i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I couldn’t complete my graduation paper without the invaluable help, advice,
and encouragement of my beloved teachers, friends and family.
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Tran Huu Hung my respectable teacher who teaches and supports me a lot during my graduation
paper. He spent his highly valuable time giving me the guidance, encouragement
and suggestions so that I can complete the graduation paper successfully.
Without his help, I am not sure I can complete it on time.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to teacher Tran Huu Hung for
everything he has done for me.
Secondly, I would like to give special thanks to my teachers of Foreign
Languages Department of Duy Tan University for teaching me helpful
specialized knowledge and necessary skills so that we can develop our abilities.
Thank you so much!
Thirdly, I want to take this opportunity to say thank to my dear friends who not
only shared their useful experiences but also helped me solve difficulties during
my study and my research work as well.
Finally, I wish to thank my family for their support, encouragement and
motivation they gave me on completion of this graduation paper.
I hope to receive the sympathy from teachers because of the shortcomings in this
graduation.
I wish all of you good health and success!
Yours sincerely!

Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306

ii

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP


There had not been any published Vietnamese edition of the book containing the
translated chapter until I started working on my graduation paper. My
graduation paper also doesn’t copy any parts of content in other graduation
papers in any universities. It uses information from other chapters in the same
book.
Any source of references is cited and acknowledged in the REFERENCES.
This graduation paper has not been submitted for award of any degree or
diploma in any other tertiary institution.
Danang, February 5th, 2017

NGUYEN THI THU HA

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iii

ABSTRACT

This graduation paper is about environmental field. I translate chapter 10 (from
English

into


Vietnamese)

named:

“AIR

QUALITY”

of

the

book:

“ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH”. Besides, I also analyze
some necessary issues such as vocabulary and structure in this chapter. In
addition, through this graduation paper, I myself find out some difficulties that I
and other students fell confused in environmental translation and put forward
some effective solutions.

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iv

ABBREVIATIONS



WHO: World Health Organization
e.g: Exampli gratia
NOX: Nitrogen oxide
SO2: Sulfur dioxide
VOCS: Volatile organic compounds
CO: Carbon monoxide
PM: Particulate matter
AQI: Air Quality Index
NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standard
EPA:

Environmental

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Protection

Agency

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... iv
PART A ...................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1

1. Rationale: ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. Aims and Objectives:....................................................................................................... 1
2.1. Aims: ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.2. Objectives: ................................................................................................................... 2
3. Scope of the Study: .......................................................................................................... 2
4. Text Features: .................................................................................................................. 2
5. Text Length: .................................................................................................................... 2
6. Text Organization: ........................................................................................................... 3
7. Text Source:..................................................................................................................... 3
PART B: DEVELOPMENT....................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................... 4
1. DEFINITIONS: ............................................................................................................... 4
2. TYPES OF CATEGORIES: ............................................................................................ 5
2.1 Full vs Partial Translation: ........................................................................................... 5
2.1 Total Translation: ......................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Phonological Translation: ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 Transliteration: ............................................................................................................. 6
2.4 Free, Literal, and Word- for- word Translation: ........................................................... 7
3. METHODS, PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF TRANSLATION ................................... 7
3.1

Methods of Translation: ........................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 Word-for-word Translation: ...................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Literal Translation: .................................................................................................... 8
3.1.3 Faithful Translation: .................................................................................................. 8
3.1.4 Semantic Translation: ............................................................................................... 8
3.1.5 Free Translation: ........................................................................................................ 9
3.1.6 Idiomatic Translation:................................................................................................ 9
3.1.7 Communicative Translation ...................................................................................... 9

3.2 Principles of Translation:................................................................................................ 10
3.2.1 Meaning: .................................................................................................................. 10

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3.2.2 Form: ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.3 Register: ....................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.4 Style and Clarity .......................................................................................................... 10
3.3

Rules of translation: ................................................................................................... 11

3.3.1

The Rule of Proximity ........................................................................................ 11

3.3.2

The Rule of Parallelism ...................................................................................... 11

3.3.3

The Rule and Correlative Conjunctions ............................................................. 12

CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................ 13
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION .............................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER III ........................................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 56
3.1. VOCABULARY ....................................................................................................... 56
3.2. STRUCTURE: ........................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................................... 82
DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS ................................................................................... 82
4.1. DIFFICULTIES:........................................................................................................ 82
4.1.

SOLUTIONS: ........................................................................................................ 82

PART C ................................................................................................................................ 84
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .............................................................................. 84
1. Summary of the Findings: ............................................................................................. 84
2. Suggestions: ................................................................................................................... 84
2.1

Implications for learning ........................................................................................ 84

2.2

Implications for teaching: ...................................................................................... 85

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 86

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1

PART A
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale:
As you know, nowadays, environmental pollution has being become a global
urgent problem, especially air pollution. Air pollution can result from both
human and natural action. Air pollution affects extremely our health; therefore,
it is always one of the most concerned issues.
Understanding the importance of air to our life, we can protect our health and
prevent a lot of diseases. There are a lot of sources which relate these topics
today, such as books, magazines, news and etc. Among of them, the books:
“ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH” is really a wonderful book
and impresses me deeply because of some extremely useful information.
“ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH” consists of 14 chapters,
each of which refers to different problem. Among them, chapter 10 “AIR
POLLUTION” is a very important chapter because it refers to sources and
causes of air pollution, effects of air pollution, and air quality standards.
Although its contents are quite popular, a lot of people take little notice of them.
Hence, I decided to choose chapter 10 for my graduation paper.
I hope that through the suggested version, I can provide some knowledge of
environmental health, give more information for someone who wants to know
more about importance of protecting the environment
2. Aims and Objectives:
2.1. Aims:
This graduation paper focuses on sources and causes of air pollution that

affect the air quality . It also reflects my own ability during four past years.

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2

Through it, I can develop my ability and skill in translating document as well as
in analyzing difficult words, phrases, or structures that are extremely difficult
for translators.
2.2. Objectives:
There are a number of objectives I gained after translating graduation
paper:
Developing my skills of translating and using suitable words and
structures of any sentence.
Analyzing difficult and complex vocabularies, phrases, or structures in text.
Removing the language barrier for Vietnamese readers who are interested
in this subject.
Summarizing knowledge I learned in the past.
3. Scope of the Study:
This graduation paper belongs to chapter 10 “AIR QUALITY” of the book
“ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH” (ROBERT H. FRIIS,
PHD). The chapter is translated into Vietnamese, and then, some important
points will be analyzed particularly. In addition, this paper also lists difficulties
that make me feel embarrassed in translation process. Finally, certain important
solutions will be proposed.
4. Text Features:
The book has 3 parts and 14 chapters. Due to limited time, I decide to translate

and analyze the first 15 pages of chapter 10 in part 3 “Applications of
Environmental Health” ((of the book “Essentials of Environmental Health”
(second edition-2005)). In this chapter, the author listed many sources, causes as
well as effects of pollution. Through understanding of air in our life, I can
heighten our awareness of protecting the environment.
5. Text Length:

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3

This book includes 14 chapters with 419 pages, but due to time limitation, I only
translated a several parts of chapter 10 “AIR QUALITY” with approximately
5700 words in length.
6. Text Organization:
“ESSENTIALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH” has 14 chapters, and I
choose chapter 10 to translate. Its name: “AIR QUALITY” and is presented
through the following main parts:
❖

Part A - INTRODUCTION: includes rationale, aims and objectives,

scope of the study, text features, text length and text organization.
❖

Part B - DEVELOPMENT encompasses:


•

Chapter I is theoretical background about translation.

•

Chapter II is original version (the first 15 pages) of chapter 10:

“AIR QUALITY”, which is followed by my suggested translation
•

Chapter III contains the analysis of some typical difficult words,

idioms, phrases and structures.
•

Chapter IV consists of difficulties which I encounter and solutions

which help me overcome these difficulties.
❖

Part C - CONCLUSION:

This part will be the summary of findings, experiences I gained through this
graduation paper and some proposals which I wanted to send to my university
and department.
7. Text Source:
The

text


“AIR

QUALITY”

is

in

the

book

“ESSENTIALS

OF

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH” (second edition). The author is Robert H.Friis,
Phd. This book was published in 2005 by Jones and Bartlett Learning.

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PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1.


DEFINITIONS:

The term “translation” can be generally defined as the action of interpretation of
the meaning of the text, and production of an equivalent text that communicates
the same message in another language.
“Translation is a process which attempts to establish equivalents between two
texts expressed in two different languages. There equivalent are, by definition,
always dependent on the nature of two texts, on their objectives, on the
relationship between two cultures involved and their moral, intellectual and
emotional conditions. Translation is rendering a written text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text. It concerned with the
written word.”
There are many writers giving different definitions of translation and basing on
the points of view each person.
The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between
languages and is consequently a branch of Comparative Linguistics. Translation
equivalences can be set up, and translations performed, between any pair of
languages or dialects-''related'', or ''unrelated'' and with any kind of spatial,
temporal, social or other relationship between them. Some professor defined it
as follow:
According to a definition in “A linguistic Theory of Translation of

J. C.

Catford, translation is a replacement of textual material in one language (source
language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).

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Toward Peter Newmark, he believed that translation is process of transferring a
message from this language into another language in the way the author
intended the text.
Meanwhile, Dr. Ian Tudor had a different definition: “translation is the process
of conveying message across culture and their language.”
Alan Duff thought that “Translation is reproducing in the receptor language the
closet natural equivalent of a message of the source language, first in term of
meaning and second in term of style.”

2.

TYPES OF CATEGORIES:

Types of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, rank
of translation. There are many methods to translate; however, my graduation
paper used some types among of them.
2.1 Full vs Partial Translation:

This distinction relates to the extent (in a syntagmatic sense) of source
language text which is submitted to the translation process. The text may be a
book, a simple volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentence, a clause, etc. It may
be a figment, not co-existence with any formal literacy or linguistic unit.
In a “full” translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process; that
is, every part of the source language text is replaced with target language text
material.

Ex: We should study hard to pass our final exams.
 Chúng ta nên học tập chăm chỉ để vượt qua kỳ thi cuối cùng của chúng ta.
In a “partial” translation, some parts or parts of the source language text are left
non-translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target
language text.
Ex: Thật may, anh ta không phải là người xấu.
 Fortunately, he is not a bad person.
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In “partial” translation, the process of transferring source language lexical items
into a target language text is more complex than appears at first sight, seeming
to remain “non-translated”.
2.1 Total Translation:

This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation.
In “total” translation, all levels of source language text are replaced with target
language material. Strictly speaking, “total” translation is a misleading term,
since, though total replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent
at all levels.
In “total” translation, source language grammar and lexis are replaced with
equivalent target language grammar and lexis. This replacement entails the
replacement of source language phonology/ graphology with target language
equivalents.
Ex: Poverty  Đói nghèo không phải là cái tội.
Have you ever met him?  Bạn đã bao giờ gặp anh ấy chưa?

2.2 Phonological Translation:
In this translation, the main thing is source language phonology is replaced with
equivalent target language one, but there are hardly other important
replacements.
Ex: hippie  híp-pi
Radio

 Ra-đi-ô
Internet  In-tơ-nét

2.3 Transliteration:

This is a complex process involving phonological translation with the addition
of phonology-graphology correlation at both ends of the process, i.e. in source
and target language. First, source language graphological units are replace with
corresponding source language phonological units are replaced with
corresponding target language graphological units.
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7

Ex: scandal
zero
New York

 xì-căng-đan
 dêrô

 Niu-Ooc

2.4 Free, Literal, and Word- for- word Translation:

A “free” translation is always unbounded while “word-for-word” translation
generally means what it says. “Literal” translation lies between these extremes.
It may start from a “word-for-word” translation, but changes in conformity with
target language grammar (inserting additional words, changing structures, etc).
This may make it a group-group or clause-clause translation.
Ex:

She is second to none.

Cô ấy thì thứ hai đến không ai. (Word-for-word)
Cô ấy không là thứ hai với bất kỳ ai. (Literal)
 Cô ấy không bao giờ chịu thua bất kỳ ai. (Free)

3.

METHODS, PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF TRANSLATION

3.1

Methods of Translation:

There are eight methods translation. Newmark lists the following translation
translation methods, which essentially fall along a cline of focus, one extreme
being total focus on the source text/language and the other extreme being total
focus on the target text/language. When translating, we not just use one method
of translation; it should be use flexibly each other.

In my graduation paper, I use 7 among of 8 methods. They are:
3.1.1 Word-for-word Translation:
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translating with the target language
immediately below the source language words. The source language word order
is preserved, and the words are translated by their most common meanings, out
of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-

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8

word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or
to construct a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
Ex: Thời gian sẽ trả lời.
 The time will answer.
3.1.2 Literal Translation:
The source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest
target language equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out
of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved.
Ex 1: Can you wait outside?
 Bạn có thể đợi ở bên ngoài được không?
Ex 2: My brother managed to escape the wolves.
 Anh trai của tôi đã cố gắng thoát khỏi những con chó sói.
3.1.3 Faithful Translation:
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of
the original meaning within the constraints of the target language grammatical
structures. It “transfers” cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical

and lexical “abnormality” in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful
to intentions and the text realization of the source language writer.
Ex: I could see the Hong River winding its way through the plains below.
 Tôi có thể nhìn thấy con sông Hồng uốn khúc qua những cánh đồng bên
dưới!
3.1.4 Semantic Translation:
This method must pay more attention to aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and
natural sound) of the source language text, compromising on” meaning” where
appreciate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished
version. Furthermore, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally
neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make
other small concessions to the readership.
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The distinction between “faithful” and “semantic” translation is that the first is
uncompromising and dogmatic while the second is more flexible, admits the
creative exception to 100% of fidelity and allows for translator’s intuitive
empathy with the original.
Ex: Keep off the grass!
 Không giẫm lên cỏ!
He is a book-worm.
 Anh ta là một người ham đọc sách.
3.1.5 Free Translation:
This method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without
the form of the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the

original, a so-called “intra-lingual translation”, often prolix, pretentious, and
seemingly non- translated at all.
Ex: Have a nice day!
 Chúc một ngày tốt lành !
3.1.6 Idiomatic Translation:
This produces the “message” of the original again but tends to distort the
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not
exist in the original.
Ex: It’s a dog’s life having to do two jobs in order to survive.
Phải làm hai việc để kiếm sống quả là khổ như chó .
3.1.7 Communicative Translation
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in
such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership. This translation is rather often news on radio
or in newspaper. Sometimes communicative and semantic translation may
coincide with each other.
Ex: Rain is expected in the afternoon.
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 Có lẽ chiều nay trời sẽ mưa.
Nhà có chó dữ.
Beware of the dog
3.2 Principles of Translation:
Below are some general principles which are relevant to all translation.
3.2.1 Meaning:

The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text. Nothing
should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of meaning can
be “transpose”.
Ex: If I were you, I would not break up with him.
 Tôi sẽ không chia tay với anh ấy nếu tôi là bạn.
3.2.2 Form:
The order of words and ideas in the translation should match that in the original
as closely as possible. This is particularly in the form and order of words. In
English, emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word
order and using different structures.
Ex: Both John and Jack want to go swimming.
 Cả John và Jack đều muốn đi bơi.
3.2.3 Register:
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given
context. To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between
formal and fixed expression.
Ex: I would like to take all responsibility.
 Tôi xin chịu toàn bộ trách nhiệm.
3.2.4 Style and Clarity
The translator in general should not change the style of the original, but if the
text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translation may, for the
reader’s sake, correct the defects.
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Ex: Nam ate, and drank, and talked, and listened to music and made a noisy

continuously in the library.
 Nam vừa ăn uống vừa nói chuyện, vừa nghe nhạc và liên tục làm ồn trong
thư viện.
3.3

Rules of translation:

To have a good translated version, translator should master many theories.
Beside types of categories, methods and principles of translation, it is also
important to understand and practice rules of translation. Basing on “Translation
Theory”- Nguyen Manh Quang, we have some following rules:
3.3.1

The Rule of Proximity

“Proximity” means “Nearness” in English. When modifying any item of
language, the Modifier must be placed closely to that item even though the
Modifier is a single word, a phrase (P-group/ V- ing (ed) group/ Inf-group), or a
clause.
Ex: a woman of beautiful  Một người phụ nữ xinh đẹp.
In English, mistakes caused by incorrectly placing the position of modifiers are
called misplaced modifiers.
3.3.2

The Rule of Parallelism

The speech elements of the same grammatical function must be performed in an
only similar structural form.
Similar structural form may be a single word, a P-group, V-ing/ed group, Infgroup, or a S-group (clause).
More specifically, when sentence elements have the same grammatical function,

a Noun must be parallel to Noun, an Adjective parallel to an Adjective.
Ex: She likes reading romantic books and watching humorous films.
The rule of parallelism is strictly used when we are expressing a series of similar
ideas in which we have to use conjunctions “AND” and “OR”.
Ex: My mother wants to go to the market to buy fish and vegetables.
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You can watch television or sleep.
3.3.3

The Rule and Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are those such as BOTH…AND, EITHER…OR,
NEITHER…NOR, NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO, etc…
Ex: Both Lan and Tuan are students
She is not only beautiful but also attractive.
Neither my sister nor I drink coffee in the evening.

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CHAPTER II
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
AIR QUALITY

CHẤT LƯỢNG KHÔNG KHÍ

INTRODUCTION

GIỚI THIỆU

P1. This chapter covers the sources

Chương này bao gồm các nguồn ô

and causes of air pollution, the

nhiễm, nguyên nhân và các thành

components of air pollution (e.g.,

phần gây ô nhiễm không khí (ví dụ

gases and particles), and some of the

như chất khí và các chất dạng hạt), và

health and environmental effects that

một số ảnh hưởng về sức khoẻ và môi


have been linked to air pollution,

trường có liên quan đến ô nhiễm

including greenhouse gases and

không khí, bao gồm các khí phác thải

global warming. As so eloquently

gây hiệu ứng nhà kính và sự nóng lên

stated by the Natural Resources

toàn cầu. Như Hội đồng Quốc phòng

Defense Council, “No element of the

Tài nguyên thiên nhiên đã phát biểu

natural world is more essential to life

hùng hồn rằng: "Không yếu tố của

than air, and no environmental task

thế giới tự nhiên nào thiết yếu đối với

more critical than keeping it clean.”


cuộc sống hơn là không khí, và không
có vấn đề môi trường nào quan trọng
hơn là giữ cho môi trường được trong
sạch."

P2. The causes of poor outdoor air

Các quy trình ôtô công nghiệp liên

quality and smog include the

quan đến việc đốt cháy nhiên liệu hóa

automobile and industrial processes

thạch là nguyên nhân khiến cho chất

that involve combustion of fossil

lượng không khí kém và là nguyên

fuels. The products of fossil fuel

nhân gây ra sương khói. Các sản

consumption are sulfur dioxide,

phẩm tiêu thụ nhiên liệu hóa thạch

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particles, ground-level ozone,

gồm có lưu huỳnh đioxit, các phần tử,

nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,

ozon tầng mặt, oxit nitơ, cacbon

and lead. In the developed world

monoxit và chì. Ở các nước phát

many nations have formulated air

triển, nhiều quốc gia đã đưa ra các

quality standards in order to protect

tiêu chuẩn về chất lượng không khí

public health. Nevertheless, many

nhằm bảo vệ sức khoẻ cộng đồng.


European cities do not meet World

Tuy nhiên, nhiều thành phố ở châu

Health Organization (WHO) air

Âu không đáp ứng các tiêu chuẩn

quality standards for at least one

chất lượng không khí của Tổ chức Y

pollutant, and in the United States,

Tế Thế giới (WHO) đối với ít nhất

about a quarter of the population lives một chất gây ô nhiễm, và ở Hoa Kỳ,
in areas that do not meet US air qual-

khoảng ¼ dân số sống ở những khu

ity standards, which are similar to

vực không đạt tiêu chuẩn chất lượng

WHO standards. Refer to Figure 10-1 không khí của Hoa Kỳ tương tự như
for an example of air quality in New

tiêu chuẩn của WHO. Hình 10-1 là ví


York City on a smoggy day; air

dụ về chất lượng không khí tại thành

pollution obscures famous landmarks

phố New York vào một ngàysương

such as the Brooklyn Bridge.

khói; ô nhiễm không khí che khuất

Recently, air quality has improved

các điểm mốc nổi tiếng như Cầu

considerably in most of the United

Brooklyn. Gần đây, chất lượng không

States.

khí đã được cải thiện đáng kể ở hầu
hết các nơi ở Mỹ.

P3. The potential damaging effects of Những ảnh hưởng gây hại tiềm tàng
air pollution are numerous: adverse của ô nhiễm không khí là rất nhiều,
human health effects (e.g., lung bao gồm: các ảnh hưởng có hại đến
damage) and adverse environmental sức khoẻ con người (ví dụ, tổn
effects (e.g., acid rain and global thương phổi) và ảnh hưởng có hại đến

warming). Most people who live in môi trường (ví dụ như mưa axit và sự
Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306


15

urban areas have experienced, at one nóng lên toàn cầu). Trong nhiều lúc
time or another, the effects of outdoor khác nhau, hầu hết những người sống
air pollution. Symptoms can include ở các khu vực thành thị đã từng nếm
burning eyes, aching lungs, difficulty trải những ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm
breathing,

wheezing,

coughing, không khí ngoài trời. Các triệu chứng

headache, and other symptoms such có thể bao gồm mắt đỏ, đau phổi, khó
as an irritated throat and nose. In thở, thở khò khè, ho, đau đầu, và các
recent years the United States and triệu chứng khác như đau mũi, rát
many other developed countries have họng. Trong những năm gần đây, Hoa
made

significant

progress

in Kỳ và nhiều nước phát triển khác đã


improving air quality as a result of đạt được những tiến bộ đáng kể trong
measures such as catalytic converters việc nâng cao chất lượng không khí
in automobiles, control of emissions nhờ vào các giải pháp như chất xúc
from factories, and use of less- tác trong ô tô, kiểm soát khí thải từ
polluting fuels.

các nhà máy và sử dụng nhiên liệu ít
gây ô nhiễm hơn.

P4. However, in the large cities of

Tuy nhiên, ở các thành phố lớn của

many developing nations, for

nhiều quốc gia đang phát triển, ví dụ

example, Beijing, China, and Mexico

như Bắc Kinh của Trung Quốc và

City, Mexico, air quality has

thành phố Mexico, chất lượng không

continued to degrade. Often people

khí tiếp tục xuống cấp.

refer to air pollution as smog.


Người ta thường đề cập tới ô nhiễm

Originally, smog referred to smoke

không khí như khói lẫn sương. Ban

plus fog. Also, smog denotes a

đầu, khói lẫn sương nghĩa là khói và

mixture of pollutants, principally

sương mù. Ngoài ra, khói lẫn sương

ground- level ozone [discussed later

là hỗn hợp các chất gây ô nhiễm, chủ

in this chapter], produced by

yếu là ôzôn ở tầng mặt đất [nó sẽ

Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306


16


chemical reactions in the air

được thảo luận sau trong chương

involving smog-forming chemicals.

này], được tạo ra bởi các phản ứng

[These chemicals can arise from both

hóa học trong không khí liên quan

anthropogenic, (due to human

đến các hóa chất gây khói. Các chất

activities) and natural sources.] A

hóa học có thể phát sinh do ảnh

major portion of smog-formers come

hưởng của con người (do hoạt động

from burning of petroleum-based

của con người) và các nguồn tự

fuels such as gasoline.


nhiên. Phần lớn các chất tạo khói
được hình thành do việc đốt cháy
nhiên liệu có nguồn gốc từ dầu thô, ví
dụ như xăng.

P5. Major smog occurrences are often Sự xuất hiện sương mù chủ yếu
linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic,

thường liên quan đến giao thông xe

sunshine, high temperatures, and

cơ giới nặng, ánh sáng mặt trời, nhiệt

calm winds or temperature inversion

độ cao, gió lặng hoặc sự thay đổi

(weather condition in which warm air nhiệt độ (điều kiện thời tiết trong đó
is trapped close to the ground instead

không khí ẩm bị giữ lại gần mặt đất

of rising). The term smog complex

thay vì bay lên).Thuật ngữ smog

refers to “eye irritation, irritation of

complex liên quan đến "kích ứng mắt,


the respiratory tract, chest pains,

kích thích đường hô hấp, đau ngực,

cough, shortness of breath, nausea

ho, thở dốc, buồn nôn và nhức đầu"

and headache” associated with

liên quan đến sương khói. Chúng ta

smog.In our homes, at work, and in

có thể phải tiếp xúc với khói thuốc lá,

other enclosed spaces, we may be

dị ứng, nấm mốc độc hại, và các hóa

exposed to secondhand cigarette

chất nguy hiểm ngay trong nhà của

smoke, allergens, potentially toxic

chúng ta, tại nơi làm việc, và cả ở

molds, and hazardous chemicals.


những nơi khác nữa.

Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306


17

P6. High levels of air pollution can

Mức độ ô nhiễm không khí cao có thể

endanger our health and can kill

gây nguy hiểm cho sức khoẻ của

people as well, especially when

chúng ta và cũng có thể dẫn đến tử

reactive-gases are discharged into the

vong, đặc biệt là khi thải các chất

atmosphere and when vulnerable

phản ứng vào khí quyển và những


people are exposed. Health effects

người có sức đề kháng yếu tiếp xúc

associated with air pollution include

với nó. Các ảnh hưởng về sức khoẻ

some forms of cancer such as lung

liên quan đến không khí bao gồm một

cancer and skin cancer (from possible số dạng ung thư, chẳng hạn như ung
depletion of the ozone layer), damage thư phổi và ung thư da (do sự suy
to vital tissues and organs such as the

giảm của tầng ôzôn), tổn thương các

nervous system, and impairment of

mô và các cơ quan quan trọng như hệ

lung and breathing function. There

thần kinh, sự suy yếu của phổi và

have been numerous occasions of air

chức năng hô hấp. Đã có rất nhiều


pollution-caused mortality. For

trường hợp ô nhiễm không khí dẫn

example, in Chapter 7 it was noted

đến tử vong. Chẳng hạn như trong

that during a release of toxic air

Chương 7, đáng chú ý rằng trong suốt

pollutants in Bhopal, India, large

quá trình thải các chất gây ô nhiễm

numbers of people were killed by

không khí độc hại ra các khu vực ở

toxic fumes released into the

Bhopal, Ấn Độ, một số lượng lớn

environment. A second incident

người đã bị giết bởi các chất khói độc

happened in London, where a


hại thải ra môi trường. Trường hợp

1952.great “smog disaster” killed

thứ hai là “thảm họa sương mù” xảy

several thousand people. Similar

ra ở Luân Đôn năm 1952 đã giết chết

examples will be cited later in this

hàng nghìn người. Các ví dụ tương tự

chapter.

sẽ được nói sau trong chương này.

P7. Air pollution damages the

Ô nhiễm không khí làm hư hại môi

environment and causes property

trường và gây thiệt hại về tài sản. Nó

Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306



18

damage. It reduces visibility in

làm giảm tầm nhìn trong các vườn

national parks such as the Grand

quốc gia như Grand Canyon ở Hoa

Canyon in the United States and can

Kỳ và thậm chí còn có thể gây cản trở

even interfere with aviation.

đến ngành hàng không. Các thiệt hại

Environmental damage linked to air

môi trường liên quan đến ô nhiễm

pollution includes harm to forests,

không khí bao gồm thiệt hại về rừng,

lakes and other bodies of water,

hồ và các nguồn nước khác, động vật


wildlife, and buildings. Visit many

hoang dã và nhà cửa. Ghé thăm nhiều

large cities of the world and you will

thành phố lớn trên thế giới, bạn sẽ

see that their structures often are

thấy rằng công trình kiến trúc của các

blackened from many years of

thành phố này thường bị đen lại do

exposure to smog and smoke. These

nhiều năm tiếp xúc với sương khói.

types of environmental damage are

Những loại thiệt hại về môi trường

not geographically limited in scope;

này không bị giới hạn về phạm vi địa

air pollution is a global problem. One


lý; bởi ô nhiễm không khí là vấn đề

example is shown in Figure 10-2,

toàn cầu. Hình 10-2 là ví dụ miêu tả

which portrays haze across northern

một đám mây ở bên kia miền bắc Ấn

India in a picture taken from a

Độ trong một bức ảnh chụp từ vệ tinh

satellite above the earth. Satellites

trên trái đất. Vệ tinh và các công nghệ

and other technologies make it

khác cho phép nhìn thấy những đám ô

possible to view similar clouds of air

nhiễm không khí tương tự ở nhiều nơi

pollution over many parts of the

trên trái đất.


earth.
P8. The problem of urban air

Vấn đề ô nhiễm không khí đô thị

pollution is continuing to grow more

đang tiếp tục phát triển mạnh mẽ hơn

acute in the developing world, where

ở quốc gia đang phát triển, nơi mà

populations are expanding rapidly

dân số đang tăng lên nhanh chóng,

and fast-paced industrialization is

tốc độ công nghiệp hóa nhanh cùng

Supervisor: Tran Huu Hung

Nguyen Thi Thu Ha-1920316306