5.5.3

Astronauts
and Cosmonauts
SUMMARY

During the Cold War, the former
Soviet Union and the United States competed to launch the first satellite in space.
The Soviets cosmonauts won the race in the
early stages, which prompted the creation of
NASA and years of space exploration driven
by international competition. Today, scientists
from many different countries live on the
International Space Station and cooperate in
their efforts to further explore space.

LESSON VOCABULARY

aerospace
capsule
germinate
rendezvous
strenuous

beleaguered
dissolved
gravity
simulator

INTRODUCE THE BOOK
INTRODUCE THE TITLE AND AUTHOR

Discuss with
students the title and author of Astronauts
and Cosmonauts. Discuss what students can
predict about the article based on the title
and the Science content triangle.

BUILD BACKGROUND

Invite students to discuss
what they know about space travel. Ask: Do
you think the images you have of space travel
are realistic? Remind students that we speak
of Russia today because the Soviet Union
collapsed in 1990. If students are unfamiliar
with the topic, show a few images of American
and Soviet space explorers, as well as images
of the collapse of the Berlin Wall.
PREVIEW/USE TEXT FEATURES

Have students go
over the photos and captions before reading
the text. Ask: What do the photos add? Would
illustrations have worked as well? Do photos
seem more scientific? Why or why not?
Point out that the photos generally follow a
chronological order. Ask: Does this help you
predict how the article is organized?

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AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
MONITOR AND FIX UP

READ THE BOOK
SET PURPOSE

Guide students to set their own
purposes for reading the selection. Students’
interest in space travel, astronomy or other
branches of science, or Cold War history
should guide this purpose. Invite them to use
the pictures to come up with questions they
would like to have answered, such as What
was the Apollo-Soyez Mission? What do astronauts and cosmonauts do on space stations?

STRATEGY SUPPORT: MONITOR AND FIX UP

Encourage students to jot down any points
that confuse them as they read. Suggest
that they reread, read the surrounding text to
understand context, or seek clarification from
an outside source, such as a dictionary, the
Internet, or a teacher.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
PAGE 3

This page, unlike the pages that follow,
has no bold heading. What does this suggest about the text on this page? (Possible

response: It is an introduction to the article.)
PAGE 6

What is one difference between the
training of astronauts and cosmonauts?
(Possible response: Cosmonauts followed strict
diets; astronauts ate healthily but did not follow
a strict diet.)
PAGES 10 AND 12

Based on these pages, which
country won the early race to explore space?
(the Soviet Union)

PAGE 21

What sentence on this page best
summarizes the current state of space
explanation? (People of all nations have
come together to learn and experiment as we
humans look for ways to live among the stars.)

Astronauts and Cosmonauts

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REVISIT THE BOOK

READER RESPONSE

Skill Work

1. Possible response: to compare the history
of space travel by Americans and Russians
and to inform about what it takes to be an
astronaut or cosmonaut
2. Astronauts: healthy diet, educated in
“hands-on” situations; Cosmonauts: strict
diet, structured physical training; Both:
strenuous exercise, expected to be fit.
3. Responses will vary.
4. Responses will vary.

TEACH/REVIEW VOCABULARY

EXTEND UNDERSTANDING

TARGET SKILL AND STRATEGY

Invite students to create their own graphic device that relates information from the article, such as a time line or
a chart comparing the histories of American
and Russian space travel. Suggest they mark
American dates in one color on the time line
and Russian dates in another color.

RESPONSE OPTIONS
WRITING


Ask students to imagine participating
in one of the shared Russian-American meals
during the Apollo-Soyuz mission. Have them
write a brief description of their experience,
including what gifts the scientists gave each
other, what they ate, and what they discussed
over dinner.

SCIENCE CONNECTION
Have students research a
current science project overseen by NASA. Suggest they use
NASA’s official Website: www.nasa.gov. Ask
them to present a brief summary of this project.

Ask students to create a word web for each
vocabulary word, with the word itself in
the center and all associated words forming
outer circles of the web.
Divide students into groups and
ask each group to use pictures or
gestures to express the meaning of each
vocabulary word.
AUTHOR’S PURPOSE Tell students that an
author’s purpose is the reason or reasons
that she or he has for writing. (persuade,
inform, entertain, or express) Remind
students that they must often infer the
author’s purpose from text clues. Astronauts
and Cosmonauts, for example, contains
dates, historic photos, and many facts

about the history of space travel.
Ask: What does this suggest about the
author’s purpose?
MONITOR AND FIX UP Tell students that
monitoring and fixing up is the process by
which they keep track of their own comprehension. Remind them to notice if the text
stops making sense and to ask themselves
questions such as What does this mean? and
Why did the author include this? Answering
such questions will also help students identify the author’s purpose.

ADDITIONAL SKILL INSTRUCTION

COMPARE AND CONTRAST Remind students
that comparing and contrasting means noting
similarities and differences between things.
Point out that authors sometimes employ
clue words or phrases (like, unlike, however,
on the other hand) when comparing and contrasting. Help students see that Astronauts
and Cosmonauts, beginning with the title, is
a comparison of Russian and American
space exploration. Suggest students make
a Venn diagram to compare and contrast
the article’s information.

Astronauts and Cosmonauts

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Name

Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Author’s Purpose
• An author’s purpose is the reason or reasons an author has for writing.
• Four common reasons are: to persuade, to inform, to entertain, to express ideas.

Directions Read the paragraphs below. Then answer the questions on the lines below.

F

rom the beginning of time, people have stared at the stars in wonder. Their beauty and
mystery has always attracted people.
In the late 1950s, the United States and the former Soviet Union started working to get a
closer look at the stars. Each wanted to send people into space. At the time, the two countries
were not friendly and competed to be the first in space. Each kept their work top secret.

1. What would you say is the author’s main purpose in writing the first paragraph?
2. Explain your answer.

3. What purpose might the author have in the second paragraph?
4. Explain your answer.

© Pearson Education 5


5. How do you think the author’s two purposes might work together?

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Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Name

Vocabulary
Directions Write the word from the box that belongs in each group.

Check the Words You Know
beleaguered
gravity
simulator

germinate
rendezvous
strenuous

1. meet, gather,
2. force, pull,
3. difficult, exhausting,
4. worried, troubled,
5. apparatus, device,
6. sprout, grow,


© Pearson Education 5

Directions Write two sentences on the lines below about Astronauts and Cosmonauts. Use as many
vocabulary words as you can.

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