28965 grammar review
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MIDTERM GRAMMAR REVIEW:
UNITS 1 TO 5 (from Top Notch 3) 2nd edition
UNIT 1.
1. TAG QUESTIONS
The basic structure is:
statement
+
Positive statement,
Snow is white,
Negative statement,
You don't like me,
Remember to follow these steps:
a) Identify the tense of the verb in the first part of the sentence
b) In the second part is the question, which begins with a question, most of the time with its
auxiliary.
c) The sentence is divided by 2: sentence (comma) question
d) The answer is the same as the first part of the sentence
e) REMEMBER: -.+?- / +,-?+
2.PAST PERFECT
The past perfect tense is often used in English when we are relating two events which
happened in the past. It helps to show which event happened first. This page will explain
the rules for forming and using the tense.
Forming the past perfect tense
This tense is formed using two components: the verb HAVE (in the past tense), and the
past participle form of a verb. With a regular verb the past participle ends with -ED (just
like the simple past). Irregular verbs have a special past participle form that you have to
learn. Here are the rules, using the regular verb "arrive" and the irregular verb "eat":
Past Participle
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
arrived.
eaten.
Using the Past Perfect
The past perfect is used to show you which of two events happened first. Imagine that two
things happened in the past:
Here, we don't know which order the events happened in. That may be important -- perhaps
I went to see the movie after the discussion, or maybe I saw the movie before the
discussion. There are many ways to make this sequence clear, and the past perfect is one of
them. This is how we do it:
Here, we KNOW that the discussion took place FIRST -- even though the sentence
describing it comes afterwards. We discussed the movie, and THEN I went to see it. This
can be very useful when you are telling a story or relating a sequence of events. At any
point in your story, you can jump BACK to a previous event, and your reader will not be
confused, because the past perfect will make it clear that the event happened previously.
Here is another example:
Examples
They must be in
Spain by now.
She must have
done well on the
Usage
Use 'must' plus the verb when you
are 100% (or almost 100%) sure
that something is the case.
test.
She might come
this evening.
Use 'might' or 'may' to express an
opinion that you think has a good
possibility of being true.
David may invite
Jesica to the
match.
Jack might have
gone to France.
Be able to
Although we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an
adjective (able) followed by the infinitive. We look at be able to here because we
sometimes use it instead of can and could.
We use be able to:
•
to talk about ability
Structure of Be able to
The structure of be able to is:
subject + be + able + infinitive
subject
+
I
-
She
?
Are
Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:
•
I was able to drive...
•
I will be able to drive...
•
I have been able to drive...
Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:
•
I would like to be able to speak Chinese.
Use of Be able to
Be able to is not a modal auxiliary verb. We include it here for convenience, because it is often
used like "can" and "could", which are modal auxiliary verbs.
be able to: ability
We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power,
skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can
swim". We sometimes use "be able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability. "Be able to"
is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and "could" is possible
only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form. So we
use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive. Look at these examples:
•
I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)
•
You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)
•
I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)
2. CAUSATIVES
Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have
something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but
ask someone else to do it for me. This is the sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced
level English learners should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive voice.
Causative Verbs
Jack had his house painted.
This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house. OR Jack's house was
painted by someone. Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take
place. Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs.
Examples:
My hair was cut. (passive)
I had my hair cut. (causative)
Both 'make' and 'have' can be used as causative verbs.
Make
'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do
something.
Construction Chart
Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
Peter made her do her homework.
The teacher made the students stay after class.
Have
'Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for
them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services. There are two
forms of the causative verb 'have'.
Construction Chart: Use 1
Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
They had John arrive early.
She had her children cook dinner for her.
Construction Chart: Use 2
Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle
Examples:
I had my hair cut last Saturday.
She had the car washed at the weekend.
Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive.
