Handbook of OSHA Construction
Safety and Health
Second Edition

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC



Handbook of OSHA Construction
Safety and Health
Second Edition

Charles D. Reese
James Vernon Eidson

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-6546-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-6546-1 (Hardcover)

Library of Congress Card Number 2005054898
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reese, Charles D.
Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health / [Charles D. Reese, James V. Eidson].-- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-6546-5
1. Building--United States--Safety measures. 2. Construction industry--Safety regulations--United States.
I. Eidson, James V II. Title
TH443.R434 2005
363.11'96900973--dc22

2005054898

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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my deceased parents, Charles R. Reese and Irene M. Reese, in memory
of their support through my good and bad times, and to those construction workers who had to give
their lives, health, and well-being to generate the need for this book. Last, but by no means least,
to that special person, my loving wife, E. Carol Reese, who has shared my journey through life.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC



Preface
The construction industry has always been viewed as unique. Although it shares many aspects with
other industries, it certainly has its share of unique hazards. The intent of this book is to provide a
tool that can be used to address the occupational safety and health issues faced by those working
in the construction industry; this includes contractors, workers, safety and health professionals,
project managers, suppliers, and manufactures of equipment and materials.
A vast range of issues are addressed in this book, and some of those issues are as follows:
people issues, program development, safety and health program implementation, intervention and
prevention of construction incidents, regulatory interpretations, understanding, and compliance,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s) expectations, health and safety hazards
faced by those working in the construction industry, and sources of information.
From the start of this book it has been my vision to provide a comprehensive approach to

construction safety and health. This is manifested by addressing issues which are seldom discussed
in the construction arena; some of these issues are such topics as perceptions and motivation. Also
included in this book are those issues gleaned from the safety and health disciplines, such as the
analyzing of incidents and accident prevention techniques that may be viewed as “stuff” that does
not apply to construction. A great effort was also undertaken to discuss construction safety and
health hazards and the regulations promulgated by the OSHA in order to alleviate these hazards.
This comprehensive application of safety and health to the many facets of the construction industry
is fostered by a strong belief by the authors that construction safety and health on the jobsite are
critical factors in good business practices, productivity, and cost containment.
As a guide and source reference for safety and health in the construction industry, this book
becomes the foundation upon which to build stronger safety and health initiatives within the
construction industry, while intervening and preventing jobsite deaths, injuries, and illnesses.
Charles D. Reese, Ph.D.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC



Acknowledgments
I thank my dedicated wife, Carol, for her patience and perseverance in proofreading and editing
my work each step of the way; she makes a great teammate. Also, I want to thank Kay Warren of
BarDan Associates for her efforts in formatting and developing the camera-ready copy; her work
has been invaluable.
It certainly took a load off of me to have my coauthor, James V. Eidson, a safety and
health consultant and previous OSHA senior industrial hygienist write the chapters relevant to
occupational health and personal protective equipment.
A special thanks to my longtime friend and colleague, John Forte, who has for many years
always been ready to fulfill my requests for help.
It is a pleasure to have Dr. Rodney Allen, who is dedicated to occupational safety and health,
support this effort by providing a chapter on workers’ compensation which was beyond my

expertise.
The previous works of many agencies, organizations, industries, and individuals have resulted
in the information, illustrations, and materials which make this book possible. Contributions by
courtesy or permission have come from:
Building and Construction Trades Department
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Crosby Group, Inc.
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy
International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No. 487
Laborers–AGC Education and Training Fund
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Mine Health and Safety Academy
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
O&G Industries, Inc.
Professional Safety and Health Consultants
Scaffold Industry Association, Inc.
Suffolk Construction Company
Walsh Construction Management Company
Certain individual professionals made unique contributions with their experience and knowledge. They were:
Donna Civitello
John Forte
James Lapping
Bruce Ottman
Nicholas Warren

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC




Authors
Charles D. Reese
For 25 years Dr. Charles D. Reese has been involved with occupational safety and health as an
educator, manager, and consultant. In Dr. Reese’s early days in occupational safety and health, he
held the position of industrial hygienist at the National Mine Health and Safety Academy. He later
assumed the responsibility of manager for the nation’s occupational trauma research initiative at
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) Division of Safety Research.
Dr. Reese has had an integral part in trying to assure that workplace safety and health is provided
for all those within the workplace. As the managing director for the Laborers’ Health and Safety
Fund of North American, his responsibilities were aimed at protecting the 650,000 members of
the laborers’ union in the United States and Canada.
He has developed many occupational safety and health training programs which run the gamut
from radioactive waste remediation to confined space entry. Dr. Reese has written numerous
articles, pamphlets, and books related to safety and health issues.
At present Dr. Reese is a member of the graduate and undergraduate faculty at the University
of Connecticut, where he teaches courses on OSHA regulations, safety and health management,
accident prevention techniques, industrial hygiene, and ergonomics. As Professor of occupational
safety and health, he coordinates the bulk of the safety and health efforts at the University. He is
often called upon to consult with industry on safety and health issues and also asked for expert
consultation in legal cases.
Also, Dr. Reese is the principal author of the Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and
Health; Material Handling Systems: Designing for Safety and Health; Annotated Dictionary of
Construction Safety and Health; Accident/Incident Prevention Techniques; Occupational Health
and Safety Management: A Practical Approach and Office Building Safety and Health.
James V. Eidson
Mr. Eidson is currently conducting industrial hygiene and safety investigations in construction and
the general industry. He also serves as the director of Professional Health and Safety Consultants.
His primary responsibilities are conducting workplace health and safety walk-around inspections,
exposure monitoring, and hazard training. Objectives also include developing technical, instructional, and procedural material for training curricula and monitoring a variety of workplace health
and safety hazards.

He serves as a master trainer for programs including hazardous waste, hazard communication,
lead abatement, radiation safety, blood-borne pathogens, and asbestos abatement. He is an adjunct
professor for the University of Connecticut specializing in industrial hygiene and OSHA standards
classes, and has Connecticut State licences as an asbestos inspector, management planner, project
designer, and project manager.

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC



Table of Contents
Chapter 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................

1

Construction Industry .....................................................................................................................
Construction as a Business.............................................................................................................
Contractor Liability ........................................................................................................................
Management/Professional Positions...............................................................................................
Supervisors .....................................................................................................................................
The Competent Person(s) ...............................................................................................................
Women in Construction .................................................................................................................
The Construction Trades ................................................................................................................
Unions of the Building and Construction Trades Department......................................................
Why the Hazards ............................................................................................................................
Cost of Accidents/Incidents ...........................................................................................................
Why do Accidents Occur ...............................................................................................................
Construction Deaths .......................................................................................................................

Construction Injuries ......................................................................................................................
Construction Illnesses.....................................................................................................................
Construction Hazards .....................................................................................................................
Construction’s Relationship to OSHA...........................................................................................
Intent of this Book .........................................................................................................................
References.......................................................................................................................................

1
4
4
6
6
6
7
7
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20

Chapter 2

Perceptions in the Construction Industry ........................................................... 21


Survey .............................................................................................................................................
Agreement.......................................................................................................................................
Disagreement ..................................................................................................................................
Contractors and Mixed Views .......................................................................................................
Other Areas.....................................................................................................................................
How to Use this Survey .................................................................................................................
Example......................................................................................................................................
Using the Results............................................................................................................................
Summary.........................................................................................................................................
Chapter 3

22
24
25
26
26
26
26
27
27

The People Issue in Construction Safety and Health ........................................ 29

Setting the Stage.............................................................................................................................
Defining Motivation...................................................................................................................
Summary of the Principles of Motivation .................................................................................
The Motivational Environment ......................................................................................................
Structuring the Motivational Environment ................................................................................
Reacting to the Motivational Environment ...............................................................................

Motivational Environment — Examples ...................................................................................
Goal Setting ....................................................................................................................................
Goals and You............................................................................................................................
Rationale behind Goals ..............................................................................................................
Goals and Their Many Forms....................................................................................................

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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30
30
31
31
33
34
35
35
35
36


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Table of Contents

Self-motivation ...............................................................................................................................
You are the One .........................................................................................................................
People are Amazing ...................................................................................................................
Losing the Self in Motivation....................................................................................................
Dealing with People Along the Continuum...................................................................................

The People Issue ........................................................................................................................
Changing Values ........................................................................................................................
Needs Move Mountains and People ..........................................................................................
Motivational Leadership.................................................................................................................
Describing Leadership................................................................................................................
Role Models ...............................................................................................................................
Leadership Characteristics .........................................................................................................
Applying Leadership ..................................................................................................................
The Key Person..........................................................................................................................
The Ever-Changing Motivational Plan ..........................................................................................
The Plan......................................................................................................................................
Feedback/Reinforcement............................................................................................................
Criticism .....................................................................................................................................
Modifying or Changing Behavior..............................................................................................
Supervisory Motivational Initiatives..............................................................................................
Different Approaches .................................................................................................................
Joint Labor/Management Committees .......................................................................................
Committee Makeup ................................................................................................................
Recordkeeping........................................................................................................................
Do’s and Don’ts of L/M Committees....................................................................................
Organizing a Joint Committee ...............................................................................................
Expectations ...........................................................................................................................
Outcomes................................................................................................................................
Joint Labor/Management Occupational Safety and Health Committees ..................................
Summary.................................................................................................................................
Peer Pressure ..............................................................................................................................
Family Pressure ..........................................................................................................................
The Worker Challenge ...............................................................................................................
Rewards ......................................................................................................................................
Motivational Techniques ................................................................................................................

Training ......................................................................................................................................
More about Rewards ..................................................................................................................
Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................
Incentives as Rewards................................................................................................................
Incentive Programs.....................................................................................................................
Safety Incentive Program for XYZ Contractor .............................................................................
Special Emphasis........................................................................................................................
Contests ......................................................................................................................................
Gimmicks and Gadgets ..............................................................................................................
Visuals ........................................................................................................................................
Conferences/Seminars ................................................................................................................
Nonfinancial Incentives..............................................................................................................
Summary.........................................................................................................................................
References.......................................................................................................................................

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

36
36
37
37
37
37
38
39
40
40
41
41
41

43
43
43
44
44
45
47
47
47
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
53
53
54
54
55
55
55
56
56
56
57
58
58

59
59
60
60
60
63


Table of Contents

Chapter 4

Construction Safety and Health Programs ......................................................... 65

Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program .............................................................................
Building a Safety and Health Program..........................................................................................
Rules ...........................................................................................................................................
Communications.........................................................................................................................
Training ......................................................................................................................................
Accident Investigation................................................................................................................
Evaluation...................................................................................................................................
Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a
Safety and Health Program ................................................................................................
Management Commitment and Leadership...............................................................................
Assignment of Responsibility ....................................................................................................
Identification and Control of Hazards .......................................................................................
Training and Education..............................................................................................................
Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis.........................................................................................
First Aid and Medical Assistance..............................................................................................
Emergency and Firefighting Procedures....................................................................................

Model Construction Safety and Health Program...........................................................................
Management Safety and Health Policy Statements...................................................................
Accountability and Responsibility .............................................................................................
Discipline Policy ........................................................................................................................
Supervisory Involvement ...........................................................................................................
Employee Responsibility............................................................................................................
Jobsite Inspections......................................................................................................................
Accident Investigations ..............................................................................................................
Recordkeeping............................................................................................................................
Training ......................................................................................................................................
First Aid and Medical Availability............................................................................................
Emergency Procedures and Response .......................................................................................
Safety and Health Program Evaluation..........................................................................................
Evaluation of Your Responses.......................................................................................................
Other Required Written Programs .................................................................................................
References.......................................................................................................................................

Chapter 5

xv

67
67
68
68
70
71
73
74
74

75
75
76
77
77
78
78
78
80
80
81
82
82
83
83
83
85
87
87
87
90
96

Analyzing Construction Hazards and Accidents/Incidents............................... 97

Preconstruction Conference............................................................................................................ 97
Worksite Hazard Analysis..............................................................................................................100
Accident/Incident Analysis ............................................................................................................102
Accidents: Why They Happen...................................................................................................102
Analyzing Accidents/Incidents ..................................................................................................104

Direct Causes..............................................................................................................................104
Indirect Causes ...........................................................................................................................104
Basic Causes...............................................................................................................................105
Job Safety Analysis ........................................................................................................................108
Management Controls ................................................................................................................110
Establishing a Method for Selecting Jobs .................................................................................110
Selection of Tasks for Analysis .................................................................................................110

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Prioritization of Tasks................................................................................................................111
Conducting a Job Safety Analysis .............................................................................................112
Considering Human Problems in the JSA Process ...................................................................113
Hazards Elimination or Control.................................................................................................114
Methods of Performing a JSA ...................................................................................................115
Review the Analysis and Potential Solutions............................................................................117
Implementing the JSA in an Operational System .....................................................................117
Monitoring a JSA Program ........................................................................................................117
Hazard Analysis..............................................................................................................................118
Analyzing Accident Data ...............................................................................................................118
Summary.........................................................................................................................................120
References.......................................................................................................................................120

Chapter 6


Construction Accident Prevention Techniques................................................... 121

Safety and Health Management .....................................................................................................121
Communications .............................................................................................................................122
Toolbox Talks.................................................................................................................................122
Training...........................................................................................................................................123
Hazard Identification ......................................................................................................................123
Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) ................................................................................................125
When an Engineer is Needed.........................................................................................................128
Focused Inspections ...................................................................................................................128
Identify the Need for an Engineer .............................................................................................129
Engineer Requirements ..............................................................................................................129
Stated Engineering Requirements..............................................................................................129
Implied Engineering Requirements ...........................................................................................131
Consensus Standards ..................................................................................................................132
Inconsistent Reference to Engineers..........................................................................................133
Special Programs ............................................................................................................................135
Preventive Maintenance Programs.................................................................................................135
Fleet Safety Program......................................................................................................................137
Accident Investigation....................................................................................................................138
Purpose of Accident Investigations ...........................................................................................138
Potential Risks............................................................................................................................139
Investigations Benefit the Supervisor ........................................................................................141
Reporting Accidents...................................................................................................................141
Ten Reasons for Not Reporting Accidents................................................................................141
Good Accident Investigations....................................................................................................143
Determining Accident Types .....................................................................................................144
Designing a Report/Investigation Form.....................................................................................144
Organizing/Assigning Responsibilities ......................................................................................144
Explaining Accident Investigations ...........................................................................................145

Controlling and Follow-Up........................................................................................................145
Sources of Information...............................................................................................................146
The Interview Process................................................................................................................146
Reenacting Accidents.................................................................................................................148
The Accident Report ..................................................................................................................148

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Table of Contents

xvii

Job Safety Observations .................................................................................................................149
Benefits of Job Safety Observations..........................................................................................150
Planned Safety Observations .....................................................................................................151
Frequency and Extent of Observations......................................................................................152
The Incidental Safety Observation ............................................................................................153
Indirect Types of Unsafe Procedures ........................................................................................154
The Planned Safety Observation ...............................................................................................155
Supervisory Preparation for Job Safety Observations...............................................................156
Making the Observation.............................................................................................................158
Recording the Observation.........................................................................................................159
Post-observation Conference......................................................................................................159
Follow-up Procedures ................................................................................................................160
Dealing with Unsafe Performance.............................................................................................161
Safety and Health Audits ...............................................................................................................162
References.......................................................................................................................................165

Chapter 7


Construction Safety: A through H....................................................................... 167

Abrasive Grinding (1926.303) .......................................................................................................167
Aerial Lifts (1926.556)...................................................................................................................168
Air Receivers (1926.306) ...............................................................................................................169
Alarms (1926.159 and .602) ..........................................................................................................170
Arc Welding and Cutting (1626.351) ............................................................................................171
Barricades (1926.202) ....................................................................................................................173
Barriers ...........................................................................................................................................173
Batteries (1926.441) .......................................................................................................................174
Change Rooms (1926.51)...............................................................................................................174
Compressed Air, Use of (1926.302) ..............................................................................................174
Compressed Air, Working Under .................................................................................................175
Compressed Gas Cylinders (1926.350) .........................................................................................176
Compressed Gas Welding ..............................................................................................................178
Concrete Construction (1926.701) .................................................................................................179
Concrete Cast-in-Place (1926.703) ................................................................................................181
Confined Spaces (1910.146 and 1926.21) .....................................................................................183
Construction Masonry (1926.706) .................................................................................................188
Conveyors (1926.555) ....................................................................................................................188
Cranes and Derricks (1926.550) ....................................................................................................189
Rated Loads................................................................................................................................189
Hand Signals ..............................................................................................................................190
Crane Inspections .......................................................................................................................190
Wire Rope ..................................................................................................................................190
Guarding .....................................................................................................................................194
Fueling........................................................................................................................................195
Electrical Concerns ....................................................................................................................195
Modifications..............................................................................................................................196

Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes ..................................................................................196
Hammerhead Tower Cranes.......................................................................................................196
Overhead and Gantry Cranes.....................................................................................................196

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Table of Contents

Derricks ......................................................................................................................................197
Floating Cranes and Derricks ....................................................................................................197
Crane- and Derrick-Suspended Personnel Platforms ................................................................197
Platform Operations ...............................................................................................................197
Platform Specifications ..........................................................................................................198
Rigging ...................................................................................................................................198
Inspection and Proof Test ......................................................................................................199
Work Practices .......................................................................................................................199
Traveling.................................................................................................................................200
Prelift Meeting........................................................................................................................200
Demolition (1926.850) ...................................................................................................................200
Chutes (1926.852) ......................................................................................................................201
Removal of Materials through Floor Openings (1926.853)......................................................201
Removal of Walls, Masonry Sections, and Chimneys (1926.854)...........................................201
Manual Removal of Floors (1926.855) .....................................................................................202
Removal of Walls, Floors, and Material with Equipment (1926.856) .....................................202
Storage (1926.857) .....................................................................................................................202
Removal of Steel Construction (1926.858) ...............................................................................202
Mechanical Demolition (1926.859) ...........................................................................................203

Selective Demolition by Explosives (1926.860) .......................................................................203
Disposal Chutes (1926.252) ...........................................................................................................203
Diving (1926.1071) ........................................................................................................................204
Drinking Water...............................................................................................................................208
Eating and Drinking Areas (1926.51)............................................................................................208
Egress (1926.34).............................................................................................................................208
Electrical (1926.400) ......................................................................................................................208
General Requirements (1926.403) .............................................................................................208
Working Distances .................................................................................................................209
Guarding Electrical Equipment..............................................................................................211
Conductors Exceeding 600 Volts ..........................................................................................211
Installations Accessible to Unqualified Persons....................................................................212
Lighting Outlets......................................................................................................................213
Wiring Design and Protection (1926.404).................................................................................213
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters ..........................................................................................213
Assured Grounding Program .................................................................................................213
Requirements for Outlets .......................................................................................................216
Outdoor Conductors ...............................................................................................................216
Disconnects.............................................................................................................................217
Overcurrent Protection ...........................................................................................................217
Fuses and Circuit Breakers ....................................................................................................218
Grounding...............................................................................................................................218
Separately Derived Systems...................................................................................................218
Portable- and Vehicle-Mounted Generators ..........................................................................219
Neutral Conductor Bonding ...................................................................................................219
Ground Connections...............................................................................................................219
Supports and Enclosures for Conductors ..............................................................................220
Nonelectrical Equipment........................................................................................................221
Effective Grounding...............................................................................................................221
Bonded Conductors ................................................................................................................221


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Table of Contents

xix

Made Electrodes.....................................................................................................................221
Grounded High Voltage .........................................................................................................221
Wiring Methods, Components, and Equipment for General Use (1926.405) ..........................222
General Requirements ............................................................................................................222
Temporary Wiring..................................................................................................................222
General Requirements for Temporary Wiring ......................................................................222
Receptacles Must be of the Grounding Type........................................................................222
Temporary Lights...................................................................................................................223
Boxes ......................................................................................................................................223
Flexible Cords and Cables .....................................................................................................223
Guarding .................................................................................................................................224
Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings ................................................................................................225
Knife Switches .......................................................................................................................225
Switchboards and Panelboards...............................................................................................225
Wet or Damp Locations.........................................................................................................225
Conductors..............................................................................................................................225
Fixtures ...................................................................................................................................226
Receptacles .............................................................................................................................226
Appliances ..............................................................................................................................226
Motors.....................................................................................................................................227
Transformers...........................................................................................................................228
Fire Protection ........................................................................................................................228

Transformer Guidelines..........................................................................................................228
Capacitors ...............................................................................................................................228
Specific Purpose Equipment and Installation (1926.406) .........................................................228
Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks .............................................................................229
Electric Welder Disconnects..................................................................................................229
X-ray Equipment ....................................................................................................................229
Hazardous (Classified) Locations (1926.407) ...........................................................................230
Special Systems (1926.408).......................................................................................................231
Installations Emerging from the Ground ...............................................................................231
Interrupting and Isolating Devices.........................................................................................232
Mobile and Portable Equipment ............................................................................................232
Guarding Live Parts ...............................................................................................................232
Tunnel Installations ................................................................................................................232
Classification: Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 Remote Control, Signaling, or
Power-Limited Circuits ..............................................................................................233
Communications Systems ......................................................................................................233
Electrical Work Practices (1926.416)........................................................................................234
Lockout/Tagging of Circuits (1926.417) ...................................................................................234
Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations .............................................235
Maintenance of Equipment (1926.431) .................................................................................235
Environmental Deterioration of Equipment (1926.432) .......................................................235
Employee Emergency Action Plans (1926.35)..............................................................................236
Excavations/Trenches (1926.650) ..................................................................................................236
Specific Excavation Requirements (1926.651) .........................................................................237
Utilities ...................................................................................................................................237
Egress Ramps and Runways ..................................................................................................237
Equipment and Loads.............................................................................................................238

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Hazardous Atmospheres.........................................................................................................239
Water Accumulation ..............................................................................................................239
Below Level Excavations.......................................................................................................240
Loose Materials ......................................................................................................................240
Inspections..............................................................................................................................240
Walkways and Barriers ..........................................................................................................241
Requirements for Protective Systems (1926.652) .....................................................................241
Slopes .....................................................................................................................................241
Support, Shield, and Other Protective Systems.....................................................................242
Shield Systems .......................................................................................................................244
Explosives and Blasting (1926.900) ..............................................................................................244
Blaster Qualifications (1926.901) ..............................................................................................245
General Provisions .....................................................................................................................245
Transporting Explosives (1926.902)..........................................................................................246
Use of Explosives (1926.904 and 905) .....................................................................................247
Electrical Blasting (1926.906) ...................................................................................................248
Safety Fuse (1926.907) ..............................................................................................................249
Using Detonating Cord (1926.908) ...........................................................................................250
Firing a Blast (1926.909) ...........................................................................................................250
Handling Misfires (1926.911)....................................................................................................251
General Guidelines.....................................................................................................................251
Eye and Face Protection (1926.102)..............................................................................................251
Fall Protection (1926.500–503) .....................................................................................................252
Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to This Subpart (1926.500)..........................252
Duty to Have Fall Protection (1926.501) ..................................................................................253

Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices (1926.502).......................................................255
Guardrail Systems ..................................................................................................................255
Safety Nets .............................................................................................................................257
Personal Fall Arresting System .............................................................................................258
Warning Lines ........................................................................................................................261
Safety Monitoring System .....................................................................................................263
Covers.....................................................................................................................................263
Overhead Protection...............................................................................................................263
Fall Protection Plan................................................................................................................265
Training Requirements (1926.503) ............................................................................................266
Fire Protection and Prevention (1926.150)....................................................................................266
Fire Prevention — Storage (CFR 1926.151).............................................................................269
Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1926.152) .....................................................................270
Flagperson (1926.201)....................................................................................................................273
Floor and Wall Openings (1926.501) ............................................................................................273
Food Handling (1926.51) ...............................................................................................................273
Foot Protection (1926.96) ..............................................................................................................273
Hand Protection ..............................................................................................................................274
Hand and Power Tools/Guarding (1926.300)................................................................................274
Hand Tools (1926.301) ..................................................................................................................275
Hazard Communications (1926.59) ...............................................................................................276
Written Hazard Communication Program .............................................................................277
Information Provided by the Employer .................................................................................277
Training Provided by the Employer ......................................................................................277

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Multiple Employer Sites ........................................................................................................278
Owner’s/Contractor’s Responsibilities ..................................................................................278
Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65) ........................................................................................278
Written Safety and Health Program ......................................................................................279
Site Safety and Health Plan ...................................................................................................280
Site Evaluation .......................................................................................................................280
Site Control ............................................................................................................................282
Training ..................................................................................................................................282
Medical Surveillance..............................................................................................................284
Hazard Controls......................................................................................................................285
Personal Protective Equipment ..............................................................................................286
Monitoring..............................................................................................................................286
Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials..................................................................287
Lab Packs ...............................................................................................................................288
Drum or Container Staging....................................................................................................288
Decontamination.....................................................................................................................288
Emergency Response Plan .....................................................................................................289
Sanitation................................................................................................................................290
New Technologies..................................................................................................................290
RCRA .....................................................................................................................................290
Emergency Response .............................................................................................................291
Emergency Response Training ..............................................................................................294
Head Protection (1926.100) ...........................................................................................................294
Hearing Protection — Occupational Noise Exposure (1926.52) ..................................................295
Heating Devices (Temporary) (1926.154) .....................................................................................296
Heavy Equipment, Preventing Slips and Falls ..............................................................................296
Helicopters (1926.551) ...................................................................................................................297
Hoist, Base-Mounted Drum (1926.553) ........................................................................................299

Hoists, Material (1926.552) ...........................................................................................................299
Hoist, Overhead (1926.554) ...........................................................................................................301
Hoist, Personnel ............................................................................................................................301
Housekeeping (1926.25).................................................................................................................303
Chapter 8

Construction Safety: I through W ....................................................................... 305

Illumination (1926.56)....................................................................................................................305
Jacks (1926.305).............................................................................................................................305
Ladders (1926.1053).......................................................................................................................306
Fixed Ladders.............................................................................................................................307
Rules for All Ladders.................................................................................................................309
Lift-Slab Construction (1926.705) .................................................................................................313
Liquid-Fuel Tools (1926.302) ........................................................................................................314
Liquid Petroleum Gas (1926.153)..................................................................................................314
Lockout/Tagout (1910.147)............................................................................................................315
Energy Control Program ............................................................................................................316
Lockout/Tagout Devices ............................................................................................................317
Periodic Inspections ...................................................................................................................317
Training and Communications...................................................................................................318
Energy Isolation .........................................................................................................................319

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Established Procedure ................................................................................................................319
Lockout or Tagout Device Application .....................................................................................319
Stored Energy.............................................................................................................................319
Release from Lockout or Tagout ...............................................................................................320
Testing or Positioning ................................................................................................................320
Outside Personnel (Subcontractors, etc.)...................................................................................320
Group Lockout or Tagout ..........................................................................................................321
Shift or Personnel Changes........................................................................................................321
Marine Equipment (1926.605) .......................................................................................................321
Material Handling and Storage (1926.250) ...................................................................................322
Material Handling Equipment (1926.602) .....................................................................................323
Medical Services and First Aid (CFR 1926.23 and .50)...............................................................326
Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment (1926.601)..............................................................327
Nonpotable Water (1926.51)..........................................................................................................328
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (1926.95)...........................................................................328
Pile Driving (1926.603) .................................................................................................................328
Pneumatic Tools (1926.302) ..........................................................................................................330
Potable Water (1926.51) ................................................................................................................331
Powder-Actuated Guns (1926.302)................................................................................................331
Power Tools (1926.300).................................................................................................................333
Power Tools, Electrical (1926.302) ...............................................................................................333
Power Tools, Fuel Driven (1926.302) ...........................................................................................334
Power Tools, Hydraulic (1926.302)...............................................................................................334
Power Transmission and Distribution (1926.950).........................................................................335
Tools and Protective Equipment (1926.951).............................................................................335
Mechanical Equipment (1926.952)............................................................................................336
Material Handling (1926.953)....................................................................................................336
Grounding for Protection of Employees (1926.954).................................................................336
Overhead Lines (1926.955)........................................................................................................337
Metal Tower Construction .....................................................................................................337

Stringing and Removing De-energized Conductors..............................................................338
Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines..................................................................................338
Live-Line Bare-Hand Work ...................................................................................................339
Underground Lines (1926.956)..................................................................................................339
Construction in Energized Substations (1926.957) ...................................................................340
External Load Helicopters (1926.958).......................................................................................340
Lineman’s Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards (1926.959).............................................340
Precast Concrete (1926.704) ..........................................................................................................340
Process Chemical Safety Management (1926.64) .........................................................................341
Requirements..............................................................................................................................342
Process Hazard Analysis............................................................................................................343
Employer Responsibility ............................................................................................................344
Contractor Responsibility...........................................................................................................345
The Process ................................................................................................................................345
New Operations..........................................................................................................................346
Hot Work....................................................................................................................................346
Management Change..................................................................................................................346
Emergency Action Plan .............................................................................................................347
Compliance Certification ...........................................................................................................347
Radiation, Ionizing (1926.53) ........................................................................................................347
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Radiation, Nonionizing (Lasers) (1926.54) ...................................................................................347
Rigging (1926.251).........................................................................................................................348
Rigging Equipment for Material Handling (1926.251).............................................................348

Welded Alloy Steel Chains (1926.251).....................................................................................349
Wire Ropes (1926.251) ..............................................................................................................350
Synthetic Rope (1926.251) ........................................................................................................352
Web Slings (1926.251) ..............................................................................................................353
Shackles and Hooks (1926.251) ................................................................................................354
Rollover Protective Structures (1926.1000) ..................................................................................355
Safety Harness ................................................................................................................................356
Safety Nets (1926.105 and 502) ....................................................................................................356
Scaffolds (1926.450) ......................................................................................................................357
General Requirements (1926.451) .............................................................................................358
Platforms.................................................................................................................................358
Scaffold Components .............................................................................................................359
Supporting Scaffolds ..............................................................................................................360
Suspension Scaffolds..............................................................................................................361
Accessing Scaffolds ...............................................................................................................363
Stairrails..................................................................................................................................364
Stairways and Ramps .............................................................................................................364
Integrated Scaffold Access.....................................................................................................364
Access During Erecting or Dismantling................................................................................365
Other Scaffold Rules..............................................................................................................365
Fall Protection ........................................................................................................................366
Falling Object Protection .......................................................................................................368
Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of Scaffolds (1926.452) ...................369
Pole Scaffolds.........................................................................................................................369
Tubular and Coupler Scaffolds ..............................................................................................370
Fabricated Frame Scaffolds ...................................................................................................371
Plasterers’, Decorators’, and Large Area Scaffolds ..............................................................371
Bricklayers’ Square Scaffolds................................................................................................371
Horse Scaffolds ......................................................................................................................371
Form Scaffolds and Carpenters’ Bracket Scaffolds ..............................................................372

Roof Bracket Scaffolds ..........................................................................................................372
Outrigger Scaffolds ................................................................................................................372
Pump Jack Scaffolds ..............................................................................................................373
Ladder Jack Scaffolds ............................................................................................................373
Window Jack Scaffolds..........................................................................................................374
Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders) .....................................................................................374
Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffolds .......................................................................374
Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds......................................................................374
Boatswains’ Chair ..................................................................................................................374
Two-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds (Swing Stages)...............................................375
Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, Stonesetters’ Multipoint
Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, and Masons’ Multipoint Adjustable
Suspension Scaffolds..................................................................................................375
Catenary Scaffolds .................................................................................................................375
Float (Ship) Scaffolds ............................................................................................................375
Interior Hung Scaffolds..........................................................................................................376
Needle Beam Scaffolds..........................................................................................................376
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Multi-Level Suspended Scaffolds..........................................................................................376
Mobile Scaffolds ....................................................................................................................376
Repair Bracket Scaffolds .......................................................................................................377
Stilts........................................................................................................................................378
Training Requirements (1926.454) ............................................................................................378
Signs, Signals, and Barricades .......................................................................................................379

Accident Prevention Signs/Tags ................................................................................................379
Site Clearance (1926.604) ..............................................................................................................380
Slips, Trips, and Falls.....................................................................................................................381
Stairways (1926.1052)....................................................................................................................383
Steel Erection (1926.750)...............................................................................................................385
Site Layout, Site-Specific Plan and Construction Sequence (1926.752)..................................387
Approval to Begin Steel Erection..........................................................................................387
Commencement of Steel Erection .........................................................................................387
Site Layout .............................................................................................................................387
Pre-planning of Overhead Hoisting Operations ....................................................................387
Site-specific Erection Plan .....................................................................................................387
Hoisting and Rigging (1926.753) ..............................................................................................388
Pre-shift Visual Inspection of Cranes....................................................................................388
Working under Loads.............................................................................................................388
Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure ...........................................................................................389
Structural Steel Assembly (1926.754) .......................................................................................389
Walking/Working Surfaces ....................................................................................................389
Plumbing-up ...........................................................................................................................390
Hoisting, Landing and Placing of Metal Decking Bundles ..................................................390
Covering Roof and Floor Openings ......................................................................................390
Installation of Metal Decking ................................................................................................391
Derrick Floors ........................................................................................................................391
Column Anchorage (1926.755)..................................................................................................391
General Requirements for Erection Stability ........................................................................391
Repair, Replacement or Field Modification of Anchor Rods
(Anchor Bolts)............................................................................................................392
Beams and Columns (1926.756)................................................................................................392
General ...................................................................................................................................392
Diagonal Bracing....................................................................................................................392
Double Connections at Columns and/or at Beam Webs over a Column .............................392

Column Splices ......................................................................................................................392
Perimeter Columns.................................................................................................................392
Open Web Steel Joists (1926.757) ............................................................................................393
General ...................................................................................................................................393
Field-Bolted Joists..................................................................................................................393
Attachment of Steel Joists and Steel Joist Girders ...............................................................394
Erection of Steel Joists...........................................................................................................394
Erection Bridging ...................................................................................................................395
Landing and Placing Loads ...................................................................................................396
System-Engineering Metal Buildings (1926.758) .....................................................................396
Falling Object Protection (1926.759) ........................................................................................397
Securing Loose Items Aloft ...................................................................................................397
Protection from Falling Objects other than Materials Being Hoisted ..................................397

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