^

HE THONG PHIEN AM CAC TU NGU
TIENG THAI LAN B A N G CHU QUOC NGU
^

•

NGUYEN TUdNG LAI *
TRUdNG THI H A N G **

N

h u chiing t a da biet hien nay cae
tai lieu, bao chi va sach vd d Viet
Nam viet ve Thai Lan deu cd nhiing each
phien am tii ngii tieng Thai Lan khdng
thd'ng nha't va thieu chinh xac. Tinh t r a n g
phien am nay se l a m chd nhiing ngUdi hgc
tieng Thai Lan khd ma cd ket qua tdt
trdng viec tap p h a t a m cac tii ngii tieng
Thai Lan. Ddng thdi nd ciing se gay ra
nhiing sai sdt khdng dang cd trong viec
ghi am va p h a t am nhiing n h a n d a n h va
dia danh ciia Thai Lan tren cac phUdng
tien thdng tin dai chiing. Chang h a n
chiing ta van ggi ten mot cau thii bdng da
ndi tieng cua Thai Lan la "Ki-a-ti-sac",
nhUng thUc r a phai ggi chinh xac la "Kiettj-xac". Sd dl n h u vay vi chiing ta le thugc
vao Icl chuyen tU tii chii viet Thai Lan
sang chii viet L a - t i n h ma ngUdi Thai Lan

dang sit dung va khi dgc chiing ta lai dgc
theo each dgc chii qud'c ngii. De t r a n h den
miic tdi da nhiing sai sdt nay chiing tdi
tien hanh xay dUng he thd'ng phien am cac
tit ngii tieng Thai Lan b a n g chii Qud'c ngii.
Trudc tien chiing tdi tien h a n h viec so
sanh ve m a t ngii am giiia tieng Thai Lan
va tieng Viet.
1. Mot so' n e t tifotag d o n g v a k h a c biet
giiifa t i e n g T h a i L a n v a t i e n g Viet.

Tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cimg
thugc loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap nhUng
chiing lai gan giii n h a u hdn ea so vdi cac
ngdn ngii ddn lap khac. TrUdc bet, tieng
Thai Lan va tieng Viet la cac ngdn ngii
ddn am tiet tinh dien hinh, va thii den la
ca hai ngdn ngii deu thugc Icai hinh ngdn
ngii ed t h a n h dieu. Nhd cd hai dac trUng
ngii am nay ma tieng Thai Lan va tieng
Viet dUdc xep vae cung mdt nhdm trong
ndi bd cac ngdn ngii ddn lap.
Them nCta, tieng Viet tii xa xUa da cd
mdi quan he tiep xiic vdi cac ngdn ngii
thugc nhdm Thai che nen tieng Viet va
tieng Thai Lan lai cang cd nhieu net tUdng
ddng. Hien nay, da so' cac nha ngdn ngii
hgc deu coi tieng Viet cd quan he ngudn
gee vdi cac ngdn ngii Mdn-Khmer va sau
nay tieng Viet da tiep xiic vdi tieng Thai d

Viet Nam, de dd tieng ndi cua ngUdi Thai
Lan va ngUdi Viet dUdng nhien cd nhieu
net tUdng ddng xua't p h a t tii nguyen nhan
cimg loai hinh ngdn ngii va sU tiep xiic
ngdn ngii giiia ngudi Viet vdi cac ddng tgc
ciia ijgUdi Thai Lan tren da't Viet Nam.
Vdi dac trUng la ngdn ngii ddn am tiet
nen am tiet cua tieng Thai Lan va tieng
Viet cd met vai trd r a t quan trgng. Ciing
n h u tieng Viet, am tiet tieng Thai Lan

PGS.TS. Nguyen Tiidng Lai, TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Ha Noi
* ThS. Tnidng Thi HSng, TrUdng Dai hoc Naresuan Thai Lan


22
ciing la mdt ddn vi ngd am cd tinh ddc lap
rat cao, dd la: trong tieng Thai Lan ldi ndi
dUdc ndi ra bang mdt Idat cac am tiet tach
biet va rd rang. Tuy vay, do ve sau nay
tieng Thai Lan chiu anh hUdng nhieu cua
tieng Pali Sanskrit, vdn thugc Icai ngdn
ngii bien hinh nen da cd met sd'hien tUdng
gan vdi hien tUdng ndi am.
Ciing cd the ndi rang da sd am tiet ciia
tieng Thai Lan deu la nhiing am tiet cd
nghia. Dac diem nay gid'ng vdi tieng Viet.
NhUng neu ndi r i n g tat ca cac am tiet cua
tieng Thai Lan deu cd nghia (nhu cd ngUdi
ndi trong tieng Viet) thi e r i n g khd cd the

chap nhan dUdc. Thttc ra, tieng Thai Lan
ciing nhu tieng Viet vdn la hai ngdn ngii
cd budc chuyen tii da tiet sang ddn tiet.
Bang chiing ciia ne la cac am tiet thuan
Thai hoac thuan Viet khdng cd nghia
trong cac tii da tiet van dang tdn tai d
trong hai ngdn ngii nay vdi tU each la dau
vet edn lai eiia mdt ngdn ngii da tiet. Sd'
lUdng am tiet kieu nay d tieng Thai Lan
cdn dUde giii lai nhieu hdn tieng Viet. Sau
nay, tieng Thai Lan dUdc tiep xiic vdi cae
ngdn ngii da tiet la tieng Pali-Sanskrit,
rdi cac ngdn ngii chau Au k h a c niia lam
cho tieng Thai Lan dUdng nhu bi da tiet
hoa trd lai.
Nhu chiing ta da biet, tieng Thai Lan
la mdt ngdn ngii giau thanh dieu va thanh
dieu cd vai trd khu biet nghia. He thd'ng
thanh dieu ciia tieng Thai Lan cd tat ca 5
thanh ma ngUdi Thai Lan dat ten cho
tiing thanh la: "Xieng Xa-man", "Xieng
Eek", "Xieng Thd", "Xieng Tri", "Xieng
Chat-ta-va". Neu so vdi tieng Viet thi
"Xieng Xa-man" ciia tieng Thai Lan tUdng
tu nhu thanh Bang ciia tieng Viet, "Xieng
Eek" tUdng tU nhU thanh Huyen, "Xieng
Tri" tUdng tU nhU thanh Sic, "Xieng
Chat-ta-va" tUdng tU nhu thanh Hdi. Duy
nha't chi cd "Xieng Thd" (tam ggi la thanh


Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010
Len-Xud'ng) la khdng cd treng tieng Viet.
Ve bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan: Bang
chii cai phu am tieng Thai Lan bad gdm
44 Cdn chii va dUdc sap xep thee thd tU
sau:
niTififi^j-j'ja'iiiiQjEijjiflS'raw
i»1

SI

tl

niiUuiJwrJvivl/iuEj-saTfiB'avi
w a a

Ngdai ra, tieng Thai Lan cdn cd 9
nguyen am ddn, 3 nguyen am ddi, ma cac
chii bieu thi cac nguyen am nay dUdc sip
xep thed tiing cap ngan dai nhu sau:
-t

Q

.d

rf

.a


-1 -

-

-

-

T

-

-

l-t

I-

il-t

Ll- \-t

T

[-

i-ij -a i-aj i-Q i^Ejt I'^E) i-as i-a -st -^
Ben canh dd, cdn met so' con chii dac
biet dung de ghi ca mot am tiet, dd la:
1- 1- -1 q tji n ,m


Bang chii cai cua tieng Viet ddn gian
hdn vdi 29 cdn chii, bad gdm:
A A A B C D D E E G H I K
L M
N O O d P Q R S T U U V X Y
Tii viec so sanh nhiing net tUdng ddng
va khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng
Viet, chiing tdi xin dUdc chi ra mot sd
thuan Idi, ciing nhu khd khan trong viec
phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan bing
chii qud'c ngii.
2. Nhufng thuan Itfi va kho khan trong
viec phien am cac tii ngu! tieng Thai
Lan bang chuf Qud'c nguf.
2.1. Nhiing thuan lgi:
Nhu da phan tich cl tren, tieng Thai
Lan va tieng Viet cd ra't nhieu diem tUdng
ddng nhii Ciing thugc mot loai hinh ngdn
ngfl, dd la loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap cd
thanh dieu, ca hai ngdn ngii cdn cd sU
tUdng ddng rat Idn v | cau triic am tiet, he


Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hdng - He thdng phien dm cdc tit ngif...
thdng am vi ciia hai thit tieng nay ve cd
ban la nhU n h a u . C h i n h sU "gan giii" nay
tad dieu kien cho qua t r i n h chuyen tU cac
con chii Thai Lan b a n g chii Qud'c ngii de
phien am cac t d ngii tieng Thai Lan dUdc

de dang hdn.
Chinh nhiing net tUdng ddng ve t h a n h
dieu giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet la
mot lgi the ldn t r e n g viec dung ehii Qud'c
ngii de phien am cac tit ngii tieng Thai
Lan. Nhu chung ta da biet, mdt trong
nhiing khd k h a n ldn n h a t ma ngUdi Thai
gap phai trong nd lUc chuyen tU he thd'ng
con chii Thai Lan sang chii L a - t i n h dd la
cac ngdn ngii chau Au la cae ngdn ngii
khdng cd t h a n h dieu. Dieu nay da phan
nao lam giam di tinh chinh xac cua cac tii
ngii dUdc chuyen tU va phien am. NgUdc
lai, tieng Viet lai cd k h a day dii cac t h a n h
treng tieng Thai Lan (ngoai trii "Xieng
Thd" la t h a n h Len-Xud'ng). Dieu dd cho
chiing ta hy vgng r i n g sU phong phii ve
thanh dieu trong tieng Viet du k h a nang
phien am chinh xac cac tii ngii ciia tieng
Thai Lan.
Cudi cimg la b a n g chii cai tieng Viet ve
cd ban la phien am thee nguyen tac ngii
am am vi hgc mdt ddi mdt. Cd nghia la
mdi mot am vi dUde bieu thi bang mdt chii
cai duy nha't. Day ciing la mdt dac trUng
rat quan trgng giiip tao dieu kien t h u a n
ldi trong qua t r i n h srt dung chii Qud'c ngii
de phien am tieng Thai Lan.
Ben canh nhiing t h u a n ldi da neu d
tren, viec xay dUng he thd'ng phien am cac

tii ngii tieng Thai Lan b i n g chii Qud'c ngii
gap khdng it khd k h a n .
2.2. NhUng khd

khan.

Khd k h a n t h d n h a t phai ke den la,
trong tieng Thai Lan cd mdt so' am vi phu
am khdng cd trong tieng Viet. Dd la phu
am [c'j ditdc bieu thj bang cac cen chii a -n
tw, do la phu am [p'] diiric bieu thi bang cac

23

con chii u w ji , dd la p h u am [w] dUdc bieu
thi bang Cdn chii T, dd la phu am [j] dUdc
bieu thi bang con chii u.
Hai la, bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan ve
cd ban la khdng phien am theo nguyen t i c
ngii am am vi hgc mdt ddi mdt. Tdc la
trong kha nhieu trUdng hdp chi mdt am vi
nhUng lai dUdc bieu thi bang rat nhieu
con chet khac nhau, vi du nhU:
P h u am dau [k'] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 4
ccn chii la: ii ii fi fi
P h u am dau [d] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
con chii la: Q ?I
P h u am dau [n] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
con chii la: m u
P h u am dau [s] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 4

con ehii la: «ii fi a a
P h u am dau [t] dUde bieu thi b i n g 2
Cdn chii la: Q SI
P h u am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
cen chii la: (J v\
P h u am dau [j] dUde bieu thi bang 2
Cdn chii la: nj tj
Phu am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi bang 6
eon chii la: 5 ii cu ti n B
P h u am dau [1] dUde bieu tbi bang 2
Cdn chii la: a w
P h u am dau [c'] dUde bieu thi bang 3
con ehii la: a •» m
P h u am dau [p'] dUde bieu thi bang 3
con chii la: H w n
P h u am d i u [h] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 2
con ehii la: vi 3
P h u am cudi [n] dUdc bieu thi bang 6
Cdn chii la: u m tij 1 a w
P h u am cudi [p ] dUdc bieu thi bang 4
con chii la: u iJ « /i
P h u am cudi [t] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 15
con chii l a : ? i s i » i T i j | J ] 3 ' v i n j n n t i f i H


24
Phu am cudl [k] dUdc bieu thi bang 4
Cdn ehii la: n u fi w
Ba la, phu am cudl ciia tieng Thai Lan
cen cd phu am tac hau [?] dUde bieu thi

bang chii -z . Phu am nay khdng cd treng
tieng Viet nen nhiing am tiet cd phu am
nay se khdng ed con chii Qud'c ngii tUdng
itng de phien.
Bdn la, trong tieng Thai Lan 9 nguyen
am ddn va 3 nguyen am ddi deu cd day du
cac cap ngan dai. NhUng trdng tieng Viet
chi cd 2 nguyen am ngin la [a] dUdc bieu
thi bang Cdn chii a va nguyen am [d] ngin
dUde bieu thi bang eon chii a. Vay se
khdng cd dii nhiing con chii Qud'c ngii de
phien cac am tiet cd cac nguyen am ngin
ciia tieng Thai Lan.
Tren cd sd phan tich nhiing thuan ldi
va khd khan trdng viec phien am cac tii
ngii tieng Thai Lan bing chii Qud'c ngii,
chiing tdi xin dUdc dUa ra ba nguyen tic
xay dung he thd'ng phien am cac tii ngii
tieng Thai Lan bing chii Qud'c ngii.
3. Cac nguyen tac xay dvfng he thong
phien am cac tii ngU tieng Thai Lan
bang chuf Quoc ngiif.
Met la: Dd cd nhiing khac biet giiia
tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet nen chi tan
dung tdi da cac kha nang ciia chii Qud'c
ngii de phien am chinh xac phan ldn cac
tit ngii tieng Thai Lan, nhiing tii ngii cdn
lai chi cd gang dat tdi miic sat nhat Sd vdi
am ban ngii.
Hai la: Chia each phien am thanh hai

he thdng: Mdt danh cho viec sit dung rgng
rai trong cac van ban va cac sach bao xua't
ban. each phien am nay chi sii dung cac
con chii trong bang chii cai tieng Viet
(chiing tdi tam ggi la "He thd'ng phien am
phd cap"). Va mot danh cho viec hudng
dan each phat am trong tit dien (tam ggi

Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2010
la "He thd'ng phien am tii dien"). Trong he
thdng phien am thii hai nay, ngoai viec sii
dung triet de cae con chii trong bang chii
cai tieng Viet, cdn dung them mdt so' ki
hieu khac cd tinh chat quy udc de ngUdi sit
dung cd the phat am dUdc cae tii met each
chinh xac hdn. Them met ly dd niia giai
thich cho viec chia each phien am thanh
hai he thdng dd la: Vdi he thd'ng phien am
thii nha't, chiing tdi tuan thu hoan toan
nguyen tac set dung he thd'ng chii Qud'c
ngii de phien am cae ttf ngii tieng Thai
Lan. Cach thitc nay hudng tdi tinh khoa
hgc, chinh xac ciia cdng trinh. Cdn vdi he
thd'ng phien am thii hai, vdi muc dich sii
dung trong cac eudn tit dien, chiing tdi
van bam sat he thd'ng chii cai cua tieng
Viet, va cac dau thanh dieu de phien am
cac tii tieng Thai Lan. Tuy nhien, de khic
phuc tdi da nhiing han che dd sU khac biet
giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet, chiing

tdi cd sit dung mdt so' ki hieu dac biet
trong qua trinh phien am. Vdi he thdng
phien am nay, chiing tdi hudng tdi muc
tieu md rgng hdn niia pham vi sii dung
chd eudn tii dien Thai Lan - Viet.
Ba la: Cac am ciia til ngii tieng Thai
Lan dUdc ghi lai bean tdan thed quy tic
chinh ta ciia tieng Viet.
4. He thong phien am cac tii nguf tieng
Thai Lan bang chuf Quoc ngijf.
De cd dudc he thd'ng phien am chiing ta
phai tien hanh budc chuyen tU cac con chii
phu am, nguyen am va cac ky hieu thanh
dieu cua tieng Thai Lan sang chii Qudc
ngii,
4.1. Chuyen til cdc con chic phu am
tieng Thdi Lan sang chii Qudc ngU.
4.1.1. Danh cho he thdng phien dm phd
cap. (Xem Bdng 1)
Chii thich:


Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hang - He thd'ng phien dm cdc tir ngir..
1, Con chii eh phien cho ca p h u am [c]
khdng b a t hdi cd trong tiengViet
dUdc ghi bang chii Qud'c ngii la eh va ea
phu am b a t hdi [c'] khdng cd trdng tieng
Viet,
2, Hai cen chii d va gi phien cho phu
am [j] khdng cd trong tieng Viet,

3, Con chii p h phien cho ca p h u am mdi
rang, khdng b a t hdi [f] ed trong
tieng Viet dUdc ghi b i n g chii Qud'c ngii
la ph va ea p h u a m b a t hdi [p'] khdng cd
treng tieng Viet,
4, Cen chet v phien cho phu am [w]
khdng cd trong tieng Viet,
4.1.2. He thdng phien
dien. (Xem bang 2.)
4.1.3. Nhdn

dm ddnh cho tU

xet.

Nhu vay, trong tieng Thai Lan cd mdt
so chii phu am bieu thi cac am khdng cd
trong tieng Viet, bao gdm cac phu am sau:
+ Am vi p h u a m p h a t am n h u am ch
cua tieng Viet, n h u n g ludng hdi bat ra
manh hdn, chiing tdi d u n g ki hieu ch' ,
Tieu chi bat hdi la tieu chi phan biet phu
am ch vdi phu a m ch' , Am nay dUde bieu
thi bang 3 chut:
a (phat am vdi t h a n h Hdi); ch'd
•B (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): ch'd
oj (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): cb'o
+ Am vi p h u am p h a t a m nhU am p cua
tieng Viet, N h u n g day la p h u am t i c , b a t
hdi, va dUdc p h a n biet vdi phu am p chu

yeu b i n g tieu chi b a t hdi nay. Chiing tdi
sit dung ki hieu ph' de phien am phu am
nay, ph' dUdc diing de bieu thi 3 chii:
w (phat am vdi t h a n h Hei): ph'd
H (phat am vdi t h a n h B i n g ) : ph'd
n (phat am vdi t h a n h Bing): ph'd
+ Am vi p h u am p h a t am gan n h u am
v cua tieng Viet, nhUng hai mdi cham vao

25

n h a u va sau dd cho ludng hdi lach qua ke
hd cua hai mdi ra ngoai, trong tieng Thai
Lan dUdc ghi bang ehii T , Trong he thd'ng
phien am phd cap, chiing tdi da sit dung
ehii V cua tieng Viet de phien am cho phu
am 1 , bdi trong bang chii cai tieng Viet,
V la chii cai cd each p h a t am gan gidng vdi
1 nhat,
+ Am vi p h u am phat am gan gid'ng vdi
am d cua tieng Viet n h u n g lUdi liii ve
phia sau hdn va gdc lUdi cham vao ngac
mem. Am nay dudc bieu thi bang bai chii
tj va nj , p h a t am vdi t h a n h Bing: jo,
Chiing tdi dung 2 con chut la d va gi de
phien am theo quy tac chinh ta cua tieng
Viet,
Ddi vdi cac con chii phu am khac trong
bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan, deu bieu thj
cae phu am ciing cd trong tieng Viet,

chiing tdi phien am bam sat quy tac chinh
ta cua tieng Viet.
4.2. Chuyen tit cdc con chU nguyen
dm tieng Thdi Lan sang chU Quoc
ngd
4.2.1. Ddnh cho he thdng pho cap. (Kem
Bang 3)
4.2.2. He thdng ddnh cho tU dien. OCem
Bang 4)
4.2.3. Nhgn

xet.

Nhu vay, Tieng Thai Lan edn bad gdm
9 cap nguyen am ddn, 3 cap nguyen am
ddi, ben canh dd, cdn mdt sd con chii dac
biet dung de ghi ea mot am tiet hoac mdt
van.
6 he thd'ng phien am phd cap, chiing tdi
da hoan toan t u a n t h u cac nguyen tac
chinh ta cua tieng Viet, cd nghia la chi sit
dung cac con chut t h u a n Viet de bieu thj
cac con chii nguyen am tieng Thai Lan.
Chinh vi vay se ed mdt loat cac cap nguyen
am n g i n dai cua tieng Thai Lan chi dUde
phien b i n g mdt ccn chii Qud'c ngii ma thdi.


Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010


26
Cac con chu phu am
Thai Lan
n
TJ

Chu Quoc ngir
Chu Phu
Chu Phu
am cuoi
am dau
c;l<

f l OJ

kh

0

ng

•n r\i

a f\

d; gi"

U [U
2


«M 51

2 51
3

"H

nj [1 n

ng

r

onu = ngam; «n%u = chin; ao = chlng; IT = cha;
inia = cho
in = xa; Tmti = xai; anu = xam
fna = xan; ^nm = rac xa

X

h

m = ca; fi = ky
•uQ - kho; m = kham; inu = khan

ch'

sa a 11 ni

Vidu

i

uT = gia (da); \mi = ding; uiu = dai

d

gm = di ca; iftu-yis) = ban dit; «m = dao

I

iJ|)in - pa ti ma; sn = ta

th

jTu = than; unma = mon thon;
lan = thau; mu = than;
TiQo = thoong; lo = thong.

mu

n

iJ^ittufl — pra mi; uau = noi

u

b

lu = bay

iJ

P

liJ = pay

H Vl ;i

ph^

fl vl

u

m

:)

r

aw

1

T

v^

•U D

h

m

wn = phci; Tij« = phong; aiun = sSm phau;
Jo = phang; vin = pha
ui = ma; snu = tam
1 ^iou = ron
siv, = lan; nwi = ki la

o

•nil = vai; sm = dao
vn = ha; an = ha

n 11 fl 11

c

i)in - chac; an = xuc; gn = diic;
lojoj = meec

u

P

mu = kap; uniJ = bap; aTii = lap;
ai/i = lap

1

Biunii = am nat; fii = khoi;
fni = cat; m = thoi; nqBii = krit;
^3 = rat; imu = vat; -unci = nat;
uri = bpt; BTjB = a vilt; ng = cot;
•Sm = xat; ia« = pet; iJ-nnj = pra cot;
•^«i = chit; -ia = roi

n

lau = ron; ni = phon; innj = chan;
il-ntu = pran; fns = san; nvw = kan

iJ Tl ;i

51Slil-IIi)i)3'Majtl
Tl B fi u

a

•u m ni •) a w

Phu am tiic hftu | ? |

.

r •

•'•

ii:: = cha; uat = le


Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hdng - He thdng phien dm cdi- tit ngil..
Cac con chir phu am Thai
Lan

ChiJQ uoc ngu
Chu Phu am
Chu Phu
am dau

27

Vf du

cuoi

n

c;k

m = ca; n = ky

U f) iJJ

kh

ua - kho; fin = kham; inu = khan

J

ng

«

ch

•^u = chin;

a tl ni

ch'

ao = ch'ing; in = ch'a;

ng

onu = ngam; ino = chang

inia = ch'a
"D Til

X

a « H

in = xa; Ti-nu = xai; W\U = xam

fna = xan; inm = rac xa

d; gi

1! ^
J) 11 «i
il

fl

3 "M 6»l r

Tl B

i

EJT = gia (da); \\m = ding; tnti = dai

d

j m = di ca; um^«i = ban dit; fm = dao

t

iJ?)in = pa ti ma; an = ta

th

jnu =: than; ijiu'Ma = mon thon;
lan = thau; mv. = than;

Tiaj = thoong; BO = thong

tu u

n

iJ-srmffl = pra nft; uau = noi

u

b

lu = bay

P
ph

liJ = pay

ph'

HI = ph'a; Mofi = ph'ong;

ij
t\ -A
u ti

r\

[Jo = phang; vii = pha

aiim = siim ph'au

'

m

u

m

1

r

lau = ron

a •/>

1

anu = lan; nvn = ki la

V

r

0

h

•U 9

VI = ma; fnu = tam

•nu = vai; em = dao
»n = ha; an = ha

n 1/ fi IJ

c

u

p

inn = chac; am = xuc; m = due;
ihii = meec

ll w ;i

mu = kap; uni) = bap; avii = lap;
ain = lap

1

B f f l i i T i / | j ) 3 ' n « i n T i
I

awiri = am nat; fin = khdt;
m i = cat; Tifi - thdt; ntiuni = krit;

fi u a

?3 = rat; nwu = vat; uin = nat;
uTi = bot; an-jB = a vut; nj) = cot;
.1

•m = xat; iBsi = pet; iJnng = pra cot;
%f\ = chit; -is = rot

u

tu m T a w

n

lau = ron; TCS = phon; inqj = chan;
iJ-ntu = pran; una = san; mw = kan

Phu am l i k hiiu |?|

^: = cha; aar = le


28

Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2010

Cdn d he thd'ng phien am danh cho tit dien
thi ngUdi viet da sii dung mdt so ki hieu

dac biet de ghi lai dac trUng ciia mot so'
nguyen am. De nhan thay nhat la cae ki
hieu bieu thj cac nguyen am ngan. Dd la
cac nguyen am dUdc phat am vdi trUdng dd
ngan. De bieu thj re net hdn sU khac biet
treng each phat am ciia cac nguyen am
ngan nay trong tUdng quan so sanh vdi cac
nguyen am dai di thanh cap vdi nd, chiing
tdi da sit dung them ky hieu la dau gach
ngang dat dudi con chii dung de phien am
"_" ( dau hieu phat am vdi trUdng dd
ngin). Ngdai ra cd nhiing trUdng hdp trdng
tieng Viet vdn ne da cd van lam chd
nguyen am ngan nen chiing tdi bam sat
quy tic chinh ta tieng Viet vin ghi nhu
each ghi ciia tieng Viet. Vi du cae nguyen
am treng cac van ong, dc, dng, dc, ay, au
v.v vdn da la ngan rdi nen khdng phai ghi
ky hieu - d dudi nguyen am niia. Hoac cac
nguyen am ngin cd trong tieng Viet dUdc
ghi bang chii a va chii a chiing tdi ciing giii
nguyen each ghi dd trong khi phien am
tieng Thai Lan.
4.3. Chuyen til cdc ki hieu thanh
dieu tieng Thdi Lan sang cdc ddu
thanh cua chvC Qudc ngU

xuong, cd tic thanh quan. Chiing tdi sii
dung ki hieu Len-Xud'ng C^) de dien dat
hudng di dUdc bieu thj tren dd thj ciia

thanh nay va tam ggi la thanh LenXudng.
Ngoai ra trong cac trUdng hdp cac am
tiet cd phu am cudl la nhiing phu am [p t
k ? ] thi thanh Thd se dUdc bieu thj bang
da'u Sac khi sii dung phd cap; trdng cac
trUdng hdp cdn lai thi khdng ghi ki hieu
giThanh Eek bien the se xua't hien trong
cac am tiet cd cac phu am cudl la [ p t k
? ]. Trong mdt so' trUdng hdp thanh nay
dUdc phat am tUdng tU nhu thanh Nang
ciia tieng Viet. Vi vay, chiing tdi sii dung
dau ghi thanh Nang cua tieng Viet la " . "
de phien thanh nay treng tieng Thai Lan.
5. Mot so' dan chijfng ve viec phien am
cac tijf ngiif tieng Thai Lan.
5.1. Phien dm cdc dia

danh.

5.1.1.Phien dm ten mot so' qudc gia,
khu viic.
+ \m = [ thay ] (phd cap va tii dien), - "
(nudc) Thai Lan"

4.3.1. Ddnh cho he thdng phd cap. (ICem
Bang 5)

+ w = [ chin ] (phd cap va tii dien), "(nudc) Trung Qud'c"

4.3.2. He thdng ddnh cho tU dien. fXem

Bang 6)

+ ^lt4WH = [ pha r i n g xet ] (phd cap);
[phi r i n g xet] (tii dien) - "(nUdc) Phap"

4.3.3. Nhdn xet.
Nhu vay, tieng Thai lan cd ta't ca 5
thanh: thanh Xa-man, thanh Eek, thanh
Thd, thanh Tri, thanh Chat-ta-wa. Trong
dd cd 4 thanh tUdng diidng vdi tieng Viet
la: thanh Bing, thanh Huyen, thanh Sic,
thanh Hdi. Chi cd duy nhat mdt thanh
khdng cd trong tieng Viet, dd la thanh
Thd. Dac trUng quan trgng nhat ciia
thanh nay la: Thanh cao, khdng bing
phang, cd hudng di len rdi dot ngdt di

^ + tuaTJm = [ gid ra man ] (phd cap); [gid
r i man] (tii dien) - "(nUdc) Diic"
+ ?awu = [ r i t xia ] (phd cap va tii dien)
- "(nudc) Nga"
+ will = [ pha ma] (phd cap); [ ph a? ma'^
] (til dien) _ "(nudc) Mianma"
+ tJ^m = [ di pun ] (phd cap); [di'^ pirn]
(tit dien) - " (nudc) Nhat Ban"
+ mma = [ cau li ] (phd cap va tit dien) "(nudc) Han Qud'c"


Nguyen Tuang Lai, Truong Thi Hiing - He thdng phien dm cdc fifngif...

BANGS
Vidu

Cac c o n c h u n g u y e n a m T h a i L a n

C h u Quoc n g u

ar - l l ( c o p h u a m c u o i )

a a

01

a

tl ( k h o n g CO p h u a m c u o i )

an

a n i n = x a n ha, aninfi = xa van

a'n

am

•in - r a m

a a

i

il — m i , iifi — m i l

a tl

u

un = nirc. me = riT

a a

u

a = 111. i n = rii

la: i- la

e

ia£ = le, lao = l e n g , lau = len

aar ua

e

Liar = le, uao = xeng

lar - ( k h o n g CO chCr n g u y e n a m ) la

6

lar = I d , a;j = I d m , la = I d

iair aa

()

tai: = 16, aau = l o m

0

laa: = I d , mao = l o d n g , iBa = thc(

ie ia

I'tju: = p h i a , lauu = l i e n , I'lJu = m i a

laar L°- lOO
i.Sut

&v

i l : = pa; Tu= w a n ; a«T(= xap
in= ma

laar itia

iro ua

laon = hrdc, na = rUa

a i : St

6u ua

(Tit - phua, Hi = m u a ,
^iu = r u o m

-1la to au tau

ay

lu = d a y , la = x a y , I L = v a y ,
ITIU = t h a y

ai

anu
LOT an

aTu = xai
ao

au

iin = m a u , un = nao

i)U

ui

au = l u i

lau

6i

hu = rdi

oau

oi

aou = l o i

lau

oi

lau = l a i

laou

uoi

laou = l u d i

aiu

uoi

uiu = m u d i

tn

iu

i l - liu

i!n, iBT

eu

m = reu, lai = l e u

UOl, UOT

eo

uHan = p h l e o , nhi= m e o

ieu

lauT = l i e u

rir

ciw = r u x i

ri

qTiB = n't

ro

tinii = roc

hr

niniu = l u x a i

10 UT
n. tiT

n
n
/ l , /IT

29


Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 12/2010

30

BANG 4
Cac c o n c h u n g u y e n a m T h a i L a n

C h u Qudc ngu

at - i-i ( c o p h u a m c u d i )

a a

an

a

•57 ( k h d n g c d p h u a m c u d i )

an

dn

am

Vl du
iJ: = pa; IV. - w a n ; a-s-svi = x a p
un = m a
s-i-vm = x a n ha, an-5-sfI = xa v a n
in = r a m

tl a

i

i

iiU = m f , tisi = m i t ^

tl a

u

u

un = n i i c , vfta = rir

a a

u u

a = l u , V13 = rii

e

lat = l e , lao = l e n g , lau = l e n

lat I- la

e

e e

liar = l e , LLao = x e n g

lat - ( k h d n g c d c h u n g u y e n a m ) la

0

d

lar = I d , ajj = I d m , la = I d

lant ao

0

0

lanr = I d , aojj — l o m

laat L° loB

o

o

Laar - I d , Lutio = l a d n g , Lsa = t h o

uat u8

laut itiu

l e ia ie ia

Lwur = p h ' f a , lauu = l i e n , LSU = m i a

laat Coa

u a ua UP ua

L^ar = c h u a , laan - l u o c ^ , L-^B = r u a

oir 8T - 1 -

d u ua d u ua

Hir = p h ' u a , m = m u a , -siii ~ r u d m

la to au lau

ay

lu = d a y , Is = x a y , iu = v a y , ITIU = thay

anu

ai

anu = x a i

ion om

au

ao

L:jn = m a u , um = n a o

^u

ui

au = l u i

lau

di

hn = r d i

aau

oi

aau = l o i

Lau

oi

Lau - l o i

Loau

iroi

laau = l u d i

aiu

uoi

U1U = m u d i

IU

%•}

&i,

Lai

uai, uai
LIUI

tl, f|T
tl
tl
fl, ill

%! = l i u ' ^

eueu
eo

m = r e u , lai = l e u
uwai = p h ' l e o , uin = m e o

leu

Laui = l i e u

ru ru

tiS = r u x i , [151 = r u d u

ri

tins = rft

ra

qriH - roc

lu

lu

^

/manu = l u x a i


Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truong Thi Hdng - He thd'ng phien dm cdc tit iigit..

31

BANGS

Thanh dieu tieng Thai Lxin
Thanh (Xifeng)
Thanh Xa-man
Thanh Eek

Thanh dieu tieng Viet tuang duang

Kl hieu

Thanh
Thanh Bang
Thanh Huyfin

Kf hieu
\

Thanh Eek bien the

Thanh Nang

Thanh Thd

(Khdng cd)

Thanh Tri

Thanh Sac

/

Thanh Chat-ta-wa

Thanh Hdi

7

•

BANG 6
Thanh difiu tieng Thai Lan
Thanh (Xieng)

Thanh dieu tieng Viet tucmg duang

Kl hieu

Thanh

Kf hieu

Thanh Xa-man

Thanh Bang

Thanh Eek

Thanh Huyen

Thanh Eek bien the

Thanh Nang

•

Thanh Thd

Thanh Len-Xudng

A

Thanh Tri

Thanh Sac

/

Thanh Chat-ta-wa

Thanh Hdi

•}

\

+ anilu = [ a xia ] (phd cap va tii dien) "Chau A"

[ch'ieng rai] (tit dien) - " (tinh) Chieng
Rai"

-I- DiL^iui; = [ a xien ] (phd cap va tii dien)

- "To chile ASEAN"

+ wwmlan = [ phit xa nu Idd'c ] (phd cap);
[ph'it xa nu Iddc^] (tit dien) - "(tinh) Phixa-nu-lddc"

+ JJITIJ = [ giu rdp ] (phd cap); [giii rdp] " Chau Au"
5.1.2. Phien dm ten mot sdtinh,
phd.

thdnh

+ n7JLnviinnufi-5 = [ k r u n g thep ma ha na
khon ] (phd cap); [krung t h e p ^ ma ha na
khon] (tii dien) - " Bang kok"
+ LTiuoliisJ = [ chieng may ] (phd cap);
[ch'ieng may] (tii dien) - " (tinh) Chieng
May"
+ i%tij-5nti = [ chieng rai ] (phd cap);

+ vnrufiifi'^arEjrEjn = [ p h r a na khon xi a
giiit tha gia ] (phd cap); [ph'ra na khon xi
a giiit t h a gia] (tii dien) - "(tinh) P h r a - n a khon-xi-a-giiit-tha-gia"
+ -ufiTfilE-s-sii-sTff = [ na khon xi t h a m ma
r a t ] (phd cap); [na khon xi t h a m ma raf"]
(tii dien) - "(tinh) N a - k h o n - x i - t h a m - m a rat"
5.1.3. Phien dm ten mot sdtrUdng

hgc.

+ iivna^mtuimnirifnatj = [ chu la long kon

32

Nghien citu Dong Nam A

ma ha vi t h a gia lay] (phd cap); [chu la
Idng kon ma ha vi t h a gia lay] (tii dien) " TrUdng dai hgc Chu-la-ldng-kon"
+ iivniYitjnaDBmjpna'ji-5 = [ ma h a vi t h a gia
lay t h a m ma xat ] (phd cap); [ma ha vi t h a
gia lay t h a m ma xat] (tii dien) - " TrUdng
dai hgc T h a m - m a - x a t "
+ jjvnintnaejj^siu = [ ma h a vi t h a gia lay
ma hj ddn ] (phd cap); [ma ha vi t h a gia
lay m i hj ddn] (tit dien) - "TrUdng dai hgc
Ma-hj-ddn"
+ nvniYionauuL-jai? = [ m a h a vi t h a gia lay
na re xudn ] (phd cap); [ m i h a vi t h i gia
lay na re xudn] (tii dien) - " TrUdng dai
hgc Na-re-xudn".
+ uvniYiEJia'o^mi/ujwisupii = [ma ha vi t h a
gia lay r a t cha p h a t p h r a na khon ] (phd
cap); [ma h a vi t h i gia lay raf" ch'a p h ' i t
ph'ra na khon] (tii dien) - " TrUdng dai
hgc R a t - c h a - p h a t P h r a - n a - k h o n "
+ jiininfnaEJTTiijTfluiusjjifiiiiinvnitjn [ ma ha vi
tha gia lay r a t cha p h a t b a n xdm det chao
phra gia] (phd cap); [ma ha vi t h a gia lay
raf^
ch'a ph'at ban'^ xdm det chao'^

p h ' r i gia] (tii dien) - " TrUdng dai hgc R a t cha-phat Ban-xdm-det-chad-phra-gia"
+ h^no'uilTt^iaiLnaHTsfi = [ rddng rien pra
cham am phd xa ra phi ] (phd cap); [rddng
rien pra cham a m ph'd xa ra ph'i] - "
TrUdng phd thdng cd sd X a - r a - p h i "
5.1.4. Phien dm ten mot sdngdi
Thdi Lan.

5.2. Phien

+ luiw^ranT = [ vat p h r a keo ] (phd cap);
[ v i t p h ' r i keo'^] (tii dien) - "Chua P h a t
Nggc"

danh

+ tijjiliT)'wi:\n7itjmuviT5nii = [ xdm det phra
na rai ma h a r a t ] (phd cap); [Xdm det
p h ' r i na rai ma h a raf^] (tii dien) - "Diic
Dai hoang de N a - r a i "
+ amiiTivi^sLinaYiaj = [xdm det p h r a chao u
thoong] (phd cap); [xdm det ph'ra chao'^ u
thoong] - "Ditc v u a U-Thoong"
+ vn^unnauiiiiiviisu^njjinaiiinati'iv) = [ phra
bat xdm det p h r a mong k u t klao chao giii
h u a ] (phd cap); [ph'ra b a t xdm det ph'ra
mdng k u t klao'^ chao'^ giu h u a ] - "Diic vua
Mdng-kut"
+ waLaniil-sulituaaniiuYi = [ phdn la eek prem
tin na xu la ndn ] (phd cap); [ph'dn l i eek

prem tin n i xu la ndn] (tii dien) - "Dai
tudng Tin-na-xil-la-ndn"
+ uneafirnHjinmifn = [ nai a phi chet tha
rac can k h a ] (phd cap); [nai a ph'i chet tha
rac can kha] (tii dien) - "Ong A-phi-chettha-rae-can-kha"
+ Mnoiuylijnvnu'vi = [ nai vi nay tray pha
g i i p ] (phd cap); [nai vi nay t r a y ph'a giip]
(tii dien) - " Ong V i - n a y - t r a y - p h a - g i i p "
+ unuin°7nin£jfiliilijiji = [ nai krdc kiet chay
di n g a m ] (phd cap va tii dien). _ "Ong
Krdc-kiet-chay-di-ngam"./.

chiia 0

+ T'(»i5nju"D = [ v i t dudng k h e ] (phd cap va
tii dien),_ " Chua Dudng-khe"

dm cdc nhdn

12/2010

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. iTmjni'Mfiuarnu noash»ilnmifudhi»h3juuyunmikij

n-joLnvi'i infcb

2. Ngiiygn Tiidng Lai. Sdch hgc tieng Thdi Lan,
tap 1. Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia
Ha Ndi, Ha Noi, 2001.
3.

tina«i-inrn:iu

«i.

nnniiun

unfiana

ytummj/nu-jlm

Ifi^ionn^fln^nfiniranui- finasii svnaoninujun'iTiunau n^jLTivn taAb

+ iijilw = [ v i t phd ] (phd cap); [ v i t ph'd]
- "Chiia Phd"

4.

+ iijio-itu = [ vat a r u n ] (phd cap); [vat a
run] (tii dien) - "Chua A-run"

5. Doan Thien Thuat. NgU dm tieng Viet. Nxb.
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi, 2007.

CiBimt

iluLTiou-usiu

arnifu'iiujnnunaar^nHiiiuiwa

/iiiinfinasn'/inHnlnti

mi-ummun uvinTnunauiJvifla b&te

A