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HOANG KHAC NAM*

I. MCf DAU
Tie'n trinh lich s i lfi mdt trong nhflng
lufin diem cfin ban cua cac ly thuyet quan
hp qud'c te (QHQT) bdi dd la quan nidm v l
tinh quy lufit hay xu hfldng van ddng
chung cua lich s i QHQT. Dd cung lfi sfl md
ta hch s i qua vide d i e k i t qufi khfl, la cfich
tilp c^n dd phfin tich cfic dien bid'n cua
hi$n tai vfi la cd sd de di^ bfio tfldng lai.
Khdng nhiJng thd', thdng qua quan die'm v l
tiln trinh lich s i , ddng cd vfi cac Iflc Ifldng
thuc diy tid'n trinh nfiy cung dfldc chi r^.
Trong nghien c i u lich s i quan he qud'c
te, cd nhilu each tid'p cfin khac nhau v l tid'n
trinh. Bdu tien la cfich tid'p cfin coi lich s i
cd tinh chu ky. Trong each tid'p cfin nfiy, cd
quan dilm cua Chu nghia Mac-Ldnin coi su
phat triln cua lich s i theo hinh xofiy trdn
dc khi di tfl cudc dfi'u tranh giai cfi'p nay
dd'n cudc dfi'u tranh giai cfi'p khfie. Trong
khi dd, Chu nghia Hien thflc Co' dien cung
cd cfich nhin chu ky tfldng tfl nhflng lai dfla
trdn sfl vfin ddng cua h i t cudc xung dot
quyln Iflc nfiy de'n cudc xung dot quyln Iflc
khac. Cdch tiep can thii hai coi lich s i lfi
dfldng thfing tie'n. Day lfi quan diem v l tid'n

trinh lich s i cd trong mdt so' ly thuylt

QHQT. Chu nghia Tfl do Mdi nhin tiln
trinh lich s i theo da tang ldn cua dan chu,
phfit tridn kinh td' thi trfldng vfi xu hfldng
hpp tac tfing dan thay thd' cho xung ddt.
Chu nghia Kid'n tao ciing cd quan diem ve
tid'n trinh lich s i nhfl vfiy nhflng lai dfla
trdn sfl phat trien cua cac ylu td lien chu
quan. Cdch tie'p can thit ba cua Chu nghia
Hfiu hidn dai thi lai cd xu hfldng phu nhfin
tinh tie'n trinh cua lich s i khi coi lich s i
khdng cd mdt xu thd' chung vfi cung chfing
cd diem cudi nhfl nhilu ly thuydt trdn quan
nipm. Nhflng ngfldi theo ly thuydt nfiy cho
riing lich s i day rfiy nhflng doan dflt gfiy vfi
gifin doan. Cdch tiep can thti tii la each tid'p
cfin he thd'ng khi nhin lich s i lfi sfl vfin
ddng tfl he thd'ng nfiy sang he thd'ng khfie.
Trong each tid'p cfin nfiy, cd quan dilm cua
C h i nghia Hidn thuc Mdi nhin hd thong
nay dua trdn cfi'u true quyln Iflc. Cung
trong cfich tid'p cfin he thdiig, cdn cd mdt
each nhin khac cua Immanuel Walerstein
coi lich s i la sU md rdng vfi phat trien cua
he thdiig kinh td' tu ban chu nghia tren
pham vi the gidi.
Sfl da dang cua cfic each tie'p cfin vfi
nhiing quan diem khac nhau trdn dfiy cho


'PGS.TS. Khoa Qudc tlhoc • TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN


Rghien curu JJcb s^. s6 5.2015
thfi'y chang cd mdt ly thuyet nao cd kha
nfing giai quyd't mpi vfin de cua lich s i
QHQT, vfi tfi't nhien la cfing khdng the giai
quyet mpi vfi^n de eua the gidi. Thflc tien
lich s i vdh phflc tap vfi da dang hdn cac ly
thuylt. Nd gom nhilu chu the, ddng Iflc, xu
hfldng vfi each thflc van ddng khac nhau.
Mdi each tiep can va quan diem ly thuyet
dlu cd ich khi gdp p h i n lam sang to mdt
phin thflc tien Uch s i da dang vfi phflc tap
nfiy.
Xufi't phfit tfl nhfin thflc do, bfii viet nfiy
trinh bfiy v l Thuyet He thdng The' gidi c i a
Immanuel Wallerstein nhfim gidi thidu
them mdt cfich tilp cfin hd thdng ve tie'n
trinb lich s i QHQT. Hi vong dilu nay se bd'
sung them dflpc dieu ^ dd cho vide nghidn
cflu lich s i QHQT ndi ridng, lich s i tofin
ciu ndi chung.

n. NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA
THUYET HE THONG THE Gldl
Thuylt Hd thd'ng The gidi dupc khdi
xudng bdi hpc gia ngfldi My Immanuel
Wallerstein. Ong lfi mdt nhfi xa hdi hpc,
lich s i kinh te' vfi QHQT. Cdng trinh nd'i

tie'ng nhfi't cua dng lfi bd sfich nhieu tfip He
thdng the gidi can dai (TTie Modern World
System) vdi nhfliig nghiln cflu v l hd thdng
thd' gidi. Thuye't He thd'ng Thd' gidi cua
Immanuel Wallerstein ra ddi tfl gifla thfip
nidn 1970 trong bdi canh Thuye't Phu thudc
dang cd xu hfldng thoai trfio bdi bdc Id
nhflng han che va khdng giai thich dUdc
nhieu hidn tfldng mdi trong QHQT.
Thuylt He thd'ng The gidi (World
System Theory) cua Immanuel Wallerstein
cd sfl kd' thfla tiep thu mpt so quan diem
cua Thuylt Phu thupc nhfl the gidi hinh
thfinh sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc te, sfl
bdc lot cua nfldc giau doi vdi nfldc ngheo
trong sfl phan cdng dd, sfl bfi't binh dfing
trong quan hd kinh te' qudc t l lfi nguydn

nhan quy dinh tinh trang kdm phat trien
cua cfic nfldc ngheo, sU tdn tai c i a trung
tam vfi ngoai vi trong hd thong, phan tich
ca'u true,... ndn dfldc coi nhfl sfl tid'p noi
Thuye't Phu thudc (1). Ly thuye't nfiy cung
chiu anh hfldng nhfi't dinh cua Mac nhfl sfl
phan ky lich s i theo hinh thai kinh te-xa
hdi, nhflng mat trai cua CNTB, vai trd ciia
yd'u to* kinh td' trong QHQT, vai trd cua
mau thufin kinh td' trong QHQT,... ndn
ciing dupc coi la thupc ddng Chu nghia Mac
xit Mdi cflng vdi Thuye't Phu thudc. Ngofii

ra, Immanuel Wallerstein cdn chiu anh
hfldng cua nhfi s i hpc ngfldi Phfip Femand
Braudel vdi trfldng phfii Annales v l ljch s i
phfit trien cua CNTB d chau Au. Nhflng cd
sd nfiy cung vdi viec phan tich lich s i kinh
te' vfi y tfldng he thorig trong xa hdi hpc da
dfla dd'n nhflng lufin diem chinh cua ly
thuydt nfiy nhfl sau:
- Khfii nidm cot ldi vfi chu d l trung tfim
trong Thuye't He thd'ng T h l gidi cua
Immanuel Wallerstein lfi he thd'ng the gidi
(World
System).
Theo
Immanuel
Wallerstein, "hd thdng t h l gidi lfi mdt he
thdng xa hdi, trong dd cd ranh gidi, cfi'u
true, cfic nhdm thfinh vien, cfic lufit Id cua
sfl hdp phap va sfl gfin kit. Sfl tdn tai cua
nd dupc tao nen bdi cac Iflc Ifldng mfiu
thufin nhau, gfin gifl lai vdi nhau thdng qua
cang thang vfi tfich rdi nhau ra khi mdi
nhdm tim kiem vide xay dfip thfldng xuyen
lpi t h l c i a minh" (2). Wallerstein cho rfing
hd thdrig thd' gidi cd nhflng dac diem gidng
nhfl mdt cd quan hflu cd khi nd vfin cd the
tdn tai du mdt vfii khia canh nfio dd cua nd
thay ddi. Cfi^u tnic hd thing cd the manh
hay yd'u nhung vfin tdn tai qua cac thdi ky
khac nhau, it nha't lfi v l logic bin trong

trong hoat ddng chflc nang cua hd thdng.
Wallerstein cung coi ddng luc cua sU phat
trien hd thd'ng chu yd'u lfi bdn trong (3). He
thd'ng nay dUdc xfiy dflng chu yd'u dua tren


Tign tilnh iich sit quan h^ qudc te..
kinh te vfi quan he kinh t l qudc t l nen
trong chflng mflc nao dd chinh la n i n kinh
t l the' gidi.
He thd'ng the gidi diidc hinh thanh
Cling vdi CNTB tii ddu the ky XVL He
thdng nfiy dflpc xay dflng dfla trdn sfl tich
luy tfl ban d mdt s l nfldc Tay Au nhfl Hfi
Lan, Anh, Phfip de hinh thanh ndn khu vdc
trung tam hay ed't loi. Trung tam nfiy tid'n
hfinh chuydn mdn hda san xufi't, md rdng
hoat ddng kinh te va bfinh trfldng sang cac
khu vflc khac cua t h l gidi. Cac khu vuc
khfie l i n Iflpt gia nhfip vfio he thdng the
gidi thdng qua quan he thi trfldng. Dd'n t h l
ky XIX, ciing vdi sfl phfit trien c i a CNTB,
hd thdng nay da vfldn ra t i m the' gidi vfi trd
thfinh he thd'ng the gidi (4). Wallerstein cd
sfl phan bipt h i thdng the gidi vdi de che
(Empire) ton t^i trflde dd. He thong the gidi
dflpc xay dung dfla trdn qua trinh tich tu tu
ban va md rdng thdng qua quan he thj
trfldng, cdn d l c h l dfldc xay dung dfla tren
qufi trinh tich tu quyln lfle va md rdng su

kiem soat chinh tri thdng qua quan he cong
nap. Hd thd'ng thd' gidi gdm nhilu qudc gia,
cdn d l c h l chi gdm mdt ddn vi lanh thd' vdi
mdt chinh quyln trung fldng (5).
- Cau true cua he tho'ng the gidi Id quan
hi giUa trung tdm hay cot loi (Core) vdi
ngoai vi (Periphery) va bdn ngoai vi (SemiPeriphery). He thd'ng the gidi dupc phan
chia thanh hai khu vflc chinh dfla tren sfl
phan cdng lao dpng gifla trung tam vfi
ngoai vi. Kha nfing kilm sofit tfl ban vfi su
phat triln cdng nghe d vflng trung tam
giiip tao ra si^ phfin cdng lao ddng qudc te'
nfiy. Trong dd, trung tam lfi ndi san xufi't
cfic mat hfing thanh p h i m chinh vfi cdng
nghe cao. Ngoai vi lfi ndi cung cfi'p nguyen
li$u thd, hfing ndng nghilp vfi cac san
p h i m sd c h l cho cac nen kinh t l 5 viing
trung tam. Trung tam lfi ndi phfit triln v l
quy md tfl ban tich luy, cdn ngoai vi lfi ndi

53
phfit trien v l quy md lao ddng. Cung gid'ng
nhfl Thuylt Phu thudc, vung trung tfim
gdm cfic nfldc phfit trien, cdn vung ngoai vi
bao gdm cac nfldc dang phfit triln vfi kdm
phfit triln. Sfl manh yeu cua cac qud'c gia
quy dinh vj trf cua chung trong trung tam
hay n ^ a i vi. Tuy nhidn, khac vdi Thuye't
Phu thudc, Thuydt HI thd'ng T h l gidi c i a
Immanuel Wallerstein dfi bd sung thdm

ban ngoai vi lfi vung ddm nfim gifla khu
vuc trung tfim vfi ngoai v i Bfin ngoai vi
phfit tridn hdn ngoai vi nhflng kim phfit
trien hdn so vdi trung tam. Ban ngoai vi cd
the ddng vai trd ngoai vi cua trung tfim
nhung lai ciing la trung tfim dm vdi vung
ngoai vi. Trong cac moi quan he nfiy, quan
he gifla trung tfim vfi ngoai vi lfi cfi'u triic
c h i yd'u c i a hd thd'ng thd' gidi.
- Mdi quan hi qudc tied bdn la sit mdu
thudn giita trung tdm va ngoai vi. Hd
thd'ng t h l gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein lfi
sfl thd'ng nhfi't gifla hai Iflc Ifldng ddi lap
nfiy. Ve cd ban, day lfi mdi quan hp thd'ng
trj vfi bdc lot c i a trung tfim gifiu m^nh doi
vdi ngoai vi nghio ylu. Cfic qud'c gia ngoai
vi bi phu thudc nang n l vfio cfic qudc gia
trung tam ndn budc phai xfiy dflng cd cfi'u
kinh te' vfi thflc hien kieu phat tridn theo
quy dao cua trung tfim, tflc lfi nhfim phuc
vu cho ldi ich cua trung tfim. Quan he kinh
t l gifla chung lfi bfi't binh dfing khi ngoai vi
budc phai bfin hang hda cua minh vdi gifi
thfi'p va mua hfing hda cua vung trung tam
vdi gifi cao. Mdi quan h i nhfl vfiy da khien
thfing dfl tfl viing ngoai vi ludn dupc
chuyin v l trung tam. Ke't qua lfi lfi trung
tfim ngfiy cfing md rdng quy md tich tu tfl
ban, cdn ngoai vi khdng cd cfich nfio khfie lfi
phai md rdng quy md lao dpng. Thflc chat

c i a mdl quan he nay chinh lfi quan he tfl
ban-lao ddng vdi tinh chfi't trao ddi khdng
cdng bang. Sfl trao ddi khdng cdng bfing
d i n den chdnh Idch trtnh dp phat tridn vfi


Rghien cihi Lieh siSr. stf 5.201S
sfl phfin cfi'p v l chinh tri (6). Tii dd lfi sfl
kem phfit tridn vfi Id thudc chlnh trj c i a cac
nfldc viing ngoai vi. Dilu nfiy tfi't ye'u se
dfin de'n man thufin gifla trung tfim vfi
ngoai vi. Do dd, Wallerstein cho rang mau
thufin Bfic-Nam se ngfiy cfing noi len trd
thfinh mfiu thufin chu yd'u trong QHQT the'
gidi. Wallerstein cho rfing chinh ciu triic
cua n i n kinh t l t h l gidi da cho phep sU
trao ddi hfing hda vfi dich vu khdng cdng
bang theo cfich p h i n nhilu thang dfl dfldc
Ifi'y ra tfl vung ngoai vi vfi chuyin vfio trung
tfim (7). Vfi "sfl td chflc cua chu nghia tu
ban qudc td' trdn quy md the gidi cho thfi'y
mpt xu hudng manh me hudng tdi viec tu
ciing cd su duy tri he thd'ng" (8).
Thuye't Hd thong The gidi tfip trung
phfin tich qufi trinh hinh thfinh vfi phfit
trien cua n i n kinh te t h l gidi TBCN hon lfi
mdt ly thuylt chuydn bidt v l QHQT ndn nd
it chii trpng dd'n chu the QHQT. Tuy nhidn,
qua cac phfin tich c i a nd, cd thd nhfin thfi'y
ly thuyd't nfiy coi chu the QHQT trong hi

thdng the gidi chu ye'u la qudc gia va phdn
ndo dd Id giai cd'p. Mfic dii cac the chd' xfi
hdi cua n i n kinh te TBCN the' gidi lfi qud'c
gia, giai cfi'p xa hdi, "nhan dfin" vfi hd gia
(finh (9) song phfin tich cua Thuyet He
thdng T h l gidi v l QHQT chi tfip trung c h i
ye'u vao quoc gia mfic du vfin coi qudc gia
chju sfl chi phdi nhfi't djnh cua giai cfi'p.
Thuyet He thd'ng The' gidi cua Immanuel
Wallerstein cd xu hfldng d l cao vai trd cua
qud'c gia nhfl ngudi d l ra phap lufit vfi thflc
thi chinh sfich nhfim bao dam quyen sd hflu
ddi vdi tfl ban vfi gia tri thfing dfl (10). Qud'c
gia cdn "cfi'u thfinh kha nfing banh trfldng
tfl ban vfi chuyen gifi tri thang dfl" (11). Su
ton tai cac quoc gia manh ye'u khfie nhau lfi
cin thilt dl duy tri vide chuyen thfing dfl
tfl ngoai vi vfio trung tfim. Thuye't nfiy cung
coi vi tri vfi sflc manh qud'c gia tao ndn cfi'u
true cua hd thdng the gidi khi cac ddn vi

thfinh p h i n cua trung tam hay ngoai vi dlu
lfi qud'c gia. Immanuel Wallerstein da tiftig
phfit bieu rfing he tho'ng lien quoc gia lfi
cfi'u true thfldng t i n g cua n i n kinh te' the
gidi tfl ban chu nghia..." (12). Bdn canh dd,
thuye't nfiy ciing de cap it nhieu dd'n vai trd
chu thd cua cdng ty xuydn quoc gia khi cho
rang chiing lfi nhflng thflc thd sd hflu tfl
ban vfi chuyen giao thang dfl v l nfldc qua

QHQT. Cdn ddi vdi giai cfi'p, Thuyd't Hd
thd'ng Thd' gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein
ghi nhfin vai trd chii thd' cua nd nhflng chi
tfip trung vfio vai trd cua giai cfi'p tfl san
mfi it d l cfip de'n giai cfi'p vd san nhfl Chu
nghia Mfic-Ldnin.
- Thuye't He thong Thd' gidi nhfi'n manh
dd'n vai tro bd quyen trong he tho'ng the
gidi. Theo ly thuyd't nay, trung tam thfldng
cd bfi quyln. Ba quyln lfi cin thid't dd duy
tri sU d'n djnh trong can can quyen Iflc, giup
dam bao cfic quy djnh trong trao dd'i tfl
ban-lao ddng vfi chuydn thang dfl v l trung
tfim. Khfie vdi bfi quyln trong Chu nghia
Hidn thflc dua trdn nfing Iflc chinh tri-qufin
sfl, bfi quyen trong Thuylt Hd thing The
gidi dUdc xfiy dflng t r l n nfing Iflc tich tu va
kiem sofit tfl ban. Tfl ban dflpc dfla vfio
thfldng mai vfi vdi flu the' vflpt trdi vl tfii
chinh, qudc gia ba quyln cd dflpc vi tri cao
vfi kha nfing chi phd'i sfl phan cdng lao
ddng qud'c td' cd ldi cho minh. Bfi quyen
khdng phai la mai mai mfi cd the thay ddi
do sfl phat trien bdn trong ve lpi the cdng
nghd vfi kha nang tich liiy tfl ban. Trong
ljch s i phfit t r i l n cua hd thong the gidi,
Immanuel Wallerstein da de cfip dd'n vai
trd ba quyln cua Hfi Lan, roi chuyin giao
sang Anh vfi sau nfiy lfi My. Su thay ddi bfi
quyln ciing ed the dfldc quyet dinh bdi

chid'n tranh trong ndi bd trung tam gifla
nfldc ba quyln dang hi suy giam vfi cac the
Iflc thfich thflc nii ldn (13). Tuy nhiln,
quan dilm nfiy cung bi phd phfin bdi thflc


Tiza trinh Uch sit quan he quoc le...
td nhflng sii chuyen giao bfi quyen tfl Hfi
Lan sang Anh hay tfl Anh sang My dlu
khdng hoan toan qua chiln tranh.
- He tho'ng the gidi co trang thdi dpng.
Trang thfii ddng d day dfldc the hien qua
mdt sd vfin ddng nhfl sau. Thit nhat la sU
thay ddi bfi quyln trong trung tfim nhu
trdn da d l cfip. Thit hai la sfl chuyen djch
gifla cfic vung trung tam - ban ngoai vi vfi
ngoai vi. Trong dd, cfic qudc gia phfit triln
ldn cd the chuydn dich d i n d i n vfio ban
ngoai vi vfi trung tam. Han Qud'c,
Singapore vfi mdt so nen kinh td' Ddng A la
nhflng vi du cho sfl chuyin dich vfio bfin
ngoai vi, Nhfit Ban va mdt sd'nfldc Ddng Au
lfi vi du chuyen dich vfio trung tfim. Trung
Qudc hien nay cung cd the dang cd sfl
chuyen dich vao trung tfim trdn mot sd'
phfldng dien. Thit ba, do lfi qua trinh md
rpng ve khdng gian theo thdi gian ciia hd
thdng thd' gidi khi ngfiy cfing cd nhieu nUdc
tham gia vfio phfin cdng lao dpng qud'c te'.
Thd tli, cfi'u true cd the vfin tdn tai nhflng

manh yd'u khfie nhau qua cac thdi ky nhfl
trdn da d l cfip. "Nhdm qudc gia vfi xa hdi cd
the chuyen dpng chfim tfl loai nay sang loai
khac nhung chiing vfin gifl nguyen trong
cfi'u triic tdng t h l xfic dinh cua nen kinh td'
t h l gidi" (14). Thit ndm, sfl chdnh lech gifla
trung tam va ngoai vi ciing dupc nhin nhfin
ban d i u lfi nhd va sau ldn d i n theo thdi
gian. Tha sdu, trang thfii ddng cua he
thd'ng the gidi cung dfldc phan anh qua sfl
phat trien lien luc cua n i n kinh td' the gidi.
Thit bdy, Wallerstein ciing cho rang he
thd'ng hidn tai cd the bj thay thd' bdi mdt
chinh p h i t h l gidi xa hdi chu nghia,... Nhin
chung, Thuyd't He thd'ng Thd' gidi cd cai
nhin khfi bidn chflng v l sfl vfin ddng cua he
thd'ng the gidi vfi qua dd lfi lich s i thd' gidi.
Dd Ifi sfl phat trien tfl tfl theo kilu tie'n hda.
Quan dilm v l trang thai ddng c i a He
thd'ng the' gidi lfi dilm khfie vdi Thuylt Phu

thudc von nhin hd thd'ng theo trang thfii
tinh. Cdn quan didm ve sfl phfit trien tie'n
hda la dilm khac vdi Chu nghia Mac-Ldnin
vd'n c h i trfldng thay ddi bang con dfldng
each mang.
III. NHAN XET VE QUAN DIEM
TIEN TRiNH LICH SU* CUA THUYET
HE THONG THE Gl6l
Trong sd cfic quan diem v l tid'n trinh

ljch s i cua cfic ly thuylt QHQT mfi da dflpc
d l cap d p h i n Md ddu bfii vid't nay, cfich
tiep cfin cua Thuye't He thd'ng The' gidi
khdng dUdc quan tam nhilu. Cac cfich tie'p
c^n cua Chu nghia Hidn thflc, Chu nghia
Tfl do vfi Chu nghia Kid'n tao thudng dupc
s i dung nhilu hdn trong nghidn cflu QHQT
ndi chung, lich s i QHQT ndi ridng. Trong
khi dd, cfich tie'p cfin c i a Thuyet He thong
Thd' gidi it dUdc s i dung cd p h i n do sU
thoai trfio cua Chu nghia Mac trong QHQT
gdm ca C h i nghia Mfic-Lenin vfi Thuyd't
Phu thudc. Theo chung tdi, dd lfi mdt diem
khilm khuylt. Cfic ly thuyd't cd diem manh,
diem ye'u cua minh. Thoai trfio khdng phai
lfi sfl cao chung. Cfii gi tich cflc va cd gia tri
khoa hpc thi can gifl lai chfl khdng nen p h i
nhfin tofin bd. Dd mdi la thai dp khoa hpc
cin thiet trong nghien cflu, Vi thd', vide tim
hieu nhiing diem dUdc vfi chfla dfldc cua
Thuyd't He thdng The gidi, trong dd cd quan
diem v l tid'n trinh lich s i , la cin thid't.
Thuyd't He thd'ng The gidi khdng phai lfi
ly thuylt chuydn bidt v l lich s i hay ve
QHQT. Tuy nhidn, ciing nhu nhilu ly
thuye't khac, nd cd chfla dung quan diem v l
tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT. Qua p h i n trinh
bfiy d trdn, cd t h l thfi'y dflpc tien trinh lich
s i QHQT trong thuyd't nfiy da dfldc hinh
dung nhfl sau:

+ Tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT c i a the gidi
dfldc Immanuel Wallerstein nhin nhfin
dudi gdc dp hd thd'ng. Theo dd, xu hfldng


Rghien euu Ljch sit, sd 5.2015
vfin ddng chung cua tid'n trinh nfiy chinh lfi
sfl hinh thfinh vfi phat trien he thd'ng thd
gidi. He thong vd'n la mdt chinh thd dfldc
tao lap bdi sfl tfldng tac ngfiy cfing tfing
gifla cfic phan t i . Nhfl vfiy, he thd'ng the
gidi dflpc hinh thfinh, co kd't vfi md rdng
chinh lfi nhd sfl phfit trien c i a QHQT. Dilu
dd ciing cd nghia sfl hinh thfinh vfi phat
trien cua hd thong t h l gidi gfin lien vdi tid'n
trtnh lich s i QHQT. Dudi cai nhin cua
Thuyd't Hd thdng T h l gidi, tiln trinh lich
s i QHQT di tfl tan mat tdi gfin kd't vdi
nhau thfinh he thong, di tfl long leo den
ch^t che de hinh thfinh ndn chinh the c i a
hd thong, di tfl quy md dia phfldng ra tofin
ciu dl md rdng thfinh he thong t h l gidi.
QHQT cfing sfiu sfic, hd tho'ng t h l gidi cang
ben ch^t. QHQT cfing md rdng, hd thdng
cfing vUdn ra t i m t h l gidi. NgUpc lai, h i
thdng cfing md rdng vfi phfit trien, sfl chi
phd'i c i a nd doi vdi cfic quoc gia vfi QHQT
cua chiing - vdi tfl cfich lfi p h i n t i vfi tfldng
tfic cua he thdng - cfing manh me.
Theo chung tdi, cfich tilp cfin hd thdng 5

dfiy c i a Wallerstein hflu ich d cbl giflp
nhin nhfin lich s i the gidi nhu mpt tong the
ciing nhu cho thfi'y md'i lien he chat che
gifla lich s i the gidi vfi lich s i QHQT. Ddi
vdi tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT, si^ phfit triln
cua hd thdng the gidi cho thfi'y xu hfldng
QHQT ngfiy cfing md rdng ve quy md va
ngfiy cfing tfing ve mflc dp tfldng tac. Ngfldc
lai, sU vfin ddng cua qudc gia vfi md'i QHQT
gifla chiing cung ngfiy cfing bj chi phoi bdi
h^ thd'ng the' gidi. Khdng nhflng the', each
tie'p cfin hp thd'ng d day cdn giup ich cho
viec nhin nhfin lich s i QHQT nhfl tfic nhfin
giup dfla ljch s i t h l gidi (World History)
vd'n gom nhiing mang rdi thfinh lich s i
tofin ciu (Global History) vd'n nhin the gidi
nhfl mdt tong t h l vdi nhiing xu hfldng
chung. Tuy nhidn, vipc chi nhin tie'n trinh
Uch s i nhfl mdt he thing lai cd dilm han

c h l nhfl chfla lam rd dflpc trudc khi h i
thdng hinh thfinh tin lich s i QHQT ra sao?
QHQT cd phat trien khdng?... Ch^ng nhe
lai coi dd la tiln Uch s i ?
+ Theo Immanuel Wallerstein, ve mat
khdng gian, he thd'ng nfiy dfldc bfit diu
trUdc hd't d Tay Au rdi md rpng ra chfiu Au,
sau do vfldn d i n sang cfic chau luc khac
cung vdi qua trinh md rdng c i a QHQT de
trd thfinh he thd'ng tren quy md tofin the

gidi nhfl ngfiy nay. Sfl md rdng QHQT cua
chau Au dfldc thuc hidn c h i yd'u bang cdn
dudng bfinh trfldng v l kinh te qua thUdng
mai, xua't k h i u tfl ban, chu nghia thUc
dan,... vfi tao dflng ndn sU phan cdng lao
ddng qudc te' cd ldi cho chau Au. Vl mat
thdi gian, theo Immanuel Wallerstein, qufi
trinh nay dfldc bfit d i u khi xufi't hien
nhflng tiln d l cua CNTB vfio cum thdi ky
chd' dp phong kid'n d chau Au vfi hp thong
the' gidi bfit d i u hinh thfinh d chfiu Au
trong khoang thdi gian 1450-1640 (15).
Nhfl vfiy, trong chijtng mflc nfio dd, quan
dilm ljch s i cua Walerstein cho rang tid'n
trinh ljch s i QHQT c h i ylu dfldc bfit diu
tfl chfiu Au vfi chi thuc sfl phat trien tfl thdi
ky CNTB.
Theo chung tdi, quan dilm nfiy cd Iy
nhfi't djnh v l mfit thdi gian nhUng chfla d'n
v l mfit khdng gian. Diing lfi QHQT thflc sfl
bfit d i u phat t r i l n manh me tfl thdi cfin dai
cung vdi sfl phat trien c i a CNTB. Dieu nfiy
cdn cd nghia la nhfi'n manh den vai trd cua
CNTB da tao ra nhflng ddng Iflc mdi di
phfit triln QHQT. Tfi't nhidn, vl m^t thdi
gian, cung cd nhflng quan dilm khfie. Vi
du, Mfic cho rang hd thing nfiy xufi't hidn
mupn hdn tfl sau Cach mang tfl san Anh
nam 1640. Trong khi dd, nhfi s i hpc ngfldi
Phfip Femand Braudel l^i cho qua trinh

nfiy diln ra tfl the ky XIII. Trong khi dd, vl
mat khdng gian, cung dung lfi QHQT phfit
trien manh nhfi't d chau Au vfi dfldc thtic


'nen trtnli ijeh sit quan h& qutfc tg...
dfiy, md rdng nhilu tfl chfiu luc nay nhflng
dfiy khdng phai lfi hfldng duy nhfi't. Vide
tuylt ddl hda vai trd cua chau Au doi vdi
tiln trinh lich s i QHQT ro rfing cd p h i n "vj
chfiu Au" v l mat lich s i . Nlu gfin tien
trinh lich s i QHQT vdi sfl phfit trien cua
hd thd'ng d chau Au thi chang nhe cac khu
vflc khfie lai "nim ngofii ljch s i " trudc khi
hp thdng nay md rdng ra the gidi? QHQT
Iudn lfi da hfldng vfi da chieu. Ljch s i da
chflng td dilu nfiy. Cac giao lflu vfi tfic ddng
tfl cfic chau luc khac vao chfiu Au khdng he
it trong ljch s i . Mdt quan diem "chfiu Au
trung tam" nhfl vfiy thflc ra lai lfi phi Ijch

si.
+ Vdi cai nhin bi^n chflng, Thuyet He
thdng T h l gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein
ciing dfla trdn mfiu thufin nhfl ddng luc
thiic dfiy tid'n trinh Ijch s i . Cfic mau thufin
cd anh hfldng din QHQT trong thuyd't nfiy,
xit vl mfit c h i thl, bao gdm mau thufin
gifla cfic qudc gia vfi mfiu thufin giai cfi'p.
Mfiu t h u i n gifla cac qud'c gia t h l hi^n trong

mfiu thufin gifla cfic nfldc trung tfim vfi
ngoai vi, gifla cfic nfldc tranh gifinh bfi
quyln trong trung tfim. Trong khi dd, mau
t h u i n giai cfi'p the hi^n trong sfl bdc lot cua
giai cfi'p tfl san ddi vdi cfic t i n g ldp lao ddng
c i a nhflng nudc ngheo. Xet v l mat ndi
dung, cfic mfiu t h u i n nfiy dfldc quy dinh bdi
bfi't binh dfing kinh te trong QHQT. Cfic
qudc gia mfiu thufin vdi nhau vi lpi ich phat
triln vfi n h i m cai thidn vj tri trong phan
cdng lao ddng quoc te. Cfic giai cfi'p mfiu
thufin vdi nhau nhfim giam bdt sfl phfin
hda vfi bfi't cdng kinh t l . Chinh cac mfiu
t h u i n nfiy da tao ndn ddng Iflc thuc day su
vfin ddng cua tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT.
Cung coi mau t h u i n lfi ddng Iflc c i a lich
s i nhflng each xac djnh mfiu thufin c i a
Thuyd't Hp thd'ng T h l gidi gin gOi vdi
Ldnin hdn lfi Mfic. Trong khi Mfic chi tinh
dd'n mfiu t h u i n giai cfi'p thi Ldnin tinh

them ca mau thuan gifla cfic nfldc de quoc
(dd cung lfi nhflng nudc trong trung tfim
theo quan diem cua Wallerstein). Nhflng
Wallerstein vfi Ldnin cung cd sfl khac nhau
v l quy md vfi ndi dung mau thufin. Trong
khi Ldnin chu y tdi mau thufin gifla cfic
nfldc de' quoc nham tranh gianh ldi ich kinh
te thi Wallerstein lai cho rang mau thufin
chu yd'u gifla cac nudc lfi nhfim cai thien vj

tri trong phan cdng lao ddng qud'c te vfi
mfiu thufin nay didn ra d tfi't ca cfic vung
c i a hd thd'ng the gidi. Dflng tren gdc dp
QHQT, dieu nfiy cd the dfldc coi dd lfi cudc
dfi'u tranh nham thie't lfip trfit tfl kinh t l
qud'c t l cd ldi cho minh. Cfich nhin nfiy coi
kinh t l nhfl ylu to trung tfim vfi mfiu
thufin kinh td' qud'c t l lfi ddng Iflc cd ban
cua tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT. Nd giup chi ra
them nhflng mfiu thuan, xung dot ldi ich vfi
vfi'n de tdn tai xoay quanh kinh td' trong
Uch s i QHQT. Tuy nhien, thuyet nfiy lai cd
ve it quan tam din nhflng canh tranh
quyln lUc, nhflng mfiu t h u i n an ninh vd'n
diy rfiy trong lich s i QHQT. Nd cung
khdng tinh de'n nhflng xung dot gifi tri vd'n
ngfiy cfing tang vfi cd kha nfing trd thfinh
nhflng ddng lUc mdi trong ljch s i QHQT
hien dai. Nhflng ban che' nfiy da khiln
Thuyd't He thd'ng The' gidi khdng cd kha
nfing giai quye't bao quat vfi cfing khd khai
quat mpi van ddng trong tid'n trinh lich s i
QHQT.
+ Qudc gia la Iflc lupng chinh trong tie'n
trinh phfit trien ljch s i QHQT. Quan diem
nfiy the hidn d bdn diem chinh. Mot la, ddn
vi hay phan t i chu ye'u c i a he thong thd'
gidi lfi qud'c gia. Hai la, sfl hinh thfinh hd
thong t h l gidi dfldc dfla trdn sU phfit trien
QHQT c i a cac qudc gia. Ba la, sfl phat

trien c i a qud'c gia la tac nhan chinh dem
lai sfl van ddng cua he thd'ng qud'c tl. Boh
la, mfiu thufin gifla cfic quoc gia la ddng Iflc
chinh cua tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT nhfl d


Rghien eflu Lich s i . sd 5.2015
tren vfla d l cap. Tfi't nhien, Immanuel
Wallerstein cd tinh dd'n giai cfi'p khi cho
rfing qud'c gia chiu sfl chi phdi nhfi^t dinh
cua giai cfi'p. Nhung trong quan he vdi bdn
ngofii, qudc gia mdi lfi chu the chinh, tfldng
tfic gifla cac qudc gia mdi tao ndn he thdng
t h l gidi chfl khdng phai chi moi giai cfi'p.
Dieu nay khfie vdi quan dilm cua Mac cho
rfing nhfi nfldc chi lfi cdng cu c i a giai cfi'p,
quan he giai cfi'p lfi mil QHQT chi ph^i, hd
thd'ng the gidi lfi he thd'ng TBCN. Quan
didm coi qudc gia la c h i the chinh trong
QHQT cua Immanuel Wallerstein ciing cd
nghia rfing ldi ich qudc gia/dfin tdc mdi lfi
lpi ich chinh trong QHQT, ldi ich giai cfi'p
nam trong ldi ich qudc gia chfl khong phai
bao triim vfi quy djnh ldi ich qudc gia nhfl
quan nidm c i a Mac.
Du cfich tie'p can khfie nhau nhUng quan
diem nfiy c i a Wallerstein cd sfl tfldng ddng
dfing k l vdi Chu nghia Hidn thflc vd'n coi
qudc gia Ifi c h i the QHQT cd ban. Cfich
nhin coi qudc gia Ifi chu t h l chinh cung khfi

pho bid'n trong gidi nghidn cflu lich s i the'
gidi vfi ljch s i QHQT. ft nhfi't tren phUdng
dien lich s i QHQT, sfl nhfi'n manh dd'n vai
trd qud'c gia lfi cd ly bdi the' gidi cd chia re
thfinh cfic qud'c gia thi QHQT mdi xufi't
hien. Quoc gia cd phat triln, QHQT mdi md
rpng dl hinh thfinh ndn he thdng the' gidi.
Qudc gia cd phfit trien, Uch s i QHQT mdi
vfin ddng theo tid'n trinh. Diem thfl hai cd
ly cung chinh lfi d chd coi trpng lpi ich qudc
gia hdn lpi ich giai cfi'p cho dii Iy thuye't nfiy
vfin cho rfing cd sfl gfin bd nhfi't djnh gifla
hai loai ldi ich dd. Vide thflc hien lpi ich
qudc gia mdi khien QHQT phat trien va tao
ndn Iflc diy cho tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT.
Tuy nhidn, each nhin qud'c gia nhfl p h i n t i
chinh c i a he thdng thd' gidi ciing cd nhfldc
dilm lfi khdng tinh d i n cac c h i t h l phi
qud'c gia, ngoai trfl cdng ty xuydn qudc gia.

vd'n da xufi't hidn tit thdi can dai vfi dang
tid'p tuc nd'i ldn trong QHQT hidn dai.
•I- Tfldng tfic chfnh giiip he thd'ng t h l gidi
hinh thanh vfi phfit tridn lfi quan he kinh
te qudc te' vdi sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc
te. Theo Immanuel WaUerstein, qua trinh
nfiy dfldc bfit d i u b i n g sU chuydn mdn hda
gifla Tfiy Au vfi Ddng Au. Tay Au lfi ndi cd
sfl tich liiy tfl ban cao, cdng nghiep phat
tridn vfi cdng nghd tien tie'n. Cdn Ddng Au

thi lac hfiu, ngheo nfin hdn vdi n i n kinh te
dfla vfid ndng nghidp lfi chinh. Sau dd, qua
trinh nay bfit d i u md rdng sang gifla chau
Au vdi cfic khu viic khac cua thd' gidi. Theo
Thuyd't He thd'ng the gidi, kinh td' lfi ha
t i n g cd sd vfi quy djnh QHQT thudc vl
thfldng t i n g kie'n tnic. Nhfl vfiy, ddng Iflc
chinh cua sii phfit trien hd thd'ng the gidi la
kinh te. Vfi do dd, tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT
dfldc ly thuye't nfiy cho rfing cd sfl gfin lien
vdi Sli phfit triln cua quan he kinh t l quic
te.
Vdi each nhin nfiy, tid'n trinh Ijch s i
QHQT dfldc xfiy dung diia trdn sfl phfit
trien quan hp kinh td' quoc td'. Cac qudc gia
md rdng vfi phfit triln QHQT nhfim chu
yd'u thflc hien lpi ich kinh te'. Trong qua
trinh nfiy, cfic qudc gia phfit triln hdn vl
kinh td' se tao ra trfit tfl kinh te qudc t l dUa
trdn sfl phan cdng Iao ddng cd lpi cho hp va
Idi keo cfic nfldc khac tham gia. Nhfl v$y,
kinh td' dfldc coi lfi llnh viic chinh trong
QHQT va sii phfit triln c i a nd sd chi phdi
cfic Iinh viic quan h i khfie. Day lfi quan
didm cd Sli g i n giii vdi quan diem cua Mfic
cung nhin QHQT dfldi gdc dp kinh t l chinh
trj. Nd khac vdi C h i nghia Hidn thi;Ic coi
chinh tri lfi thong soai. S i dung cfich tiep
cfin kinh tl' chinh tri qudc td' nfiy se giai
thich thufin lpi nhilu xu hfldng trong

QHQT can hidn dai nhfl sU nd'i ldn cua ye'u
t l kinh te' trong QHQT, tofin ciu hda kinh


Tien trtnh lich sflr guan he qutfe te..
te, bfi't binh dang kinh td' trong QHQT, sfl
phfin hda gifiu nghdo Bfic-Nam, sfl gia tfing
hpp tfic vfi hdi nhfip kinh t l qud'c td', sfl
thay t h l cua dia-kinh td' cho dja-chinh tri,
vai trd tfing ldn c i a cfic TNC,... Tuy nhidn,
cfich tid'p cfin nfiy lai khd giai thich nhilu
giai doan lich s i QHQT trflde vfi trong thdi
cfin dai vd'n bj chi phd'i bdi chinh trj nhilu
hdn lfi kinh t l . Ngofii ra, cfich tilp cfin
"kinh te quye't djnh luan" nay cung khdng
tinh de'n tinh chfi't da linh vflc trong QHQT
hipn nay ndn dd dfin dd'n philn dien trong
giai thich lich s i .
+ Phfin tich cfi'u triic cung dfldc
Immanuel Wallerstein dfla vfio de giai
thich tid'n trinh lich s i . Trong phan tich
nfiy cd ba didm dang chu y. Thit nhat, ke'
thfla quan didm cua Thuyd't Phu thudc, cfi'u
true cua h$ thdng nfiy dfldc phfin t i n g theo
ca chilu dpc va chilu ngang. Chilu dpc lfi
sfl thing trj c i a trung tfim d t i n g tren ddi
vdi ngoai vi d t i n g dfldi. Chilu ngang gdm
trung tfim, ban ngoai vi vfi ngoai vi vdi tidu
chi phan chia la sflc manh kinh td' vfi vi tri
trong phfin cdng lao dpng qud'c te. Thit hai,

each thflc td' chflc he thong the gidi chinh lfi
sfl phan cdng lao ddng quoc te mfi trong dd
trung tfim la ngudi tao lfip vfi chi phd'i.
Trung tfim da diing sd phfin cdng lao ddng
qudc td' d l td' chflc the' gidi vfi vfin hfinh
QHQT. Qua lich s i , cfi'u true cd t h l thay
dd'i v l thanh p h i n hay hinh thflc song cfii
ldi cua nd lfi quan hd thdng tri trung tfim ngoai vi khdng thay ddi. Thit ba, mdt
phfldng dien khac cua sfl to chflc lfi vai trd
cua bfi quyen trong trung tam. Theo
Wallerstein, bfi quyln lfi cin thilt dl duy
tri S14 dn djnh trong cfin can quyln Iflc, giup
dam bao cfic quy dinh trong trao ddi tfl
ban-lao ddng vfi chuyin thfing dfl vl trung
tfim (16).
Vide dfla thdm cfich phfin tich cfi'u true
vfio 1^ giai tilii trinh vfin ddng c i a lich s i

QHQT lfi mdt trong nhflng dilm cd y nghia
phUdng phfip luan cua Thuyd't He thd'ng
The' gidi. Cach phan tich cfi'u true vd'n bfit
dau dupc fip dung trong nghidn cflu kinh te
tfl thfip nidn 1940 nhflng cung hofin tofin
hf^u ich khi vfin dung sang nghidn cflu
Q] IQT. Thit nhdt, cfich phfin tich nfiy giup
dua thdm mdt sfl ly giai cho sfl thay ddi cua
tien trinh lich s i QHQT dfla trdn sfl thay
ddi c i a ca'u true mfi 6 dfiy lfi cfi'u true c i a
n i n kinh t l the' gidi. Su thay dd'i c i a cfi'u
true, nhfi't la sfl thay dd'i d trung tam vfi

phfldng t h i c td chflc c i a he thdng tao ndn
cfic thdi ky phat trien khfie nhau trong tid'n
trinh Uch s i QHQT. Thd hai, cfi'u true nfiy
vdi phfldng thflc td chflc cua nd giup giai
thfch sfl thay ddi cua cac 'lufit chdi" trong
QHQT vfi nhflng rfing budc tfl cfi'u triic doi
vdi sU vfin ddng cua qud'c gia qua cfic thdi
ky. Thit ba, sfl cfi'u triic theo ca chilu dpc vfi
chilu ngang giiip dem thdm mdt gdc nhin
mdi so vdi cfic ly thuyd't QHQT khfie. Cfi'u
tnic nfiy khac vdi cfi'u tnic cua Chu nghia
Hidn thflc Mdi phfin t i n g theo chilu dpc vdi
tieu chi lfi sfl phfin chia quyln Iflc cho cfic
cflc. Nd Cling khac vdi each phfin t i n g cua
C h i nghia Mfic cung theo chilu dpc nhflng
lai diia trdn sfl chi phoi kinh t l thfinh
CNTB the' gidi d t i n g trdn, giai cfi'p lao
ddng d t i n g dudi. Nd cung khfie vdi C h i
nghia Tu do Mdi chi nhin he thd'ng theo
chilu ngang nhfl sfl phu thudc Ifin nhau
gifla cac qud'c gia ma khdng lfim ro sfl td
chflc vfi van hfinh cua hd thd'ng.
•^ Quan nidm ve sfl phfit trien c i a
Thuyd't Hd thd'ng The gidi cd mdt s l did'm
lien quan dd'n tid'n trinh lich s i QHQT nhfl
sau: Thit nhdt, dpng cd thiic diy sfl phat
trien la mau thufin. Mfiu thufin chfnh d dfiy
lfi kinh te ve ca mflc dp gifiu ngheo gifla cac
quoc gia vfi vi tri trong phfin cdng lao ddng
qudc te Dd chinh la cfic ipau thufin trong

QHQT vfi lfi ddng Iflc thiic diy tien trinh


R g h i ^ curu Lieh s i . so 5.2015
Iich s i QHQT. Thvt hai, ddn vi phat trien
c h i yd'u lfi qudc gia vdi muc tieu cbinb lfi
phat trien kinh tl^ dfi't nUdc vfi thay ddi vi
tri trong phan cdng lao ddng qud'c td'. Sfl
phfit tridn kinh t l qudc gia se lfim thay ddi
ca cfi'u true cua he thdng t h l gidi vfi QHQT,
tfl dd Ifi sfl van ddng trong tid'n t n n h ljch s i
QHQT. Thvt ba, su van ddng chinh trong
QHQT lfi sfl dich chuyen cua cfic qud'c gia
trong tflng viing hoac gifla cac vung vdi
nhau. Su dich chuyen nay chinh lfi mdt tac
nhfin gdp p h i n tao ndn cfic thay ddi vfi bid'n
dpng trong tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT. Vd
cudi ciing, do quan nidm phfit triln dfla
trdn sfl phfit tridn kinh td' ndn tid'n trinh
lich s i QHQT se la mdt qufi trinh cd tinh
tie'n hda theo dfldng thfing chfl khdng phai
cd tinh chu ky.
Quan niem ve sU phat t n l n nfiy cd mdt
sd didm dfing chu y. Thit nhat, Thuyd't Hd
thd'ng T h l gidi da chi ra them mau thufin
kinh te nhu mdt ddng Iflc quan trpng cho
tiln trinh lich s i QHQT. Mfiu thufin nfiy
dien ra ca trdn binh didn QHQT khdng chi
dl phfit trien mfi cdn nhfim thay ddi vi tri
cua qud'c gia trong phan cdng lao ddng qudc

te (17). ThU hai, sfl phfit trien kinh t l cua
qud'c gia se khidn qud'c gia cd the dich
chuyin gifla cfic viing vdi nhau. Qua dd,
cfi'u tnic c i a he thd'ng thd' gidi se thay ddi.
Cfi'u true thay ddi se d i n de'n QHQT thay
ddi. Thit ba, nd cung chi ra kinh te nhfl yd'u
to' cd ban di lfim thay dd'i vi the' qudc gia
trong QHQT. Sfl phfit triln kinh t l qudc
gia d dfiy khdng chi Ifi v l Ifldng mfi cdn ve
chfi't, tflc lfi ca kha nfing nfim gifl cfic Uu the'
vl tfii chfnh vfi cdng nghe. Dilu dd cd nghia
tfing trfldng khdng ddng nghia vdi phfit
tridn. Thit tii, ap dung cfich nhin nfiy se
giup giam bdt each nhin ljch s i ddn t h u i n
theo Uch dai mfi phai ket hdp vdi ddng dai.
Phat triln khdng chi lfi sfl tien bp so vdi
chinh minh mfi cdn la sfl cai thidn cho dflng

c i a minh trong phfin cdng lao ddng qud'c te'
vfi tfl dd lfi vi t h l trong QHQT. Tfi't ca
nhflng didm tren khdng chi giup giai thich
ljch s i mfi cdn lfi sfl djnh hfldng cho sfl
phat trien qud'c gia trong tie'n trinh Uch s i
QHQT. Tuy nhidn, nhupc diem c i a cfic
quan niem phat trien nfiy lfi d chd nd thidn
v l gdc dp kinh t l ndn khd giai thfch dupc
cfic van dpng trong linh viic khac trong khi
QHQT bao gid cung la da linh viic.
rV. KET LUAN
Nhfl vfiy, cd t h l tdm lupc quan dilm vl

tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT trong Thuyet he
thing Thd' gidi cua Immanuel Walerstein
nhfl sau: Dd la mdt tie'n trinh vfin ddng dfla
tren sii phat trien kinh td c i a qudc gia dl
hinh thfinh vfi phat trien ndn he thong t h l
gidi. Hd thd'ng nfiy cd sfl phfin chia thfinh
trung tfim-ngoai vi-bfin ngoai vi. Nd dflpc to
chflc diia trdn sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc
td'vfi sfl chi phdi cua trung tfim. Mau thuin
c h i ye'u tao ndn ddng Iflc c i a tid'n trinh nay
la Sli dfi'u tranh gifla cac nfldc vfi giai cfi'p
nhfim phat trien vfi cai thidn dia vi cua
minh trong sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qud'c te.
Quan dilm v l tien trinh lich s i cua
Thuyd't He thong T h l gidi cd the dem lai
mdt so' ddng gdp trong nghidn cflu ljch s i
QHQT. Cfic ddng gdp nfiy cd t h l chia ra
lfim hai mang chfnh. Mdng dong gop thii
nhd't Id v l phUdng phfip lufin. Dd lfi cfich
nhin bidn chiing, cfich tid'p cfin kinh te
chinh trj quoc te, cfich tie'p can he thdng
the gidi va phfin tich cfi'u tnic,... Mdng dong
gop thit hai la mot sd lufin diem v l Uch s i
QHQT. Dd Ifi xu hfldng phfit trie'n c i a the
gidi dfla trdn sfl phat triln kinh. te, vai trd
c i a mau thufin kinh te' trong lich s i
QHQT, cfi'u tnic kinh te the gidi bfi't binh
dfing theo kieu CNTB lfi nguyen nhan quy
dinh tinh trang kim phfit trien cua cfic
nfldc ngoai vi, xu hfldng chi phdi vfi phUdng



n ^ trtnh ijch SIS' quan fag qutfc ti..
thflc nd dich ciia nfldc ldn ddi vdi nUdc nhd,

QHQT, nhung T h u y l t He thd'ng The gidi

nguyen nhfin chien t r a n h d viing trung

vfin chi ddng vai trd n h u mdt cfich tie'p cfin

tfim, quan diem ve ba quyln vfi vung bfin

bd sung bdn lfi mpt ly thuyd't cd kha nfing

ngoai vi, kha n a n g chuyen dich cua quoc

giai thich td'ng the ve lich s i QHQT. Nd lai

gia gifla cfic vung,... Ngofii ra, t h u y l t nay

cfing khdng the lfi ly thuye't cd kha nfing

cdn gdp p h i n giai thich mpt s l hidn tupng

thay the cfic ly thuyd't khac. Ddn gian bdi vi

mdi trong QHQT (18), ddng gdp cho xu

thuye't nay cdn d i y nhupc diem nhfl phan


hfldng xfiy dflng Ljch s i Tofin c i u bdn canh

tren da de cfip. Vfi thiic te ljch s i QHQT

Lich s i T h l gidi.

ludn gdm nhieu xu hudng van ddng khfie

Mfic du cd sfl thich hdp nhfi't dinh trong
bdi canh kinh te' ngfiy cfing ndi len trong

nhau mfi trong dd, tid'n trinh ljch s i cua
Thuye't He thd'ng T h l gidi chi Ifi mdt.

CHU THICH
(1). Tham khao thdm Hofing Khic Nam, Thuyet
Phu thudc dudi goc dd quan hi qud'c ti', Mgt

sdvan

de ly ludn quan he qudc tedUdi goc nhin lich sk,
Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hfi Noi, 2014, tr. 39-66.

tinh tr^ng vo chfnh phii vS giup dam bao cho sU d'n
dinh trong QHQT.
(17). Thuyet He thd'ng T h l gidi t i l p t h u quan
diem ciia Thuyet P h u thudc ve vi tri trong phfin

(2), (3). Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern


cdng lao dpng quoc t e nhU mdt dieu ki?n quan

World System 1, Academic Press, New York, 1974,

trong cho sU phat trien Theo dd, cac nudc dang

p. 347.

phat trien (d vung ngo^i vi) do h^n che' ve vdn va

(4). Immanuel Wallerstein phan ddi each goi
T h l gidi thfl ba trong Chiln tranh Lanh bdi dng

tai nguyen, ndng nghidp vfl hfing sO che von lfi

(5), (6), (8), (11), (12), (13). Benno Teschke,
Oxford

Reus-Smit,

Handbook

Christian

trong phan cdng lao ddng qucfc te. Vi tri tha'p nay
khien cac nUde dang phat trien chi ed cdch dUa vao

cho riing chi c6 ragt the gi6i mfi thdi.


Marxism,

cdng ngh? nen bi buoc phai cl trong vi tri thap

(Editor), The

of International

nhting ng&nh ti suat ldi nhudn thfi'p. Khong nhQng
the', do vi the' yeu, chiing cdn bi ^p ban gia tha'p va

Relations,

budc phai mua gia cao. Trong khi dd, thang dU chu

Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 170, 169-170,

yeu lai rOi v&o tay cac nudc phat t n l n (d viing

170, 172, 172, 170.

trung tdm). Ket qua la cac nUdc d vung ngoai vi rd't

(7), (9), (10), (14). JiU Steans & Lloyd Pettiford,
Introduction

to

Perspectives and Themes,


trung tam va sU phdn hda giQa hai nhom nude nay

Pearson-Prentice HaU,

lai cang ldn. Su phu thudc bd't tuOng xiing nay ddn
den cai md nhiing ngUdi theo thuye't nay goi la "sU

London, 2005, p. 92.
(15). Xem Chapter 2: The new European
Division

of Labour:

Wallerstein,

The

khd phat trien, hi phu thuoc ngdy cdng nhieu vao

Relations:

International

c. 1450-1640,

Modern

World

Immanuel

System

1,

Academic Press, New York, 1974, p. 66-129.

thfl'ng tri mdi cua chu nghia thiic ddn".
(18). Vi du, si^ ndi len ciia mot sfl nen kinh t e
Ddng A n h u Hdn Quflc, Singapore,.., da tiing la
ngoai vi cua phUdng Tdy. Nhd vdo si^ phat t n e n

(16). Dfiy 1& quan ni?ni cd sU tUdng tU vdi

kinh t l nen cde nen kinh t l ndy da cai thi^n dUdc

Thuyet d'n dinh Ba quy^n ciing nhd'n manh vai trd

vi t h l ciia minh trong phdn cdng lao ddng quoc te

c^n thiet ciia ba quyen de tao ra lu^t choi, han che

vd ttt dd Id vi the trong QHQT.