modal perfect
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W
RD
RDER:
To show we are
sure about something that
happened in the past
He must have
felt happy
when he
graduated.
To show we are
certain about something that
did NOT happen in the past
He can’t have been at the
party last night.
He flew to Paris
two days ago.
To show we had the
ability to do something in the
past but did NOT do it
Joan and Larry could have
come with us
but they
decided not to.
To show we are guessing
about something that
happened in the past
I didn’t see Bob yesterday.
He may/might
/could have
been ill.
To say that
He
should
have
been
more
careful!
somebody didn’t
do something he/she
was supposed to or
did something that
he/she
wasn’t
To show
willingness to do
something that
Why didn’t
wasn’t done.
you ask
me?
I would have
helped you.
