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Paul D. Kimmel PhD, CPA
University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Jerry J. Weygandt PhD, CPA
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Madison, Wisconsin

Donald E. Kieso PhD, CPA
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois


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ISBN-13 978-1-118-12816-9
Binder-Ready Version ISBN 978-1-118-34276-3
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


Brief Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23
24

Introduction to Financial Statements 2
A Further Look at Financial Statements 46
The Accounting Information System 100
Accrual Accounting Concepts 162
Merchandising Operations and the
Multiple-Step Income Statement 228
Reporting and Analyzing Inventory 282
Fraud, Internal Control, and Cash 334
Reporting and Analyzing Receivables 396
Reporting and Analyzing Long-Lived Assets 446
Reporting and Analyzing Liabilities 504
Reporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ Equity 568
Statement of Cash Flows 624
Financial Analysis: The Big Picture 688
Managerial Accounting 752
Job Order Costing 798
Process Costing 844
Activity-Based Costing 894
Cost-Volume-Profit 944
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: Additional Issues 984
Incremental Analysis 1040
Budgetary Planning 1080
Budgetary Control and Responsibility Accounting 1132

Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard 1192
Planning for Capital Investments 1244

APPENDICES
A Specimen Financial Statements:
Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. A-1
B Specimen Financial Statements:
The Hershey Company B-1
C Specimen Financial Statements: Zetar plc C-1
D Time Value of Money D-1
E Reporting and Analyzing Investments E-1
*F Payroll Accounting F-1
*G Subsidiary Ledgers and Special Journals G-1
*H Accounting for Partnerships H-1
*I Accounting for Sole Proprietorships I-1
*J Pricing J-1
Company Index
Subject Index

I-1
I-3

*Available at the book’s companion website, www.wiley.com/college/kimmel.


From the
Authors
Dear Student,
Why This Course? Remember your biology course in high school? Did you have
one of those “invisible man” models (or maybe something more high-tech than that)

that gave you the opportunity to look “inside” the human body? This accounting
course offers something similar. To understand a business, you have to understand
the financial insides of a business organization. An accounting course will help you
understand the essential financial components of businesses. Whether you are
looking at a large multinational company like Apple or Starbucks or a single-owner
software consulting business or coffee shop, knowing the fundamentals of accounting
will help you understand what is happening. As an employee, a manager, an investor,
a business owner, or a director of your own personal
finances—any of which roles you will have at some point
“Whether you are looking at a large
in your life—you will make better decisions for having
multinational company like Apple or
taken this course.
Why This Book? Hundreds of thousands of students
have used this textbook. Your instructor has chosen it
for you because of its trusted reputation. The authors
have worked hard to keep the book fresh, timely, and
accurate.

Starbucks or a single-owner software
consulting business or coffee shop,
knowing the fundamentals of accounting will help you understand what is
happening.”

This textbook contains features to help you learn best, whatever your learning style.
We invite you to browse through pages xxvi–xxx. These pages describe the main features
you will find in this textbook and explain their purpose.
How To Succeed? We’ve asked many students and many instructors whether there
is a secret for success in this course. The nearly unanimous answer turns out to be not
much of a secret: “Do the homework.” This is one course where doing is learning.

The more time you spend on the homework assignments—using the various tools
that this textbook provides—the more likely you are to learn the essential concepts,
techniques, and methods of accounting. Besides the textbook itself, the book’s
companion website also offers various support resources.
Good luck in this course. We hope you enjoy the experience and that you put to good
use throughout a lifetime of success the knowledge you obtain in this course. We are
sure you will not be disappointed.
Paul D. Kimmel
Jerry J. Weygandt
Donald E. Kieso


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Collaboration. Innovation. Experience.
After decades of success as authors of textbooks like this one,
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teaching accounting goes beyond simply presenting data. The
authors are truly effective because they know that teaching is
about telling compelling stories in ways that make each
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Author
Commitment

Jerry Weygandt
Jerry J. Weygandt, PhD, CPA, is Arthur
Andersen Alumni Emeritus Professor of
Accounting at the University of Wisconsin—
Madison. He holds a Ph.D. in accounting
from the University of Illinois. Articles by
Professor Weygandt have appeared in the
Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting
Research, Accounting Horizons, Journal of
Accountancy, and other academic and
professional journals. These articles have
examined such financial reporting issues
as accounting for price-level adjustments,
pensions, convertible securities, stock option
contracts, and interim reports. Professor

Weygandt is author of other accounting and
financial reporting books and is a member
of the American Accounting Association,
the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants, and the Wisconsin Society of
Certified Public Accountants. He has served
on numerous committees of the American
Accounting Association and as a member
of the editorial board of the Accounting
Review; he also has served as President
and Secretary-Treasurer of the American
Accounting Association. In addition, he has
been actively involved with the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants
and has been a member of the Accounting
Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) of
that organization. He has served on the FASB
task force that examined the reporting issues
related to accounting for income taxes
and served as a trustee of the Financial
Accounting Foundation. Professor Weygandt
has received the Chancellor’s Award for
Excellence in Teaching and the Beta Gamma
Sigma Dean’s Teaching Award. He is on
the board of directors of M & I Bank of
Southern Wisconsin. He is the recipient of
the Wisconsin Institute of CPA’s Outstanding
Educator’s Award and the Lifetime
Achievement Award. In 2001 he received
the American Accounting Association’s

Outstanding Educator Award.

Don Kieso
Paul Kimmel
Paul D. Kimmel, PhD, CPA, received his
bachelor’s degree from the University of
Minnesota and his doctorate in accounting
from the University of Wisconsin. He is an
Associate Professor at the University of
Wisconsin—Milwaukee, and has
public accounting experience with Deloitte
& Touche (Minneapolis). He was the recipient of the UWM School of Business Advisory
Council Teaching Award, the Reggie
Taite Excellence in Teaching Award and
a three-time winner of the Outstanding
Teaching Assistant Award at the University
of Wisconsin. He is also a recipient of
the Elijah Watts Sells Award for Honorary
Distinction for his results on the CPA exam.
He is a member of the American Accounting
Association and the Institute of Management
Accountants and has published articles in
Accounting Review, Accounting Horizons,
Advances in Management Accounting,
Managerial Finance, Issues in Accounting
Education, Journal of Accounting Education,
as well as other journals. His research
interests include accounting for financial
instruments and innovation in accounting
education. He has published papers and

given numerous talks on incorporating
critical thinking into accounting education,
and helped prepare a catalog of critical
thinking resources for the Federated Schools
of Accountancy.

Donald E. Kieso, PhD, CPA, received his
bachelor’s degree from Aurora University
and his doctorate in accounting from the
University of Illinois. He has served as
chairman of the Department of Accountancy
and is currently the KPMG Emeritus Professor
of Accountancy at Northern Illinois University.
He has public accounting experience with
Price Waterhouse & Co. (San Francisco
and Chicago) and Arthur Andersen & Co.
(Chicago) and research experience with the
Research Division of the American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (New York). He
has done post doctorate work as a Visiting
Scholar at the University of California at
Berkeley and is a recipient of NIU’s Teaching
Excellence Award and four Golden Apple
Teaching Awards. Professor Kieso is the
author of other accounting and business
books and is a member of the American
Accounting Association, the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants,
and the Illinois CPA Society. He has served
as a member of the Board of Directors

of the Illinois CPA Society, then AACSB’s
Accounting Accreditation Committees, the
State of Illinois Comptroller’s Commission, as
Secretary-Treasurer of the Federation
of Schools of Accountancy, and as
Secretary-Treasurer of the American
Accounting Association. Professor Kieso is
currently serving on the Board of Trustees
and Executive Committee of Aurora
University, as a member of the Board
of Directors of Kishwaukee Community
Hospital, and as Treasurer and Director of
Valley West Community Hospital. From 1989
to 1993 he served as a charter member of
the national Accounting Education Change
Commission. He is the recipient of the
Outstanding Accounting Educator Award
from the Illinois CPA Society, the FSA’s
Joseph A. Silvoso Award of Merit, the NIU
Foundation’s Humanitarian Award for Service
to Higher Education, a Distinguished Service
Award from the Illinois CPA Society, and
in 2003 an honorary doctorate from
Aurora University.


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What’s New?
The Fifth Edition expands our emphasis on student learning and improves upon a teaching and
learning package that instructors and students have rated the highest in customer satisfaction in the
following ways:

Increased Managerial Accounting Coverage
This edition reflects our continuing commitment to provide thorough coverage of all managerial
accounting topics. We now offer separate chapters on incremental analysis (Chapter 20) and capital
budgeting (Chapter 24), as well as a new Appendix J on pricing.

Continued Emphasis on Helping Students Learn Accounting Concepts
Especially with this edition of the textbook, we have carefully scrutinized all chapter material to help
students learn accounting concepts. We revised existing explanations and illustrations as well as
added more explanations, examples, and illustrations. For example, we have added T-accounts in
the margin to illustrate the effect of accounting procedures as well as discussed how tight credit
policies nearly prevented Apple from fulfilling its first sale.

Corporate Social Responsibility
Today’s companies are evaluating not just their profitability but also their corporate social responsibility. In this edition, we have profiled some of these companies in the new People, Planet, and
Profit Insight boxes, such as PepsiCo, to highlight their sustainable business practices. We have also
added a new Broadening Your Perspective problem, Considering People, Planet, and Profit, which
offers students the opportunity to analyze current business practices.


Student-Friendly Companies
One of the goals of the financial accounting course is to orient students to the application of accounting
principles and techniques in practice. Accordingly, we have expanded our practice of using numerous
examples from real companies throughout the textbook to add more high-interest enterprises that we
hope will increase student engagement, such as Clif Bar, Groupon, REI, and Skechers. Also, beginning
in Chapter 14, we introduce Current Designs, a kayak-making company, and then follow-up with a new
decision-making problem in every chapter based on this real-world company.

Managerial Accounting Video Series
Through the use of real-world, cutting-edge companies, these videos (available in WileyPLUS)
engage students with a dynamic overview of managerial accounting topics. Students are then
motivated to further review the detailed tools, examples, and discussions presented in their
textbook, WileyPLUS course, and classroom lectures.

Enhanced Homework Material
In each chapter, we have updated Self-Test Questions, Questions, Brief Exercises, Do it! Review,
Exercises, Problems, and Research Cases. Financial analysis and reporting problems have
been updated in accordance with the new Tootsie Roll and Hershey financial statements. New
Considering People, Planet, and Profit problems are included to offer students experience in evaluating corporate social responsibility, and new Considering Your Costs and Benefits problems require
students to weigh the pros and cons of two alternatives.

Accuracy and Relevance
This edition was also subject to an overall, comprehensive revision to ensure that it is technically
accurate, relevant, and up-to-date. A chapter-by-chapter summary of content changes is provided in
the chart on the next two pages.

xi



Content Changes by Chapter
Chapter 1: Introduction to Financial Statements
• New Feature Story, on Clif Bar and its ESOP and
open-book management program.
• New discussion of LLCs and S corporations, to
reflect more current business practices.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, on
evaluating companies on social practices as well
as on financial results.
• New Research Case on possible expanding role
of auditors.
Chapter 2: A Further Look at Financial Statements
• Updated to reflect new conceptual framework
terminology.
Chapter 3: The Accounting Information System
• Heavily revised Feature Story, now on MF
Global’s failure to segregate company accounts
from customer accounts.
• New Ethics Insight, on Credit Suisse Group’s
failure to properly write down value of its
securities.
• New Research Case based on Green Bay Packers’
annual report publication.
Chapter 4: Accrual Accounting Concepts
• New Feature Story, on Groupon and complexity
of accounting for its revenues.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, on costs
of disposing discarded, possibly toxic, materials.
Chapter 5: Merchandising Operations and the
Multiple-Step Income Statement

• New Feature Story, on REI and its unique
business model.
• New use of recent REI and Dick’s Sporting
Goods financial statement information.
• Revised Ethics Insight box on improving
company clarity of financial disclosures by citing
eBay’s recent sale of Skype.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, about
whether PepsiCo should market green.
Chapter 6: Reporting and Analyzing Inventory
• Added new Accounting Across the Organization
box, on Sony’s inventory management practices.
• New Research Case, on U.S. companies use of
LIFO.
• New Considering People, Planet, and Profit
Insight, about Caterpillar’s annual Sustainability
Report.

Chapter 7: Fraud, Internal Control, and Cash
• New People, Planet and Profit Insight, about the
need for an effective system of internal controls
for sustainability reporting.
• New Interpreting Financial Statements problem,
based on recent Ernst & Young global survey on
fraud.
Chapter 8: Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
• New Feature Story, about Nike, its products, and
its receivables management.
• Featured companies in chapter are now Nike and
Skechers, to increase student engagement.

• New example of Apple’s first sale, to demonstrate
importance of extending credit.
Chapter 9: Reporting and Analyzing Long-Lived
Assets
• Revised Feature Story and in-chapter examples,
to focus on JetBlue as well as include more recent
information about the airline industry.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, about
Billiton’s sustainability report.
• New Research Cases, about goodwill and Best
Buy’s profitability.
Chapter 10: Reporting and Analyzing Liabilities
• Expanded EOC material: 2 new Questions, 3
new Brief Exercises, 2 new Exercises, new RealWorld Focus problem, new Interpreting Financial
Statements problem, new Considering People,
Planet, and Profit problem, and new All About
You problem.
Chapter 11: Reporting and Analyzing Stockholders’
Equity
• New Feature Story, about why Mark Zuckerberg
delayed taking Facebook public.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, about
rising level of support for shareholder proposals
requesting action related to social and environmental issues.
• New Accounting Across the Organization box,
about how the recent financial crisis affected
companies’ dividend payouts.
• New Research Case, new Considering People,
Planet, and Profit problem, and new IFRS
Concepts and Application problem.



Chapter 12: Statement of Cash Flows
• Revamped Feature Story, to include more recent
information about Apple’s cash flow status.
• New Accounting Across the Organization box,
about Kodak’s need to sell plant assets to raise
cash.
• New Investor Insight, about how 42% of companies going public had audit opinions warning
about the companies’ risk of failure.
Chapter 13: Financial Analysis: The Big Picture
• Revised Feature Story, to include more recent
information about Warren Buffett as well as to
improve readability.
• New Investor Insight, about how recently some
companies have altered their pension-plan
accounting to avoid prior-year events to distort
current-year results.
• New Do it! box on ratio analysis.
Chapter 14 Managerial Accounting
• New Feature Story, on history and operations of
Current Designs (kayak-making company).
• New Management Insight, about importance of
U.S. factory jobs.
• New Corporate Social Responsibility section.
• Deleted chapter appendix (Accounting Cycle for
a Manufacturing Company).
Chapter 15 Job Order Costing
• New Feature Story, on Lynn Tilton, founder and
CEO of Patriarch Partners, the largest, womanowned U.S. business.

• Added more explanations and details (such as
T-accounts), to increase student understanding.
Chapter 16 Process Costing
• Changed example of company in Process Cost
Flow section to roller blade/skateboard wheel
manufacturer, to increase student appeal.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, about
costs/benefits of remanufactured goods.
Chapter 17 Activity-Based Costing
• New Feature Story, on why Precor switched from
traditional costing to activity-based costing.
• Changed example company, in Example of ABC
versus Traditional Costing section, to producing
abdominal trainers to tie in with Precor.
• Rewrote definition/explanation of value-added
and non–value-added activities, as well as of
activity levels, to ensure student understanding.

• New Management Insight, summarizing a recent
survey of ABC practices by companies worldwide.
• New Real-World Focus problem, on use of ABC
in the financial services industry.
Chapter 18 Cost-Volume-Profit
• New Feature Story, on how Jeff Bezos started
and expanded Amazon.com’s operations.
• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, on hydroponic farming/vertical farming.
• Added material on use of scatter plots in HighLow Method section, as well as provided supplement on regression analysis on book’s companion
website.
• New Real-World Focus problem, on how Barnes
and Noble’s current structure left it ill-prepared

for an e-book environment.
Chapter 19 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis:
Additional Issues
• New Feature Story, still about Intel, but now
explaining why the computer chip giant experiences huge swings in its earnings.
• Provided more step-by-step explanations and
illustrations, so students will improve their understanding of why and how to compute break-even
points, target net income, and margin of safety.
• New Service Company Insight, about why Warren
Buffett acquired Burlington Northern Railroad.
• New Real-World Focus problem, on Smart
Balance’s employment and cost structure.
Chapter 20 Incremental Analysis (previously part of
Chapter 23)
• New Service Company Insight, about the relevant
revenues and costs of Amazon.com’s Prime free
shipping program.
• Expanded sunk cost discussion and illustrations,
to improve student understanding.
• New material on how behavioral decision-making
can affect whether or not to replace equipment.
• Expanded discussion of elimination of an
unprofitable segment to include fixed cost analysis.
• New section on other considerations in decisionmaking, e.g., qualitative factors and relationship
of incremental analysis and ABC.
Chapter 21 Budgetary Planning (previously
Chapter 20)
• Added more detailed explanation to the
Budgeting and Human Behavior section about
participative budgeting.



• Added marginal T-accounts to Production
Budget and Direct Materials Budget sections,
to illustrate flow of costs.
• New Service Company Insight, on the implications of budgetary optimism as it pertains to
governments.
• New Management Insight, on the potential
costs and benefits of a company stockpiling
raw materials.
• Added a second Comprehensive Do It! problem
on budgeted income statement and balance
sheet.
• New Considering Your Costs and Benefits
problem about whether student loans should
be considered as a source of income.
Chapter 22 Budgetary Control and Responsibility
Accounting (previously Chapter 21)
• New Service Company Insight, about
NBCUniversal’s response to Fox wanting to
reduce its TV licensing fee.
• Added graph to the solution for the Do It! on
flexible budgets, to increase student
understanding.
• Moved Management by Exception to within
Performance Evaluation discussion, for
better flow of chapter topics.
Chapter 23 Standard Costs and Balanced Scorecard
(previously Chapter 22)
• New Feature Story (and accompanying video) on

Starbucks’ origins and vision.
• New material and illustrations added, to enhance
explanation of the components of variances as
well as how to compute them.

• New People, Planet, and Profit Insight, highlighting Starbucks’ 10th annual Global Responsibility
Report and the company’s commitment to corporate social responsibility.
• New Real-World Focus problem referencing the
Wall Street Journal article, “In Risky Move, GM to
Run Plants Around Clock.”
• New Considering Your Costs and Benefits problem, addressing the extent to which financial
measures should influence medical care.
Chapter 24 Planning for Capital Investments (previously part of Chapter 23)
• New Feature Story, on how timing can affect
capital investments by the cruise-line industry.
• New section on additional considerations for
capital budgeting, such as intangible benefits,
profitability index for mutually exclusive
projects, risk analysis, and post-audit of investment projects.
• New Management Insights, about whether
Verizon’s investment in its 4G wireless service
will pay off and whether there is too much plant
capacity for manufacturing big-screen TVs.
• New Considering Your Costs and Benefits
problem, about calculating the NPVs of solar
panels.
Appendix J Pricing
• New appendix that discusses pricing goods for
external sales, pricing services, transfer pricing
for internal sales, transfers between divisions in

different countries, and other cost approaches
to pricing.


Active Teaching and Learning
Supplementary Material

For Instructors

For Students

In addition to the support instructors receive from WileyPLUS
and the Wiley Faculty Network, we offer the following useful
supplements.

Textbook Companion Website. On this website,
www.wiley.com/college/kimmel, students will find support
materials that include Exercises: Set B, Challenge Exercises,
Problems: Set C, Continuing Cookie Chronicle and
Waterways Continuing Problems, Appendices F–J, and
Cases for Managerial Decision-Making.

Textbook Companion Website. On this website,
www.wiley.com/college/kimmel, instructors will find
the Solutions Manual, Test Bank, Instructor’s Manual,
Computerized Test Bank, and other resources.
Solutions Manual. The Solutions Manual contains
detailed solutions to all questions, brief exercises, exercises, and problems in the textbook, as well as suggested
answers to the questions and cases. The estimated time
to complete exercises, problems, and cases is provided.


Study Guide.

The Study Guide includes a chapter
review and provides opportunities for practice through problems and multiple-choice exercises.

Instructor’s Manual. Included in each chapter are
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Working Papers. The working papers are partially
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Excel working papers are available in WileyPLUS.

Test Bank and Computerized Test Bank. The test

Quantum Tutors. Adaptive learning and assessment

bank and computerized test bank allow instructors to tailor
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outcomes, including AACSB, AICPA, and IMA professional
standards. Achievement tests, comprehensive examinations,
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software that will help students master the core
accounting topics and skills necessary to be successful
in this course.


Mobile Applications. Quizzing and reviewing content
is available for download on iTunes.

PowerPoint™.

The PowerPoint™ presentations contain a combination of key concepts, images, and problems
from the textbook. They are a useful, animated tool for
classroom lectures.

Managerial Accounting Video Series. Through
the examples of real-world, cutting-edge companies,
these videos (available in WileyPLUS) engage students
with a dynamic overview of managerial accounting topics.
Students are then motivated to further review the detailed
tools, examples, and discussions presented in their
textbook, WileyPLUS course, and classroom lectures.

xv


Acknowledgments
Accounting, Fifth Edition, has benefitted greatly from the input of focus group participants, manuscript reviewers, those who have sent comments by letter or e-mail, ancillary authors, and proofers.
We greatly appreciate the constructive suggestions and innovative ideas of reviewers and the creativity and accuracy of the ancillary authors and checkers.

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xvi

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Fifth Edition
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We thank Benjamin Huegel and Teresa Speck of St. Mary’s
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Paul D. Kimmel
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Jerry J. Weygandt
Madison, Wisconsin
Donald E. Kieso
DeKalb, Illinois

xvii


Contents
Chapter 1


Chapter 3

Introduction to Financial
Statements 2

The Accounting Information
System 100

Knowing the Numbers 3
Forms of Business Organization 4
Users and Uses of Financial Information 6
Internal Users 6
External Users 6
Ethics in Financial Reporting 8
Business Activities 9
Financing Activities 9
Investing Activities 10
Operating Activities 10
Communicating with Users 11
Income Statement 12
Retained Earnings Statement 13
Balance Sheet 14
Statement of Cash Flows 15
Interrelationships of Statements 16
Other Elements of an Annual Report 19
A Look at IFRS 43

Accidents Happen 101
The Accounting Information System 102

Accounting Transactions 102
Analyzing Transactions 103
Summary of Transactions 109
The Account 111
Debits and Credits 111
Debit and Credit Procedures 112
Stockholders’ Equity Relationships 115
Summary of Debit/Credit Rules 116
Steps in the Recording Process 116
The Journal 117
The Ledger 119
Chart of Accounts 120
Posting 120
The Recording Process Illustrated 121
Summary Illustration of Journalizing and
Posting 127
The Trial Balance 129
Limitations of a Trial Balance 129
Keeping an Eye on Cash 130
A Look at IFRS 159

Chapter 2

A Further Look at Financial
Statements 46
Just Fooling Around? 47
The Classified Balance Sheet 48
Current Assets 49
Long-Term Investments 50
Property, Plant, and Equipment 51

Intangible Assets 51
Current Liabilities 52
Long-Term Liabilities 53
Stockholders’ Equity 53
Using the Financial Statements 54
Ratio Analysis 54
Using the Income Statement 54
Using the Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 56
Using a Classified Balance Sheet 57
Keeping an Eye on Cash 61
Financial Reporting Concepts 63
The Standard-Setting Environment 63
Qualities of Useful Information 64
Assumptions in Financial Reporting 65
Principles in Financial Reporting 66
Cost Constraint 66
A Look at IFRS 95

xviii

Chapter 4

Accrual Accounting Concepts

162

Keeping Track of Groupons 163
Timing Issues 164
The Revenue Recognition Principle 164
The Expense Recognition Principle 165

Accrual versus Cash Basis of Accounting 166
The Basics of Adjusting Entries 167
Types of Adjusting Entries 168
Adjusting Entries for Deferrals 169
Adjusting Entries for Accruals 175
Summary of Basic Relationships 181
The Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial
Statements 183
Preparing the Adjusted Trial Balance 183
Preparing Financial Statements 184
Quality of Earnings 185
Closing the Books 188
Preparing Closing Entries 188
Preparing a Post-Closing Trial Balance 189
Summary of the Accounting Cycle 191


Keeping an Eye on Cash 191
APPENDIX 4A: Adjusting Entries in an Automated
World–Using a Worksheet 195
A Look at IFRS 225

Chapter 5

Merchandising Operations and
the Multiple-Step Income
Statement 228
Buy Now, Vote Later 229
Merchandising Operations 230
Operating Cycles 231

Flow of Costs 231
Recording Purchases of Merchandise 233
Freight Costs 234
Purchase Returns and Allowances 235
Purchase Discounts 236
Summary of Purchasing Transactions 237
Recording Sales of Merchandise 238
Sales Returns and Allowances 239
Sales Discounts 240
Income Statement Presentation 241
Sales Revenues 243
Gross Profit 243
Operating Expenses 243
Nonoperating Activities 244
Determining Cost of Goods Sold Under
a Periodic System 246
Evaluating Profitability 247
Gross Profit Rate 247
Profit Margin 249
Keeping an Eye on Cash 251
APPENDIX 5A: Periodic Inventory System 253
Recording Merchandise Transactions 253
Recording Purchases of Merchandise 254
Freight Costs 254
Recording Sales of Merchandise 254
Comparison of Entries—Perpetual vs. Periodic 255
A Look at IFRS 279

Chapter 6


Reporting and Analyzing
Inventory 282
“Where Is That Spare Bulldozer Blade?” 283
Classifying and Determining Inventory 284
Classifying Inventory 284
Determining Inventory Quantities 286
Inventory Costing 288
Specific Identification 288
Cost Flow Assumptions 289
Financial Statement and Tax Effects
of Cost Flow Methods 294

Keeping an Eye on Cash 296
Using Inventory Cost Flow Methods
Consistently 297
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market 298
Analysis of Inventory 299
Inventory Turnover 299
Analysts’ Adjustments for LIFO Reserve 301
APPENDIX 6A: Inventory Cost Flow Methods
in Perpetual Inventory Systems 305
First-In, First-Out (FIFO) 306
Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) 306
Average-Cost 307
APPENDIX 6B: Inventory Errors 308
Income Statement Effects 308
Balance Sheet Effects 309
A Look at IFRS 331

Chapter 7


Fraud, Internal Control, and Cash

334

Minding the Money in Moose Jaw 335
Fraud and Internal Control 336
Fraud 336
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 337
Internal Control 337
Principles of Internal Control Activities 338
Limitations of Internal Control 345
Cash Controls 347
Cash Receipts Controls 347
Cash Disbursements Controls 350
Control Features: Use of a Bank 352
Bank Statements 352
Reconciling the Bank Account 353
Reporting Cash 358
Cash Equivalents 359
Restricted Cash 359
Managing and Monitoring Cash 360
Basic Principles of Cash Management 361
Keeping an Eye on Cash 362
APPENDIX 7A: Operation of the Petty Cash Fund 367
Establishing the Petty Cash Fund 367
Making Payments from Petty Cash 367
Replenishing the Petty Cash Fund 368
A Look at IFRS 393


Chapter 8

Reporting and Analyzing
Receivables 396
What’s Cooking? 397
Types of Receivables 398
Accounts Receivable 399
Recognizing Accounts Receivable 399
Valuing Accounts Receivable 400

xix


Notes Receivable 407
Determining the Maturity Date 408
Computing Interest 408
Recognizing Notes Receivable 409
Valuing Notes Receivable 409
Disposing of Notes Receivable 410
Financial Statement Presentation
of Receivables 411
Managing Receivables 412
Extending Credit 412
Establishing a Payment Period 413
Monitoring Collections 413
Evaluating Liquidity of Receivables 415
Accelerating Cash Receipts 417
Keeping an Eye on Cash 420
A Look at IFRS 444


Chapter 9

Reporting and Analyzing Long-Lived
Assets 446
A Tale of Two Airlines 447
Plant Assets 448
Determining the Cost of Plant Assets 449
To Buy or Lease? 452
Accounting for Plant Assets 453
Depreciation 453
Factors in Computing Depreciation 454
Depreciation Methods 454
Revising Periodic Depreciation 459
Expenditures During Useful Life 460
Impairments 461
Plant Asset Disposals 461
Analyzing Plant Assets 464
Return on Assets 464
Asset Turnover 465
Profit Margin Revisited 466
Intangible Assets 467
Accounting for Intangible Assets 468
Types of Intangible Assets 469
Financial Statement Presentation
of Long-Lived Assets 472
Keeping an Eye on Cash 473
APPENDIX 9A: Calculation of Depreciation Using
Other Methods 476
Declining-Balance 476
Units-of-Activity 477

A Look at IFRS 500

Chapter 10

Reporting and Analyzing
Liabilities 504
And Then There Were Two 505

xx

Current Liabilities 506
What Is a Current Liability? 506
Notes Payable 507
Sales Taxes Payable 507
Unearned Revenues 508
Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt 509
Payroll and Payroll Taxes Payable 510
Bonds: Long-Term Liabilities 512
Types of Bonds 512
Issuing Procedures 513
Determining the Market Price of Bonds 513
Accounting for Bond Issues 515
Issuing Bonds at Face Value 516
Discount or Premium on Bonds 516
Issuing Bonds at a Discount 517
Issuing Bonds at a Premium 519
Accounting for Bond Redemptions 520
Redeeming Bonds at Maturity 520
Redeeming Bonds before Maturity 521
Financial Statement Presentation

and Analysis 521
Balance Sheet Presentation 521
Keeping an Eye on Cash 522
Analysis 523
Off-Balance-Sheet Financing 525
APPENDIX 10A: Straight-Line Amortization 530
Amortizing Bond Discount 530
Amortizing Bond Premium 531
APPENDIX 10B: Effective-Interest Amortization 532
Amortizing Bond Discount 533
Amortizing Bond Premium 535
APPENDIX 10C: Accounting for Long-Term
Notes Payable 536
A Look at IFRS 564

Chapter 11

Reporting and Analyzing
Stockholders’ Equity 568
Oh Well, I Guess I’ll Get Rich 569
The Corporate Form of Organization 570
Characteristics of a Corporation 571
Forming a Corporation 574
Stockholder Rights 574
Stock Issue Considerations 575
Authorized Stock 576
Issuance of Stock 576
Par and No-Par Value Stocks 577
Accounting for Issues of Common Stock 577
Accounting for Treasury Stock 579

Purchase of Treasury Stock 580
Preferred Stock 581
Dividend Preferences 582
Liquidation Preference 583


Dividends 584
Cash Dividends 584
Stock Dividends 586
Stock Splits 588
Retained Earnings 590
Retained Earnings Restrictions 590
Financial Statement Presentation of
Stockholders’ Equity 591
Balance Sheet Presentation 591
Keeping an Eye on Cash 592
Measuring Corporate Performance 593
Dividend Record 593
Earnings Performance 594
Debt versus Equity Decision 595
APPENDIX 11A: Entries for Stock Dividends 599
A Look at IFRS 621

Chapter 12

Statement of Cash Flows

624

Got Cash? 625

The Statement of Cash Flows: Usefulness
and Format 626
Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows 626
Classification of Cash Flows 627
Significant Noncash Activities 628
Format of the Statement of Cash Flows 629
The Corporate Life Cycle 630
Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows 632
Indirect and Direct Methods 632
Preparation of the Statement of Cash
Flows–Indirect Method 633
Step 1: Operating Activities 635
Summary of Conversion to Net Cash Provided by
Operating Activities–Indirect Methods 638
Step 2: Investing and Financing Activities 640
Step 3: Net Change in Cash 641
Using Cash Flows to Evaluate a Company 642
Free Cash Flow 642
Keeping an Eye on Cash 644
Assessing Liquidity and Solvency Using
Cash Flows 645
APPENDIX 12A: Statement of Cash Flows–Direct
Method 649
Step 1: Operating Activities 651
Step 2: Investing and Financing Activities 655
Step 3: Net Change in Cash 656
APPENDIX 12B: Statement of Cash Flows—T-Account
Approach 656
A Look at IFRS 685


Chapter 13

Financial Analysis: The Big Picture
It Pays to Be Patient 689
Sustainable Income 690
Irregular Items 691

688

Changes in Accounting Principle 694
Comprehensive Income 695
Concluding Remarks 696
Comparative Analysis 697
Horizontal Analysis 698
Vertical Analysis 700
Ratio Analysis 703
Liquidity Ratios 704
Solvency Ratios 704
Profitability Ratios 705
Quality of Earnings 706
Alternative Accounting Methods 706
Pro Forma Income 706
Improper Recognition 707
Price-Earnings Ratio 707
APPENDIX 13A: Comprehensive Illustration
of Ratio Analysis 712
Liquidity Ratios 714
Solvency Ratios 716
Profitability Ratios 719
A Look at IFRS 748


Chapter 14

Managerial Accounting

752

Just Add Water . . . and Paddle 753
Managerial Accounting Basics 754
Comparing Managerial and Financial
Accounting 755
Management Functions 755
Organizational Structure 757
Business Ethics 758
Managerial Cost Concepts 759
Manufacturing Costs 760
Product versus Period Costs 761
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements 762
Income Statement 762
Cost of Goods Manufactured 763
Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule 764
Balance Sheet 766
Cost Concepts—A Review 767
Product Costing for Service Industries 768
Managerial Accounting Today 769
Focus on the Value Chain 770
Balanced Scorecard 771
Corporate Social Responsibility 771

Chapter 15


Job Order Costing

798

She Succeeds Where Others Have Failed 799
Cost Accounting Systems 800
Job Order Cost System 800
Process Cost System 801
Job Order Cost Flow 802
Accumulating Manufacturing Costs 803

xxi


Assigning Manufacturing Costs to Work
in Process 805
Manufacturing Overhead Costs 809
Assigning Costs to Finished Goods 813
Assigning Costs to Cost of Goods Sold 814
Summary of Job Order Cost Flows 815
Job Order Costing for Service Companies 816
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Job Order Costing 818
Reporting Job Cost Data 819
Under- or Overapplied Manufacturing
Overhead 820

Chapter 16


Process Costing

844

Ben & Jerry’s Tracks Its Mix-Ups 845
The Nature of Process Cost Systems 846
Uses of Process Cost Systems 846
Process Costing for Service Companies 847
Similarities and Differences Between Job Order
Cost and Process Cost Systems 847
Process Cost Flow 849
Assigning Manufacturing Costs—Journal
Entries 850
Equivalent Units 853
Weighted-Average Method 853
Refinements on the Weighted-Average
Method 854
Production Cost Report 856
Compute the Physical Unit Flow
(Step 1) 857
Compute the Equivalent Units of Production
(Step 2) 858
Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3) 858
Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule
(Step 4) 859
Preparing the Production Cost Report 860
Costing Systems—Final Comments 862
APPENDIX 16A: FIFO Method 866
Equivalent Units Under FIFO 866
Comprehensive Example 867

FIFO and Weighted-Average 871

Chapter 17

Activity-Based Costing

894

Precor Is on Your Side 895
Traditional Costing and Activity-Based
Costing 896
Traditional Costing Systems 896
The Need for a New Approach 897
Activity-Based Costing 897
Example of ABC versus Traditional Costing 900
Identify and Classify Activities and Allocate
Overhead to Cost Pools (Step 1) 900
Identify Cost Drivers (Step 2) 901

xxii

Compute Activity-Based Overhead Rates
(Step 3) 901
Assign Overhead Costs to Products
(Step 4) 901
Comparing Unit Costs 903
Activity-Based Costing: A Closer Look 905
Benefits of ABC 905
Limitations of ABC 906
When to Use ABC 907

Value-Added versus Non–Value-Added
Activities 907
Classification of Activity Levels 909
Activity-Based Costing in Service
Industries 911
Traditional Costing Example 912
Activity-Based Costing Example 912
APPENDIX 17A: Just-in-Time Processing 916
Objective of JIT Processing 917
Elements of JIT Processing 918
Benefits of JIT Processing 918

Chapter 18

Cost-Volume-Profit

944

Don’t Worry—Just Get Big 945
Cost Behavior Analysis 946
Variable Costs 946
Fixed Costs 947
Relevant Range 948
Mixed Costs 950
Importance of Identifying Variable and
Fixed Costs 953
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 954
Basic Components 954
CVP Income Statement 955
Break-Even Analysis 958

Target Net Income 962
Margin of Safety 963

Chapter 19

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis:
Additional Issues 984
Rapid Replay 985
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Review 986
Basic Concepts 986
Basic Computations 988
CVP and Changes in the Business
Environment 989
Sales Mix 992
Break-Even Sales in Units 992
Break-Even Sales in Dollars 994
Determining Sales Mix with Limited
Resources 997
Cost Structure and Operating Leverage 1000
Effect on Contribution Margin Ratio 1001


Effect on Break-Even Point 1001
Effect on Margin of Safety Ratio 1001
Operating Leverage 1001
APPENDIX 19A: Absorption Costing versus
Variable Costing 1005
Example Comparing Absorption Costing with
Variable Costing 1005
An Extended Example 1008

Decision-Making Concerns 1012
Potential Advantages of Variable
Costing 1014

Chapter 20

Incremental Analysis

1040

Make It or Buy It? 1041
Management’s Decision-Making Process 1042
Incremental Analysis Approach 1043
How Incremental Analysis Works 1043
Types of Incremental Analysis 1045
Accept an Order at a Special Price 1045
Make or Buy 1046
Sell or Process Further 1049
Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment 1052
Eliminate an Unprofitable Segment
or Product 1054
Other Considerations in DecisionMaking 1056

Chapter 21

Budgetary Planning

1080

The Next Amazon.com? Not Quite 1081

Budgeting Basics 1082
Budgeting and Accounting 1082
The Benefits of Budgeting 1083
Essentials of Effective Budgeting 1083
Length of the Budget Period 1083
The Budgeting Process 1084
Budgeting and Human Behavior 1084
Budgeting and Long-Range Planning 1085
The Master Budget 1086
Preparing the Operating Budgets 1087
Sales Budget 1087
Production Budget 1088
Direct Materials Budget 1090
Direct Labor Budget 1093
Manufacturing Overhead Budget 1094
Selling and Administrative Expense
Budget 1095
Budgeted Income Statement 1095
Preparing the Financial Budgets 1097
Cash Budget 1097
Budgeted Balance Sheet 1101
Budgeting in Nonmanufacturing Companies 1102
Merchandisers 1102

Service Companies 1103
Not-for-Profit Organizations 1104

Chapter 22

Budgetary Control and Responsibility

Accounting 1132
Turning Trash Into Treasure 1133
Budgetary Control 1134
Static Budget Reports 1135
Examples 1135
Uses and Limitations 1136
Flexible Budgets 1137
Why Flexible Budgets? 1137
Developing the Flexible Budget 1139
Flexible Budget—A Case Study 1140
Flexible Budget Reports 1143
Responsibility Accounting 1145
Controllable versus Noncontrollable Revenues
and Costs 1147
Principles of Performance Evaluation 1147
Responsibility Reporting System 1149
Types of Responsibility Centers 1152
Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers 1153
Responsibility Accounting for Profit
Centers 1153
Responsibility Accounting for Investment
Centers 1156
APPENDIX 22A: Residual Income—Another
Performance Measurement 1163
Residual Income Compared to ROI 1164
Residual Income Weakness 1164

Chapter 23

Standard Costs and Balanced

Scorecard 1192
80,000 Different Caffeinated Combinations 1193
The Need for Standards 1194
Distinguishing Between Standards and
Budgets 1194
Why Standard Costs? 1195
Setting Standard Costs 1196
Ideal versus Normal Standards 1196
A Case Study 1196
Analyzing and Reporting Variances from
Standards 1200
Direct Materials Variances 1201
Direct Labor Variances 1204
Manufacturing Overhead Variances 1207
Reporting Variances 1209
Statement Presentation of Variances 1210
Balanced Scorecard 1210
APPENDIX 23A: Standard Cost Accounting
System 1216

xxiii