sale will be exercised, though with reluctance,
even on the application of a minority of part owners.
Since very early days, a ship has been notionally divided into 64 parts. Nobody
really knows the reason, except possibly the obvious and practical one that
dealings in and transfers of ships are simplified.
A person, or corporation, may own more than one part, but it is not practical
(though perfectly possible) for more than one person to own one part. If more
persons than one do own a single part, they must be regarded as joint owners in
the undivided part and not as several owners of separate fractions.
A corporation may be registered as owner under its corporate name and the
formation of a limited liability company is common practice in the ship-owning

business. Where a ship's owner is such a corporate entity, she is registered under
its corporate name and not under the names of each individual shareholder in the
company.
Part owners are not necessarily partners in a business in the legal sense. They
will almost certainly be partners in individual ventures in which the ship may be
engaged from time to time, share in profits and losses, and be mutually obliged
to honour liabilities incurred by the ship's manager, who mayor may not be a
servant or employee of the owner. Although the name of such a manager must be
registered, the registration does not have the drastic effect per se of making the
64 part owners fully responsible for the mass of obligations which a vessel finds
herself facing in the course of her working career. The authority extended to the
manager must exist independently of the formal register. Whereas he will almost
certainly have implied authority to arrange employment for the ship by way of
charter or other form of contract, his authority will not extend to altering or
cancelling them. For reasons of seizing profitable opportunities for the timely
employment of the ship at short notice it may not alwaysbe possible for the prior
consent of all part owners to be obtained before a contract needs to be
concluded. A dissentient minority's rights can be protected by bond under the
2

provisions of section 20(2)(b) of the Supreme Court Act 1981 (see further page
117 et seq, post).
Ownership and registration

The notion of 64 shares is expressed in the Merchant Shipping (Registration of
Ships) Regulations 1993 which came into force on 21 March 1994. Regulation
2(5) states that entries in the Register are made in accordance with the following
provisions, which are summarised:
(a) the property in a ship shall be divided into 64 shares;
(b) not more than 64 persons shall be entitled to be registered at the same

time as owners of anyone ship;
(c) a person shall not be entitled to be registered as owner of a part of a
share; but any number of persons not exceeding five may be registered
as joint owners of a ship or of any share or shares in a ship;
(d) joint owners shall be considered as constituting one person only as
regards the persons entitled to be registered and shall not be entitled to
dispose in severalty of any interest in a ship or in any share in a ship in
respect of which they are registered.
The Merchant Shipping Acts 1894 to 1994 have JJeen consolidated by the
Merchant Shipping Act 1995 (which came into force on 1 January 1996). By
virtue of the Interpretation Act 1978, s.17(2)(b) regulations made under the
repealed legislation are continued in force unless otherwise stated. By virtue of
the Merchant Shipping Act 1995, s.314 and Sched. 14, para. 2 any references in
any other Act (not amended by the 1995 Act, Sched. 13), or in any instrument
made under any other Act to the registration of a ship or a fishing vessel under
certain enactments is construed, unless the context otherwise requires, as, or as
including, a reference to registration under the 1995 Act, Pt. II (ss.8-23).
Sections 9 and 10 provide for registration regulations for and in connection with
the registration of ships as British ships. No regulations pursuant to this Act have
been made and the 1993 Regulations are still in force, although the 1993 Act
(below) has been repealed. Minor amendments and corrections were made to
those regulations by the Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships) (Amendment) Regulations 1994 (SI 1994 No 541).
Who can own

a British

ship?

Ships are potentially the means by which their owners can incur liabilities to third
parties-sometimes of catastrophic proportions. It is, therefore, logical that ships

should be given a nationality so that their owners' obligations, duties, rights,
liabilities, immunities etc, can the more easily be regulated and recognized. In
short, ships should and do fly a national flag.
The qualifications for ownership of a British-registered ship were set out in
section 1 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894. The prerequisites for the
registration of a British ship then underwent a change due to the coming into
effect of Part I of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 on 1 April 1989. The
Merchant Shipping (Registration, etc) Act 1993 received the Royal Assent on
3


Ownership and registration
1 July 1993 ('1993' Act). The Act arose from the report by the General Council
of British Shipping and the Department of Transport Joint Working Party
entitled British Shipping: Challenges and Opportunities.
The 1993 Act came into force on 21 March 1994 (The Merchant Shipping
(Registration, etc) Act 1993 (Commencement No 1 and Transitional Provisions)
Order 1993-1993 No 3137). There was a saving in respect of vessels currently
registered which might otherwise cease to be eligible to be registered by reason
of any change in qualification for ownership. Detailed provisions relating to ship
registration are contained in the Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships)
Regulations 1993 which also came into force on 21 March 1994 (' 1993
Regulations') .
The 1993 Act and 1993 Regulations principally came about due to the impact
of the EC and the Factortame litigation (see below) and replaced the law relating
to ship registration contained in the 1894 and 1988 Acts. The Merchant
Shipping (Registration etc) Act 1993 was, however, repealed in its entirety by the
Merchant Shipping Act 1995. The previous position leading up to these recent
developments is quite important at least to show the gradual evolution away from
the idea of the British Empire. The European Community is very important and

has brought about many changes to English law.
Historical development

In the old 1894 statute (s.l), it was provided that in the case of corporations or
duly registered companies owning ships (this method of ownership is these days
by far the most common) these must have their principal place of business in Her
Majesty's dominions.
The Polzeath [1916] P 241, CA
A ship was owned by a company which was registered in the UK that was in fact controlled
from Hamburg by the Chairman of Directors, who held the majority of shares and resided
there. Proceedings were instituted for forfeiture of the ship.
Held: that the principal place of business was not in His Majesty's Dominion and,
therefore, the ship was forfeit to the Crown.

The Polzeath ruling appears then to have interpreted 'principal place of
business' as meaning that place from where the effective control was maintained.
A 'British' ship would seem, therefore, to have been one owned by British
interests with the 'double' requirement that, if owned by a company, the
company should not only be registered within Her Majesty's Dominions, but also
have its principal place of business there. Unless the ship was thus a 'British' ship,
she could not fly the British flag. There has, nevertheless, been nothing to
prevent British shipowners taking advantage of the flag of convenience system
described later in this chapter.
The Victorian-origin sShipping Act 1988. The purpose was to dissolve the imperial concept which had
lingered on in the 1894 Act. That part of the 1988 Act which dealt with
registration of ocean vessels became effective in the UK on 1 April 1989 and in
many of the dependent territories even sooner than that. It should be borne in
mind that the 1894 and 1988 Acts have been consolidated with consequential
4


Ownership

repeals by the Merchant Shipping Act 1995. The 1988 Act brought about the
following fundamental changes:
(1) Under the old Victorian legislation the UK was capable of forcing its
maritime law on dependent territories. In other words, whether it liked
it or not and whether it had the administrative capability or not, a
colony was obliged to register a British ship. The 1988 Act prevented
this by bringing about the complete domestication of the 1894 Act and
confining its effects to the mainland UK. This makes sound sense in the
modern world where the dominions such as Canada, Australia or New
Zealand are totally independent with an absolute right to 'shut the door'
on British shipowners. The same may be said of some colonial
territories.
(2) Under the old 1988 Act, there was no longer an obligation to register.
It was an entitlement. The 1988 Act removed the compulsory nature of
registration and thus also the exempted categories and it made registration an entitlement providing that the person applying for it can exhibit
the required qualifications. This gave recognition to what is already the
custom that British owners are not barred from seeking other registries,
i.e. 'flagging out'. Thus a definition of a. British ship changed from
being one which, owned by British subjec~ or corporate persons, is
obliged to be registered, to one of which the majority interest is owned
by persons qualified to own a British ship and is actually so registered.
One of the prerequisites of the entitlement to register under the 1988 Act was
that the majority interest in the ship shall be owned by a qualified person or
persons and if those persons are not UK residents, then a representative person
must be appointed who, if an individual person, must be a UK resident, if a
corporate body, must be incorporated in the UK and have its principal place of
business there--a double 'prerequisite'. The above requirements seem to be

directed towards ships over 24 metres in length (as defined by the 1894 tonnage
rules) and although this is not entirely clear, it would seem that ships of a lesser
length than 24 metres may qualitYin their own right as British ships, providing
they are not fishing vessels, are not registered under the Merchant Shipping Act
1983 and are wholly owned by qualified persons.
There was a minor distinction between the prerequisite for entitlement to
register where the applicant is within categories (see below) 1-4 inclusive and
where he is within 5-7 inclusive. For those in categories 1-4 their entitlement is
absolute with the only proviso being that if the vessel is more than 24 metres long
and none of those qualified to own shares is a UK resident, a 'representative'
person must be appointed. Under categories 5-7 the entitlement is also absolute,
but with a somewhat more onerous proviso that if none of the qualified owners
is resident in the UK, the Secretary of State's consent must be obtained and a
representative person appointed. Where the ownership is spread between both
categories but neither has an overall majority shareholding, entitlement is
absolute with the proviso that if none are resident, a representative person must
be appointed.
5


Ownership and registration

Under the 1988 regime there are seven categories of persons who are entitled to
register a British ship, six of them individual persons and one a corporate person.
These were:
(1) A British citizen;
(2) citizens of British dependent territories which include Isle of Man,
Guernsey, Jersey, Hong Kong, Gibraltar, Bermuda, Cayman Islands,
St. Helena, the Falkland Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat,
Anguilla, the Turks and Caicos Islands;

(3) persons who under the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986
are classed as British Nationals (Overseas);
(4) corporate persons incorporated in the UK or in any relevant overseas
territory (these are the Isle of Man, any Channel Island and any British
Colony) which have their principal place of business in the UK or any
such territory (principal place of business being determined as before
by applying The Polzeath doctrine); and/or
(5) British overseas citizens;
(6) persons who under the British Nationality Act 1981 are British subjects;
and
(7) citizens of the Irish Republic.
A representative person is either an individual or corporate entity. If the latter,
it must have the dual feature of being incorporated and having its principal place
of business in the UK. If the former, the person must be resident in the UK. The
definition of an individual resident is that he is living and sleeping in the UK for
a major part of the year, or, if he is a resident in the UK for tax purposes, he will
be deemed as being resident for the purpose of the application of the Merchant
Shipping Act 1988. These are the basic requirements and the Secretary of State
has power to impose additional requirements if he thinks fit.
As an example, a ship's manager registered under section 59(2) of the
Merchant Shipping Act 1894 should satisfy the requirement. A 'representative'
person once appointed does not automatically become redundant if one of the
qualified owners subsequently becomes a UK resident and therefore capable of
taking on that role himself, the role being mainly that of a person within the
jurisdiction upon whom legal papers in connection with criminal proceedings
may be served. Such substitution would need to be positively done. In the
reverse, i.e. where owners who previously were residents cease to be resident, the
entitlement to register would be undermined as the ship at the time registered
would be exposed to become removed from the registry unless a representative
person satisfying the requirement was appointed.

Part II of the 1988 Act was concerned with the registration of British fishing
vessels which are defined (s.12) as 'vessels for the time being used or in the
context of an application for registration intended to be used for fishing otherwise
than for profit'. Thus a yac:htdoes not become a fishing vessel merely because its
owner spends an afternoon lazily fishing for mackerel off the British south coast.
The 1988 Act and the Merchant Shipping (Registration of Fishing Vessels)
Regulations 1988 established a new register of all British fishing vessels induding
those registered in the old register maintained under the 1894 Act. Only fishing
6

Ownership

vessels fulfilling the conditions laid down in section 14 of the 1988 Act could be
registered in the register.
A fishing vessel was eligible to be registered only if the vessel was British
owned, the vessel was managed and its operations were directed and controlled
from within the UK and any charterer, manager or operator of the vessel was a
qualified person or company, i.e. a British citizen resident and domiciled in the
UK or a company incorporated in the UK and having its principal place of
business there. The 1988 Act and the 1988 Regulations came into force on 1
December 1988 but the validity of registrations effected under the previous Act
were extended for a transitional period until 31 March 1989. These provisions
gave rise to the complex Factortame litigation in which various questions were
referred by the High Court to the European Court of Justice.
R. v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Limited and Others (No 3) European
Court ofJustice [1991] 2 Uoyd's Rep. 648.
A number of companies including Factortame Limited were incorporated under the laws
of the UK and the directors and shareholders of those companies were mostly Spanish
nationals. The companies owned or operated 95 fishing vessels which until 31 March
1989 were registered as British fishing vessels under the Merchant Shipping Act 1894.

These vessels failed to satisfy one or more of the conditions for registration under the 1988
Act and the 1988 Regulations and failed to qualify as British fishing vessels. The plaintiffs
sought a declaration that Part II of the 1988 Act should not a('ply to them on the grounds
that such application would be contrary to Community law in particular Articles 7,52,58
and 221 of the EEC Treaty. They sought an order prohibiting the Secretary of State from
treating the existing registration of their vessels (under the 1894 Act) as having ceased
from 1 April 1989 and damages.
Held: (inter alia) that as Community law stood at present it was for the Member State
to determine in accordance with the general rules of international law, the conditions
which had to be fulfilled in order for a vessel to be registered in their registers and granted
the right to fly their flag but in exercising that power the Member State had to comply with
the rules of Community law. The fact that a competent minister of a Member State had
the power to dispense with the nationality requirement in respect of an individual in view
of the length of time such individual had resided in that Member State and had been
involved in the fishing industry of that Member State could not justify in regard to
Community law the rule under which registration of a fishing vessel was subject to a
nationality requirement and a requirement as to residence and domicile. It is contrary to
the provisions of Community law and, in particular, to Article 52 of the EEC Treaty for
a Member State to stipulate conditions as to the nationality, residence and domicile for
registration of a fishing vessel.

The Factortame litigation meant that the general entitlement to registration on
the British register had to be reformulated and gave rise to the 1993 Act (since
repealed) and 1993 Regulations.
The Merchant Shipping (Registration etc) Act 1993

This Act received the Royal Assent on 1 July 1993 and most of the provisions
came into force on 21 March 1994 (SI 1993 No 3137). There was a saving in
respect of vessels currently registered which might otherwise cease to be eligible
to be registered by reason of any change in qualifications for ownership. As the

Merchant Shipping (Registration etc) Act 1993 was wholly repealed by the
7


Ownership

Ownership and registration

Merchant Shipping Act 1995, reference below to its provisions are of hi.torieal
interest. Detailed provisions relating to registration are contained in the Merchant Shipping (Registration of Ships) Regulations 1993 which also came into
force on 21 March 1994.
Registration was still an entitlement not an obligation. There was a fixed fiveyear period of registration which was renewable. Section 2 of the 1993 Act and
Part III of the 1993 Regulations set out the qualification and endtlement for
registration of British vessels on Part I of the register (i.e. not small ships, fishing
vessels or bareboat chartered ships).
The following persons are qualified to be the owners of ships registered on Part
I of the register (Reg. 7):
(a) British citizens or persons who are nationals of a Member State other
than the UK and are established (within the meaning of Ardcle 52 of
the EEC Treaty) in the UK;
(b) British dependent territories citizens;
(c) British overseas citizens;
(d) Persons who under the British Nationality Act 1981 (a) are British
subjects:
(e) Persons who under the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986(a)
are British nationals (overseas);
(t) Bodies corporate incorporated in a Member State;
(g) Bodies corporate incorporated in any relevant British possession and
having their principal place of business in the UK or in any such
possession; and

(h) European economic interest groupings being groupings formed in
pursuance of Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2137/85(b)
and registered in the UK.
A ship is entitled to be registered if the majority interest in the ship is owned
by one or more persons qualified to be owners of British ships unless the
Registrar refused registration (Reg. 36(4)). One or more persons shall be treated
as owning a majority interest in a ship if there is vested in that person or in those
persons, taken together, the legal title to 33 or more shares in the ship (there
being left out of account for this purpose any share in which any beneficial
interest is owned by a person who is not entitled to be an owner of a British ship).
The person or persons holding the majority interest must be resident in the UK
(if (a), (b), (e), (t) or (h) above applies). Where this condition is not satisfied then
a representative person must be appointed under Part V. If the majority interest
is owned by persons in categories (c) and (d) above the ship shall be registered
only if the person is resident in the UK or if the Secretary of State furnishes a
declaration that he consents to the ship being registered and in addition a
representative person is appointed in relation to the ship. A representative person
is either an individual resident in the UK or a body corporate incorporated in a
Member State and having a place of business in the UK (Part V). With regard to
a majority interest own~d by a company «g) above) the ship shall be registered
only if the body corporate has a place of business in the UK or where that
condition is not satisfied, if a representative person is appointed in relation to the
ship. A body corporate shall be treated as resident in the UK if, being a body
8

incoq,orated in a Member State, it has a place of business in the UK (Regs. 8 and
9). Government ships are excluded from these regulations and a fishing vessel
cannot be registered on Part I of the register.
Part IV of the 1993 Regulations deals with the qualification and entitlement of
British fishing vessels to be registered on Part II of the register. The following

persons are qualified to be owners of fishing vessels (Reg. 12):
(a) British citizens or persons who are nationals of a Member State other
than the UK and are established (within the meaning of Article 52 of
the EEC Treaty) in the UK;
(b) Bodies corporate incorporated in a Member State with a place of
business in the UK;
(c) European economic interest groupings being groupings formed in
pursuance of Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2137/85 and
registered in the UK; and
(d) A local authority in the UK.
Normally eligibility for registration depends upon the whole legal and beneficial title being vested in qualified owners listed above who, if non-resident, must
appoint a representative person (see Part V of the 1993 Regulations). A fishing
vessel cannot be registered unless it is managed and its operations controlled and
directed from within the UK and any charterer, manager or operator of the vessel
is a qualified owner. Therefore, these Regulations only followed the parts of
section 14(1) of the 1988 Act which were not ruled invalid by the European
Court ofJustice decision in the Factortame case. If a false statement is given to the
Registrar regarding any matter relevant to British connection then an offence is
committed (1993 Act, s.7).
Merchant Shipping Act 1995

This statute contains the current British law on, inter alia:
(1) Entitlement to register.
(2) Qualifications and pre-conditions for a ship to gain British registration.
(3) Machinery for registration.
Entitlement

Registration of a British ship is still an entitlement and not an obligation.
Section 1(1) provides, inter alia, that a ship is a British ship if:
(a) the ship is registered in the United Kingdom under Part II; or

(c) the ship is registered under the law of a relevant British possession;
or
(d) the ship is a small ship other than a fishing vessel and certain conditions
in s.l(l)(i)-(iii) are complied with.
Section 9(1) provides that a ship is entitled to be registered and an application
for registration is duly made if:
9