1. Định nghĩa đại từ
Đại từ là từ thay thế cho danh từ, tránh sự lặp lại danh từ.
2. Phân loại đại từ
2.1. Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns)
- Đại từ làm chủ ngữ gồm: I, you, he/she/it, we, they
- Đại từ làm tân ngữp: me, you, him/her/it, us, them
Chức năng:
– I, he, she, we, they có thể là chủ ngữ của động từ:
He has lived here for 3 years.
– Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ trực tiếp của động từ.
I saw her at the party last night.
– Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ gián tiếp của động từ Hoặc tân ngữ của
giới từ:
Ann gave him a book.
We couldn’t do it without them.
Chú ý:
- Vị trí chủ ngữ trong câu hoặc đứng sau động từ be, đằng sau các phó từ so sánh
như than, as, that...
The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
It was she who called you.
- Ngay sau các ngôi số nhiều như we, you bạn có thể dùng một danh từ số nhiều để
làm rõ we, you là chỉ cái gì.
We students are going to have a party (Sinh viên chúng tôi .....)
- We/ You/ They có thể dùng với all/ both. Trong trường hợp câu có động từ đơn thì
chúng đi liền với nhau, nhưng nếu all hoặc both đi với các đại từ này ở dạng câu


có trợ động từ thì all hoặc both sẽ đứng sau trợ động từ (All và Both cũng phải
đứng sau động từ to be, trước tính từ)
We all go to school now.
We will all go to school next week.

We are all ready to go swimming.
- Dùng he/she thay thế cho các vật nuôi nếu chúng được xem là có tính cách,
thông minh hoặc tình cảm (chó, mèo, ngựa...)
Go and find the cat if where she stays in.
- Tên nước, tên các con tàu được thay thế trang trọng bằng she (ngày nay it dùng).
England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.
- Đằng sau us có thể dùng một danh từ số nhiều trực tiếp, giống như đối với đại từ
nhân xưng chủ ngữ.
The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.
2.2. Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns)
• Ví dụ:
Nhóm kết hợp với some: something, someone, somebody.
Nhóm kết hợp với any: anything, anyone, anybody.
Nhóm kết hợp với every: everything, everyone, everybody.
Nhóm kết hợp với no: nothing, no one, nobody.
Nhóm độc lập gồm các từ: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a)
little, enough, each, either, neither.
• Một số trong các đại từ trên đây cũng có thể được dùng như tính từ (tính từ bất
định -indefinite adjectives): any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another,
much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
2.3. Đại từ sở hữu (possessive pronouns)
• Gồm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs, its
• Đại từ sở hữu = tính từ sở hữu + danh từ


Ví dụ: That is Ann’s room. This is our room = This is ours.
You’ve got my pen. Where’s yours?
Ví dụ: That book is hers.
Sai: That book is hers book.
That book is her’s.

Ví dụ: Her book is here.

Bản thân Đại từ sở hữu là một danh từ. Vì vậy
một danh từ khác không thể được liền ngay sau một
Đại từ sở hữu. Đại từ sở hữu khôngdùng dấu lược
(‘).
Một Tính từ sở hữu cần được theo sau bởi
một danh từ, Tính từ sở hữu không đứng riêng lẻ.
Its không sử dụng dấu phẩy lược (‘) khi mang

Ví dụ: A bird uses its wings to fly.
It’s cold today.

nghĩa sở hữu.
It’s có dấu phẩy lược (‘) khi nó là viết tắt của
It is, It was, it has

2.4. Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns)
•Gồm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Chú ý: ourselves, yourselves, themselves là hình thức số nhiều.
• Chức năng:
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ khi chủ ngữ và tân ngữ là cùng một người:
I cut myself.
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident.
– Được sử dụng như trường hợp trên sau động từ + giới từ:
He spoke to himself.
Look after yourself.
I’m annoyed with myself.
– Được sử dụng như các đại từ nhấn mạnh danh từ hoặc đại từ:
The King himself gave her the medal.

Chúng thường nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ của câu và được đặt sau nó:


Ann herself opened the door.
Tom himself went.
Khi chúng nhấn mạnh các danh từ khác, chúng được đặt ngay sau danh từ đó:
I saw Tom himself.
I spoke to the President himself.
– Được sử dụng như các tân ngữ sau giới từ:
I did it by myself.
He did that to himself.
2.5. Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: who, whom, which, that, whose,…
• Chức năng:
– Who, that, which làm chủ ngữ:
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
Everyone that/who knew him liked him.
This is the picture that/which caused such a sensation.
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ:
The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
The car which/that I hired broke down.
– Theo sau giới từ:
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
Tuy nhiên, giới từ cũng có thể chuyển xuống cuối mệnh đề:
The ladder which I was standing on began to slip.
– Hình thức sở hữu (whose + danh từ):
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
• Chú ý: when =in/on which
Where = in/at which
Why = for which



Ví dụ:
The year in which he was born
The day on which they arrived
The hotel at which they are staying
The reason for which he refused is…
2.6. Đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: this, that, these, those…
• Tính từ chỉ định (demonstrative adjectives) this, that và số nhiều của chúng là
these, those được dùng trước danh từ nhằm xác định vị trí của danh từ ấy đối với
người nói.
Khi những tính từ này được dùng độc lập, không có danh từ theo sau, nó trở thành
đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns).
• Ngoài việc thay thế cho một danh từ, đại từ chỉ định còn cho người nghe khái
niệm gần hơn hay xa hơn về thời gian hoặc khoảng cách.
Ví dụ:
There is this seat here, near me.
There is that one in the last row. Which will you have, this or that?
That is what I thought last year, this is what I think now.
2.7. Đại từ nghi vấn (interrogative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: who, whom, whose, what, which
• Chức năng:
– Làm chủ ngữ:
Who keeps the keys?
Whose car broke down?
Which pigeon arrived first?
What kind of tree is that?
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ:



Who did you see?
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
Which hand do you use?
What paper do you read?
Luyện tập
Choose the correct words in italics.
1. This is my/mine

umbrella. Your/yours

umbrella is over

there.
2. This umbrella is my/mine

. The other one is your/yours

3. Mary and Bob have their/theirs

has her/hers

books. In other words, Mary

and Bob has his/him

.

4. A honey bee has two wings on each side of its/it’s
5. Its/it’s


body.

true that a homing pigeon will find its/it’s

home even though it begins its/it’s
6. I have a pet. Its/it’s

it’s

.

way

trip in unfamiliar territory.
name is Squeak. Its/it’s

been my pet for two years.

a turtle. Its/


7. Our/ours

house is almost the same as our/ours

neighbors’ house. The only difference in appearance is that our/ours

gray and their/theirs


is

is white.

8. When I was in Florida, I observed an iteresting fish-eating bird called an
anhinga. It/they

prey on its/it’s

water, it/they

catches it/them

first.Its/it’s

watching it/them

dives into the water and spears its/it’s

long, pointed bill. After emerging from the

tosses the fish into the air and

in mid-air, then swallow its/them

interesting to watch anhingas in action. I enjoy

.

Bài tập 2

1. __________ book is expensive.
a. This

b. These

head


2. __________ cat is small.
a. That

b. Those

3. __________ pens are blue.
a. This

b. These

4. __________ movie is funny.
a. That

b. Those

5. __________ airplanes are very big.
a. That
b. Those
6. __________ morning is perfect for a walk.
a. This
b. These
7. __________ car is expensive.

a. That
b. Those
8. __________ candy is delicious.
a. This
b. These
9.__________ children are cold.
a. That
b. Those
10. __________ food is healthy.
a. This
b. These
Complete with the right words demonstrative.
1. (Talking about a book in your hand) How could you buy something like
______________?


2. (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) ______________ cherries are delicious!
3. (During a long walk) I should have worn those shoes I bought in Greece last
year; ___________ have never been comfortable.
4. Could you bring me ____________ book I left in the garden?
5. (From the marriage vows) To have and to hold from _____________ day
forward.
6. I hate those books which tell you: " ____________ is what you have to do to
become rich"
7. (About a picture hanging on the wall) _________________ are my children.
8. (About a picture you've just taken from your wallet) _______________ is my
wife.
Bài tập 4: Chọn dạng đúng của đại từ trong mỗi câu sau:
1. Richard is expecting (us/our) to got to class tomorrow.
2. You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.

3. They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.
4. George asked (me/my) to call him last night.
5. We understand (him/his) having to leave early.
6. We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us.
7. They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them.
Bài tập 5: Chọn đại từ chỉ ngôi để hoàn thành các câu sau:
1. (We/us) all went with (them/they).
2. They know all about my friends and (I/me).
3. Mr.Nam and (he/him) came last night.
4. There are some letters for you and (me/I).
5. What would you do if you were (he/ him)
6. It was (him/he) I was talking about.
Bài 6: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng đại từ phản thân hoặc đại từ nhấn mạnh


1. It was pleasant to warm……….before a good fire.
2. There was so much noise that he couldn’t hear………speak.
3. She was angry with …………for breaking her doll.
4. They look at……….in the looking-glass.
5. Ba goes and hides ………behind the curtain.
6. I want to see Mrs. Linh…………., not her husband.
7. You……..told me the story.
8. I hope you will enjoy……….at the party.
9. You must learn your lesson……….Nobody can do it for you.
Đáp án
1. my/ your

2. mine /yours

3. their/hers/ his


4. its

5. It’s/ its/ its

6. Its/ it’s/ it’s

7. our/ our/ theirs

8. it/ its /its/ it/ it/ its/ it's/ them

Bài 2:
1.a. This
2. a. That
3. b. These
4. a. That
5. b. Those
6. a. This
7. a. That
8. b. These
9. a. That
10. a. This
Bài 3
this


These
these
that
this

This
Those
This
Bài 4:
1. us
2. his
3. our
4. me
5. his
6. Henry
7. our
Bài5:
1. we, them
2. I
3. he
4. me
5. him
6. he
Bài 6:
1. ourselves
2. himself
3. herself
4. themselves


5. himself
6. herself
7. yourself
8. yourselves
9. yourself


I. Các dạng thức của Other

Examples
Adjective
Another book

Types
Pronoun

Singular (is)

Another (is)

Plural

Others (are)

Other books
(are)
The other book

Singular (is)
Plural

Các dạng thức của Other có thể được sử
dụng như tính từ hoặc đại từ.
Dạng other có đuôi –s (others) chỉ được
sử dụng như đại từ ở dạng số nhiều


The other (is)

The other books The others (are)

(không bao giờ được sử dụng như tính
từ).

(are)
The students in the class come from many
countries. One of the students is from Mexico.
Another student is from Iraq. Another is from
Japan. Other students are from Brazil. Others are
from Algeria.

Another: Đưa ra thêm chỉ 1 sự vật, sự
việc bên cạnh sự vật, sự việc vừa mới
được đề cập đến.
Other/others (không có “the”) Mô tả
thêm một vài sự vật bên cạnh những sự

vật đã được đề cập đến.
I have three books. Two are mine. The other The other(s): tất cả những gì còn lại,

book is yours.

phần còn lại


I have three books. One is mine. The others
are yours.

Another được sử dụng như một tính
I will be here for another three years.

từ đi kèm với danh từ chỉ thời gian, tiền

We drove another ten miles.

bạc, khoảng cách với nghĩa “phần thêm
vào, phần bổ sung”

II. Cách sử dụng

Examples

Usage
Each other và One another thể hiện
mối quan hệ hai chiều. Chúng có thể
thay thế cho nhau mà không có sự khác

We write to each other every week.

biệt về nghĩa. Tuy nhiên, người bản ngữ

We write to another every week.

thường dùng each other khi họ nói về
chỉ hai người hoặc hai sự vật, và one
another khi nói về nhiều hơn hai người/
sự vật.
Every other mang nghĩa “xen kẽ”.

Như ví dụ: điều đó có nghĩa là:

Please write on every other line.

Write on the first line

I see her every other week.

Don’t write on the second line
Write on the third line

Have you seen Ali recently?

Don’t write on the fourth line.
The other được dùng với từ chỉ thời

Yes. I saw him just the other day.

gian như the other wee, the other


morning, the other day… để nói đến
thời gian gần đó trong quá khứ. Chúng
đồng nghĩa với a few days ago, not
long ago.
The ducklings walked in a line behind the mother One after the other/ one after
duck. Then the mother duck slipped into the pond. The another: mô tả những hành động riêng
ducklings followed her. They slipped into the water one lẻ diễn ra rất gần nhau. Mang
after the other.


nghĩa “lần lượt”.

No one knows my secret other than Rosa.

Other than được sử dụng sau một cụm

No one knows my secret except (for) Rosa.

phủ định với nghĩa “ngoại trừ”.
In other words được sử dụng để giải

Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins and

thích. Thường liền sau là một mệnh đề

minerals. In other words, they are good for you.

với nghĩa rõ ràng hơn câu/ý liền trước
nó

Usage of One
One có thể được đặt trước một danh từ riêng để nhấn mạnh hoặc có thể đóng vai trò như
một tính từ chỉ lượng, hoặc có thể giữ vai trò của một đại từ.
1. Từ chỉ lượng
Tất nhiên là với nghĩa này, khá đơn giản để sử dụng one. Hầu như chẳng mấy ai gặp vấn đề
với nghĩa này, one – 1. VD:
Those are lovely scarves. I think I'll buy one.
One is hardly enough.



One is purple, the other green.
The three brothers get along quite well. In fact they adore one another.
One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the capitol.
The yellow car is fast, but I think the blue one will win.
2. Đại từ
One có thể giữ vị trí như một đại từ phi cá nhân, không hướng đến chỉ một cá nhân cố định.
One có thể là lời người nói/người viết hướng đến chính bản thân họ hoặc đến những người
có điểm giống với người nói, người viết. Trong Anh Anh, one thường được dùng như danh
từ riêng, trong khi Anh Mỹ, one thường chỉ đích danh ngôi nhân xưng số 2 – you.
The young comedian was awful, one felt embarrased for him.
If one fails, then one must try harder next time.
Tuy vậy, không nên trộn lẫn giữa 1 đại từ phi cá nhân/ danh từ chung như “one” với một
đại từ khác, đặc biệt là khi trong cùng 1 câu. VD: "If one fails, then he/you must simply
try harder."
Dạng sở hữu của one là ones.
Đại từ phản thân là oneself.
Dạng số nhiều là Ones.
I really like the chocolate ones.
Are these the ones you want?
Khi đi kèm với những danh từ chỉ định số nhiều như these, ta thường bỏ ones đi, VD:
Do you want these ones? => Do you want these?
Cụm từ one in và more than one luôn được theo sau bởi động từ ở dang ngôi thứ ba số ít.
VD:
One in four dentists recommends this toothpaste.
One out of every five instructors gets this question wrong.
There is more than one reason for this.


Bài 1:
Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexivie pronoun.

1. Everyone drew self-portraits. I drew a picture of
2. Ali drew a picture of

3. Rose drew a picture of
4. The children drew pictures of

(himself).

(herself).
(themselves).

(myself).


5. We drew pictures of

(ourselves).

6. Olga, you drew picture of

(yourself), didn’t you?

7. All of you drew pictures of
8. When one draws a picture of

(yourselves), didn’t you?
(oneself), it is called a self-portrait.

Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexise pronoun.
1.Tommy told a lie. He was ashamed of _himself_.

2. Masako cut

(herself) while she was chopping vegetables.

3. People surround

(themselves) with friends and family during

holidays.
4. Rita is careful about her weight, but she allows

(herself) one

piece of candy a day.
5. Alex, you need to eat better than get more exercise. You should take better
care of

of

(yourself). Your father takes care of and I take care

(myself). People who take care of

(themselves) have better chance of staying healthy than those who don’t.


6. Omar thinks Oscar is telling the truth. So does Ricardo. I
(myself) don’t believe Oscar’s story for a minute!
7. A: Did Mr. Yun’s secretary answer the phone?
B: No, Mr. Yun


(himself) answered the phone. I was

surprised.
8. A: Should I marry Steve?
B: No one can make that decision for you, Ann. Only you
(yourself) can make such an important decision about your own life.
9. Now that their children grew, Mr. and Mrs. Grayson live by
(themselves).
10. Nadia didn’t join the rest of us. She sat in the back of the room
by

(herself).

Choose the correct words in italics and fill them in blanks.
1. Penguin/Penguins _Penguins_ are interesting creature/creatures _creatures_.
They are bird/birds _birds_ butit/they _they_ cannot fly.
2. Million/Millions

(years) ago, they hadwing/wings

(millions) of year/years

(wings). This/These


(these) wings changed as the birds adapted to its/their
(their) environment.
3. Penguin’s/Penguins’


(penguins') principle

food was/were

(was)fish/fished

(fish). Penguins

needed to be able to swim to find their food. So eventually
theirwing/wings

(wings) evolved into flipper/flippers

(flippers) that enabledit/them

(them) to swim through water with

speed and ease.
4. Penguins spends/spend

in water/waters

their egg/eggs

(spend) most of their lives

(water). However, they lay

(eggs) on land/lands


(land).

5. Emperor penguins have interesting egg-laying habit/habits
(habits).
6. The female lays/lay

(lays) one egg/eggs

(egg) on


the ice/ices

(ice) in Arctic regions and then

immediately returns/return

(returns) to the ocean.

7. After the female lays the egg, the male takes/take

(takes) over. He/they

(he) covers/cover

(covers) the

egg with his/their

(his) body until she/he/it/they


(it) hatches/hatch

(hatches).

8. This/these

(this) process takes/take

eightweek/weeks

male doesn’t/don’t

(takes) seven to

(weeks). During this/these

(this) the

(doesn't) eat.

9. After the egg hatches/hatch

care of the chick and the male goes/go

(hatches), the female returns to take

(goes) to the ocean to find



food for himself/herself

(himself), his mate and their offspring.

10.Although the penguin’s/penguins’

(penguins') natural habitat is in

Polar Regions, we can see them in most major zoos in the world. They/
it

(they) seem/seems

(seem) to adapt very well to life

in confinement, so we can enjoy watching their/its

without feeling sorry about their/its

(their)antics

(their) loss of freedom.

Complete the sentences with a word or expressons from the list and an
appropriate reflexise pronoun.
Teach

laugh at
talk to


angry at
feel sorry for

promise

entertain

introduce

enjoy

pat

kill

proud of

Nhớ chia động từ nha :)
1.David Williams never took lessons. He _taught himself_ how to play the piano.
2. Did Roberto have a good time at the party? Did he
3. All of you did a good job. You should be

(enjoy himself)?
(proud of yourselves).


4. You did a good job, Barbara. You should

(pat yourself) on the back


5. A man down the street committed suicide. We were all shock by the news that he
had

(killed himself).

6. The children played very well without adult supervision. They
(entertain themselves) by playing school.
7. I had always wanted to meet Mr. Anderson. When I saw him at a party last night, I
walked over and

(introduced myself) to him.

8. Nothing good ever comes from self-pity. You should stop

(feeling

sorry for yourself), George, and start doing something to solve your problems.
9. People might think you’re a little crazy, but

(talking to yourself) is

one way to practice using English.
10. Humor can ease the trials and tribulation of life. Sometimes we have to be able
to

(laugh at ourselves).

11. Carol made several careless mistakes at work last week and her boss is getting
impatient with her. Carol has


(promised herself) to do better work in


the future.
12. Yesterday Fred’s car ran out of gas. He had to walk a long way to a gas station.
He is still

(angry at himself) for forgetting to fill the tank.

Complete the sentences with a form of "other".
1. I got three letters. One was from my father. _Another_ one was from my sister.
_the other_ letter was from my girlfriend.
2. Look at your hand. You have five fingers. One is your thumb.

(another) is your index finger.

finger.

(another) one is your middle

(another) finger is your ring finger. An

(the

other) finger (the last of five) is your little finger.
3. Look at your hand. One is your right hand.

(the other) is your left

hand.

4. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can
come.

(the others) can’t come.

5. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can
come.

(the other) people can’t come.


6. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any
(other) books that you could lend me?
7. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any
(others) that you could lend me?
8. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one means of
transportation. The train is

(another).

9. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one.
(others) are the train, the automobile and the horse.
10. There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen
and

(the other) is Pat Hendricks.

11. Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesn’t read any
(other) newspapers.
12. Some people prefer classical music, but


(others) prefer rock

music.
13. Individual differences in children must be recognized. Whereas one child might
have a strong interest in mathematics and science,
might tend toward more artistic endeavors.

(another) child


15. I’ve almost finished. I just need

(another) five minutes.

15. One of the most important inventions in the history of the world was the
printing press.

(another) was the electric light.

(the

others) were the telephone, television and the computer.
16. Some babies begin talking as early as six months;

(others) don’t

speak until they are more than two years old.
17. One common preposition is from.


is in.

(another) common one

(others) are by, for and of. The most frequently used preposition

in English are at, by, for, from, in, of, to and with. What are some
(other) prepositions?
18. That country has two basic problems. One is inflation and

(the

other) is the instability of the government.
19. I have been in only three cities since I came to the United States. One is New
York and

(the others) are Washington D.C. and Chicago.

20. When his alarm went off this morning, he shut it off, rolled over and slept