3 2 7 painting from caves to computers (social studies)
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H O UG H T O N MIF F L IN
by Helen Byers
PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS: Cover © Corbis/SuperStock. 1 Ronald Sheridan@Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd.
2 © Corbis/SuperStock. 3 Paulo Fridman/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images. 4 Ronald Sheridan@Ancient Art & Architecture
Collection Ltd. 5 Ronald Sheridan@Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd. 6 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
7 C.M.Dixon/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd. 8 Yale University Art Gallery/Art Resource, NY. 9 Giraudon/Art
Resource, NY. 10 Tom Stoddar/Getty Images.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-547-02130-0
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Introduction
What was your first work of art?
Did you use your fingers to paint
it? Did you draw scribbles with crayons?
Since then, you have probably studied
pictures by book illustrators. Maybe
you have done research to find out how
they worked.
Finger painting is fun and colorful.
2
An artist uses different tools.
People have always painted. Their
times and places for painting have been
different. Maybe their tools have, too.
Yet their reasons for painting have often
been the same. One reason is simple.
Painting is fun!
3
Cave Paintings
Imagine living in a cave. How would
you get art supplies? Thousands of years
ago, cave dwellers burned wood. They
found colored rocks. They pounded
them into powders, added water, and
made paint.
The oldest paintings are on cave
walls. Some show wild bears, horses,
bulls, or cats. Some show owls. There
are tracings of human hands.
These early artists
used cave walls as
their canvas.
4
Why did those early artists paint? No
one knows all the reasons. But we know
that they couldn’t read or write. Their
paintings told things. They showed that
people had been there. They showed
what the people had seen.
This cave painting looks
almost modern.
5
Wall Paintings
People in Egypt also painted on walls.
But these walls were in tombs. Rich
people were buried in tombs. They
wanted the tombs to be like the homes
they had in life. So they painted the
walls with scenes. They thought tomb
paintings would please the person who
had died.
Today we can learn about life long ago by
studying wall paintings.
6
This painting shows
the Egyptian sun
god, Ra.
Ancient Egyptians used a special
paint. It was called tempera (TEM-puhruh). They made it with egg yolks. The
colors came from rocks, wood, plants,
and clay. The egg yolks made the paint
dry quickly. The dried paint was hard
and bright.
The artists used a strict style. Every
detail was exact. The heads of gods and
people faced right or left. Paint colors
meant things. Blue stood for the Nile
River. Red was for power. Yellow was
for the sun god, Ra.
7
Many Chinese nature scenes are painted as if
seen through the eyes of a bird.
Ink Painting
In China long ago, artists used ink
and water. They painted on rolls of
paper or cloth, called scrolls. Their
fine brush strokes took practice. Many
of their paintings showed scenes from
nature. Others told tales. People could
carry the scrolls with them.
8
Oil Painting
In the 1400s, oil paint was invented.
It lasted longer than tempera. Artists
painted it onto heavy cloth called canvas.
From then on, many great artists
in Europe and America used oil paint.
They painted people and nature. They
painted events from history. They used
art to tell tales and teach ideas. They
used it to express moods.
Today, some modern oil paintings
look almost like photographs. Others
look more like sketches. Some are pure
color and texture.
What feeling
does this painting
express?
9
Computer
artists use
new ways
to make art.
Conclusion
These days, artists paint however they
want. Some choose the oldest styles.
Others experiment. They splash berry
juices. They paint with a twig. They
climb a ladder and pour paint onto a
canvas on the floor. They might use
their hair instead of a paintbrush!
Other artists “paint” with computers.
It isn’t messy or smelly. You don’t get to
use your fingers. But they say it’s fun.
10
Responding
Word Builder
Make a chart listing artists’ tools. Name the
tool. Tell how the artist uses it. And then
tell what they would make with it.
TARGET VOCABULARY
Tool
How It
Is Used
What
Is Made
paintbrush
?
?
to paint with
oils
?
?
oil painting
?
?
Write About It
Text to Self Write a paragraph describing
how you would use an artist’s tool and
what you would make with that tool. Use
the chart for information.
11
TARGET VOCABULARY
illustrator
imagine
research
scribbles
sketches
textures
tools
tracing
Analyze/Evaluate Think
about what you read. Then form an opinion
about it.
TARGET STRATEGY
This word tells you to look again.
12
Level: O
DRA: 38
Social Studies
Strategy:
Analyze/Evaluate
Word Count: 578
3.2.7 Build Vocabulary
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN
Online Leveled Books
ISBN-13: 978-0-547-02130-0
ISBN-10: 0-547-02130-5
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