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CCNA

®

Routing and Switching
Study Guide

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CCNA

®

Routing and Switching
Study Guide

Todd Lammle

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Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Kellum
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Technical Editors: John Swartz and Dax Mickelson
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Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Dear Reader,

Thank you for choosing CCNA Routing and Switching Study Guide. This book is part of a
family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are written by outstanding authors who
combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.
Sybex was founded in 1976. More than 30 years later, we’re still committed to producing consistently exceptional books. With each of our titles, we’re working hard to set a new standard
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Associate Publisher,
Sybex

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Acknowledgments
There are many people that work to put a book together, and as an author, I dedicated an
enormous amount of time to write this book, but it would have never been published without the dedicated, hard work of many other people.
Monica Worthy Lammle was crucial to the finished product this book became, going
over every word of every chapter with me to fine-tune the language and grammar. Without
Monica’s support in all areas of my life, I’d never have finished writing this book.
Next in line to thank is my new technical editor, John Swartz, who also coauthored
the CCNA Data Center study guides with me. His expertise in the Cisco technical field,
and his history of networking in general, is second to none. His detailed analysis of my
work helped make this my best CCNA study guide ever. Thank you, John, for working

hard under pressure, with tight deadlines, and for staying the course of delivering highquality work in a short time frame.
Jeff Kellum, my acquisitions editor, is instrumental to my success in the world of Cisco
certification. Jeff, I look forward to our continued progress together.
Christine O’Connor, my production editor, and Judy Flynn, my copyeditor, were my
rock and foundation for formatting an intense editing of every page in this book. This
amazing team gives me the confidence to help keep me moving during the difficult and very
long days, week after week. How Christine stays so organized with all my changes, as well
as making sure every figure is in the right place in the book is still a mystery to me! You’re
amazing, Christine! Thank you! Judy understands my writing style so well now, after doing
at least a dozen books with me, that she even sometimes finds a technical error that may
have slipped through as I was going through the material. Thank you Judy for doing such
a great job! I truly thank you both.
Troy McMillian really helped me on this book (on all books actually!) by working on
the review and bonus questions, flash cards, as well as a 3rd technical edit on the last stage
of editing. He did a high-quality job in a short time! Thanks, Troy! Jim Frey and Paul
Sutton really helped me put together this book’s amazing figures, and an all-around secondlook technical edit. Thank you both!
Also, thanks to Dax Mickelson and Dennis Frye for performing the technical proofread
of the book.
Finally, a big thanks to Craig Woods at Happenstance-Type-O-Rama and to the Sybex
media-development team.

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About the Author
Todd Lammle   is the authority on Cisco certification and internetworking and is Cisco certified in most Cisco certification categories. He is a world-renowned author, speaker, trainer,
and consultant. Todd has three decades of experience working with LANs, WANs, and large
enterprise licensed and unlicensed wireless networks, and lately he’s been implementing large
Cisco data centers worldwide. His years of real-world experience is evident in his writing; he
is not just an author but an experienced networking engineer with very practical experience

working on the largest networks in the world, at such companies as Xerox, Hughes Aircraft,
Texaco, AAA, Cisco, and Toshiba, among many others. Todd has published over 60 books,
including the very popular CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide, CCNA
Wireless Study Guide, and CCNA Data Center Study Guide, all from Sybex. He runs an
international consulting and training company based in Colorado, Texas, and San Francisco.
You can reach Todd through his forum and blog at www.lammle.com.

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Contents at a Glance
Introductionxxvii
ICND1 (100-101) Exam Objectives

xxxviii

ICND2 (200-101) Exam Objectives

xliv

CCNA Composite (200-120) Exam Objectives

xlvii

Assessment Test

lviii


Part  I

ICND1

1

Chapter  1Internetworking

3

Chapter  2

Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation

41

Chapter  3

Introduction to TCP/IP

87

Chapter  4

Easy Subnetting

139

Chapter  5


VLSMs, Summarization, and Troubleshooting TCP/IP

181

Chapter  6

Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS)

213

Chapter  7

Managing a Cisco Internetwork

283

Chapter  8

IP Routing

331

Chapter  9

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

385

Chapter  10


Layer 2 Switching

425

Chapter  11

VLANs and InterVLAN Routing

459
501

Chapter  12Security
Chapter  13

Network Address Translation (NAT)

541

Chapter  14

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

569

Part  II

ICND2

Chapter  15


Enhanced Switched Technologies

615

Chapter  16

Managing Cisco Devices

661

Chapter  17

IP Services

699

Chapter  18

Troubleshooting IP, IPv6, and VLANs

741

Chapter  19

Enhanced IGRP

783

Chapter  20


Multi-Area OSPF

847

Chapter  21

Wide Area Networks

897

613

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Appendix  A

Answers to Written Labs

967

Appendix  B

Answers to Review Questions

987

Appendix  C


Disabling and Configuring Network Services

1029

Appendix  D

About the Additional Study Tools

1041

Index1045

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Contents
Introductionxxvii
ICND1 (100-101) Exam Objectives

xxxviii

ICND2 (200-101) Exam Objectives

xliv

CCNA Composite (200-120) Exam Objectives

xlvii

Assessment Test


lviii

Part  I

ICND1

1

Chapter  1

Internetworking

3

Internetworking Basics
4
Internetworking Models
12
The Layered Approach
13
Advantages of Reference Models
14
The OSI Reference Model
14
The Application Layer
16
The Presentation Layer
17
The Session Layer

17
The Transport Layer
18
The Network Layer
23
The Data Link Layer
25
The Physical Layer
28
Summary29
Exam Essentials
30
Written Labs
32
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions
32
33
Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains
34
35
Review Questions
Chapter   2

Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation

41

Ethernet Networks in Review

42
Collision Domain
43
Broadcast Domain
44
CSMA/CD45
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet
47
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
49
Ethernet at the Physical Layer
55

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xiiContents

Ethernet Cabling
59
60
Straight-through Cable
Crossover Cable
60
Rolled Cable
62
64
Fiber Optic
Data Encapsulation
66

The Cisco three-layer Hierarchical Model
70
70
The Core Layer
The Distribution Layer
72
The Access Layer
72
Summary73
Exam Essentials
73
Written Labs
74
Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 75
Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations
79
79
Written Lab 2.3: Cabling
Written Lab 2.4: Encapsulation
80
81
Review Questions
Chapter   3

Introduction to TCP/IP

87

Introducing TCP/IP
88

A Brief History of TCP/IP
89
TCP/IP and the DoD Model
89
The Process/Application Layer Protocols
91
The Host-to-host Layer Protocols
101
The Internet Layer Protocols
110
IP Addressing
118
IP Terminology
118
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
119
124
Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918)
IPv4 Address Types
126
Layer 2 Broadcasts
126
Layer 3 Broadcasts
126
Unicast Address
127
Multicast Address
128
Summary129
Exam Essentials

130
Written Labs
132
Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP
132
Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 132
Review Questions
134
Chapter  4

Easy Subnetting
Subnetting Basics
How to Create Subnets
Subnet Masks

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139
140
142
142


Contents

xiii

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
144
146

IP Subnet-Zero
Subnetting Class C Addresses
146
Subnetting Class B Addresses
158
167
Subnetting Class A Addresses
Summary170
Exam Essentials
170
171
Written Labs
Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice #1
171
Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice #2
172
Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice #3
173
Review Questions
174
Chapter   5

VLSMs, Summarization, and
Troubleshooting TCP/IP

181

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs)
182
VLSM Design

184
184
Implementing VLSM Networks
Summarization193
196
Troubleshooting IP Addressing
Determining IP Address Problems
198
Summary203
Exam Essentials
204
Written Lab 5
205
Review Questions
206
Chapter   6

Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS)

213

The IOS User Interface
215
216
Cisco IOS
Connecting to a Cisco IOS Device
216
Bringing Up a Switch
218
219

Command-line Interface (CLI)
Entering the CLI
219
Overview of Router Modes
219
220
CLI Prompts
Editing and Help Features
223
Administrative Configurations
228
Hostnames228
Banners229
Setting Passwords
231
Encrypting Your Passwords
237
Descriptions239
Router and Switch Interfaces
241
Bringing Up an Interface
244

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xivContents

Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations
250

252
Deleting the Configuration and Reloading the Device
Verifying Your Configuration
253
Summary264
265
Exam Essentials
Written Lab 6
268
Hands-on Labs
268
269
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Erasing an Existing Configuration
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Exploring User, Privileged,
269
and Configuration Modes
Hands-on Lab 6.3: Using the Help and Editing Features
270
Hands-on Lab 6.4: Saving a Configuration
271
Hands-on Lab 6.5: Setting Passwords
272
Hands-on Lab 6.6: Setting the Hostname, Descriptions,
274
IP Address, and Clock Rate
277
Review Questions
Chapter   7

Managing a Cisco Internetwork

The Internal Components of a Cisco Router and Switch
The Router and Switch Boot Sequence
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration
Backing Up the Cisco Configuration
Restoring the Cisco Configuration
Erasing the Configuration
Configuring DHCP
DHCP Relay
Verifying DHCP on Cisco IOS
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Using Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Getting CDP Timers and Holdtime Information
Gathering Neighbor Information
Documenting a Network Topology Using CDP
Using Telnet
Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously
Checking Telnet Connections
Checking Telnet Users
Closing Telnet Sessions
Resolving Hostnames
Building a Host Table
Using DNS to Resolve Names
Checking Network Connectivity and Troubleshooting
Using the ping Command
Using the traceroute Command

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283
284

285
286
286
288
289
290
291
292
293
295
295
296
300
303
305
306
306
306
307
307
309
311
312
312


Contents

xv


Debugging314
316
Using the show processes Command
Summary317
Exam Essentials
317
319
Written Lab 7
Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management
319
Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory
319
320
Hands-on Labs
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Backing Up the Router Configuration 320
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Using the Cisco Discovery
321
Protocol (CDP)
Hands-on Lab 7.3: Using Telnet
322
Hands-on Lab 7.4: Resolving Hostnames
323
Review Questions
325
Chapter  8

IP Routing

331


Routing Basics
333
The IP Routing Process
335
341
The Cisco Router Internal Process
Testing Your IP Routing Understanding
342
346
Configuring IP Routing
Configuring IP Routing in Our Network
356
Static Routing
357
Default Routing
362
Dynamic Routing
365
Routing Protocol Basics
365
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
367
Configuring RIP Routing
367
Holding Down RIP Propagations
371
Summary373
Exam Essentials
374
Written Lab 8

376
Hands-on Labs
376
Hands-on Lab 8.1: Creating Static Routes
377
Hands-on Lab 8.2: Configuring RIP Routing
378
Review Questions
380
Chapter   9

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Basics
OSPF Terminology
OSPF Operation
Configuring OSPF
Enabling OSPF
Configuring OSPF Areas
Configuring Our Network with OSPF

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385
386
389
391
393
393
394
397



xviContents

OSPF and Loopback Interfaces
402
403
Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Verifying OSPF Configuration
405
The show ip ospf Command
406
407
The show ip ospf database Command
The show ip ospf interface Command
408
The show ip ospf neighbor Command
409
411
The show ip protocols Command
Summary411
Exam Essentials
412
Written Lab 9
413
Hands-on Labs
413
Hands-on Lab 9.1: Enabling the OSPF Process
414
Hands-on Lab 9.2: Configuring OSPF Interfaces

415
Hands-on Lab 9.3: Verifying OSPF Operation
416
417
Review Questions
Chapter   10

Layer 2 Switching

425

Switching Services
426
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2
427
431
Port Security
Configuring Catalyst Switches
436
Catalyst Switch Configuration
436
Verifying Cisco Catalyst Switches
444
Summary447
Exam Essentials
447
Written Lab 10
448
Hands-on Labs
448

Lab 10.1: Configuring Layer 2 Switches
449
450
Lab 10.2: Verifying Layer 2 Switches
Lab 10.3: Configuring Port Security
450
Review Questions
452
Chapter   11

VLANs and InterVLAN Routing

459

VLAN Basics
460
Broadcast Control
463
Security464
Flexibility and Scalability
464
465
Identifying VLANs
Frame Tagging
467
VLAN Identification Methods
468
469
Routing between VLANs


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Contents

xvii

Configuring VLANs
472
475
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs
Configuring Trunk Ports
476
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing
480
Summary487
Exam Essentials
488
Written Lab 11
489
489
Hands-on Labs
Hands-on Lab 11.1: Configuring and Verifying VLANs
490
Hands-on Lab 11.2: Configuring and Verifying
491
Trunk Links
Hands-on Lab 11.3: Configuring Router on a
Stick Routing
492

Hands-on Lab 11.4: Configuring IVR with a
492
Layer 3 Switch
494
Review Questions
Chapter  12

Security

501

Perimeter, Firewall, and Internal Routers
502
Introduction to Access Lists
503
506
Mitigating Security Issues with ACLs
Standard Access Lists
507
Wildcard Masking
508
Standard Access List Example
510
Controlling VTY (Telnet/SSH) Access
514
Extended Access Lists
515
Extended Access List Example 1
519
Extended Access List Example 2

521
Extended Access List Example 3
522
523
Named ACLs
Remarks525
Monitoring Access Lists
526
Summary528
Exam Essentials
529
Written Lab 12
530
Hands-on Labs
530
Hands-on Lab 12.1: Standard IP Access Lists
531
Hands-on Lab 12.2: Extended IP Access Lists
532
Review Questions
535
Chapter   13

Network Address Translation (NAT)

541

When Do We Use NAT?
Types of Network Address Translation
NAT Names


542
544
544

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xviiiContents

How NAT Works
545
547
Static NAT Configuration
Dynamic NAT Configuration
548
PAT (Overloading) Configuration
548
549
Simple Verification of NAT
Testing and Troubleshooting NAT
550
Summary555
556
Exam Essentials
Written Lab 13
557
Hands-on Labs
557
Lab 13.1: Preparing for NAT

558
Lab 13.2: Configuring Dynamic NAT
560
Lab 13.3: Configuring PAT
561
Review Questions
564
Chapter   14

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

569

Why Do We Need IPv6?
571
The Benefits and Uses of IPv6
571
573
IPv6 Addressing and Expressions
Shortened Expression
574
575
Address Types
Special Addresses
576
How IPv6 Works in an Internetwork
577
Manual Address Assignment
578
Stateless Autoconfiguration (eui-64)

578
DHCPv6 (Stateful)
581
IPv6 Header
582
ICMPv6583
IPv6 Routing Protocols
586
586
Static Routing with IPv6
OSPFv3587
Configuring IPv6 on Our Internetwork
588
Configuring Routing on Our Internetwork
591
Verifying OSPFv3
594
Summary599
Exam Essentials
599
Written Labs
601
Written Lab 14.1
601
Written Lab 14.2
601
Hands-on Labs
602
Hands-on Lab 14.1: Manual and
Stateful Autoconfiguration

602
Hands-on Lab 14.2: Static and Default Routing
604
Hands-on Lab 14.3: OSPFv3
605
Review Questions
607

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Contents

xix

Part  II

ICND2

613

Chapter   15

Enhanced Switched Technologies

615

616
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Spanning-tree Terms

617
Spanning-tree Operations
621
Types of Spanning-tree Protocols
623
624
Common Spanning Tree
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree+
625
Modifying and Verifying the Bridge ID
631
Spanning-tree Failure Consequences
636
PortFast and BPDU Guard
638
BPDU Guard
640
EtherChannel642
643
Configuring and Verifying Port Channels
Summary646
Exam Essentials
647
Written Lab 1
648
Hands-on Labs
648
Hands-on Lab 1.1: Verifying STP and Finding Your
Root Bridge649
Hands-on Lab 1.2: Configuring and Verifying Your

Root Bridge
651
Hands-on Lab 1.3: Configuring PortFast and
652
BPDU Guard
Hands-on Lab 1.4: Configuring and
Verifying EtherChannel
653
Review Questions
656
Chapter   16

Managing Cisco Devices

661

The Internal Components of a
Cisco Router
The Router Boot Sequence
Managing Configuration Register
Understanding the Configuration Register Bits
Checking the Current Configuration Register Value
Boot System Commands
Recovering Passwords
Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS
Verifying Flash Memory
Backing Up the Cisco IOS
Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS
Using the Cisco IOS File System (Cisco IFS)


662
663
664
665
666
667
669
671
673
674
675
677

www.CareerCert.info


xxContents

Licensing682
684
Right-To-Use Licenses (Evaluation Licenses)
Backing Up and Uninstalling the License
687
Summary688
689
Exam Essentials
Written Labs
691
Written Lab 2.1: IOS Management
691

691
Written Lab 2.2: Router Memory
Hands-on Labs
692
Hands-on Lab 2.1: Backing Up Your Router IOS
692
Hands-on Lab 2.2: Upgrading or Restoring
692
Your Router IOS
Review Questions
694
Chapter  17

IP Services

699

Client Redundancy Issues
700
Introducing First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP)
702
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
704
705
Virtual MAC Address
HSRP Timers
706
708
Group Roles
Configuring and Verifying HSRP

709
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
715
Comparing VRRP and HSRP
715
VRRP Redundancy Characteristics
715
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
716
GLBP Functions
717
GLBP Features
717
GLBP Per-host Traffic Balancing
718
718
Configuring GLBP
Syslog721
Configuring and Verifying Syslog
723
SNMP726
727
Management Information Base (MIB)
Configuring SNMP
728
NetFlow730
NetFlow Overview and Flows
731
Configuring NetFlow
732

Summary734
Exam Essentials
734
Written Lab 3
735
Review Questions
736

www.CareerCert.info


Contents

Chapter   18

Troubleshooting IP, IPv6, and VLANs

xxi

741

742
Troubleshooting IP Network Connectivity
Troubleshooting IPv6 Network Connectivity
754
ICMPv6755
763
Troubleshooting VLAN Connectivity
VLAN Troubleshooting
763

Trunk Troubleshooting
768
Summary776
Exam Essentials
777
Written Lab 4
778
Review Questions
779
Chapter  19

Enhanced IGRP

783

EIGRP Features and Operations
784
Neighbor Discovery
785
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
790
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
791
Route Discovery and Maintenance
792
Configuring EIGRP
792
VLSM Support and Summarization
795
Controlling EIGRP Traffic

798
Split Horizon
809
Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP
811
Troubleshooting Example with EIGRP
818
EIGRPv6828
Summary833
Exam Essentials
834
Written Lab 5
835
Hands-on Labs
835
Hands-on Lab 5.1: Configuring and Verifying EIGRP
835
Hands-on Lab 5.2: Configuring and Verifying EIGRPv6 837
Review Questions
838
Chapter  20

Multi-Area OSPF
OSPF Scalability
Categories of Multi-area Components
Adjacency Requirements
OSPF Router Roles
Link-state Advertisements
OSPF Hello Protocol
Neighbor States

Basic Multi-area Configuration

www.CareerCert.info

847
848
850
850
851
852
854
855
857


xxiiContents

Verifying and Troubleshooting
859
Multi-area OSPF Networks
The show ip ospf Command
861
The show ip ospf interface Command
862
864
The show ip protocols Command
The show ip route Command
865
The show ip ospf database Command
866

868
Troubleshooting OSPF Scenario
OSPFv3876
879
Verifying OSPFv3
Summary881
Exam Essentials
881
Written Lab 6
883
Hands-on Labs
883
Hands-on Lab 6.1: Configuring and Verifying
884
OSPF Multi-Area
Hands-on Lab 6.2: Configuring and Verifying OSPFv3
887
890
Review Questions
Chapter   21

Wide Area Networks

897

Introduction to Wide Area Networks
898
Defining WAN Terms
899
WAN Connection Bandwidth

900
WAN Connection Types
900
WAN Support
902
Cable and DSL
905
Cable906
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
907
Cabling the Serial Wide Area Network
910
910
Serial Transmission
Data Terminal Equipment and Data
Communication Equipment
911
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Protocol
912
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
914
Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options
915
PPP Session Establishment
916
PPP Authentication Methods
917
Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers
917
Configuring PPP Authentication

917
Verifying and Troubleshooting Serial Links
918
Frame Relay
923
Introduction to Frame Relay Technology
924
Frame Relay Implementation and Monitoring
931

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Contents

xxiii

Virtual Private Networks
942
943
Benefits of VPNs
Introduction to Cisco IOS IPsec
944
IPsec Transforms
945
946
GRE Tunnels
Configuring GRE Tunnels
947
Verifying GRP Tunnels

949
Summary951
Exam Essentials
951
Written Lab 7
953
Hands-on Labs
953
Hands-on Lab 7.1: Configuring PPP Encapsulation
and Authentication
953
Hands-on Lab 7.2: Configuring and Monitoring HDLC
955
Hands-on Lab 7.3: Configuring Frame Relay
956
and Subinterfaces
Hands-on Lab 7.4: Configuring a GRE Tunnel
958
961
Review Questions
Appendix   A

Answers to Written Labs

967

Chapter 1: Internetworking
968
Written Lab 1.1: OSI Questions
968

Written Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices
969
Written Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and
Broadcast Domains
970
Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation
970
Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 970
Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations
973
Written Lab 2.3: Cabling
973
974
Written Lab 2.4: Encapsulation
Chapter 3: Introduction to TCP/IP
974
Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP
974
Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 974
Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting
975
Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice #1
975
Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice #2
976
Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice #3
977
Chapter 5: VLSMs, Summarization and
Troubleshooting TCP/IP
977

Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS)
978
Written Lab 6
978
Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork
978
Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management
978
Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory
979

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