N G U Y E N C AM T H A N H - 0 A N G OIJC C U & N G - V U O N G O A O V Y

TIENG ANH CHUYEN NGANH
BlEN TlH - VllN THONG
■

(Tai ban Ian 1)

English for Electronics
and Telecommunications
(Second Edition)

NHA XUAT BAN BUU OIEN

Ha Noi, thang 12 - 2007


LCJI

n h A x u a t ban

Ngay nay Dien tif - Vien thong co toe do phat trien rat nhanh. De tie'p can duoc
sit phat trien do ddi hoi nhitng ngifcfi quan tarn vita phai co kien tliitc ve ky thuat vita
phdi co trtnh do ngoai ngit tieng Anh chuyen nganh tot. N hu vdy thong tliao tieng Anh
chuyen nganh Dien t i t - Vien thong la mot trong cac yen can ccf ban doi voi nhitng ai
lam viec, hoc tap va nghien cihi khoa hoc trong linh vitc nay. Nhdm cung cap von tif
vitng, cac ky nang doc hieu, ky nang dich tieng Anh chuyen nganh cua linh vuc Dien
tif - Vien thong den ban doc, ndm 2005 Nhd xuat ban Bifu dien da xuat ban cuon sach
"Tieng A n h chuyen nganh Dien tit - V iin th o n g ”. Cuon sach ra dcri da dap ifng
ditoc mong moi cua nhieu ban doc muon trau ddi va nang cao trinh do tieng Anh

chuyen nganh Dien tie - Vien thong. Voi muc dich phuc vu ban doc tot hon nita, Nha
xuat ban Buu dien phoi hop voi cac tac gia chinh si(a bo sung, tai ban cuon sach nay.
Cuon sach duoc vie't theo dang song ngu Anh - Viet, gom 20 bdi duoc lua chon
sat voi chit de co ban c ia nganh Dien tif - Vien thong. Cuoi moi bai deu co phan bdi
tap, mot so phan gioi thieu ngi? phap co ban thuong gap trong van phong khoa hoc
nhu can dien kien, menh de quan he, menh de thdi gian, menh de danh tif, can bi
dong,... Ngodi ra, cuon sach con cung cap cac bdi kiem tra giifa va cuoi khoa hoc,
t dc bdi dich man cung nhu phan giai dap cac bdi tap ciia titng bdi trong phan phu luc
giiip cho ban doc tif danh gia k it qua hoc tap c ia minh va tra cifu nhitng doan dich
man khi can. Phan Phu luc tap hop cac thuat ngif cung nhu cac tif vie't tdt thong dung
ve chuyen mon ma cac bdi hoc tren da de cap.
Cuon sach la tai lieu hoc tap cho hoc sinh, sinh vien cac trudng dai hoc, cao
dang chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong mong muon trau doi von tieng Anh chuyen
nganh va tif nghien cifu tai lieu chuyen nganh bdng tieng Anh. Ngodi ra cuon sach
con Id tdi lieu tif ddo tqo, boi ditdng tieng Anh cho cac can bo ky thuat, ky sit, can bo
cdng nhan vien hien dang cong tac trong linh vuc Dien tif - Vien thong va Cong nghe
thong tin.
Trong Ian xuat ban nay, cuon sach da duoc chinh sifa va bo sung, hodn thien
hon. Nhd xuat ban Bifu dien rat mong nhan duoc nhitng y kien dong gop cua quy vi.
Moi v kien dong gop xin gin ve N hd xu a t ban B u u dien, 18 N guyen Du, H a Noi;
dien thoqi: (04) 5772142; Fax: (04) 5772037.
Tran trong cam on.
H a N oi, thang 12 ndm 2007
N H A X U A T B A N BU U D I E N


LCJI NOI DAU
Cuon sach “ T ien g A n h chuyen n ganh D ien tu - Vien th o n g ” la tai lieu hoc tap
danh cho cho sinh vien nganh Dien tir -Vi6n thong va Cong nghe th on g tin, d u p e bien
soan chu yeu phuc vu cho doi tupng sinh vien nam thu hai, hoac toi thieu da hoan thanh

chuo ng trinh tieng Anh trlnh do E lem entary.
Cuon sach gom 20 bai lira chon theo nhung chu de c o ban cua c h u y e n ngan h Dien
tir - Vidn thong. Noi dung cac bai deu hua ng vao phat trien ki nang doc hieu va ky nang
dich chuyen nganh. Cac bai gioi thieu ngir phap (L an g u a g e fo c u s ) du pe trinh bay bang
tieng Viet giup cho sinh vien he thong hoa hoac b6 sung nhung noi d u n g n g u ph ap co
ban, thirong gap trong van phong khoa hoc - nh u can dieu kien, menh de quan he. can

bi dong v.v...
Ngoai ra, cuon sach con cung cap cac bai kiem tra giua va cu6i kh o a hoc, cac bai
dich mau cung nh u phan giai dap cac bai tap cua tung bai trong phan phu luc giu p cho
sinh vien tir danh gia ket qua hoc tap cua m lnh va tra cuu nhung doa n dich m ^u khi can.
Nhan dip ra m i t lan dau cuon sach “Tieng A n h chuyen nganh Dien tu - Vien thong ”
nhom tac gia xin chan thanh cam an Ban G ia m hieu, P h o n g D a o tao va Bo m on
N g o a i ngir T riron g D ai hoc K h o a hoc Tir n h ien d a tao m o i d i e u k ie n tot nha t de
c u o n s ac h d u p e ho a n tha nh. C h u n g toi c u n g xin giii loi c a m a n d a c biet ta i ca nh an
TS. Le The Que, TS. Tran Qu a ng Vinh, TS. N g u y e n Chi Dung, ThS. T r an Thi Nga. cac
giang vien Ng uy6n T h a n h Tu ng va Nguygn N h u Q u y n h vi nhSng qu a n tarn va don g gop
co ng sue cho tai lieu nay kip hoan tat du ng thai gian quy dinh.
Tro ng qua trinh bien soan cuon sach, cac tac gia da co ga ng toi da n h a m dat du a c
nhung muc tieu de ra. Tu y nhien, cac thieu sot la kho ng the’ tranh khoi. C h u n g toi rat
m o n g nhan dup e y kien do ng gop cua cac nha c hu ye n mon, d o n g ng hi e p va tat ca
nhung ai quan tarn de tiep tuc hoan thien cuon sach.
Xin tran trong cam an.

Tluiy m at nliom bien soan
P G S .T S . Virang D uo Vy


Unit 1


ATOMS AND THE DEFINITION OF ELECTRICITY
Elements are arranged by their basic properties, as being metals, etc. on a chart
known as the periodic chart of the elements.
Some o f the more c om m on elements are carbon, copper, oxyge n and aluminum.
Elements may exist alone, or they may exist in clusters, or molecules, along with other
elements. For ex ample, a piece of copper wire is solely made up of the copper element.
By comparison, water is a combination of two different elements:

oxygen and

hydrogen.
An element can be broken down into even smaller particles, called atoms. An
atom is the smallest unit into which an element can be broken down and still retain its
original characteristics. The atom resembles a little universe. The center of this
universe, called the nucleus, is made up of parts known as protons and neutrons.
Around the nucleus, tiny little particles are constantly rotating in an orbit. We call these
particles electrons.
The atom is far too small to be seen, even with the aid of the most powerful
microscope. However, we do have a vast amount of know led ge about the atom and its
inner parts. The proton differs from the electron both electrically and physically.
Electrically, the proton is positively charged, and is about 1850 times as heavier than
the electron. The orbiting electron, on the other hand, is muc h lighter, and is said to be
negatively charged. The neutron can effectively be thought of as consisting of both a
proton and an electron. It has the same approximate weight as the proton: however, it is
neutral in charge. T h is is because the positive charge of the proton cancels out the
negative charg e of the electron.
A to m s alw ays have the same parts, but not always in the same am ounts or
configurations. A to m s with more protons and electrons, o f course, must be larger and
heavier. U n d e r normal circumstances, atoms seek to be neutral in charge, and so will
have an equal am ount of electrons and protons. So if an atom like copper has 29 protons

in its center, it will also have 29 electrons. Because these electrons are rotating in an


6

Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien tu" - Vien thong

orbit, having too ma ny electrons in a given orbit could cause th em to crash into each
other. So mother nature placed them in different orbits on different levels. W e call
them layers or rings.
Depending on which ring we are discussing, each ring has a m a x i m u m a m ou nt ot
electrons which it can hold, without having to form another ring. For instance, the first
ring can only hold 2 electrons. So if we have an atom with 3 protons. (As in the case of
Lithium) it must also have 3 electrons. Since it can only hold 2 electrons in the n u m b e r
1 ring, it is forced to create a second ring, with only 1 electron in it. In the case of
Lithium, this 1 electron is said to exist in the outer ring, or the valence ring.
In Electronics, we are mainly concerned with this valence ring, be cau se it is here
that the magic o f Electronics takes place. If a given ring is shy o f being full, it wants to
“ borr ow ” an electron from so mew he re else. If an atom has one too m a n y electrons, it
pushes the “ex tra ” electron way out on a ring of its own. and tries to “ loan" it to another
atom.
Electronics, in its purest form, is the study of the mo v e m e nt of electrons from one
atom to another. Usually, this takes place by borrowing and loaning (tem po rarily ) of
electrons. While we can not actually see this going on, we c an m o n it o r its effects,
which can be amazing!
(Text taken from http-.llwM-M scie n c e -e b o o k s.c o m edited by W illiam H. Boos»

Words and expressions
aid (n)


sir trp giup

approximate (adj)

xap xi, khoang

atom (n)

nguyen tir

characteristic (n)

dac tfnh, tinh chat

charged (adj)

(dupe) tfch dien, mang dien tich

, create (v)

tao ra

elem ent (n)

nguyen to

exist (v)

ton tai


level (n)

mire (nang lirpng ...)

loan (v)

cho mupn, cho vay

molecule (n)

phan tir

neutral (adj)

trung hoa. trung tinh

orbit (n)

quy dao

orbiting electron

electron quy dao

particle (n)

hat, tieu phan

periodic chart


bang tuan hoan


7

Unit 1
retain (n)

duy tri, giuf lai

rotate (v)

quay, xoay

temporarily (adv)

(mot cach) tarn thdi

universe (n)

vu tru

valence ring

vong (I6p) hoa trj

1. M ain idea

W hich sta tem en t best expresses the m ain idea o f the text? W hy did yo u elim inate
the other c h o ice s?

1. Atom s are m a de up o f protons, neutrons and electrons.
2. The electron is the most important part of an atom.
3. Electronics studies the movement of electrons between atoms.
2. Q u estio n s

A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g questions.
1. What are electrons?

2. In what way are the neutron and the proton similar?

3. W hy are electrons of an atom placed in different orbits?

4. What is Valence Ring?

5. W h e n does the loaning of electrons happen?

3. U n d er sta n d in g the passage

D ecide w h eth er th e fo llo w in g statem ents are true or fa lse (TIF ) by referrin g to the
in fo rm a tio n in th e text. T h en m ake the necessary changes so th a t the fa lse
statem ents becom e true.
1

It is impossible to split an atom into smaller parts.

2

The atom is so far that people can not see it with their naked eyes.

3


The electron differs from the proton in that it is n e g a t i v e l y c har ged and
not so heavy as the proton.

4

Configurations of atoms of different e lements can be different.

5

W e can see electrons moving from one atom to another.


8

Tieng A n h chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong

4. C o n t e x t u a l r e f e r e n c e

W hat does each word in bold refer to?
1. it

(para 4)

.....................................

2. T h i s

(para 4)


.....................................

3. t h e m

(para 5)

.....................................

4. t h e m

(para 5)

.....................................

5. it

(para 6)

.....................................

5. C o n t e n t revie w

M atch a word/phrase in colum n A with an appropriate phrase in co lu m n B.
A

B

a. a very small piece of matter moving around the nucleus

1. nucleus

2. element

b. together with a neutron to form the nucleus

3. electron

c. the central part of an atom

4. electric charges

d. they are either positive (+) or negative (-)
e. a chemical substance consisting of atoms of only one kind

5. proton

6. E n g l is h - V i e t n a m e s e t r a n s l a t i o n

Translate the fo llo w in g sentences into Vietnam ese, basing on the in fo rm a tio n in
the text.
1. The single most important characteristic of an atom is its a t o m i c n u m b e r , which is
defined as the nu m ber o f units of positive charge in the nucleus.

2. The atomic nu m be r determines the kinds of molecules that can be formed and
their

binding

energy.

Hence,


characteristics as an element.

the

atomic

nu m be r

determines

an

atom's


9

Unit 1
7. V ietn am ese - E nglish translation

Translate the fo llo w in g sentences into English, basing on the inform ation in the text.
!. D ie n tir co the bi keo khoi quy da o c ua no qua nh hat nhan bai mot ngoai luc
nao do.

2. M6i lop dien tu co kha nang giu' duoc mot so luong toi da cac dien tu ma khong
tao ra lap moi.

3. Trong dien tu hoc chung ta chu yeu quan tarn den lop dien tu hoa tri. vi day chinh
la noi di6n ra didu ky dieu cua mon khoa hoc nay.


S. Bai dich th a m khao

Nguyen tif va djnh nghla ve dien
Cac nguye n to duoc sap xep theo nhung thuoc tinh co ban cua chung. vi du nhu
cac kim loai va cac nguyen to khac trong bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to.
Mot so ngu ye n to pho bien hon la cac-bon, dong, o-xi, nhom. Cac nguyen to co
the ton tai doc lap hoac duai dang hop chat hay phan tu cung voi nhung nguy en to khac.
Thi du mot maiu soi dong chi gom nguyen to don g tao thanh. Trong khi do nuoc la su
ket hop cua hai nguyen to khac nhau: O-xi va hi-dro.
Mot ngu ye n to co the duoc phan chia thanh nhung hat nho hon goi la cac nguven
tir. N gu ye n tu la d on vi nho nhat ma mot nguyen to co the phan chia ra va no van con
giu' duoc ban chat cua nguyen to do. Nguyen tu giong nhu mot vu tru nho. T a m cua vu
tru goi la hat nhan duofc tao boi cac no-tron va pro-ton. Xung quanh hat nhan co nhung
hat rat be quay lien tuc tren quy dao duoc goi la cac dien tu hay electron.
N guy en tu la qua nho de ta co the’ nhin thay duoc. ngay ca khi co su tr a 2iup cua
kinh hie'n vi cuc manh. Tuy vay. chung ta da co d ua c su hieu biet nhieu ve n s u v e n tu va
phan ben trong cua no. Pro-ton khac vai electron ca \ e dien hoc va \ e vat lv hoc Ve
dien hoc. pro-ton m a n g dien tich d u a n g va nang han electron k h o a n s 1850 lan. T r o n °


10

Tieng A n h chuyen nganh Dien tic - Vien thong

khi do, electron quy da o lai nhe hon nhi6u va ma ng dien tfch am. No-tron co the xem
nhu bao gom ca pro-ton va electron. N o co trong luong xap xi pro-ton. tuy nhien lai
trung hoa v£ dien. So d! nhu vay la vi dien tich duon g cua proton da triet tieu voi dien
tich am cua electron.
Nguyen tu bao gio c ung co cac thanh phan nhu nhau nhung kh ong phai luon luon

co cung mot so luong cac hat hoac cung mot cau h'inh. Cac nguyen tu co nhieu pro-ton
va electron hon, hien nhien phai Ion hon va nang hon. Tr ong dieu kien binh thudng. cac
nguyen tir co xu hudng tim kiem sir trung hoa ve dien va nh u vay se co so luong cac
pro-ton va so luong electron bang nhau. Cho nen, neu mot ngu ye n tu n hu nguyen tu
dong co 29 pro-ton d tam thi no cung se co 29 electron. Vi cac dien tu nay q u a \ tren
mot quy dao va viec co qua nhieu electron tren cung quy dao nay co the gay nen su va
cham giua chung. N h u vay, cac electron tren nhung quy dao khac nhau va 6 nh ung mure
nang luong khac nhau la ban cha't tu nhien cua cac nguyen to. Ta goi c h u n g la cac lop
hoac cac vong.
Tuy theo lop nao duoc xem xet, m6i lop vong deu co chua mot luong electron toi
da ma khong dan toi viec tao ra lop moi. Vi du, lop dau tien chi co the c hu a 2 electron.
Neu mot nguyen tu co 3 pro-ton (vi du nguyen tu Liti) thi no cung phai co 3 electron.
Vi no chi giu duoc 2 electron d lop thu nhat, no buoc phai tao ra lop thu hai d6 sap xep
them 1 electron con lai. Trong trudng hop nguyen tu Liti, 1 electron nay ton tai a lop
ngoai. hay con goi la lop hoa tri.
Tr ong dien tu hoc, ch ung ta chu yeu quan tam den lop hoa tri nav. boi vi dav
chinh la noi xay ra dieu ky dieu cua dien tu hoc. Neu mot lop nao do chu a ch ua da \
electron, no co xu the "muon" mot electron tir mot noi khac. Neu ng uy e n tir thira 1 dien
tir thi no se daiy electron "ngoai lai" nay ra khoi lop cua no va co ga ng de c h o mot
nguyen tir khac "vay".
Dien tu hoc, 6 dan g thuan tuy nhat ciia no. la bo mon nghien cuu ve su di ch uv en
ciia cac dien tir tir nguy en tir nay sang nguyen tir khac. Thong thudng. qua trinh nav xav
ra thong qua viec "muon" va "cho vay" (mot cach tam thefi) cac electron. T r o n s khi
chung ta kho ng the true tiep nhin thay nhung di^n bien nay. chung ta van co the 21 am
sat duoc nh ung hieu irng. co the’ la mot dieu dang kinh ngac ciia qua trinh d o 1


Unit 2

ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS

Volta made his experimental cell in 1800, producing for the first time a steady,
reliable electric current. During the nineteenth century, the development of practical
applications of electrical energy advanced rapidly. The first major uses of electricity
were in the field of commun ications - first for the telegraph and then the telephone.
T h ey used not only electric current but also electromagnetic effects.
Th o m as E d i s o n ’s invention of the electric light bulb was perhaps the most
important develo pm ent of all, because it led to the creation of an electric power system
which has since reached into nearly every corner of the world. The applications of
electricity have gro wn to the point where most of us lead “electrified life” , surrounded
by a variety of devices that use electric energy.
It is quite rem ar ka ble that so muc h of this rapid development of electrical devices
took place during the nineteenth century, when the nature of electricity was not
completely understood. We have observed that for a long time, but it was incorrectly
believed that current flowed from positive to negative. It w'as not until 1897 that the
British scientist Joseph Th om so n announced his discovery of the electron.
T h o m s o n ’s discovery led to further e xperimentation into the structure of the atom.
Within the field of electricity, his work led to the creation of the science of electronics.
There is so m u c h confusion in current usage between the terms “electricity” and
“electronics” that we should attempt to make some sort of distinction between them .
Electricity generally refers to the flow of free electrons through a conductor, in
other words, to a current of electricity. The term includes the electric power is supplied
by generators and the distribution systems which transmit it to homes, offices, and
factories.
Electronics, on the other hand, deals with the movement of free electrons in a
vacuum or in semiconductor. W he n the term first came into use. it referred to the
behaviour of free electrons in vacuum tubes like those used to transmit or detect radio
waves. Since then it has been extended to include the move me nt of electrons in gases,
liquids, and solids.



12

Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong
Regardless of the distinction made between the two fields, both must be

understood by t o d a y ’s electrical and electronic engineers. Even an engineer working on
the

design

of

the

newest

computers

must

have

know led ge

of

circuits

and


electromagnetic effects. Electricity and electronics are really indivisible: each one
forms part of the other.
(Text adapted from The language o f E lectrical and Electronic Engineering in English by Eugene J Hall)

Words and expressions
advance (n/v)

tien bo

announce (v)

thong bao, cong bo

application (n)

s i/ urig dung

cell (n)

pin

circuit (n)

mach, mach dien

confusion (n)

s i/ Ian Ion, nham Ian

design (n/v)


thiet ke, s i/th ie t ke

development (n)

su phat trien

discovery (n)

su kham pha, su phat hien

distinction (n)

su phan biet

electricity (n)

dien, dien hoc

electromagnetic effects

hieu ilrng dien ti/

electronics (n)

dien tif (hoc)

indivisible (adj)

khong the chia, khong the tach rdi


invention (n)

phat minh, su p h a t minh

liquid (n)

chat long

observe (v)

quan sat

reliable (adj)

(dang) tin cay

solid (n)

chat ran

steady (adj)

khong doi, on dinh

supply (v)

cung cap

transmit (v)


phat (song...)

vacuum tube (n)

den dien tir

1. M ain idea

W hich sta tem en t best expresses the m ain idea o f the text? W hy did yo u elim inate
th e other choices?
1. Electricity has mod ernized our lives.


13

Unit 2

2. People had been able to make good use of electricity before they fully understood
its nature.
3. Although both "electricity" and "electronics" refer to the mo ve me nt of tree
electrons, they m ean different things.
2. Q u estion s

A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g questions
1. What were the first major uses o f electricity in practical applications'.’

2. W hy was the invention of the electric light bulb perhaps the most important event?

3. What important event took place in 1897?


4. What does electricity deal with? What does electronics refer to?

5. W h y must t o d a y ’s electrical and electronic engineers know both of the fields?

3. U n d er sta n d in g the passage

D ecide w h eth er th e fo llo w in g statem ents are true or fa lse (TIF) by referring to the
in fo rm a tio n in th e text. T hen m ake the necessary changes so that the fa lse
sta tem ents becom e true.
1

The develo pm ent of practical applications of electrical energy adv anc ed very
fast d uri ng the nineteenth century.

2

Thank s to E d i s o n ’s invention of the electric light bulb, an electronic power
system has now been created almost everywhere in the world.

3

Joseph T h o m s o n discovered the electron

in order to improve electronic

engin eer ing in England.
4

Electrons are not able to flow in liquids or solids.


5

Generally
differences.

speaking,

electricity

and

electronics

do

not

have

significant


Tieng A n h chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong

14
4. C ontextual reference

W hat do the words in bold refer to?
They

it
them
it
the term

(para
(para
(para
(para
( para

1)
2)
4)
5)
6)

...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................

5. C ontent review

Use the info rm a tio n in the text to com plete the fo llo w in g sum m ary.
V olt a ’s invention of ( 1 ) .................................in 1800 opened up the way for practical
applications of electricity. Early main uses of electricity were in the field ot (2)
.................................. The incandescent light bulb, which was developed by Thomas
Edison caused an ( 3 ) .................................to be created. With this system, electric energ\

has been delivered to homes, offices, and factories. In 1897 Sir Joseph Thomson
announced his discovery of ( 4 ) .................................and he is considered to be the founder
of the science of (5) .................................. Unlike electricity which means the How of
electrons through a (6) .................................. electronics refers to the mo ve me nt of free
electrons in a ( 7 ) .................................or in ( 8 ) ...................................
6. English - V ietnam ese translation

Translate the fo llo w in g sentences into Vietnam ese, basing on the in fo rm a tio n in
the text.
1. The molecules of a liquid are held together tighter than those o f a gas.

2. The resistance of a semiconductor material is greater than that of a con du cto r like
copper and less than that of an insulator like glass.

3. The remote control unit contains keys and electronics co mp on ent s similar to those
of a calculator.

4. Orbiting electrons are called planetary electrons, and those that have been pulled
a w a\ are known as free electrons.


15

Unit 2
7. V ietn a m ese -E nglish translation

Translate the fo llo w in g sentences into English, basing on the inform ation in the text.
1. May dien thoai va m a y dien bao la hai ung dung quan trong dau tien cua dien hoc
trong linh vuc thong tin lien lac.


2. Dien hoc va dien tu hoc la hai linh vuc khong the tach rdi. va vi vav, ngudi kv su
dien tu can phai hieu biet ca hai linh vuc do.

8. Bai dich th am k h ao

Dien
hoc
va dien
ta hoc
■
■
■
■
N a m 1800, lan dfiu tien Volta da tao duoc mot pin thi nghiem cho mot dong dien
dn dinh. Tr ong suot the ki XIX viec phat trien cac ung dung thuc tien cua nang luong
dien da tang nhanh. Ung dung chu yeu dau tien cua dien la d trong linh vuc truven
thong. Thoat dau la dien bao va sau do la dien thoai. Hai phuong tien nay khong chi sir
d un g do ng dien ma con du ng ca cac hieu ung dien tir.
Phat minh cua T h o m a s Edison ve bong den dien co le la phat minh quan trong
nhat. vi no d an toi viec tao ra mot he thong dien nang. nav da vuon tdi duoc hau hot moi
noi tren the gidi. N h u n g ung dung ve dien da phat trien tdi muc ma hau het ch un g ta
d£u dang song mot cuo c song "dien khi hoa", bao quanh bdi nhung thiet bi su dung
dien nang.
Dieu da n g ghi nhan la sir phat trien nhanh chong ve cac thiet bi dien tir da dit!n ra
trong suot the ky XIX. khi ma con ngudi chua hieu biet day du ve ban chat cua dien
hoc. Mac du da qua n sat trong mot thdi gian dai. song hoi do ngudi ta van tin rang dong
dien chav tu cuc d u o n g sang circ am. Mai den nam 1897 nha bac hoc ngudi An h Joseph
T h o m so n mdi cd ng bo phat minh cua ong ve dien tu (electron) .
Phat minh cua T h o m s o n da m d dirdng cho nhung thi nghiem tiep theo ve cau true
ciia nguven tir. T ro ng linh virc dien hoc. cac cong trinh nghien cuu cua ong da dan den

su ra ddi cua nganh dien tu hoc. Hien nay co qua nhieu su nhiim liin trona viec sii du n e
cac thuat ngir "dien hoc" va "dien tir hoc" vi vay ta can co ga ng phan biet hai khai
nie m nay.


16

Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien ttf - Vlen thong
Dien hoc noi chung d£ cap toi dong dien tu tu do di qua mot vat dim. noi cach

khac. de cap den dong dien. Thuat ngu nay ham chua ca dien nang duoc cu ng ca p boi
cac may phat dien va cac he thong phan phoi dan dien den tirng nha. tirng c ong no va
tirng xi nghiep.
Tren mot binh dien khac. "dien tu h o c ” lien quan den su chuy en dong c ua dien tu
tu do trong moi trudng chan khong hoac trong chat ban dan. Khi thuat ngur na \ duoc su
dung Ian dau. no am chi thuoc tinh cua cac dien tu tu do trong cac ong chan khong.
giong nhu nhung ong duoc su dung de truven hay do song radio. Tir do ve sau. thuat
ngu nay da dupe m o rong de bao ham ca su chuyen dong cua dien tu trong chat khi.
chat long, va chat ran.
Mac dii co su khac nhau giiira dien hoc va dien tu hoc. cac ky su dien va dien tu
ngav nay can phai hieu biet ca hai linh vuc nay. Ngay ca mot ky su tha m gia thiet ke
nhung mau may tinh moi nhat cung phai co kien thuc ve mach dien va hieu ung dien tir.
Dien hoc va dien tir hoc thuc chat la hai linh vuc khong the tach roi: linh vuc nay la bo
phan ciia linh vuc kia.


Language focus 1

PASSIVE VOICE
1. D efinition

The bi dong (passive voice) la mot pham tru cua don g tir tieng Anh doi lap voi the
chu dong (active voice). Tr ong cau bi dong, chu ngu cua cau khong phai la chu the (hay
tac nhan) cua hanh dong, m a chinh la ddi tuong tiep nhan hanh dong do.
Vi du:
•

T hey arra n g e elem ents in the periodic chart to show tlieir properties,

[can

chit dong)
• E lem en ts are a rra n g e d in the periodic chart to show their properties,

(can

hi dong)
Can bi d o n g dirac sir d u n g trong n h u n g tr ud ng hap:
•

Khi khong can thiet phai nhac den chit the ciia hanh dong, (nhu vi du tren);

• Khi m uon ifit tien nhan mqnh doi tucmg c ia hanli dong (difa doi tirang c ia
lidnh dong ten dau edit);
Vi du: The periodic chart o f the elements, which was proposed by M endeleev, is

still com m only used.
Tr ong trudng h a p thu hai, ta du ng gidi tir by + chu the hanh dong.
2. Stru cture

2.1. Cciu trite co' ban c ia edit bi dong:

Be + past participle
Trong cau true nay. be co vai tro la mot tra dong tu l^ ° nen cac thi khac nhau. nhu:
•

P resent sim ple:

a m /is/are + past participle

Vf du 1: O xygen is co m b in ed with hydrogen to fo rm water.
•

Present perfect:

have/has been + past participle

Vi du 2: E a ch ch em ica l elem ent h a s been g iven an atom ic n u m b e r.
•

Past sim p le:

w as/ w ere + past participle


Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien tif - Vien thong

18

2.2. Hinh thuc hi dong co clang nguyen the khi cau true tren cli sau cac dong tif tinh that
•


M odal verb (can, will, may...) + be + past participle

Vi du 4: An elem ent can be broken down into even sm aller particles.

2.3. Cau hi dong hay gap trong cac tinh huong leri not gidn tiep, lam cho phat ngon co
tinh kliacli quan nhieu lurn:
•

It + p a ssive + th a t-c la u se

•

S u b je c t (not it) + p a ssive + to -in fin itiv e
Vi du 5:

It was incorrectly believed that current flo w ed fro m positive to negative.
Current was incorrectly believed to flo w fro m positive to negative.

Mot so dong tu hay duoc dung trong cau true nay: report, say, understand,

assume, believe, consider , kn o w , observe , think ...
2.4. Khi dich sang tieng Viet, edit bi dong co xu the chuyen sang dang cau chit dong.
Vi du, ca hai cau tren deu co the dich Id:
(Thdi do) ngudi ta tin tucmg mot cach sai lech la dong dien di tifcifc difcmg sang cut dm
3. Practice

A. Change the follow ing sentences into passive and translate them into Vietnamese.
1. We can break down an element into even smaller particles, called atoms.

2. Everybody know s that water consists of oxy ge n and hydrogen.


3. They say that the orbiting election is negatively charged.

4. In the nineteenth century people did not completely understand the nature of electricity

5. Today's electrical and electroni c-e ngi ne er s must understand both electricity and
electronics.


19

Language focus 1
6. Volta ma de the first cell in 1880.

7. It was not until 1897 that Joseph T ho m so n announced the discovery of the
electron.

8. Electricity has mode rnize d our life.

9. W e cannot see the electron because it is too small.

10. Th ey say that the electron exists in the outer ring.

B. P u t the verbs in brackets in the passive.
Many

hu ndre ds

of


years

after

the

phen ome non

of

static

electricity

( 1 )........................ (discover), scientists found that there were two kinds of electrical
charges. These two kinds of charges (2) .......................... (call) positive and negative.
Much later it (3) .......................... (learn) that the movement of tiny particles of matter electrons

caused

electricity. The electron

is very light

in weight

and

can


(4)

.......................... (draw) out of its orbits around the much heavier nucleus. Electrons
orbiting farthest from the nucleus most easily ( 5 ) ..........................(draw) away. Orbiting
electrons (6) .......................... (call) planetary electrons and the electrons which (7)
..........................(pull) away ( 8 ) ............................(know) as free electrons.


Unit 3

RESISTORS AND RESISTANCE
Manufactured circuit co mponents which contain definite a m ou nt s o f resistance
are called resistors. In simplest terms, resistors resist, or oppose, the flow o f electrons
through a circuit. Every material offers some resistance, or opposition, to the flow of
electric current through it. Good conductors, such as copper, silver, and aluminum,
offer very little resistance. Poor conductors, or insulators, such as glass, wood, and
paper, offer a high resistance to current flow.
The size and type of material of the wires in an electric circuit are c ho sen so as to
keep the electrical resistance as low as possible. In this way. current can How easily
through the conductors, just as water flows through the pipe between tw o tanks. If the
water pressure remains constant, the flow of water in the pipe will d e p en d on how far
the valve is opened. The smaller the opening, the greater the opposition to the flow, and
the lower the rate of flow in gallons-per-second.
The same is true in electrical circuits: the larger the d ia m e ter o f the w ires, the
lower their electrical resistance (opposition) to the flow o f current thro ugh them. In the
water analogy, pipe friction opposes the flow of water between the tanks. This friction
is similar to electrical resistance. The resistance of the pipe to the flow' of water through
it depends upon
• the length of the pipe;
• the diameter of the pipe; and.

• the nature of the inside w-alls (rough or smooth).
Similarly, the electrical resistance of cond ucto rs de pen ds upon
• the length o f the wires;
• the dia meter of the wires; and,
• the material of the wires (copper, al um inu m, etc.).
Temperature also affects the resistance of electrical conductors to some c ■\

[n

most conductors (copper, alu minu m, iron, etc.) the resistance increases w ith tempv: -• ,:c
Carbon is an exception. In carbon, the resistance decreases as temperature


21

Unit 3

Certain alloys of metals (manganin and constantan) have resistance that does not change
appreciably with temperature. The relative resistance of several conductors of the same
length and cross section is given in the following list, with silver as a standard of 1.0 and
the remaining metals arranged in order of ascending resistance:
Silver

1.0

Copper

1.08

Gold


1.4

A lu m in u m

1.8

Platinum

7.0

Lead

13.5

Resistance is measu red in ohms. One ohm is the resistance of a circuit or circuit
elem ent that permits a steady current of 1 ampere (1 co ulo mb per second) to flow when
a steady E M F of 1 volt is applied to the circuit.
(Text taken from http:!/ w w w .scieiice-eb o o k s.co m edited by W illiam H. Boos)

W ords and expressions
alloy (n)

hdpjdm

appreciably (adv)

(mot cach) dang ke

arrange (v)


sap xep, bo tri

constant (adj)

khong doi

cross section

tiet dien

decrease (v)

giam di, giam xuo'ng

depend ~ on (v)

phy thuoc, tuy thuoc (vao ...)

exception (n)

ngbai le

friction (m)

ma sat

increase (v)

tang len


measure (v)

do, do dac

oppose (v)

can trc), chong lai

resistance (n)

trd khang

resistor (n)

dien trd, con trd

rough (adj)

go ghe, tho rap

size (n)

kfch thi/dc

smooth (adj)

nh3n, trdn



Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong

22
1. Main idea

W hich statem ent best expresses the m ain idea o f the te x t? W hy did yo u elim inate
the other choices?
1. Different materials offer different resistance to the flow of electric current through it.
2. Resistance is the degree to which materials act against the flow of electrons.
3. The resistance of electrical conductors depends on several factors.
2. Q uestions

A n sw er the fo llo w in g questions.
1. What are resistors?

2. What is the purpose of choosing the size and type of material ol the wires in an
electric circuit'1

3. What is the speed of the water flow through the pipe if the valve is opened far
from the source?

4. How ma ny factors affect the resistance of electrical conductors? W hat are th e y0

5. What happens to the resistance of a carbon wire when its temperature rises0

3. U n d erstanding the passage

Decide w hether the fo llo w in g statem ents are true or fa lse (TIF) by referring to the
info rm a tio n in the text. T hen m ake the necessary changes so th a t the fa lse
statem ents becom e true.

1

Copper is a better electrical conductor than alumin um.

2

Because of their non-conductivity, glass and paper are called insulators.

3

The large diameter o f the w ire can account for its low resistance.

4

Generally, temperature has a more influence on the resistance than an>
other factor has.

5

W he n temperature rises, the resistance always increases.


23

Unit 3
4. U n d ersta n d in g v ocabulary

W hich words in th e text can be replaced by the words below? W rite the correct
word fr o m the text in each blank.
provides


(para 1)

..................................

opposition

(para 2)

...................................

speed

(para 2)

...................................

containers

(para 3)

...................................

drops

(para 4)

...................................

5. C ontent review


M a tch each word in co lu m n A with a definition in colum n B
A

B

1. resistor

a. the degree to which materials act against the flow of electrons

2. resistance

b. material which does not allow current to flow

3. cond uctor

c. electronic component for opposing the flow o f charge

4. insulator

cl. material which allows current to flow

6. E nglish - V ie tn a m ese translation

T ranslate th e fo llo w in g sentences into Vietnam ese, basing on the in fo rm a tio n in
th e text.
1. Resistor, an electrical component that opposes the flow of either direct or
alternating current, used to protect, operate, or control the circuit.

2. Resistors can have a fixed value of resistance, or they can be ma de variable or

potentiometers.

7. V ietn am ese - E nglish translation

T ra n sla te th e fo llo w in g sen te n ces in to E n g lish , ba sin g on th e in fo rm a tio n in
th e text.
1. C ac chat han ch e c h u y e n d o n g c u a dien tir tir do dirge goi la c h a t c a c h dien.


Tieng A nh chuyen nganh Dien tit - Vien thong

24

2. Ki-ld-oat g i a (Kil ow at t hour) la d a n vi th u d n g d u a c sir d u n g khi ngirdi ta ban
na ng lirgng dien.

S. Hai dich tliam khao

Dien fro va tro khang
Nhung linh kien mach dien co chua mot luong tra khang nhat dinh d u a c goi la
cac dien tra. Hieu mot cach dan gian nhat, dien trd can trd hoac c hon g lai d on g chav
cua cac dien tir qua mot doan mach. Moi vat chat dfiu co trd khang ddi vdi do ng dien
chav qua no. Cac chat dan dien tot. nhu dong, bac va nhom co trd kh an g rat nho. Cac
chat dan dien kern, hay chat cach dien. nhu thuy tinh, go va giay, co trd khang cao doi
vdi dong dien.
Kich thudc va loai vat lieu dung lam day dan dien trong cac ma ch dien d u a c chon
sao cho bao dam trd khang ddi vdi dong dien cang thap cang tot. T he o cach do. dong
dien co the chay qua cac vat dan dien mot cach de dang, giong nhu nude chav qua ong
dan noi giua 2 be chua. Neu ap luc nude khong doi. thi do ng nude chay trong ong se
phu thuoc vao do m d cua van ldn hay nho. D o m d cang nhd, thi sir can trd do ng nude

cang ldn va toe do dong chay tinh bang so galon tren giay cang thap.
Mot hien tuang tua ng tu cung xay ra trong cac mach dien: du dng k m h cua day
dan cang ldn, thi trd khang cua no ddi vdi dong dien chav qua cang nhd. Cung giong
nhu trong trudng hap dong nude, ma sat cua ong dan can trd do ng nude chay giiira hai
be chua. Ma sat nay tuang tu nhu tra khang doi vdi dong dien. T r d kha ng cua ong nude
doi vdi dong nude chay qua no phu thuoc vao:
• D o dai cua ong nude;
• D udng kmh cua ong nude; va.
• Tinh chat thanh trong cua ong (tho rap hay nhan).
T u a n g tir nhu vay. trd khang cua cac vat dan dien phu thuoc vao:
• D o dai cua day dan ;
• D u d n g kmh cua day dan: va.
• Chat lieu cua day d i n (dong. nhom. v.v...).


25

Unit 3

Nhiet do cung anh hudng len tra khang cua vat dan dien a mot chung muc nhat
dinh. Trong hau het cac vat dan dien (dong, nhom, sat...), tra khang cua chung tang
theo nhiet do. Cacb on la mot trudng hap ngoai le. Doi voi cacbon, dien tra cua no giam
khi nhiet do tang. Mot so ha p kirn (Manganin va Constantan) co tra khang thay doi
khong dang ke khi nhiet dp thay doi. T r a khang tuang doi cua mot so chat dan dien co
cung do dai va cung tiet dien dupe liet ke a bang sau. vdi bac co trd khang chuan la 1.0
va nhung kim loai con lai du a c sap xep theo thu tu tra khang tang dan.
Bac

1,0


Do ng

1,08

Vang

1,4

Nhom

1,8

Platin

7.0

Chi

13,5

T r d khang d u a c do bang dm (Ohms - Q). Mot dm la trd khang cua mot mach dien
hoac mot linh kien m a c h c ho phep mot do ng dien kho ng ddi 1 a m pe (A) (1 c ul o ng
tren gia y) di qua khi mot sue dien dong khong ddi dat len doan mach do la 1 von (V).