BIA DAJ^n V m G Cl/A SOMG
TRE]^ DAT IVAM D i m i IVGAY MAY:
TRirdNG HOP Dpc Bp VA GlttO THUV

DINH THtJY HlfeN*

T

rong qufi trinh tim hiiu mdt so vflih
d i lich sfl d khu vyc tinh Nam Djnh
ngfty nay, chflng tdi bit gfip mdt s i dja
danh lich sfl nhu Hai Thanh, Dai An, Giao
Thuy, Dde Bf... mfi vifc nghidn citu nd ae
Ifim sfing td nhiiu vfi'n d i eua lich sfl dfin
tpe. Tuy khdng xa Ig vdi gidi nghidn cflu,
song eho tdi nay vfin chua ed dUdc nhiing \f
giai thUe sy cfin kg vfi thfi'u dao ve viec thyc
cha't chflng 1ft gi, vj tri cy the d dfiu, qua
trinh thay doi trong hfing the ky ra sao...
Diiu nfty thue giue chiing tdi di sau tim
hiiu vfi di din nhfin thflc ring t i t ca cfic
dja danh k l trgn dfl sdm mufn khac nhau
deu tiing gfin vdi viing dfi't ciia sdng ven
bien d ha lUu sdng Hing vft sdng Day ngfty
nay. Dd Ifi vflng dit dupe hinh thfinh vft
phat triln thdng qua hai qua trinh song
hanh Ifi thftnh tgo ty nhidn vfi qufi trinh
khai phfi cua con ngUdi. Dl hiiu dUde cfic
dia danh dd, do vfiy, cin dft chung trong
bdl canh viing duySn hai Bic Bp. Trong hfii
viit nfty, ehiing tdi chpn nghien cflu trUdng

hdp cfic dia danh Dpc Bf vfi Giao Thuy.
Chflng tdi sfl dung phUdng phfip lien
nganh, kit h^p nghidn cflu tfl lifu trong
phdng vdi diiu tra thue dia, tfl nhflng ddng

ghi chip ft di, sflc tich, thfim chi ddi khi
thiiu thong nhfi't cua sfl cu, kit hpp vdi tfii
lifu dja \f dja mao vft ljch afl di dfin d dja
phUdng nhim gdp phin nhfin difn vi hai
dja danh k l trgn. Tfl nhflng din giai vi cfic
dia danh cu thi, bfii viet mft mfit nhim
din khfii qufit budc diu vi dfic dilm cd bin
cua dja danh viing cfla sdng ven biin trong
ljch sfl Viet Nam, mfit khac rflt ra f nghia
phUdng phfip lufin doi vdi vifc nghien cflu
dja danh ljch sfl viing ven bien ndi chung.
1. Dia d a n h Doc Bo
1.1. Sdng Bgc Bo
Tdn sdng Dfc Bf xuit hifn mufn trong
thu tjch co' Vift Nam. Dgi Nam nhdt th&ng
chi cho biit sdng Dfc Bp d huyfn Dgi An,
tflc Ifi hg lUu cua sdng Vj Hofing, hpp vdi ba
ngpn nudc tinh Ninh Binh roi d i ra cfla
Lidu (1). Bgi Nam dU dia chi Udc biSn cua
Cao Xufin Dye ndi them ring sdng "di ra
cfla Lidu. Vua Thuin Hoftng nhft Ld di Tfiy
Kinh trd vi, diln tfip thuy trfji tren sdng
dd" (2). Tfl cac din lifu tren thi sdng Dfc
Bf thdi nhft Nguyen chinh 1ft dogn sdng
Dfty tfl nga ba Dde Bd ngfty nay ra din

biin.

* ThS. Khoa Ljch Bii. TrUdng D^i hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN


Rghlgn cflu Lich silr, stf 3.2012
Sdng Dfiy nguydn 1ft mft phfin Iflu cua
sdng Hfing, nhfn nUdc sdng Cfii d dja phfn
Hft Nfi gifla huyfn Phuc Thp vfi huyfn Dan
PhUNfi) thi men theo vflng chfin nfli tgo nin
phong canh hflu tinh. Din dia phfn huyfn
My Dflc (Hft Npi), tiip nhfn ddng suii Yin.
Vfio dfi't Hft Nam, tiip nhfin hudc sdng
Nhuf tfl ta ngan d i vfio d khu vUc Thfinh
p h i Phu Ly; sdng Hofing Long (sdng Bdi)
bdn hflu nggn tfl miln nfli tinh Hda Binh
vfi Ninh Binh din vi tgi nga ba Gifin Khlu
(cfich Thftnh p h i Ninh Binh khoang 10 km
vi phia Bic). Qua khdi Ninh Binh khoang
20 km tiip nhfin nUdc sdng Dfio (song Nam
Djnh) ben ta ngan. Gin din hiln, sdng Dfiy
chuyen hudng tfl Tay Bic • Ddng Nam sang
Ddng Bic - Tay Nam roi do ra vjnh Bic Bf
d cfla Day (thupe huyfn Kim SOn, tinh
Ninh Binh) (3).
Trong lich sfl, hg luu sdng Dfiy khoae
nhieu cai ten vft cfla sdng cung nhieu lin
thay doi. T h i ky VI cfla Dfiy cd ten gpi Ifi
cfla Dai Nha (Nha Hai). Cho din nfim 1044

nd cd ten Ifi cfla Dai Ac (Ac Hai) trUde khi
dUdc vua Ly Thai Tdng doi cho gpi 1ft Dgi
An (4). Thdi Trin, nd dupc gpi 1ft sdng Lo
Bo (5). Vfto cac the ky XVII, XVIH, Rokbo,
Rocbou, Rockboa, Rockbo... dflng dl chi
sdng, cang cfla sdng Dfiy trong nhflng ghi
chdp cua thUdng nhfin phUdng Tay thdi kf
nfty. Cfic ban dfi phUdng Tfiy ve sdng Dftng
Ngofti thdi kf nfiy thi hifn Rokbo ehinh 1ft
sdng Dfiy - phfin lUu phia hflu nggn sdng
Hong bit diu tfl dogn p h i Hiin (HUng
Yen) ra bien, mpt trong hai nhfinh chfnh
cua sdng Dfing Ngofti, phi biin din mflc cd
trUdng hdp ve ban d i ldi vfto cfla sdng Thfii
Binh lai chfl thich nhim "Sdng Dftng Ngofti
hay sdng Rocbou". Gang d cfla sdng cflng
mang tdn gpi Rockbo vft du^c xem 1ft mdt
trong ba cang chinh cua Dftng Ngofti cflng
vdi Domda vfi Tinnam.

Vifc con adng Dfc Bd cua t h i ky XIX
trflng khdp vdi mft phin cua Rokbo
(Rocbou, Rockboa, Rockbo...) t h i ky XVIIXVIII vfi BU ding fim gifla Rokbo, Rocbou,
Rockboa, Rockbo,.., vdi Dfc Bf khiin chung
tdi cho ring hg lUu sdng Dfiy it nhit tfl thi
ky XVII da cd tfin gpi dfin gian Ift Dfc Bf.
Nhflng ngUdi phUdng Tfiy vi \f do nfto dd dft
tiip cf n dupc vdi tdn gpi nfty vft phifin fim
thftnh Rokbo, Rocbou, Rockboa, Rockbo,...
trong cfic ghi chip cua minh dl rfii sau dd

nd din trd thfinh tdn gpi chinh thflc dudi
triiu Nguyin. NhU vfty, ft n h i t tfin sdng
Dfc Bf dfi xuit hifn tfl t h i ky XVII-XVUI;
mdi thdi k^ nd lai gin vdi nhiing khflc sdng
nhft't dinh thufc hg luu sdng Dfiy.

1.2. Cdc tin ggi khdc
Gin vdi sdng Ddc Bf Ifi nhflng cang,
bin, phi, Ifing xa mang tdn Dpc Bf bdn
sdng. Trong sfich Ten Idng xa Viit Nam
ddu thi ky XIX (thudc cdc tinh tU Nghi
Tinh trd ra), Dfc Bd Ifi xfi thufc tong
Thanh Khd, huydn Dai An, phu Nghia
Hung, trfi'n Sdn Nam Hg (6). Nfim 1927,
khi ngudi Phfip tiin hftnh dpt thong kd
khao sat, xfi Dfc Bf cd 123 dfin (7). Cflng 5
xfi khfic tifng thufc tong Thanh Khe xfla,
Dpc Bd nay thufc xfi Yen Nhfin, huyfn 'Y
Ydn, tinh Nam Djnh.
Dftng Xufin Bang - nhft sii hoe ngUdi
Nam Djnh t h i ky XDC cho biit cy thi vj tri
cua bin vft p h i Dpc Bf khi dd ngay tgi nga
ba sdng Dfto vft sdng Dfiy ngfty nay. Si? hoc
bi khdo chdp ring: "Sdng Vj Hoftng, do sdng
Nhj Hfi chia ra, qua phia ddng nam tinh
thftnh Nam Djnh, Igi qua cfic huyfn My
Lpc, Thidn Ban, Nam Chfin, Dgi An den
bin Ddc B^ chay vfio adng Sdn Thuy tinh
Ninh Binh" (8), "Sdng Gian... mft ddng
chay theo hudng nam 1ft song Sdn Thuy,

din phd Bgc B6 thi hdp vdi sdng Vi Hoftng
tinh Nam Djnh, chay ra cfla Ligu" (9).


Bia danh vflng ciVa sOng...
Tuy nhidn, nhic den Dde Bf ngfiy nay
ngfldi ta lai thudng nghi tdi mdt nga ba nd'i
tieng - dja dilm hpp lUu cua sdng Dfiy vft
nhanh sdng Hong (sdng Dfto), dUdc dftn
gian truyin gpi vdi tdn Tam Tda Ddc Bf.
Gifla bin b i mdnh mdng sdng nudc 1ft ngdi
din linh thidng Ddc Bf thd Trifu Vift
VUdng (nay thufc Ydn Nhan, "^ Yen) bin
mfla vin khong ngdt khdi hUdng, vdi le t i
Tam Tda...
Nhu vfiy, tdn gpi Ddc Bf mang nhiiu f
nghia, ed khi 1ft ten mft con sdng, khi lai 1ft
mft ben sdng, mft cfla adng, mpt pho ven
sdng, mft xa bdn sdng, mdt ngdi din, mft
nga ba sdng, thftm chi 1ft mft cang cfla
song/bien. Dfl thdi dilm xufi't hidn khfic
nhau, song nhflng dia danh mang cflng tdn
gpi dd xoay quanh mft dia danh trung
tam/chinh: eon sdng Ddc Bd.
Khi 1ft tdn sdng thi Dfc Bd chi 1ft mft
trong nhieu ten goi cua sdng Day trong
suot chliu dfti Uch sfl dan tdc, xufi't hifn
trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhfi't dinh, tuy
vfiy moi giai doan Ddc Bp lai gin vdi nhflng
khuc song Day cu thi. Vide dinh vj Dpc Bf

trong nhiing thdi gian khae nhau, vi vfiy la
diiu hit sflc ein thiit de hiiu dja danh
nay. De ly giai dieu nfiy, c'ln phai tim hieu
moi quan hf Dai An - Ddc Bf - sdng Dfiy
(ndi each khac phai tim hiiu chinh sdng
Dfiy ngfty nay), vft phai dfit nd trong boi
canh rdng hdn: qua trinh hinh thftnh vfi
khai phfi vung dfi't ven biin Bic Bf (dUa
trdn dja mgo va ljch sfl khai hoang Ifin biin
cua eU dfin duyen hai).
1.3. vang c&a song Bgc B6
Cac nhft nghign cflu dja 1^ da chi ra
ring, khu vyc Nam Djnh 1ft bd phftn gin
bien d phia ddng nam dong bing Bic Bd, ed
tinh chit chfiu thd Ifi'n biin nhanh, khfic
vdi bd phfn cung gin biin nhUng ed tinh
chit etchuye chju anh hudng mgnh cua

thuy triiu d ddng bic dfing bing. Vflng dfi't
nim trong ranh gidi hftnh chinh tinh Nam
Djnh hifn dgi Igi dUpc cft'u thftnh bdi hai bd
phftn khac nhau: vflng dfi't co vft viing dfl^t
mdi, Sy phfin hda rd vdi hai bd phfin cfi'u
trflc ngang ty nhidn tgo thftnh hai vflng dia
15' ty nhien: bdn trong 11 ehau t h i cu, bdn
ngofti 1ft chfiu thd' mdi, niu chUa kl chfiu
thd' tUdng lai hifn dang ngim dudi mfit
nude biin, Nhiing vflng dja ly nfiy Ift sy
phan finh ljch sii Ifi'n biin cua dfin cU. Chfiu
tho cu - vflng dong bing bfii bfii sdng khdng

cdn chiu tfic ddng cua biin - dupe hinh
thftnh khi trong mil tUdng quan lUe lUdng
gifla hai qufi trinh ty nhidn hinh thftnh nen
chau tho 1ft qufi trinh sdng vft qufi trtnh
bien, qua trinh sdng dfi thing t h i hoftn
toan. Sy thing t h i cua sflc boi tu sdng tgi
Nam Djnh phai mfi't hdn 15 t h i ky. Trdn
vung dong bing bai boi nay cd thi thfi'y vit
tich cua cfic dudng bd biin ci each day 2000
nfim, 1000 nfim vft 500 nfim, Dudng bd biin
CO each ngfty nay 2000 nfim d khu vUe
thftnh pho Nam Djnh'ngay nay. Dudng bd
bien t h i ky thfl X dupe xac dinh bdi mft
vung cfit ci tren con dudng vach huyfn Ydn
Md, qua phia bic huydn Yen Khfinh (tinh
Ninh Binh), qua nga ba Ddc Bf din xa
Nam Hfing, Nam Giang (huyfn TrUc Ninh,
tinh Nam Djnh) (10). Cd the xem dfiy 1ft lin
phfin nhanh tiip theo cua sdng Long phfin ehia ra nhfinh sdng Nam Dinh, Viing
dit kep gifla sdng Hing vft sdng Nam Dinh
ngfiy nay - tflc khu vyc phia nam huyfn Y
Ydn - khi dd 1ft cfin chin cfla sdng (11).
Dudng bd biin t h i ky XV cd hudng ddng
bic - tay nam, bit diu tfl doi cfit d phia tfiy
nam xfi Yen Mgc (huyfn Ydn Md) kdo tdi
thdn Phyng Cdng (xa Khanh Cudng, huyfn
Ydn Khfinh), qua sdng Day sang bic Nghia
HUng (nim d phia bic sdng Ninh Cd trong
dja phftn huyfn TrUc Ninh), chgy song song
vdi dudng bd biin t h i ky thfl X din khu vflc



Rghjgn eflu Ljch siS*. stf 3.2012
xa Liem Hai fhuyfn Tryc Ninh), qua huyfn
Xufin TrUdng (tinh Nam Djnh), huyfn Kiin
XUdng din Thfii Thuy (tinh Thfii Binh). Cd
thi dfiy Ifi lln phfin nhfinh tiip theo cua
sdng Hong - nhfinh sdng Ninh Cd hifn nay
(12). Dfiy chfnh Ift ranh gidi gifla hai khu
vuc chfiu t h i mdi - vflng chfiu thi hifn tgi
edn chju tfic dfng cua biin - Ifi kit qua cua
vifc giing CO gifla hai qufi trtnh bien vft
sdng trong dd Ipi t h i nghidng vi sdng vfi
chfiu t h i cu.
Theo ddng thdi gian, cflng vdi qufi trinh
vUdn dfii ra biin cua sdng Dfiy cung nhU
qufi trinh khai hoang Ifi'n biin phfit triln
vflng dfi't ven sdng, dja danh Dpc Bp da
"troi" ra biin, dong thdi tda ra vflng ben
sdng, hinh thftnh ndn ca mdt vflng Dfc Bp.
Vfiy Dde Bf nim d dfiu tren dfi't Nam Dinh
ngay nay? O day, chung tdi thfl phfin bift
cfla sdng Dpc Bp cua eac the ky XVII-XVIII
vdi XIX, XX.
Con sdng Rokbo dUpc William Dampier nhft du hftnh vft thUdng nhan ngudi Anh
t h i ky XVII nhic den khi md ta vi song
Dang Ngoai trong cuin sach ndi tieng
Voyages and Discoveries nhU sau: "Gin md
diu vinh Dftng Ngofti, ed mpt so cfl lao nhd
[...]. Ldi vfio vjnh nhU bj ddng Igi bdi nhflng

bai ldn cua Paracel trai dfii ra d phia trudc
nhung cdn trfl ra loi vfto d hai bdn dl cho
tftu ndn tftu bd ed t h i ra vfto bing mdt
trong hai loi ft'y... Nim sau trong dfiy vinh
edn cd vfti hdn dao bd nim rfi't gin bd biin
Dang Ngofti. Cd hai hdn dang kl hdn cfic
hdn khfic, khdng phai tgi nd to mft vi nd
dupe dflng Iftm hai tieu cho hai con sdng
chinh, hay ndi dflng hdn 1ft eho hai nhfinh
cua con sdng chinh cua Dftng Ngofti, Mpt
trong nhflng con adng nfty, hay nhflng
nhanh song nfty, ten 1ft Rokbo. N6 do ra
bien gin ngay man tay bic cua vjnh vft cfla
cua no d khoang 20 df 10 phut bfic. Tdi

ehUa tflng di trdn con sdng nfty nhUng
ngudi ta qua quyit vdi tdi ring nd khdng
afiu hdn 12 bf (1 bf/foot tUdng dUdng 30
cm) d ngay tgi cfla sdng, NhUng dfiy eiia nd
1ft mft thfl bfln r i t nhao, r i t thuftn tifn dii
vdi cfic tfiu nho ndn dfiy 1ft 16i di thdng
thudng cua ngUdi Hoa vfi ngudi Xidm. Cfich
cfla sdng nfty df mft dfim v i phia tfiy cd
mft hdn dao khfi eao tdn Ifi Fishers Island
(dao nhflng ngudi dfinh cfi). Nd each bd hiln
khoang chflng 2 hai 1^ (1 hai Iffleague
tfldng dUdng 5 km), nUde sfiu 17, 18 bf vfi
rfi't tit di budng neo. Bdi vfiy hdn dao
khdng chi 1ft mft hai tidu td^t cho con sdng
mft cdn 1ft mft ndi 1^ tudng di thuy thu ghd

thuyin vfto, budng neo trfl i n khi chua ed
thdi ed vupt qua bfii noi di tiin vfio trong
cfla adng vi 1^ do din mufn trong nftm hay
do thdi tiit xfi'u can trd" (13) flng dung
nghien eflu dia mao dl xac dinh cfic hf
thong giao thUdng co viing hg lUu sdng
Day, Nguyen Quang Anh trong khda lufin
cfl nhfin eua minh cho ring, Dfc Bd mft
Dampier nhic den (thi ky XVII) ed kha
nfing nim d khu vyc huyfn Yen Khfinh
(Ninh Binh) ngfiy nay: "Giai dogn nfiy adng
Dfiy do ra bien qua ba cfla chinh, mdt cfla
tUdng dUdng dogn cit ciia ddng adng Dfiy
ngfiy nay vdi dudng bd t h i ky XV, mft ciia
1ft cfla Cftn, cfla sdng Vgc (mft nhfinh ciia
sdng Dfiy) nim d khu vyc huydn Yen
Khfinh ngfiy nay. Cfla edn lai Ifi cfla Thin
Phfl. 2 cfla biin dfldi nim khfi gin day Tarn
Difp, cfic khdi dfi vdi nfiy cd the dfldc nhfic
din nhfl nhflng hai tieu cho tftu thuyin...
Vi mfit dia mgo cd t h i khflng djnh vi tri
cfla Can vft cfla Thin Phu cd diiu kifn
thufin ldi hdn khi phfit trien nhiing con
dudng giao thUdng. Doi chieu nhflng midu
ta cua William Dampier nhU tpa dd 22 dd
10 phflt, each mft s i dao mft dfim v i phia
tfiy... Diiu nfty cung tUdng flng vdi he thong


Bja danh vflng cii'a stfng..

khoi nfli sdt cua day Tam Difp vfto giai
dogn nay vfin chua hofin toftn bj boi Ifi'p vfio
trong dfi't liin. Nhu vfiy cd thi thfi'y ring
cfla sdng Rockbo dupe xac dinh nim trdn vi
dp 22 dp 10 phflt nim trdn khu vyc huyfn
Yen Khfinh ngfiy nay 1ft mdt gii thuyit hpp
ly hdn nhflng quan dilm trfldc dfiy cua cfic
nhft sfl hpc cho ring Rockbo chfnh 1ft Dfc
Bf. Tuy nhidn dl khing dinh vj tri nfiy cin
cd thdm nhiing nghidn ciiu cy thi vl mfit
lich sfl vft khao cd"" (14).
Trong khi dd, nhflng bing chflng thu
thfip dUde tfl cdng tfic dieu tra thyc dia cho
tha'y mft trung tfim budn bfin ldn da hinh
thfinh trong khoang thdi gian nfty tgi khu
vyc Ydn Dfing, Yen Nhfin (thudc '^ Yen,
Nam Dinh ngfiy nay). Chinh sy hUng khdi
ve mfit kinh t i da tgo tien di cho mft Ifii
song rieng, ddi song vfin hda rieng, hinh
thanh nen mft khdng gian vfin hda Ddc Bp.
Chflng tdi se trd Igi phan tieh sfiu ve diim
nay d phfa sau. Tiec ring, ngUdi viit chUa
ed diiu kidn dl khao sfit d khu vyc Yen
Khanh (Ninh Binh). Vdi tfii lifu dia mgo vft
thyc dja tgi "i Yen, cd thi nghi din kha
nfing Ddc Bp eua thdi kf nfty vdi cfla sdng,
cang sdng, trai dai tren mpt khu vflc rfng
ldn nim bdn ta va hflu ngan sdng Dfc Bf,
trai trdn dit ^ Yen (Nam Dinh) vft Yen
Khfinh (Ninh Binh) hdm nay.

Trong khi dd, din triiu Nguyen (thi ky
XJX-XX), vilng cfla sdng Dfiy da Ifli xa ve
phia biin, vdi sy md mang cua nhiiu ddn vj
hftnh ehinh thudc cfic huyfn Nghia HUng,
Hai Hfiu ngfty nay. Vflng cfla Ddc Bd cua
nhflng t h i ky XVII-XVIII trUdc dd Igi trd
thanh diem diu cua ddng sdng Ddc Bf t h i
ky XX. Rd rftng, ay boi tu phfl sa cfla sdng
vft budc chfin khai phfi eua eon ngudi da
Iftm thay doi ldn ca vl vi tri vft difn mao
cua cflng mft khfii nifm "vflng cfla adng
Dfc Bd" qua thdi gian.

1.4. Khdng gian van hda Ddc B6
Con sdng vfi nhflng bin, ch^, Iftng xfi,...
bgn sdng da din hinh thftnh nen mft
khdng gian vftn hda Dfc Bf mft ciGS. Trin
Quoe Vupng Ifi ngudi sdm luu f tdi khi kdu
gpi "cin cd cfii nhin Vfin hda hpe, Khao ci
hpe khudn trong cai nhin Bdi canh - Mdi
ainh hay Ifi cfii nhin Vfin hda - Khao cfi
khudn trong cfii nhin sinh thai nhfin vfin":
"VI nhu theo tdi, ta cd thi di cfp din thdi
dgi "Grand Commerce" (thi ky XVI, XVII,
XVIH) d Dftng Ngofti dudi cai nhin cfic phflc
thi (complex) Rokbo (Dfc Bp) vflng luu vyc
sdng Dfiy, phflc thi Domea (Dd Md) vflng
luu vflc sdng Thfii Binh de tien din cfii da
phfle thi (multiplex) Kinh K^ • Pho Hiin"
(15).

De hinh thftnh nen mft khdng gian vfin
hda Dfc Bp can phai trai qua mft qua trtnh
Ifiu dfti. Vifc tim Igi nhflng tien di cho sfl
phfit triln eua khdng gian Dpc Bd cd the
lln tim ngupc tfl thdi Trin vdi sfl xufi't hidn
cua cae diin trang cua Trin Nhfit Dufit vfi
Trin Khfinh Du d tren dfi't Ydn Dfing, Ydn
Nhfin (i Yen, Nam Djnh), thfim chf Ifli xa
hdn ve trudc nfla, Tuy nhidn, t h i ky XVII
ndi day dfi tfin tgi mft khdng gian vfin hda
Dfc Bp dpc dao. Vl vfi'n di nfty, chflng tdi se
cd djp trd lai phfin tich afiu trong mdt bfii
viit khfic. Trong phgm vi cua nghidn cflu
nfty, ngudi viit chi muin nhfi'n manh ring
cd nhiing bing chflng ring ndi dfiy Ifi mft
vflng budn ban ldn mft trung tam Ifi chp Dfii
nim ben song Doi.
Sdng Doi 1ft mft nhfinh sdng co, nay da
biin mfi't - cua Dfc Bf. Tue truyin trUdc
dfiy sdng rfi^t ldn, Bfli Dj dft tflng di thuyin
trgn sdng Doi dl ghd vfio din vua Dinh
(Yen Dfing, V Ydn). Tiec ring diu vet hifn
edn Igi chi 1ft nhiing vet triing chay qua cac
xa Ydn Thing, Ydn Dfing, Yen Nhfin (S
Ydn). Tai khu vyc Yen Thing, Yen Dong,


Rghlgn etiru Lich silr. stf 3.ZQ12
trdn bd con sdng Dfii hlnh thftnh ndn nhiiu
bin thuyin mang tdn bin Chp, bin Vgn.

Trong tfim thflc dfin gian vin cdn Iflu
truyin vi sy tin tgi cua sdng Dfii tfi'p nf p
trdn bin dfldi thuyin vdi nhflng bin, chp
ldn nim dpc sdng: bin Vgn (Ydn Thing),
bin Chp - xdm Thj Tfin, ch^ Dfii (Ydn
Ding)... Cfic dja danh xfl Dudng Chp, xfl
Trung Thj, xfl Nga Ba (16) trong Bia bg
BSi Trung, cflng cfic tdn dfin gian hifn cdn
lUu truyin nhU xdm Thj Tfin, bin Ch^, bin
Vgn phan finh bdng dfing eua mft khu vyc
vdi nhflng eh^, bin, ngfi ba ciia vflng dfi't
nfty. Sau dd, cufii t h i ky XIX, cfic bin Cic
Thfinh, bin Ddng Cao, bin Phfl Sa, bin Vi
Nhui (17), gin liin vdi dd 1ft cftc chp, eiu
nhu chd Doi (18), clu Dfii Trung (19) dupe
ghi chdp trong cuin quic ehi Bgi Nam nhdt
thd'ng chi cho thft'y phin nfio ring dfiy vin
1ft mdt khu vyc giao thUdng nhpn nhip.
Chd Dfii (20) Ifi mft chp ldn trong vflng
da trd thfinh trung tfim thUdng mgi cua ca
vflng vft lidn vflng. Dieu nfty khdng ehi cfin
cfl vfio vide chp hpp mft thfing chin phign,
mfi cdn dya trdn vide thUOng nhfin ty hfi tfl
nhiiu vflng miln trong, thfim chi ngofti
nUde. Diu ft'n eua ngUdi Trung Quic 1ft xdm
Thach Tinh (21), 1ft bfle tupng ngfl tiiu
canh ddc bing dfing khic chfl Hfin, thufc
nifin dai nhft Minh (22), 1ft sU ddng gdp cua
gia dinh thUdng nhfin ngudi Quang Chfiu
(Trung Quic) Trin Trung Ngdn (23) khi tu

sfla din thd cfic vi tidn cdng md xa Trln Xfi
(nay 1ft Vi Nhui) vft dUpc biu hfu tgi din
theo ghi chip cua vfin bia d phu Quang
Cung (Nip) (24).,, Diiu nfiy cho thfi'y mii
quan hf mft thiit cua thUdng nhfin ngUdi
Trung Quic ndi trdn. Vfin bia ghi hUdng
Udc Iftng Dfii Trung (25) cung cho biit ch^
Dfii d dit Dgi An 1ft ndi ngUdi di budn bfin
diu muon di Igi, ngfldi phfldng nam, khfich
phfldng bic vi day tu hfi (26).

Lf thu t h u i ch0 Dfii Trung d gifla t h i k^
XVIII rft't dfing luu ^.Nhflng ngUdi mdi din
bfin hftng ai d u ^ xfi miln t h u i 6 thfing
khdng k l hftng to hay nhd (27). Lf thu thui
nfty chflng td vifc ngfldi ndi khfic din bfin
hftng 1ft hogt dfng thudng xuydn vft mang
tinh Ifiu dfii. Cfic thUdng nhfin thudng luu
Igi trong thdi gian dfti hftng nfim trdi, vdi
nhiiu mft hftng khfic nhau. Dfiy khdng
phai 1ft dfc dilm ciia chy qui, ndi nhflng
ngUdi dfin mang san phim do minh aan
xuit ra trao dii Iiy nhflng mft hftng thiit
yiu cua cufc sing, mft dfi hi^ih thftnh mft
ting ldp chuydn budn mft mft bfing nhit
djnh dem tdi dfiy dl bfin. Chp Dfii mang
tfnh chit mft trung tftm trao dii hftng hofi
ciia ca vflng. Mfit khfic, vifc miln thui
trong thdi gian nfla nfim vfla 1ft hinh thflc
thu hflt cfic thUdng nhfin din budn bfin,

vfla g0i f v i Iflpng t h u i chy mfi chinh
quyin thu dui^ tfl vifc kilm sofit chd.
Hogt dfng budn bfin d cfic ch0, bin da
thu hflt phin ldn cU dfin trong vflng vfio
gufing quay cua minh. Trong vflng da hinh
thftnh nhflng Iftng budn, mft bf phfin quan
trpng tham gia vfto hpat dfng thUdng mgi
Hfin vflng 6 Dfc Bf. d xa Tfl Vinh ed nghi
budn diu. O hai xa An Trung, An Hg c6
nghi budn bfin tre g5. d cfic xa Didn Vif,
Tfin My, Ludng Xfi Hg, Quang Cu c6 nghi
budn bfin trfiu bd (28). Nhflng ghi chdp cd
nidn dgi diu t h i ky XX cho thfi'y dih thdi
dilm dd, cfl dfin ndi dfiy vin khai thfic Ifi
t h i giao thdng dudng thuy, ldn miin nfli
budn tre g6 vi cfp cfic biri rfii tfl dfiy phfin
phoi di khip viing. Dfl khdng phai ghi chip
dUdng thdi, song chic h i n vfto cfic t h i ky
XVII, XVIH cU dfin Dii Trung da tham gia
sdi nii vfto cfic hogt ddng budn bfin b chp.
Chuyfn v i ngfldi budn t r i u khdng thudng
qua lai dit Trftng An (Hft Nfi) budn bfin
ciing cho thfify mil giao thUdng lien vflng
nfty (29).


Bia danh vflng ciVa stfng..,
Nghi budn da 1ft nghi chi phoi cudc sing
ciia ngudi dan, dinh hinh ndn phong tuc
tfip quan, ldi song, tam ly rfi't dfic thfl cua

ngudi thj dan. Nhjp dp budn bfin d khu vUc
Dfc Bp rfi't khin trUdng, tfi'p nfip quanh
nfim, nen cd cfiu ca vi ngudi phy nfl Coc
DUdng: "Hodi cdng lay gdi Cdc DUOng/ /An
c(Jm nita biia, ngu vdi chSng nUa dem".
Hifn tupng cd moi - mft thu thufit Iftm fin d
nhflng trung tfim budn bfin ldn didn ra.
Nam Dinh tinh dia dU chi muc luc cho biit
dfin xa Thanh Khe "c6 tuc vfla Iftm nghi
cfty efi'y vft nghi budn bfin. Cd ngUdi khieng
ldn di chd ban, dem vd di Iftm cd mfii,
thudng gpi chi, chi. Cd ngudi ndi dfla ring
"d ngofii chd thi chi ehi gia, chd ve trong
nha thi anh anh thfit dfi'/"' (30).
Vide cU dfin tfl nhieu vflng mien tu hfi,
Ifi'y nghe buon Ifim nghi chu yiu dfi din
hinh thanh nen phd' thi. Nha cfla d trong
xdm dupe qui hoach cu t h i "Nhft d theo cfic
ngd, d it nhfi't phai dUdc mdt sfto, phai cd ao
nhd, giing khdi dl Sn udng giflt giu" (31) 1ft
biiu hifn eua ldi song van minh eua khu
p h i thi, khac hfin vdi eae Ifing qud thuin
ndng. Ngay tfl thdi Nguyin da thfi'y sU hien
difn cua vfin minh dd thj d Giao Phdng:
"Tuc dan d phudng Gifio Phdng, h i khi
ngudi nao cd vide raiing, mft dUdc ngUdi ta
yeu min tuy tinh trfing cho mft eft ddn.
Ddm den trdng qua, thft'y sang rUc rd nhU
mpt chuoi hat chfiu" (32). Din t h i k y XIX,
Dang Xufin Bang ghi nhfin p h i Ddc Bf d

nga ba Doe Bd ngfty nay.
HUdng Udc - nguon tfti lieu phan finh
mpt each kha chan xae phong tyc tfip qufin
lang Doi Trung rfi't ngin gpn, ehi gom 8
dieu khoan, vdi nhflng qui djnh hit sflc eu
the toat ldn tinh t h i n binh dang, cdi md
cua mpt edng dong dfin cU tfp trung, gifiu
ed, cd moi giao lUu hdn vflng mgnh me
(33).

23

Trong khi d Iftng Vift ci truyin vflng
Bic Bf ludn tfin tai sU phan bift sau sic
gifla dfin chinh cU vft dfin ngy cU, thi ngay
Diiu 1 eua hUdng Udc Doi Trung da quy
djnh: "xfi cd bay thdn khdng phfin bift d Ifiu
hay mdi ngy eU phai Ifi'y diiu thufin hofi
thfin fii mft cU xfl vdi nhau. Cd vui cflng vui,
Iflc bufin deu chia se. Niu ai c6 vide Ifim
chia rd mfi Iftng biet sg bj phat tfl 5 din 10
quan tiln hof e dudi ra khdi xfi". Qua dfiy ed
thi thfi'y thyc t i ngy eU 1ft mdt hifn tUdng
pho biin trong Ifing vft tinh thin bao hp eho
dan nhfip eU tfl vifc sin sftng xfl phat mflc
cao nhfi't (duoi khdi Iftng xa) ddi vdi ngudi vi
phgm.
Ngudi ta dl nhfin thiy tinh thin bao vf
ngUdi dfin ching Igi eudng quyin vdi nhiiu
dieu khoan lien quan din chflc dich trong

hUdng Udc Doi Trung (34). Khi phat giac sU
nhung loan cua chflc dich, ngUdi dan c6
quyen tuj^ tien danh chit chflc dich, duoi ca
nhft hp ra khdi lang la bilu Men cao nhfi't
cua tinh than fi'y. Bd may chflc dieh d Doi
Trung thuc sU ehi 1ft nhiing ngUdi lam cdng
cho ehinh quyin nhfi nUde, chfl khdng phai
Ifi lyc lUdng cd quyin hftnh trong cdng dong
dan cU. Nguyen nhfin khdng nim ngofii sflc
mgnh dfing tien vft tac ddng eua "cd chi thj
trUdng" d mdt trung tam kinh t i ldn.
Nhu vfiy, sy da dgng trong cfi'u tnic dfin
cU, tinh lidn vung cao, hoat ddng budn bfin
phfit triln din tdi moi quan he gifla cac bd
phfin dfin cU: ban dja - ngogi lai, chfle djch dan chflng... khfi khae bift so vdi dai bd
phfin Iftng Vift ciing thdi. DUdng Vfin
Vupng da nhfin thfi'y sy khfic bift dd vft sU
ly" giai nguyen nhfin cfla dng aau dfiy - vdi
tu cfich ngfldi eon cua manh dfl^t nfty - phan
finh ljch sfl dja phfldng trong tfim thflc cua
eU dfin ban dja: "Sd di cd nhflng diiu khoan
nhu trdn, xdt ra thi do dfin tfp trung budn
bfin vin vfio ch^ ldn sdng to, lai tilftig cd


Itghlgn cilru Lieh sjl-. stf 3.2012
ngfldi Trung Quic din khdi dfy, vi vfy vifc
qui djnh ra tft't bdi cd chi thj trfldng, sy
binh ding fin d, khdng sp cfldng quyin chi
df hfi khic cflng dU<;fc song song niy nd, fiu

cung 1ft qui luft tft't nhidn ciia xft hfi lofti
ngudi. NhUng dfl sao xft vl thdi dgi phong
kiin thi phai cho 1ft mft Iftng qud tiin bf"
(35). Nhiing dft'u tfn ft'y, tiic ring chi cdn
t i n mfit d ngufin vfin lifu, mft s i diu tfch
vft chfi't vfi mft vfti truyin thing truyin
mif ng cdn dU(?c It bfc lao nidn dja phudng
luu gifl.
Ngfty nay Dfc Bf thudng dUpc hlnh
dung vdi tu cfich mft khdng gian thd Trifu
Vift VuOng, mft trung tfim Ifi ngfi ba Dfc
Bf bin b i mgnh mdng adng nUde; vdi ngdi
din Dfc Bf mft d dd Trifu Vift VUdng
khdng cdn ddn thuin du^c thd vdi tU each
mft vj anh hflng dfin tpe, mft dft dUdc nhidn
t h i n hofi thftnh vj thuy t h i n cai quan vflng
nga ba adng ldn; vdi ll t i Tam K;^ ciia cU
dfin ca vflng rdng ldn ven sdng cflng sy
cdng hudng cua eU dfin nhiiu dia phUdng
khac theo dudng thuy mft tdi.
2. Dia d a n h Giao Thuy
Chia ae dfc dilm dia danh da nghia vdi
Dpc Bd, dja danh Giao Thiiy ed qufi trtnh
tfin tgi Ifiu dfii hdn nhiiu trong ljch afl dfin
tfc. Tdn gpi lin diu xutft hif ft tfl t h i k y X,
gin vdi thua hfin vi eua Dinh Bf Linh d
khu vyc sdng, hUdng vft chfla Giao Thiiy, vft
hifn vfin dupc dflng dl ehi mft huyfn ven
biin thufc tinh Nam Dinh.
2.1. Sdng Giao Thdy

Tdn sdng Giao Thuy xutft hifn trong
nhiiu tfti lifu thu tjch ci thufc vi cfic thdi
dgi khfic nhau nhu Minh chi, Dgi Viit sU ky
todn thu, Sii hgc bi khdo, Cuang muc, Bgi
Nam nhdt thdng chi, gin vdi cac ay kidn tfl
t h i k y X din XIX.

Cfin cfl vfto sfich Bgi Viit avC ky todn thu,
ngay tfl t h i ky X dft cd sdng vft chfla Giao
Thiiy. Tfti lifu nfiy chdp chuyfn Dinh Bf
Linh thua hftn vi "thudng dfinh cfi b sdng
Giao Thuy, kio ludi dUpc vidn ngpc khud to
nhUng va vfto mfli thuyin, sflt mtft raft gdc,
Ddmfi'yvfto ngu nhd b chfla Giao Thuy, dtfu
ngpc d dfiy gid cfi, dyi trdi sfing ra ch^ ban
cfi, bd'y gid dang ngii say, trong gid cd finh
sfing Ig, nhft sU chfla fi'y gpi dfy hdi duydn
cd, vua ndi thyc vft Itfy ngpc khud cho xem,
Su than ring: "Anh ngfiy aau phfl quy
khdng hit, chi tiic phuc khdng d u ^ dfti""
(36). Tuy nhidn, sfich khdng ed chi din nfio
thdm vl vj tri con sdng nfiy.
Cuin sfich diu tidn midu ta adng Giao
Thuy 1ft Minh chi. Theo dd adng Giao Thuy
tiip nudc sdng Dgi Hofing d huyfn Ly (LJ)
Nhfin. Kh&m dinh Viit si thdng giam
ciiOng muc chdp thing nhtft vdi Minh cki
trong dogn khao ta adng Hofing giang (tflc
Dgi Hoftng): "d dja gidi huyfn Nam Xang,
phu Lf Nhfin bay gid, phia trdn tiip adng

Thidn Mgc, phfa dudi thdng vdi sdng Giao
Thuy". Thiin hg bdn dS vft H6ng BOc ban
dS t h i hifn song Giao Thuy b i t diu tfl khu
vyc nga ba Vftng (dja gidi Mjf Lfc vfi Nam
Xang) do ra biin. NhU vfy, cfic tfii lifu cung
cfi'p thdng tin thing nhfi't r i n g sdng Giao
Thiiy Ifi hg lUu adng Nhj Hft trgn khu vUc
Nam Djnh ngfiy nay.
Tuy nhidn, hg luu sing Hfing khu vyc
Nam Djnh Igi chia ra nhiiu nhfinh: "Sdng
Nhj Hfi Igi chay xudi vfto dia gidi tinh Nam
Djnh din huyfn Thign Tri, chia mft chi
phia ddng gpi 1ft sdng Thanh HUdng chay
vfto sdng Ndng Giang, Igi chay theo hudng
nam din phia ddng tinh thftnh, thi chia
mdt chi phia tfiy gpi 1ft sdng Vi Hoftng, chay
vfto sdng Gian. Lgi chay theo hudng nam
din huyfn Giao Thiiy, chia mft ehi phia
nam gpi 1ft sdng Lach, cdn ddng chinh thi


Bla danh viing eJra stfng...
chay" ngoft ve phia ddng qua cfic huyfn
Giao Thuy, Vfl Tidn thi chia hai chay ra
cfla Ba Lat vft eiia Lfin" (37) Vfi'n di d§t ra
Ifi phai xfic djnh Giao Thuy 1ft nhfinh nfto
cua sdng Nhi Hft?
6 the ky XIX, adng Giao Thuy 1ft ddng
ehinh cua sdng Hong chay gifla dfi't Nam
Dinh vft Thfii Binh, dfi ra biin theo cfla

Giao b huyfn Giao Thuy (38), Dgi Nam
nhdt thdng chi chi ro sdng Giao Thiiy 1ft
ddng chinh sdng Nhj Hfi chay qua Chfin
Ninh (nay thufc Nam Tryc vft Trye Ninh,
Nam Dinh), phfin lUu cho cfic sdng Lfic,
sdng Kdnh Dfio cua huyfn nfiy (39).
Trong khi dd, adng Giao Thuy t h i ky X
lai gin vdi chfla Giao Thuy, mft nhu chflng
tdi se de cfp sfiu hdn d phfa sau thi nim
tren khu vyc Quan Cac (Nam Tryc) ngfty
nay.
Tfl cfic nguin thu tjch vft ban di ci cung
nhu truyin thuyit ban dia, rd rftng ten
sdng Giao Thiiy tfin tgi Ifiu dfti, It nhft't 1ft
tfl t h i ky X din t h i ky XDC, dflng de ehi
nhanh chinh sdng Hing d i ra biin, Nhin
chung, diim diu eua sdng Giao Thiiy tinh
tfl nga ba Tuin Vudng (Vftng). Cfla sdng
Giao Thuy, du vfiy, lgi thay doi rfi't nhiiu
trong qua trinh bfii ty hinh thftnh ndn viing
dong bing nhd cfic qufi trinh tu nhidn vft
khai pha cua con ngUdi. Dtfu tich cac dudng
bd ci t h i ky X, XV, XIX, XX, XXI vft cfla
sdng ci qua cfic thdi k^ da dupe cfic nhft
nghidn cflu dia ly chi ra dya trdn chflng cd
thuyit phye eua vifc nghien ettu dja mgo
cho biet con adng Giao Thuy Dinh Bf Linh
gin bd d i ra biin d khu vyc Quan Cfic
(Nam Tryc). Thdm nfla, ay lidn tyc uon
khfle vft thay dd'i ddng chay dfic trflng cho

I cac song khu vUc dong bing eho thtfy ring
11 moi thdi dilm ljch sfl cu t h i con sdng Giao
Thuy c i lgi cd hinh dfing, dp dfti, vi tri khac
nhau.

2.2. Huang,
Giao Thuy

lang,

van^ xa,

huyen

Giao Thuy dUpc dflng dl chi mft ddn vj
ty cU, ddn vi hftnh chinh tfl rfi't sdm. Theo
Dfng Xufin Bang, huyfn Giao Thuy ban
diu 1ft hUdng: "ddi Lf 1ft hUdng Giao Thuy,
hfii thufc Minh thfing Iftm huyfn" (40). Bia
edng dflc chfla Vidn Quang (NghTa Xfi,
Xufin Ninh, Xufin TrUdng, Nam Djnh) nidn
dai Thfinh Thfii 8 eho biit ring chfla Vidn
Quang khdi If p tti thdi L^, tUdng truyin d
viing vgn Giao Thuy (41), cdn trong tfim
thflc dfin Ifing Keo (Hftnh Thifn vfi Dung
Nghia) thi hp von 1ft mft tfp thufc Iftng
Giao Thuy. Khao ve Lai Uch xd Hdnh
Thien, Dfng Xuan Vifn cho biit: "Su duydn
each Ifing ta trUdc kia khdng rd. Duy ve ddi
nhfi Ly (khoang t h i ky thfl XII) thi fi'p ta

thudc Iftng Giao Thuy" (42).
Vj tri eua Iftng Giao Thuy khi dd d khu
vyc Hf Xfi (Tfin Thinh, Nam Trye, Nam
Djnh ngfiy nay). Den nfim 1167 Giao Thuy
dupc doi thanh Ifing Hf Xfi. Diiu nfty dupe
phan anh trong khao afit cua Tien si Dflng
Hy Long (Dflng Xuan Bang) ve Khdng Lf
"Dflc Thfinh t i hp Dudng, hfly 1ft Minh
Nghidm, hidu 1ft Khong Lo (dpc trfinh 1ft
Khdng Ld) quan tgi Ifing Giao Thuy phu
Hai Thanh (Giao Thuy nay 1ft Iftng Hf Xfi,
trieu Ly tdn phii Ifi Hai Thanh) din ddi
Trln doi Ifi Thidn Thanh, trieu Trln Thfinh
Tdn doi Ifi Thidn Trudng, trieu Ty Dflc nhft
Nguyin dii 1ft Xufin TrUdng" (43), "nftm
Dinh Hdi nidn hifu Chfnh Long Bao flng
thfl 5 (1167) triiu Ly Anh Tdn, vua ban
chiiu tu \f chfla Dien Phuc vft dii tdn Ifi
chfla Vidn Quang, doi tgn Iftng Giao Thuy
Iftm mft Iftng Hf Xa, quydn hf 300 ngUdi
phyng sy. Sau lgi dd'i ten chfla Vidn Quang
Iftm chfla Thin Quang vft ban cho moi chfla
5 mfiu rufng hUdng dfing" (44). Trong cuin
Ldng Hdnh Thiin vd cdc nhd nho Hdnh


Rghlgn cihi Ljch sJr. stf 3.2012
Thi^n triiu Nguyin xufi't ban tgi BI (1992),
Dfng Hflu Thy ndi rd thdm "Vfio tiin bfin
t h i ky XI dudi triiu Lf, cfic ey t i Hftnh

Thifn d Iftng Giao Thiiy, Din hfu bfin t h i
ky XI, Iftng Giao Thuy dU(?c dii tfin Ifi Iftng
Hf Xfi. Lftng nfty b khu dfi't ngogi dd Iftng
Qufin Cfic thufc dja phfn huyfn Nam Tryc
tinh Nam Djnh sau nfty. Vl triiu Lf, lftng
Giao Thuy hay lftng Hf Xfi thufc dja phfn
phii Hai Thanh, din ddi Trin phii nfty duyc
dii tfin 1ft phu Thidn TrUdng."
Nhu vfty, cd t h i thfi'y Giao Thiiy dfl^c gpi
1ft hfldng, vgn, lftng d thdi L^. Vifc xutft
hifn nhiiu tdn gpi cflng mft thdi k^, thfim
chf 1ft tfl Cling mft nguin sfl lifu cd thi do
dfic tinh cua truyin thing truyin mifng,
cung cd t h i do Giao Thuy bit diu Ifi mft
Ifing vft trai qua thdi gian tfich thftnh vfti
lftng song vin tfip trung tai hfldng Giao
Thuy, Din thdi Minh thudc, Giao Thuy da
trd thftnh mft huyfn thudc phii Thidn
TrUdng - khi fi'y gom 3 huyfn nfla Ifi Nam
Chfin, My Lfc vft Thupng Nguydn (45),
Thien hg bdn do t h i hifn huyfn Giao
Thuy ddi Ld d phia dudi huyfn ThUdng
Nguydn, gin ngfi ba Vudng, Trdn H6ng Diic
bdn do, huyfn Giao Thuy d gin nga ba
sdng, phia trdn 1ft huyfn Thupng Nguyen,
dfldi 1ft phu Thidn Trfldng. Nhfl thi, huyfn
Giao Thiiy t h i ky XV bao gfim ca phin dtft
phia ddng bic huyfn Nam Trye ngfty nay.
DIu t h i ky XIX, huyfn Giao Thuy gfim 9
ting (Trft Lu, Hftnh Cung, Ha Cfit, Hf Xfi,

Thuy Nhai, Hoftnh Nha, D6 Xfi, Kign U o ,
Cfit Xuydn) vdi 86 xa, thdn, phfldng, trang,
trgi, i p (46). Nhu vfiy, huyfn Giao Thiiy luc
nfiy trai rfng trgn ca dja bftn Nam Tryc,
Xufin Trudng vft Giao Thuy ngfty nay. Hifn
tgi, Giao Thiiy 1ft huyfn nim b eye ddng
cua tinh Nam Djnh, phia Nam vfi Ddng
Nam tiip giap vdi biin Ddng Vift Nam,

phia Tfiy Bie gifip vdi huyfn Xufin Trudng,
phfa Tfly Nam gifip vdi huyfn Hai Hftu,
Nhfl vf y, qufi trtnh d l Giao Thuy phfit
triln tfl mft lftng din huyfn it nhtft cd tfl
thdi Lf din nay. Cung cd t h i lftng Giao
Thuy xutft hifn tfl trUdc dd v6i vifc chiia
Giao Thiiy dft xutft hifn tfl thdi Dinh vfi Hf
Xfi nim trgn viing dtft dfi hinh thftnh mufn
nhfi't Ifi tfl t h i ky X, Tuy nhiSn, mii thdi kJ
phgm vi khdng gian ciia Giao Thuy lgi rfng
hgp khfic nhau, gin vdi nhflng vflng dtft
khfie nhau, theo ay phfit triln ciia con sdng,
Qufi trtnh thay dii vj tri ciia Ifing Giao
Thiiy cflng 1ft mft dilm dfing chu f. Dfing
Xufin Vifn chu thich vi Giao Thiiy "(xa
Giao Thuy trUde d Quang Lftng Qufin Cfic,
aau cung bj 16 xutfhg sdng rfii di dih phia
nam xa Lac Quin vft doi 1ft lftng Nghia Xfi.
Phii Hai Thanh, din ddi nhft Trln thi dii
1ft ThiSn TrUdng). Khi thufc nhft Minh thi
gpi Ifi Phyng Hda, din trieu Ty Dflc nhfi

Nguyin dii Ifi Xufin Trudng. Ddi nhfi Trin
fi'p ta cd vudn Kim Quft't (cam ngpt) cfic nhfi
vua Trln thUdng hay din chdi, ndn dflt tin
1ft Hftnh Cung trang. Din thdi Hfu Le (thi
ky XVI) vi nudc sdng Nhi Hft xung khich bj
Id xuong, cfic cy t i ta mdi di cu xuing fi'p
nfty (tflc xa Hftnh Thifn bfiy gid) chia ra
Iftm hai trang, phia tfiy bic gpi 1ft trang
Dflng Nhuf (triiu Ty Dflc gpi Ifi Dung
Nghia nay thufc huyfn Vu Tidn tinh Thfii
Binh); phfa ddng nam 1ft trang Hftnh Cung
thufc xa Giao Thuy (Giao nghSa 1ft Keo ndn
tyc gpi Dflng Nghia 1ft Keo trdn, lftng ta 1ft
Keo dudi). Din triiu Minh Mgng (thi ky
XIX) dii 1ft xa Hftnh Cung. Din nfim Quy
Mfli nidn hifu Minh Mgng thfl tu (id2d)
mdi dii 1ft Hfinh Thifn" (47). Tfic gia da chi
rd lftng Giao Thiiy thdi Ly chinh 1ft khu vyc
Qufin Cfic mft dih t h i ky XIX, Quan Cac
vin 1ft 1 trong 9 xa, trgi thufc ting Hf Xfi,
huyfn Giao Thiiy. Nhfl vfy, dfiy chinh 1ft


Bla danh vflng da stfng...
lftng Giao Thiiy goc. Cung theo tfti lifu nfiy,
vi aU biin chuyin cua ddng sdng Giao Thuy
(Nhj Hfi) mft fi'pAftng Giao Thuy xfla dft
theo ddng chay sdng di din xuing phia
ddng nam Ifip ndn lftng Nghia Xfi, lftng
Hfinh Thifn (Hfinh Cung), lftng Dung

Nghia (Dung Nhuf).
Nhu vfiy, theo Dftng Xufin Vifn thi lftng
Giao Thuy xUa do mft phin bj sat Id xuong
adng ndn ddi din phia nam lftng Lge Quin
Ifp lftng Nghia Xfi, mft bf phfn khfic
(Hftnh Cung trang) din t h i XVI lgi bj sgt Id
nen lai di din Iftp hai lftng Dting Nhuf vft
Hfinh Cung d hai bdn sdng Giao Thiiy, nay
1ft Hftnh Thifn vft Hftnh Dung Nghia.
2.3. ChUa Giao Thiiy
Chiia Giao Thuy d u ^ nhic den trong sfl
sach d nhieu t h i ky. T h i ky X, chfla nim
gin sdng Giao Thuy, ndi Dinh Bd Linh nghi
chfin. Thdi Ly, day 1ft mdt trung tfim Phfit
gifio vdi vai trd ciia cftc vj thiin sfl Gific
Hai, Minh Khdng, Khdng Lo. Ten ngdi chfla
nfiy dUde nhic din trong nhflng cfiu chuyfn
vi eac vi thiin sU thdi Ly: Dao Hgnh, Gific
Hai, Khdng Ld vft Minh Khdng trong cfic
sfich TTiiin uyin t&p anh, Viit diin u linh,
Linh Nam chick quai.
Sau khi hpc dgo d tfiy phUdng vi, Dgo
Hgnh, Minh Khdng vfi Gific Hai kit nghia
anh em, rfii "Minh Khdng vft Gific Hai tfl
gift ve chfla Giao Thuy. Cdn Dgo Hgnh thi
tu d chfla Thien Phflc, trdn nfli Thgch
Thtft" (48). Nguyen On Ngoc (diu t h i ky
XX) ciing chdp chuydn Dao Hgnh aau khi
thfl phfip thufit bing cfieh hda ho doa Minh
Khdng thi vi nfli Phflt Tich, cdn Minh

Khdng thi vi chfla Giao Thiiy (49). Thien
uyin lap anh khi ndi ve Gific Hai "Thien aU
hp Nguyin, ngudi hUdng Hai Thanh... Vua
Lf Thin TSng Ifi'y ll tiip dai nhU thIy, moi
khi xa gifi vl hfinh cung 5 Hai Thanh, vua
thfldng din chdi chfla Didn Phuc trudc"

(50). Hay 'Thiin sU Gific Hai hp Nguyin
ngudi Hai Thanh d tgi chfla Didn Phuc
qufn nhfi" (51). Kit nfii hai dfl lifu nfiy eho
thfi'y, Didn Phflc chinh 1ft chfla Giao Thuy.
Vfi'n d i dft ra 1ft chfla Didn Phflc Ift chfla
nfto, hifn cd cfin tren thyc dja khdng? Nhu
dfi d i cfp, lftng Giao Thuy thdi Lf vi sau
dupc di din lftng Nghia Xfi, Hfinh Thifn vfi
Dflng Nghia. Khi di cU din ndi d mdi, hai
Ifing Keo Nam Djnh vft Thfii Binh mang
theo ngdi chfla Keo von gic d Giao Thiiy.
Chfla Keo vin ten 1ft Nghiem Quang tU,
aau dii Iftm Thin Quang ty, Ifi mft ngdi
chfla ldn d Giao Thuy: "Ndi phuc dia (thd
Phf t) d nUdc Nam dau dau cung cd, NhUng
chi cd chfla Thin Quang d vflng Dung
Nhuf huyfn Giao Thuy Ifi ndi danh lam
thfing canh bfic nhfi't tfl Bic ehi Nam" (52).
Dfiy Ifi ndi try tri eua thien sU Khdng Lf
'Thiin sU Dudng Khdng Lp b ehua Nghiem
Quang huyfn Hai Thanh" (53).
Tfldng ty "Khi dflc Gific Hai td tUdng vft
dyng chfla tai lftng Dflng Nghia (Thai

Binh) dl thd Phfit vft phyng sy dflc Thfinh
to Khong Lfi dgi phfip thiin sU (Ly triiu
quic su) nfim At Hpi 1095 triiu vua Ly
Nhfin Tdng dfin lftng ta edn d Qufin Cfic
(Nam True) cung dUng chfla gpi 1ft Thin
Quang ty d i thd Phfit vft thd Dflc thfinh to'.
Khi di eu xuong dfi't mdi, cfic bfle tiin boi
cflng di cU chfla dl phyng sU nhung bit
diu dyng chfla nftm nfio thi khdng ro" (54).
Trong khi dd, ngudi dfin Hftnh Thifn thi
khfic ghi ring chfla Thin Quang chinh lfi
chfla Giao Thuy. Khdo vi sU thay doi dia
danh Giao Thuy, Hdnh Thi^n, chua Thdn
Quang eua Cflc Vidn luyfn ai cfi dpan chdp:
"Giao Thuy lfi ten cu cuafi'pta d thupng lUu
sdng Giao. Ndi dd ed chfla Thin Quang. Khi
vua Dinh Tidn Hoftng ehUa ldn ngdi,
thudng danh cfi d sdng Giao Thuy, ban dem
ngii d chfla Giao Thuy, tflc 1ft cho nfiy day.


Itghian eflu Ltch siir. stf 3.2012
Chfla Thin Quang tfin cfl 1ft Nghiim
Quang, tflc 1ft chfla Giao Thuy. Sfich Dgi
Nam nhdt thd'ng chi cho 1ft chfla Dflng My,
thyc 1ft sai lim" (55).
Chung tdi eiing lUu f din chfl thfch eua
tfic gia "Giao nghia 1ft Keo ndn tyc gpi Dung
Nghia 1ft Keo trdn, lftng ta 1ft Keo dUdi" dl
giai thich tdn Ifing Giao Thuy. Ngfty nay

chfla cua hai lftng kl trdn diu mang tdn
Keo (trdn - dudi). Lifu dd ed phai lfi chfla
Giao Thuy xUa chfing?
Kit qua khao afit Ifing vft chfla Nghia Xfi
(Xufin Ninh, Xufin Trudng, Nam Djnh) cho
biit, chfla dupe dUng tfl thdi Ly d vgn Giao
Thuy, do Gific Hai try trt, nhung do "ngn
adng nude" phai chuyin din xfl Bfit Dudng
(Thai Binh?) vfi cufii cflng chuyin din lftng
Nghia Xa, Vfin bia Thftnh Thfii nfim thfl
nhfi't tgi chfla cho biit "Chfla Vidn Quang
sang tgo tfl trieu L^, tUdng truyin d vilng
vgn Giao Thuy, gfim 36 tda khoang mtfy
trftm gian, dupe vfti nfim thi di vfto xfl Bfit
DUdng. Tfing aU tdn ty 1ft Duf Mfin, hfly 1ft
Cin djnh ra quy cfich. Vide thd ty dfl(?c k i
thfla, nhUng ndi nfty ngiu nhidn gfip phai
nan sdng nUdc, dfi't hfldng hoa sip bj Id trdi.
Thfing 3 nidn hifu Tu Dflc thfl 19 (1867),
ban xa Iftm ddn xin ngudi gifl vflng biin
phu Xufin TrUdng 1ft Lfi dgi nhfin, sau nfty
dupc thfing ldn chflc Hing Ld ty khanh,
linh chflc Nam Djnh b i chinh afl, (xin dng)
thay mft vigt sfl ldn trdn xin di chuyin
chfla ra xfl Rdc Ca [mpt nhfinh adng Ninh
Cd chay trdn dfi't Xufin Ninh -tfic gia]".
Chudng chfla Vidn Quang (Minh Mfnh 6
-1825) ghi chiia thufc xa Hf Xfi, huyfn
Giao Thuy. Sic phong nfim Chinh Hda 4
cung ghi xa Hd Xfi, huyfn Giao Thuy, Cac

dao aic Vinh Thinh 6, Minh Mfnh 2, Ty
Dflc 3 tiip tyc dftnh cho xa Hf Xa, huyfn
Giao Thuy. Nhu vfty chflng td chfla Vien
Quang dyng tfl thdi Lf trdn dfi't Hf Xfi vft

dupc duy tri d dft't Giao Thuy gic din gifla
t h i ky XIX. Qufi trtnh chuyin sang Thfii
Binh rfi't ngin (nhilu nhft't 1ft tfl 18511867), vft chuyin di sau cfic chfla vfi Ifing
Keo. Theo Dfng Xufin Bang, Vidn Quang
chinh 1ft Didn Phfle: "Nftm Ky Hpi nidn
hifu ChUdng Thfinh Gia Khfinh thfl 1
(1059) triiu Lf Thfinh Tdn, ngfti 44 tuii, tu
d chfla Hft Trgeh, bgn cflng dflc Nguyin
Gific Hai vft dflc Tfl Dgo Hgnh, rfii vi tu tgi
chfla Dign Phflc, tflc chfla xa Hf Xfi, aau
dii 1ft chfla Vifin Quang" (56).
Ba lftng cflng xufl't phfit tfl Giao Thuy,
vfiy Vign Quang, Difin Phflc, Thin Quang
cd mfii quan hf nhu t h i nfto? Chflng 1ft mft
hay hai ngdi chfla khfic nhau cflng ton tai d
lftng Giao Thuy. Cfin cfl vfio dogn sau ciia
Hdnh ThiSn xd chi "Sau lgi dii tdn chfla
Vidn Quang Iftm chfla Thin Quang vft ban
cho mfii chfla 5 mfiu ruing hUdng dfing"
(57) thi chfla Vien Quang chinh 1ft chfla
Thin Quang. Niu nhU vfy thi chiia Didn
Phflc, Vign Quang, Nghidm Quang, Thin
Quang, Giao Thiiy, Keo 1ft mft. Khi tfy ed
thi phdng doan tgi lftng Giao Thiiy, ban
qufin ciia Khdng Ld thiin sU ed chfla Giao

Thiiy ndi cfic vi thiin sU try trt, ndi Dinh
Bp Linh nghi chfin. Khi mft bf phfn cfl
dfin di v i lftng Nghia Xfi ngfty nay, ho vin
gifl tdn Vidn Quang ty. Bd phfin cU dfin vl
Hfinh Thifn vft Dung Nghia gifl tgn Thin
Quang tu, chfla Keo. Tfi't ca diu tfl mft
chfla gic: chfla Giao Thuy, chfla Keo d lftng
Keo/Giao Thiiy. Tuy nhidn, cflng cd kha
nfing chfla Giao Thiiy thdi' Dinh khong
nhtft thiit lfi 1 trong 2 chfla nfty (niu thdi
Lf mdi dyng), ed t h i nfi chi tgn chfla d Ifing
Giao Thiiy. Bdi trong vfin bia chfla Nghia
Xfi cdn nhic din chfla ci Long Kiiu khi mo
ta vi tri chfla Vidn Quang thdi LJ "phia
trUde miu nam, mudn khoanh mfiy vfing
giai dfi't; phia sau sdng ldn, nghin triing
sdng biic lien trdi, bgn ta hftnh cung dtft


Bja danh vflng cira stfng...
Hai, t h u i cay diu giam nhe xufin thu; ben
hflu chfla ci Long Kieu, chudng kf thay
ling nghe sdm tdi" (58).
Tdm lgi, dfiu la chfla Giao Thuy vfin edn
Ift i n so. Hy vpng nhflng nguon tfl lidu mdi
dupc phfit hifn trong tUdng lai ed kha nfing
Iftm sfing td vfi'n de nfty. Dfl vfy cd thi tin
rang, dfl it du nhieu, ngoi chfla Giao Thuy
cd mdi lidn hf vdi cfic ngdi chfla Vidn
Quang (Nghia Xa), cfic chfla Thin Quang

(Keo Trdn, Keo Dfldi) vft ca vdi tdn gpi Didn
Phuc tu nfla.
2.4. Khdng gian vdn hda Giao Thuy
Trong tfim thflc dan gian, Giao Thuy 1ft
ndi giao nhau cua hai ddng nude: nudc mfin
theo thuy triiu tfl bien dfing ldn va nude
ngpt theo sdng Hong tfl thUdng lUu dd'
xuong tgo thftnh nUdc Id. C.L. Madrolle cho
ring Giao Thuy 1ft Keo - mdt tdn dja dU cua
lich sfl xa xUa nhic lgi danh tfl cua tho ngfl
Phfle Kiin. Theo dng "Trudc hit cd mdt tfl
ngfl, nguon gdc tfl dfiu thi khdng giai thich
dupc, dd la chfl Keo, mfi ngUdi Tay d vflng
thUdng du thudng dflng dl gpi ngUdi An
Nam, nhung mdi nhin thi cd t h i lfi do chfl
Giao mft ra. TrUde hit, chflng tdi da Ifi'y tdn
gpi fi'y d chfla Keo, mdt tdn mft ngUdi dfin
lftng Hftnh Thifn thudng diing de gpi den
Than Quang. Nhu t h i thi tdn iy khdng
phai 1ft ngudi An Nam khdng biet din vft
chflng tdi thiy r i n g tdn ft'y dUdc dflng trong
dja hgt mft b dfl'y nhflng ngudi di cU khin
hoang diu tien cua xfl Man Vift da dfit
chfin din. Cudi cflng, niu chflng ta tim
kiem nghia cua tfl Keo, chflng ta se dpc
dfldc trong tu dien cua P.G. Vallot giai
thich lfi "keo dfin", "chfi't dinh de dan",
nghia nfty r i t phfl hdp vdi chfl Giao trong
Giao Thuy. Chflng tdi cflng cin ndi thdm
ring tfl ngfl nfty hinh nhu khdng dUdc dflng

trong ngdn ngfl vfin hpc mfi chi dupe thdng
dyng trong ngdn ngfl ciia quin chflng nhfin

dfin. Song le Iftm sao mft chip nhfn dupc
chfl Keofi'ydfi cd mft tim md rdng din thi,
mfi bfiy gid ngUdi ta vfin cdn nghe ndi tdi d
miln thupng du. Ta hay thfl tim ra 1;^ do
xem: "Keo" luc khdi thuy cd thi 1ft mdt
"phim tii" dflng dl gpi nhflng ke xfim lupc.
Sau, chfl fi'y dupc dflng rfng ra eho tft't ca
nhflng ngudi An Nam, khi mfi nhflng thu
linh ciia hp Lge da trd thfinh chu nhfin dng
cfla tam gific chfiu" (59). Gifio sU Trin Quic
Vupng trong Viit Nam - cdi nhin dia vdn
hda muin di xa hdn khi eho ring cd thi ly
giai tpc danh Kinh - Vift, tfc ngudi ddng
chii thi trong suit qua trinh lich sfl Vift
Nam mfi ngUdi Tfty Thfii ci gpi la "cin Keo"
(ngudi Keo), chfl Han doc 1ft Kieo (Keo) - lfi
each gpi eU dfin canh tfic d vflng Giao Thiiy,
mft nhu thu tjch eo Trung Qud'c chdp thi hp
"theo nudc triiu ldn xuong mft lam rupng".
Bac Ky thcti cd dgi khao eflu ve cU dfin
vilng tam giac chau lUu f din nhdm ngUdi
Hai Hfiu: "Tren bd nam sdng Hing, nhd
phUdng phap do ngUdi ma chflng tfi da thfi'y
cd mdt loai dfin tdc mft sU ed mat ciia hp
chUa dupe ngu len. Dd 1ft nhdm ngUdi d
mien duyen hai Hai Hfiu. Nhdm nfty chiim
mpt khoanh dfi't hep ven bien do hai nhanh

sdng d phia hg luu sdng Hing Iftm gidi han
bao bpc la'y cfic huyfn Xufin Trudng, Giao
Thuy vft Hai Hfiu. Nhdm ngudi Bic K^ nay
tim vdc cao (lm64) da vUpt ra khdi vanh
dai nUdc (y ndi vUpt sdng Ninh Cd vft sdng
Hong) vft Iftm tfing tim vde cua cfic ngUdi
dan d cfic huyfn Ifing giing nhu Trflc Ninh,
Nam Trye (lm62) vft anh hudng ca din tim
vdc cfic ngudi d sfit bd sdng nhu dfin huyfn
Tiin Hai vfi huydn My Ldc. Tim vdc dfic
bift nfiy d ben cgnh nhflng phin tfl mfi tim
vdc khfic vdi nd It nfla cung lfi 5em, thfit ra
1ft mft dieu k^ la... vi t h i ngUdi ta cd thi
kit luf n ring nhan dfin fi'y (tflc nhiing
ngudi dfin Hai Hfu) khdng phai lfi "thi
dfin" mft 1ft dan nhfip cang (d ndi khae di cU


Hghlgn elhi L|ch air, stf 3.2012
din dd)" (60). Vflng dft't Hai Hfu theo cfich
gpi cua dng trdn thyc t i lfi vflng dfi't mdi
cfla sdng, ven biin vft ljch sfl khai phfi gin
dfiy 1ft gdp phin tgo ndn nd. Nhflng dfi'u ft'n
di dfin cdn cd kha nfing theo dtfu dUpc cho
thfi'y phin ldn qufi trtnh khai khin lfi do di
dfin tfl cfic vflng dfi't cu ciia chfiu thi. Tuy
nhidn, nhflng dfc dilm khfic bift vl mft
thi chfi't khdng t h i bd qua, nhtft lfi lign
quan din mpt khdng gian vftn hda cfla sdng
ven biin. Cdn nhiiu vtfn di phai nghifin

cflu vl khdng gian vftn hda Giao Thiiy Hdn
quan din cdng cufc thing nhft't dfi't nude
cua Dinh Bf Linh, sy xufi't hifn cua 3 vj
thiin su nd'i tiing thdi Lf b chfla, Ifing Giao
Thuy, vdi hfinh cung thdi Trln. NhUng ft
nhfi't, mdt khdng gian Phfit gifio Keo vdi
nhflng ngdi chfla Keo, chfla Nghia Xfi, chiia
Co Ll vfin cdn hifn difn d vflng Nam Djnh
ngfty nay.
Khdng gian vfin hda Giao Thuy, tuy vfy
cin phai dupc djnh vi theo thdi gian cy thi.
Ban diu, t h i ky X Giao Thuy nim d khu
vyc lftng Hd Xfi, Qufin Cac (Tan Thinh,
Nam True ngfiy nay), song din t h i ky XDC,
nd trai xuing trung tfim Xufin TrUdng ngfty
nay, trong khi t h i ky XX vflng dfi't goc Giao
Thuy khdng cdn lidn quan den huyfn Giao
Thuy mdi dupe thftnh Ifip.
3. Mdt vai nhfin x i t
Giao Thuy vft Dfc Bf 1ft hai dia danh
dUde dinh vj khfic nhau trong khdng gian,
thdi gian vft lieh afl phfit triln vilng duygn
hai Bic Bf, Ten gpi Giao Thuy ed ljch sfl
Ifiu dfti hdn, ft nhfi't da duye khing djnh
chic chin tfl t h i ky X niu khdng tinh din
nhflng din giai xa hdn cd lign quan din
Giao Chi thdi ci dgi. Trong khi dd, mdi chi
cd thi xac djnh nign dgi tfldng doi mufn
cua Ddc Bp 1ft thg ky XVII. Giao Thiiy vfin
dang tiip tyc vUdn dfti ra biin nhd sy bfii

lip eiia cac eiia Ba Lat vft Hft Lgn, thi Dfc

Bf dft neo lgi vflng ngft ba Dfc Bf cfich biin
hftng chye cfiy si. Dfc Bf gin vdi hg Iflu
sdng Dfiy, trong khi Giao Thuy gin vdi
adng Hfing, vfi dd lfi hai ddng chay chinh
kgp Itfy vft bfii ty ndn vflng dtft Nam Djnh
ngfty nay. Dfl cd khfic bift, nhUng bai dja
danh Giao Thiiy vft Dfc Bf mang mft s i
dfc dilm chUng cd t h i khfii qufit cho nhiiu
dja danh khfic nfla vflng cfla sdng ven biin.
Nhflng dja danh nfty diu mang tinh da
nghia, nhim chi tdn adng, chfla hofc dflng
dl chi mft ddn vj ty cU, ddn vj hftnh chinh.
Thfm chi theo thdi gian mft ddn vj hftnh
chfnh ctfp cd ad lgi dUpe md rfng, tfl xft
thftnh huyfn... Sy tfip trung cfic dja danh d
mft khu vyc gin liin vdi cfic ddng chay cbo
thfi'y mil hdn hf mfit thiit gifla chflng. Dii
chUa rd ngudi xUa da dflng tdn adng di dft
cho chfla gin sdng, vflng dtft ven adng...
hay ngupc lgi, Ifi'y tdn lftng dfit cho adng,
chfla..., song nhin tfl ljch sfl phat triln ciia
vflng dfi't nfiy, cd t h i khing djnh cac dja
danh nfiy quay quanh cfic ddng/cijta sdng vfi
t i t ca chflng cuoi cflng dfi hinh thftnh ndn
mft khdng gian vfin hda ciia sdng gifiu sflc
sing vfi sinh dfng.
Sy bfii Ifi'p cua nhiing ciia adng, gin liln
vdi qufi trinh quai dd Itfn hiln b vilng hg

luu cfic ddng sdng nfty da md rfng phgm vi
vflng dtft Giao Thuy vft Dfc Bf. Thdm vfio
dfi, vifc thay dii ddng chay dfin din sy sgt
Id bd sdng, cilng vdi qufi trinh khai phfi
vflng dtft mdi cflng gdp phin Ifim cho cfic
dja danh nfty dUpc "mang di" giiia hai bd
ddng chay", eiing nhu dflpc "mang theo" dpc
sdng vi phia hg lUu. 6 dfiy, vifc cfic dja
danh "trdi" theo ca chiiu ngang vft chiiu
dpc ciia cfic con sdng phan anh hai xu
hudng song hftnh trong qufi trtnh ljch sii di
dfin vflng cfla sdng ven biin gin liln vdi cfic
ddng chay: phfit triin theo chiiu :^ang, tfl
ddng sdng lan tda ra hai bdn ta ngan vfi


Bia danh vflng eihi stfng..,
hflu ngan; va phfit triln theo chiiu dpc, tfl
thUdng lUu xuing hg luu, Chinh qufi trinh
nhu vfiy khdng chi md rdng khdng gian vfit
chfi't mft cdn cd y nghia md rfng khdng gian
tinh thin. Moi cfng cam cflng gic gfic, chia
se vifc thd cflng mft vj thiin sfl, hay cfic
ngdi chfla ciing mang tdn Keo da gdp phin
quan trpng tgo ndn nhflng khdng gian vftn
hda cho ca vung vft mang dih mftu sic mdi
cho dja danh goc.
Hifn tUdng "dja danh trdi" theo ca chiiu
ngang vft chiiu dpc xung quanh cfic ddng
sdng cilng tinh hftm i n ciia cfic tdn gpi vilng

cfla adng mot mftt 1ft chi dfin hflu Ich, giflp
ngUdi nghien cflu lin tim dfi'u vit cua mft
yiu to nfiy dya tren nhiing yiu t i khfic,
song mfit khac tinh khdng thing nhtft khi
cflng dja danh cd iflc ehi lftng, lue lgi lfi fi'p,
hUdng, van, xa, huyfn... de khiin ngUdi ta
nhim lin. Diiu dd ddi hdi khi nghidn eflu
ljch afl viing dfi't ven biin cin phai dflt
trong chinh boi canh hinh thfinh vft phat
triin cua viing dfi't nfiy, tflc phai dfit nd
trong hai qufi trinh thfinh tao ty nhidn vft
qufi trinh lieh sfl khai hoang Iftp lftng. Di
xfic dinh mdt dja danh lich afl cy t h i khi dd
::ln phai dya trdn nhiing kit qua nghidn

cflu dia 1^ dja mgo, kit h^p vdi nghign cflu
ljch sfl di dfin trong vflng. Tfl lifu dja
phUdng, nhfi't 1ft tri thflc dfin gian tfl nhflng
ngufin truyin mifng cd dupe tfl khao sfit
diin dfi s3 1ft nguin b i sung, dfii sfinh vfi
kilm chflng tuyft vdi eho khii tu lifu thu
tjch ci quen thufc cua giai dogn nghidn
eflu trong phdng Iftm vifc. Cd dfit dja danh
ljch sfl trong bfii canh thdi gian - khdng
gian cy t h i mdi trfinh dupe tinh trgng gfin
mft sy kifn nfto dd eho mft vflng dit mai
vi sau mdi hinh thftnh,
Cd nhflng dfi'u hifu cho thfi'y Giao Thuy
tflng dupe mang sang bgn ta nggn sdng
Giao Thuy vdi vifc hinh thfinh Ifing Dflng

Nhuf (Dung Nghia) vfi chfla Keo Trdn;
hay cfla sdng Dfc Bd cd t h i thudc Ydn.
Khanh ngfiy nay song ehu yiu dja danh
Ddc Bp nim d bdn ta ngan sdng Ddc Bd vfl
Giao Thuy lgi chu yiu d hflu nggn sdng
Giao Thuy. Vifc sdng Dfc Bd vft sdng Giao
Thuy - mflc dfl dfing vai trd ehu diim
trong viec hinh thfinh mdt khdng gian vfin
hda - ed lfi trung tfim, clu noi gifla hai bd
cua khdng gian vfln hda fi'y hay khdng vin
lfi diiu mft chflng tdi chUa thi giai dfip
dUdc.

CHUTHiCH
(1). QuSc s i qufin triSu Nguyin, Dfii Nam nhdt
thdng chf. T.3. Nxb. Thufn H6a, Hui, 2006, tr.
397.
(2). Tuyin tap Cao Xudn Due, T.4, D^i Nam dU
dia cki udc biin, H6ang Vfin Lfiu dich vft chii thfch,
Nxb. v a n hoc, 2003, tr. 336.
(3). NguySn Quang Anli, Nghiin ciiu dia m^
phuc vif xdc dinh h$ thdng giao thUOng cd vung Ap
litu s6ng Bdy, Kh6a lufn t i t nghifp ngftnh Dia 1^,
Hfi Ngi, 2009, tr. 20-21.
(4). Ng6 ffl Lign, D^i Viit si ky todn thU, Nitb.
Khoa h9C xa hfi, T.l, tr. 226.

(5). Ng6 Si Li6n, Dai Viet si ky todn thU ch6p
vfto nftm Qu^ "Rifi (1203) "Thing 9, ngUcli 6 Dfli
Hoftng giang l^i Ifim phan. TrUdc dfiy ngUdi Dfi

Hoftng giang lfi Phf Lang vfi Bao LUdng tftu cftc tfi
mpt nUdc hfi dfin ciia Dfim TR M&ng, Di Mdng glfn
l£y roi d4nh. Bpn Lang vi t h i chula chfft oan gi$n,
nhfin khi thifin hf eJu k h i muin Iftm lo^n, lafA
cilng nhau Iftm phan. Vua sai chi hfu Trdn Lfnh
Hinh Ifim Nguyen softi dem qufin di dftnh, Lfi eai
Thupng thu Til Anh Nhfl dem qufin phu Thanh
H6a ddng thdi tiin dftnh Phf Lang, giao chiin h
cijra sdng Lf B ^ . Xem Ngfi Si Lign, Dm Viit si ky
todn thu, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hfi, T.l, tr. 332. Sftch


Bghian etiru Lteh sJr. atf 3.2012
nfty c6 chii thtch v6 sflng Lf B i nhU aau: CUdng
m(ic d i n Than hg. qu^n qu6'c lgi b^nh thU nfii Lf
B^ 1ft Bflng b dja phfn V Y6n (CMCBS, 30a), NhU
vfy, c6 t h i cho rflng eflng Lf Btf 1ft do(in aOng Dfty
chay qua huyfn "t Yfin tinh Nam Djnh, vft cOfa
sdng Lf BG^ lfi d ch5 sflng Hoftng Long K(tp edng
Dfiy, tile lfi tfin gpi khfic cua sflng Dfi An, CIJIB Dfi
An thtii TrSn.
(6). Ten ldng xa Vi^t Nam ddu thf ky XIX
(thu^ cdc tinh tit Ngh^ Tinh trd ra), Nxb, Khoa
hpc xft hfi, Ir. 248.
(7). Ngfl Vi Liin, Ten ldng xd vA dfa dU cdc tinh
BdcKy, Nxb. Vftn hfia Thflng tin, Hfi Nfi, 1999, tr.
232.
(8). (9). Dfng Xufin Bang, Si hgc bf khdo, Vifn
ail hpc, Nxb. Vfln hofi Thflng tin, Hft Nfi, 1997, tr.
176, 174.

(10). NguySn Quang Ngpc (Chu biSn), Dia chi
Nam Dmh, Nxb. Chinh trj Qu6i: gia, Hfi Nfi, 2003,
tr. 76.
(11), (12). Hi thdng cdng bin duyin hdi Bdc B$
thekyXI • ddu thiky XX, DS tfii Khoa hpc Trpng
dilm cft'p Dfi hpc QuSc gia Hfi N$i, Ma s^
QGTD.04.06 do GS.TS NguySn Quang Ngpc chii
trt.
(13). Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries, 14-16.
(14). NguySn Quang Anh, Nghiin cihi dfa mgo
phuc vu xdc dinh hi thdng giao thiiOng c6 vitng hg
litu sdng Ddy, Kh6a lufn tfi't nghifp ngftnh Dja ly,
Hfi Nfi, 2009, tr.87-88.
(15). TrSn Qu6c Vif(?ng, M£y auy nghi vi v&n
hoa

hgc

Vi^t

Nam.

Ngufin:

a8p?id=2227.
(16). Dia bg Doi Trung nftm Minh Mfnh 14 cfin
ghi tftn cfic xii dfing: XU D\ibng Chfl, xH Trung Thj,
xfl Nga Ba, xfl DSng Ciia, xfl ThSn Dinh, Dfing
Nfi, xfl Dfi Dlic, xfl D6ng Thi, xfl Dfing Dpng, xfl
Trong Lfing, xfl Ngo Huyfn, xfl Ciia Chiia, xfl Phft

Tu, xfl Ma Sufii, xfl Ma Cfii, xfl Ma Da, xfl CiJta
Gific, xfl Trung Thfin, xfl Ciia So, xfl Con Cfy, xfl

Cam Cfii, xfl Trfi Thfln, xfl Dfing CS'ng, xfl Hfu
Thfln, xfl Trfi Thfin
(17), (18), (19). Qufic sii qufin triSu NguySn, Bgi
Nam nhdt thdng ehi, sdd, tr. 331, 329, 331.
(20). Cht} Dfii thufc xft Dfii Trung (nfiy 1ft xft
Yfln Dfing) n&m cfich chp Dfii mfii (thu^c Yfln
ThiSng) khofing 2 km. Tnfdc kia chp hpp ngay trftn
bin sflng, kfto dfii hfing cfiy a i tfl bin Vf n din b^n
Chfl.
(21). Theo tftm thflc dfin b&n dja, nhflng cfl dfin
vfi'n 1ft thUdng nhfin phfldng B£C, do dflng chfin
bufin bftn tfi dfiy khfi lfiu nftn phai cfl tnl lfi, dSn
dSn' hlnh thftnh xfim ciia nhflng thfldng nhftn
Trung Qufi'c mang tfin xfim Thf ch tinh b chfl gifla.
(22). Tim dUflc tfi khu vyc hia chfl Dfii, nay
dupc Iflu tfi din Phflc Lflc - Ygn Thing.
(23). Cflng vfl ca Lftm Tbu^ Hoa, vfl thfl Lfim
Thu Nguy^t xu£t mflt nghin tiin d vft ciing ba
mSu ruflng, mflt khu d£t ao dS lftm hflOng hoa.
(24). Ban Quan 1^ Di tfch vft Danh thikng Nam
Djnh, HS sa tu I't^u Hdn Ndm di tich phi Qudng
Cung. xd Yin DSng, huyin Y Yin. tinh Nam Dinh.
Nam Dinh, 2004. tr. 12.
(26). Hfldng \Sdc lftng Dfii Trung dfi dflflc kh^c
vfto bia dfi, dijng b dinh Nfli nflm 1761. Sau nfiy,
khi dinh b) gi^c tftn phfi, bia bj dem ra lfim cSu
ao b m()t b i n sflng. Vftn bia ufic khoang 2400 chfl

cho biit k^ Ifto viftn quan djch mi^c xft Dfii Trung
h$i b dinh Dfii Thi bfin v i ^ hfldng flfic. Tfti li^u
nfiy dflflc Dudng Vfln Vflflng gidi thi^u. Chflng tfii
khflng cdn cfi t h i tiip cfn dflflc vdi tfii li^u gfic
nfln nhflng thflng tin b dfiy lfi dija trdn bfti gidi
thiQu ciia fing.
(26). Nguydn vftn: "D^i An Dfii thi hftnh thfldng
cfl cS chi sd nguy$n tfing, Nam nhfin, Bic lfi chi ed
tfit t*p".
(27). Diiu a. hfldng fldc xa Dfii Trung,
(28), (32), (49). NguySn Oa Ngpc, Nam Dinh
tinh dfa du cht mgc tgc, quyln II, ban dich dia
TrSn Ld HOu nflm 1966, ban viit tay Iflu tfi Tfl


Bto danh vflng cd-n sOng...
li§u Khoa Lich eii, kf hi§u LS-TU0231, tr, 203,
145, 237.
(29). "Tyc truySn rftng ngfiy xfla cfi mflt ngfl&i
buon trSu khong, thfldng di ra Trfing An dl bufln
bfin. Dd'n c£u kh£n d miiu vua Dinh Tidn Hoftng,
thfldng dflflc linh flng, mfii Ifi'y trflm Ifl hfldng dem
vS." Xem NguySn Cn Ngpc, Nam Dinh tinh dia dii
chi mgc luc, quyln II, ban dich ciia TrSn Ld Hflu
nflm 1965, ban vi^t tay Iflu tfi Tfl U?u Khoa Ljch
sd, kf hidu LS-TL/0231, tr.l54.

33
Lfing vft Lf c Chfnh.
Xem QuSc sfl qufin trifiu NguySn, Dgi Nam

nhdt thd'ng chi, sdd, tr. 325.
(40). D$ng Xufin Bang, Si hgc bi khdo. sdd, tr
421.
(41). H6 sa di tich lfch si vdn hoa chua Nghia
Xd.
(42). Hiinh Tki^n xd cki, Hfinh Thifln tfldng tfi"
hfli tfn hftnh, Gia D\ni\, 1974, tr.l4.
(43). Hdnh Thi$n xd chi, sdd, tr. 19.

(30). NguySn 6 n Ngpc, Mim Dinh tinh dia dit
chi mgc luc, quySn 2, ban dich TrSn Ld Hflu 1965,
tr. 147. Tfii li^u chftp tay Iflu tfi Phfing Tfl liflu
Khoa S d . K H L S T L 0231.
(31). DiSu 5, hfldng flfic lfing Doi Trung.
(33), (35). Dfldng Vfln Vflflng, Bia da hitOng Udc
thdi Li dY Yin, Nam Dinh, in trong Nhiing phdt
hiin mdi viKhdo cohpc ndm 1997, Nxb. Khoa hpc
xa hfli, Hft Nfli. 1998, tr. 476-477, 477
(34). Di^u 3: Moi khi xa fi'y cfi v i ^ thi Ift'y tiln
cdng tfl 35 mSu rupng, da trfl 26 mSu chia cho cfic
chflc dich gfinh vifc. Ne'u cfl ke cfiy sflc mfnh dd
n6n ngfldi trong xft, cfldp bfic, xfim chi^m ruflng diCt
nhfi ciia, mft dflflc chflc dich giup ngiim khi phfit
gific trong xa cfi t h i tuy ti^n danh chl^t tdn chflc
dich vft duo'i ca nhft tdn fiy di khdi lftng, khflng cSn
dpi sijl phftn giai cua huydn quan.
(36). Ngfi SI Lifin, Bat Viet si ky todn thu, Nxb.

(44). Hdnh Thi4n xd chi, sdd, tr. 22.
(45). Nguyin Trai, Dudia chi, tr. 223.

(46). Tin ling xd Viet Nam ddu thi ky XIX,
sdd, tr. 58.
(47). Hdnh Thiin xd chi, Hftnh Thifn tUdng t i
hfli tin hfinh, Gia Dinh, 1974, tr. 14.
(48). Viet diin u linh, tr. 214.
(50). Thiin uyen t^p anh, tr.l38.
(51). Linft Nam chick quai, sdd, tr. 88.
(52). Pham Dflc Du§t, Btli Duy Lan: ChUa Keo,
Sd Vfin hfia Thflng tin tinh Thai Binh, tr. 33.
(53). Linh Nam chich quai, sdd, tr. 87. Cung
xem Thiin uyin tap anh, add, tr. 105.
(54). Hdnh Thiin xa chi. add, tr. 17.
(55). Phf m Dflc Du|lt, Bdi Duy Lan: ChUa Keo,
Sd Vfin hfla Thfing tin tinh Thfii Binh, tr. 34.

Khoa hoc xft hpi, T.l, tr. 158.

(56), (57). H&nh Thi^n xd chi, sdd, tr. 20, 22.

(37), (38). Dftng Xuftn Bang, Si hgc bi khdo.

(58). Ho sa di tich lich si vdn hoa chUa Nghia

sdd, tr. 175, 387.

Xd.

(39). Song Lftc d tay nam huy^n Chfin Ninh,
nfldc tfl nga ba Dung Nhu§ aflng Giao Thuy chay
vfi phfa nam qua cfic sfing Phfldng Dl, B£C Cfiu vfi

QuSn Mflng.

(59), (60). C.L. Madrollft Bdc Ky thdi d dgi:
Luy Ldu (hodc Liin Ldu) vd nhSng qudn huy^n
Trung Hoa d thiti kf nhd Hdn. Nhdn ddn Viit
Thudng, trich B.E.E.F.O. Tftp XXXVII, tr. 263-332,
1937, Dfto Trpng Liiy djch, Tfii liflu in Typo, Lflu
tfi Tfl li§u Khoa Ljch sfl, I ^ hiflu L S - T L ; 0 1 2 3 , tr.
101-102, 85.

Song Kenh Dfio: 5 phfa nam huyfln Chfin Ninh,
nfldc tfl song Giao Thuy chia ra chay vfi phfa tfiy
bic, bS qua cfic sflng Lp Xuydn, Phfl Kim, Didn