NGUYEN c a TRINH VA VUNG DAT NAM BO
THE KY XVIII
NGUYEN MANH D C N G '

phfin tranh, cfit cfi Nam QufiBdctrinh
trilu, Dfing Ngofii - Dfing Trong
Ifi mdt hidn tfipng d^c dfio trong ljeh stt
phong kiln Vi^t Nam vfi khu vi^c Dflng A.
Ldn ddu tidn mdt md thfic "khfie Trung
Hoa" (^ternative China) dfl hi$n di^n vfi
tdn tpi d mdt khdng gian rdng Idn vfi Ifiu
dfii trong ljch sii Vidt Nam.
Dfipc giao trdn thii phfidng Nam, trong
thdi gian ddu, ho Nguyin da thyc thi khfi
thfinh cdng cac vfi'n de dm ndi vfi dli ngoai,
dfic biet da ciing c l chfnh quyen vfi ddn
vfidn len thfinh mpt vfidng qudc mpnh d
khu vUc. Ldn ddu tifin nhu cdu phfit triln
da hidn thfie hfla, phfi hpp vdi d^c dilm vfl
xu hudng cua thdi dpi. Tfi mpt "cd t h l phfin
bfio" - Dfing Trong lfi viing dfi't ciia nhfing
eon ngfidi mdi, trong mpt khdng gian xa hdi
vfi thdi doan ljch sii mdi. Dfit vfi ngfidi ndi
day cho thiy m^t chuin hp hfinh xfi mang
tinh chfii khai phfi, tuy trong mdt dj ban
md hinh cu.
Tuy vfiy, trong bra canh tfi cudi t h l ky
XVII, Dang Trong da vfl se phai ddi didn
vdi nhilu thaeh thfic "phi truyin thing".
Qufi trinh md rpng v l phfidng Nam ddi hdi
chfnh quyln trung tam vfi qudn thdn eiia

hp NguySn - Chua Nguyin phai cd ehiln
"IhS. Vien Sfi hpc

Ifipc di vfia duy tri sfi tdn tpi, vfia phat
triln, quan ly vfi xdc ldp chii quyln quan ly
trfin nhfing vfing dfi't mdi.
1. Viing dat Nam B$ cho tdi t h l ky
XVII
Theo efic ngudn thfi tjch eo, vfing dfit
Nam Bp trong khoang 10 t h l ky trfidc t h l
ky XVI cdn chua dfipc ghi chdp nhilu. Cfic
bd sfi lOidm dinh Viet SIJ! thdng gidm cuang
muc (1), Lich trieu hiin chUdng logi chi (2),
An Nam chi lUOc (3)... diu ed nhflng thflng
tin vl vfing dfi't nfiy chii yeu tren phfidng
dipn chfnh trj vfi bang giao khu vfic, gSn
nhilu vdi tdn vfing dfi't dupc gpi lfi Chfin
Lpp (Chenla); hay mdi quan hd gifla quoc
gia Dpi Vi^t vfi vfidng qudc Chfin Lap ndi
chung qua Dgi Viit sit ky todn thU, Phu
biin tap luc (4), Viet sit lUOc... Trong khi
dfl, dfi khfi hilm hoi nhfing thfi tjch co
Trung Qudc eung cd dfipc cac ghi chdp cy
t h l hdn nhfi Tiiy thu, Vdn hiin thdng khdo
(Ma Doan Lfim), Thdng chi (Trjnh Tieu),
Thdi binh hodn vH ky, ChU phiin chi CTri^u
Nhfi Quat)... Trong dd, dfic bi^t phai k l din
Chdn Lgp phong thoky ciia Chu Dpt Quan
(ngfidi tham gia dofin sfl gia cua nhfi
Nguyen din Chfin Lap nfim 1296-1297) vdi



Kghien cfiu Ljeh si- srf * 2011
nhflng dopn ghi chip cd gid tri: "Nfidc Chfin
Lpp... Cd din mUdi cang nhfing chi cang
thfi tfi, tfi't ea cfic cang khdc diu bj cfit lfim
cpn ndn thuyin ldn khdng vfio dfipc. NhUng
dfing xa mfi trdng diu thfi'y mfly leo, cfiy
gifi, cat vfing, lau trfing, thang thit nhin
qua thdt khdng d6 phfin bilt, vi t h l ngfidi
chdo thuyin eho vide tim eang lfi vide
khd"... "Ti^ chS vdo Chdn B6 trd di, hdu hit
Id ritng thdp cdy r^m. Sdng ddi cdng r^ng,
keo ddi mdy trdm dam cSthu r^m rgp, mdy
leo um tiim, tiing chim mudng chen l&n
nhau d trong do. Di'n niia cdng mdi thdy
rugng ddng r^ng rdi, tuyit khdng cd mdt tdc
cdy. Nhin xa chi thdy cdy lua rdn rdn md
thdi TYdu riing hgp nhau thdnh tiing ddn
tram ngdn con, tu tdp d ddy. Lg.i cd gidng
dd't ddy tre ddi ddng dac mdy trdm ddm.
Logi tre do, dd't cd gai, mdng rdt ddng" (5).
Sau nfiy, cfic ghi ehdp khfic cua gifio si
Alexandre de Rhodes (thl ky XVII) trong
Hdnh trinh vd truyin gido vl vfing dfi't
"quanh hiu, hoang mgc", Phu bien tgp luc
eua Ld Quy Ddn the ky XVIII mfl ta: "Phu
Gia Dinh, ddt Dong Nai, tit cdc ciCa bien
Cdn Gid, Sodi Lgp, cu'a Dgi, ciia Tieu, todn
Id ritng r&m hdng mdy ngdn dam"..; hay

"Thien gia litu ddo man di thd - Thiy da
ngac ngU, luc xd h&' (NguySn Cfi Trinh)...
Nhfi vfiy, lidn tyc tfi t h l ky VII-XII,
thfim chf din t h l ky XVIII, chfiu t h l sdng
Ciiu Long phat triln theo hfidng hoang da,
qupnh hiu, vfing bdng ngUdi; Hay ndi cfich
khdc chfiu tho nfiy trd vl vdi eanh tri thidn
nhien nguyfin sd tfidng nhfi chfia h i dfipc
khai phfi. Khi lUu dfin ngUdi Vidt din diu
ed chung I n tfipng sfiu d^m dfiy Ifi vfing dfi't
vdi eon ngfidi mdi, canh tfipng thidn nhidn
hoang sd. Cung rfi't Ifiu y lfi trdn nhilu
vfing dfi't phfidng Nam, din t h l ky XVIXVII, hidn tfipng tai khai pha, tai djnh c\i
da diln ra trong boi canh ljch sfi mdi (6).

Thyc tiln ljch sii cho thfi'y, sfi phfit triln
eua efic nin vfin hfla cho dfi dUpe coi lfi
"thudn khilt" nhfi't cung khdng bao gid cd
t h l phfit triln trong trpng thfii bi^t l§p. Sfi
hfing thjnh lufin Ifi k i t qua cua mdt qua
trinh giao luu vfi hpp luy^n efic gid trj vfin
hda, sy v$n d^ng, k l thfia sfing tao vfl nhfin
ldn nhflng ylu tl' ndi sinh, ngopi sinh
(endogenous, exogenous factors). Vfio ddu
t h l ky VIII, Chfin Lpp da diSn ra tinh
trpng phfin 1|LP, chia tach nhfing sp phfin
tfin quyln lye dd khdng phai Ifi dfia xa hdi
trd lpi "trpng thfii ban dSu" mfi lfi sy chuin
bj cho mdt qufi trtnh vfln ddng, phdt triln
mpnh m i cua m^t thilt c h i chfnh trj tfip

quyln hdn, thing nhfi't cao hdn trong cfic
t h l ky sau. Vi^c t i n tpi mdt khoang trong
quyln li^c hay "mdt chu quyln md" phai
chfing Ifi mpt trong nhfing dfic tfnh tieu
bilu d vfing dfi't Nam Bp mfi chiing ta nhfin
thfic dupc. Ddng thdi, khi xem xdt chuyin
bien kinh t l • xa hdi ctia Nam Bp qua 10
t h l ky, cd t h l thfi'y cfic chii trUdng, chfnh
sfieh vfi quyln uy ciia cfie vfidng trilu trj vi
tren dai dfi't miln Trung vfi cfic nfidc lfing
gilng khu vfic cfl y nghia rfi't ldn doi cfic ldp
cfi dfin Nam Bp (7).
Vfio cuoi t h l ky XVII, do ndi chiln, tinh
trang sfiu cao t h u l n ^ g , npn bfit phu bdt
Ifnh, do sy bdc Idt tfin bpo ciia giai cfi'p dja
chu, efing diiu \ii%n thidn nhidn khdc
nghipt, lUu dfin ngUdi Vi^t, phdn ldn Ifi
nhflng ngfidi ndng dfin nghdo khi, Ific ddu
cdn le te, tfi phfit, da tiln sfiu xuong phfa
Nam dl khai hoang, l$p nghidp. Nfim 1698,
NguySn Hflu Canh (8) dUpc sai vdo Nam
kinh lupc, ldp phu Gia Djnh gdm hai huyfn
PhUdc Long (Ddng Nai) vfi Tan Binh (Sfii
Gdn). Cfin cfi vfio tinh hinh thfic t l , NguySn
Hfiu Canh thiet l§p efic xa, thdn, phfidng,
fi'p, djnh thul, 14P SO dinh, so diln; ngofii ra
cdn Ifip hai xa Thanh Hfi vfi Minh HUcmg


RguySn Qu Trinh Ta vfing d6i...

(9), "ldn ddu tien eho thd'y no lpc cua chfnh
quyen Dfing Trong nhdm to ehfic hopt dpng
budn bfin ciia ngUdi Hoa d vfing phfa Ddng
Water Frontier" (10). Nfim sau (1699),
"Mfia thu, thfing 7, Npc Thu nfidc Chfin
Lap lfim phan, dfip efic luy Bfch Ddi, Nam
Vang vfi Cdu Nam, cudp bdc dfin budn.
Tfidng Long Mon lfi Trdn Thfipng Xuyfin
ddng gifi Doanh Chfiu (nay thupc Vinh
Long) dem vide bfio Idn... Mfia Ddng, thfing
10, lai sai NguySn Hflu Canh lfim Thing
sufi't, Cai bp Pb^m Cam Long lfim Tham
mUu, LUu thii Trfih Bifin lfi Nguyin Hflu
Khfinh lfim tien phong, Ifinh qufin hai dinh
Binh Khang, Trfi!n Bifin, vfi thude binh 7
thuyen dinh Quang Nam, cfing vdi tUdng si
Long Mon di dfinh" (11). Nfim 1700,
Nguyen Hfiu Canh ldn ddu tien din cfi lao
Cfiy Sao, md ra thdi Ic^ mdi cho vipe khdn
hoang vfing d i t ndi dfiy,
Vdi nhflng sfi ki|n cuoi t h l ky XVII ddu
t h l ky XVIII, nhieu nhfi nghien cfiu da
danh gifi rfi't cao thfinh qua nfiy cua Chfia
NguySn: da xac Ifip dfipc quyln Ific cua
imnh tai vfing trung tfim eiia Nam Bd,
khdng dinh chu quyln cua ngfidi Vift trSn
viing ddt mfi thfie te chinh quyln Chan Lpp
ehfia khi nfio thfic thi mdt cfich ddy du chu
quyen eiia minh (12). Sfi ki^n nfim 1698 lfi
cdt mde quan trgng trong qua trtnh xfie ldp

vfl thfic thi chu quyln eua Chua NguySn
ddi vdi vfing dfi't Nam Bp (13).
TrUdc tinh hinh phfit triln h i t sfic
nhanh chdng cua khu vyc Gia Djnh dfidi
quyln quan ly ciia ehfnh quyen Chua
Nguyen, Mac C i u (1655-1735) ngfiy efing
nhfin thfi'y khdng t h l khdng dfia vfio chfnh
quyln Chua Nguyen nlu muin tilp tyc ton
tai, on djnh, cung co vfi md rpng t h l lyc,
nen da dem tofin bp vfing dfi't dang eai
quan v l vdi Chua NguySn. Cfing vdi vi$c
chfnh quyln Dfing Trong tranh thii, tilp

n h ^ , cfing nhfi tin tfidng bo dyng Tong
binh trfi'n Hfi Tidn, cfic sy kipn nfiy dfipc eoi
lfi m^t budc phdt triin ddng ki trong qufi
trinh md rpng vfi kiln ldp vfing dfi't Nam
Bd(14),
Nhfi vdy, cho din khi NguySn Cfi Trinh
budc Ien vu dfii chinh trj vfi cd nhflng ddp
gdp cy thl ddi vdi vfing dfi't phfidng Nam,
cfie diln biln (biln el) tren lfi ed sd quan
trpng trong qufi trinh xfie ldp chu quyln
tren vfing dfi't mdi sau nfiy,
2. Nguyin Cxi Trinh vfi viing dat
Nam B9 t h i k y XVIII
NguySn Cfi Trinh (1716 - 1767) tfin chfi
Ifi Nghi, hidu Dam Am, quS d xa An Hda,
huydn Hfidng Trfi, nay thupc tinh Thfia
Thign - Hue. Cha NguySn Cfi Trinh lfi

Nguyin Dfing Dp, von noi tilng vl tfii vfin
chfidng, thi dl sinh dd, lfim Tri huyfin Minh
Linh, dfipc Chfia Nguyin Phfic Chu min
tfii ban eho quoc tinh (dfide mang hp
Nguyen). Lfi eon ut trong gia dinh cfl truyen
thd'ng vdn hoc, ngay tfi nhd Nguyin Cfi
Trinh dfl noi tilng hay chfl (sau nfly dfidi
thdi Chfia NguySn Phfic Khofit, diln
chfidng phfip dp deu do NguySn Dfing
Thjnh kiln Ifip, tfi Ipnh do NguySn Cfi
Trinh thao). Dfidng thdi, NguySn Cfi Trinh
lfi ngfidi cd ed tri mfiu Ifipc, gidi quylt dofin,
phfim ed kiln nghi tfiu bfiy diu lfi ndi ngay
bfin thflng. Trong khi tham dU viic qudn,
11 ndm md mang ddt dai, gia yen biin gidi,
cdng lao danh vgng rd rdng. Ddng thdi, lgi
gioi vdn chitong... Vdi vfing dfi't phfidng
Nam, "ddi ly cdng nghipp ldn nhfi't cfl hai
dng NguySn Cu Trinh vfi Mpe Thifin Tfi"...
Thfic vfiy, Nguyin Cfi Trinh gui gde Nghi
Tinh, qui mdi Thita Thiin, ldm quan
Qudng Ngai, vd roi con dUdng quan Ig Id
qud trinh khai phd vung ddt cite Nam.
Theo chfnh sii nhfi Nguyin Dgi Nam
thUc luc, cd t h l tflm Ifipe qufi trinh hopt


Rghifln ciJru ljch ai. arf 4.2011
Bdngl
D 5 Ctfng al. dUtfc b6 16m Tri phu Thgu Phong,

'hong, dUtfc IfCy lfim Vfln ehfic.
Thftng chflc Tudn vfl QuAng Ngfii, (Nghii bilu hdu), d^p yfin c u ^ nfii d^y cua ngiidi
Thtich Bfch
Nfim Tfin Mfli, dfing efl n6i v^ tinh canh khrfn khS cua dfln chiing, dd nghj Chfla
Nguygn thay dft'i c6ch cai trj, Chfla khflng trA Iflj, Ong xin tfi quan,
Nftm Qu( D$u, Chfla tri^u vd kinh, dupc thflng chflc Ky lyc dinh B6'Chfnh Quang
Binh.
Mfia Dflng, thfing 11, sai Cai d(li Thi^n Chfnh fldiflng rfi hp) lim thtfng sufft, KJ lyc
Nguyfin Cu Trinh lfim tham mitu,
Hogt ddng d vUng dd't Nam BThfing 6, tri?u tham mUu dinh Difiu khi^n Gia Djnh \h Nguyen Cfl Trinh vl, thflng
lfim Ljii B^,
Nflm At D(lu, Du$ Tflng Nguyfin Phflc Thufin tri^u v6 kinh thflng chflc Quan tfto
'ftn Bfl thuflc Bfl Lai, tt/dc Nghi Bi^u hfiu,
Mfia M, thfing 5, Lgii b^ Nguyfin Cfl Trinh chfi't... Khi ch^t, t|ing Tft 1^ cflng thfin
chfnh tri Thugng khanh, thuy l i Vfln EUnh.

dpng ciia NguySn Cfi Trinh tfi sau khi dd
dpt (xem bang 1) (15).
Nhfi dfi trinh bfiy d trdn, cho din khi
Nguyen Cfi Trinh chfnh thfic dfipc giao
trpng trdch d Nam Bp, qud trinh md mang
vfi cai trj phfidng Nam ciia ho NguySn d
dfiy dfi dfipc nhilu the ky, mang d^m ddu
I n cua chfnh quyln nfiy, cung nhu gdp eho
dan tdc nhflng sfle thai bilu hidn ddc dfio.
Tuy nhien tfl ddu t h l ky XVIII, bii canh
kinh tl^ • xa hpi Dfing Trong da cd nhfing
biln ddng nhanh chdng. Sau khi ldp phii
Gia Djnh, nhin chung chiln lupc ciia hp

NguySn trong cfic t h l ky lfi tiln xuing phfa
Nam vfi hda hoan tdi mfic toi da vdi phfa
Tfiy, vfi ed sfi khfic bidt rd r^t trong cfich
fing xfi ciia hp NguySn vdi ngUdi Khmer...
"kilm sofit sdng Tiln, sdng H$u Ifi vfl'n d l
mfi cfic xhfia NguySn quan tam nhflt vl
mfit qufin sfi vfi v l canh tfic" (16). CuH nfim
1714, Chua ehi thj cho hai tfidng cua minh
vl thai dd ddi vdi cudc ndi ehiln cua ngfidi
Khmer "ndn lfim sao eho trdn thi quylt
thfing c h i phyc ngUdi xa". NhUng dli vdi
eudc ndi chiln diln ra miy thfing sau,
Chua NguySn lpi chi sai sfi mang thfi sang
an ui vo vl vfi xem binh t h l mpnh ylu cfing
dja t h l dS t h l nfio. Tfi th$p nidn 1720,

Chfia NguySn ngfiy cfing td ra quan tfim
hdn dli vdi phfa Nam, Ific dd phfa Bfic cung
khdng cdn lfi mli bfin tfim cho hp niia.
Trong khoang 50 nflm dfiu t h l ky XVm,
sii bifin nidn nhfi NguySn da cho bilt mdt
s l thdng tin din vfing d i t Nam Bd giai
dopn nfiy (17). Theo dd, trong nhflng nfim
trj vi, jr thfic sfiu xa v l vfing d i t mdi md,
dfidi ap Ific chfnh trj diln ra sau dfl, cfic
Chua Nguyin (18) da mpnh m6 trong vide
binh djnh dfi't phfidng Nam. Nhin chung,
cfic Chfia diu dfing ca phUdng each Ifi dpng
binh (1705 (19), 1714 (20), 1748 (21), 1750
(22)...) vfi khuydn dy. D$c bi^t, cfic Chfia

diu nh^n thfic ro vfi'n d l "ngopi bien" ndn
khdng ft Idn chi thj cho cfic tfidng "phdi xet
ndn ddnh hay nin giQ, sao cho yin luH
phiin phgc [aif ki^n nfim 1714]...; Chda cho
rdng viic binh d xa khd tinh, ha link cho
hai tudng tiiy nghi xu! tri [1715]"... Hdn
nfla, do qufi trinh md rdng mpnh me v i ^
kilm sofit cung ngfiy cfing phfic tap vfi khd
khfin hdn. D l cd t h l quan 1^ vfi duy trt spi
dfiy tfi chfnh quyln trung tfim vdi vfli^
ngopi vi, Chua Nguyin ciing da cd dfipc
nhfing quylt sfieh, vfi hdu h i t dfipc chinh
nhiing ngfidi trong cupe trinh Un, nhfi bo
tri vfi chia nhflng phpm vi quan hpt sao cho


RguySn Cxt Trinh va vfing ddt...
hieu qua nhit: dfit thfinh ba dinh vfi mpt
trfi'n, hay d^t 12 dinh...
Ben eanh chii trfidng mpnh me trong
vide t r l n fip cae cupe nd'i dfiy dja phUdng,
md rpng ph^m vi lanh thl, chuyin dli
nhanh md hinh quan 1^ trong diiu ki^n
mdi, thfic t l luc nfiy ddi song kinh t l - xa
hdi dang gfip khung hoang, ddi sing nhfin
dan ed efic. Dieu nfiy da dupc NguySn Cu
Trinh trinh bfiy ro trong td tfi'u Idn nfim
1751, trong do nhieu ldn nhfi'n mpnh "Ddn
Id gde cHa nUdc, gde khdng bin vQng thi
nUdc khdng yin... Ddn nen di cho tinh,

khdng nen ldm eho dgng, ui dgng thi di
loan, Unh thi di tri" (23),
Cdn tren binh dipn chung, sfi khung
hoang cua xa hdi Dflng Trong bpc Id tren tfi
phUdng didn "nhay cam" Ifl tien lUdng ciia
quan linh. Theo Nam Hd ky vdn, b Dfing
Trong do Ifidng ciia qufin linh cao ndn
"nhilu ngUdi thfch lfim linh hdn lfi lfim dfin
ddng thuyin". Thfic tl, vide thfic hfinh vfi
ap dyng kilu tra lUdng nhU vfiy kha quen
thupc d xa bfli Dong Nam A, hay "sfi dan
xen eiia cac ylu to Dong Nam A vfi Ddng
A", song lai khfi la ldm ddi vdi ehfnh sach
eai trj d phfidng Bfic. Sfi tdn tai do cd ve lfi
ylu to tfch eye vfi hdp ly trong bH canh khu
vfic. Tuy nhidn, tfi cfii nhin thfic tiln ap
dyng d Dflng Trong lue nfiy, theo NguySn
Cfi Trinh vific tra Ifidng Ifl mpt trong ba
diiu tfi hai cho xa hpi luc nfiy (qua ban tfi'u
nfim 1751). Vfi thfie te sau dfl da chfing
minh nhfin djnh sajig suit ciia dng khi nd
trd thfinh mpt trong efic nguyen nhan ddn
tdi sfi syp do eua Dfing Trong (24). "Md
hinh ehfnh quyen Ifiy qufin ddi lfim to ehfic
hat nhfin vfi vo tfidng lfim li^c Ifipng cdt
try... thfidng tridt tidu cd che giam sat ndi
bd... tilm dn nguy cd lam dyng quyln Ific efi
nhfin...", cd t h l thfi'y qua eac hidn tUdng
nhfi Tdn Thdt Trang vdi NguySn Hflu Dfit,

29
hay sau nfiy Trfidng Phfic Loan cfim gi^n
NguySn Cfi Trinh khi khdng tdi nhfl rieng
bfin vide trilu chfnh... (25).
Hdn nfia, trong bii canh mdi ddy biln
dpng, mpe dfi "quyln Ific hfinh chfnh hofin
tofin ndm trong tay cfic vd tfidng cdm qufin
gifl dfi't" (26), hp NguySn chu trUdng ehuyin
tfl ehfnh quyln mang n^ng tfnh qufin sfi
aang dfin ay, vfia tim cfich kilm thue vo
tudng ngofii bidn, viia dfing dpo nghia lufin
thudng de rflng bupc... nhfing chinh quyln
nfiy da khdng t h l dfip fing nd'i nhu edu
quan 1^ lanh thd' rpng ldn, vfi cung cd thl
ehfia du thdi gian dl phat huy md hinh
chuyin doi nfiy... Trong qufi trinh md rdng
manh mfi vl phUdng Nam, dfidng nhfi
Chfia Nguyen vdn chfia sfin sfing eho vide
huy ddng s l lUpng ldn ngfidi tham gia ea d
viec cai quan vfi khai phfi, kit ndi gifla cfie
vfing mien... Song, nhfing be tfli ciia hp da
lfim tot chu trfidng chung lfi dfi'n than di
quan ly, bao vp vfi md rpng tpi cac vfing dfi't
mdi.
Theo nghidn cflu cua Li Tana, khi nen
ngopi thfidng Dfing Trong ed xu hfidng sa
sfit, dfiy lfi sfi mfi't mat cua mpt nhfin to
dam bao sfi "sing cdn" cua Dang Trong.
Chfnh sy chuyen hUdng tfi phfa Ddng (khai
thfie biln) aang hfidng Tfiy (khai thae mien

nui vfi cao nguyen), eho dfi nin "thfidng
mpi hfidng biln" (sea-oriented commerce)
dfipc nhin nhfin d l dfip fing nhu cdu ciia
ngudi ngopi quoc hdn lfi trong nUdc (27),
song efing vdi nhflng hd lyy tfi md hinh
phat triln xa hdi, edi gifi phai tra Ifl cfie
cupe noi d^y cua ndng dfin, trong dfl hp
thing thul, lam phat... Ifl nguyfin nhfin
quan trpng dfia din si^ dipt vong sau nfiy.
Ddng b^ng sdng Ciiu Long, vfia lua mdi vd
tfin da lfim cho chinh quyin eU chuyen hJin
aang md hinh mdil hay trd vl vdi truyin
thdng cu? Thdi gian ddu, hp Nguyen gifinh


Rflhien eihi Jl*|ch aiS-. stf 4,201
dfipc Uu t h l tfi quan hd vdi cfi dfln ban dja,
tilp nh$n, thfch nghi nhflng ylu tlvfln hfla
dja phUdng, vfi tfnh chfi't ngopi thUdng
mpnh mfi, nhfing gid dfiy, chfnh nhfing diiu
nfiy dfl trd thfinh "kl thii" vdi hp vfi dfidng
nhfi ngoai thuong • cfii gi lfim eho Dfing
Trong manh cung lfim cho dS bj t i n thfidng
nhfi't.
6 khfa epnh khfic, tfi t h l ky XVIII, thuy
qufin Dfing Trong vfi cd thl ea lyc qufin da
khdng cdn mpnh nhfi t h l ky trUdc. Nguydn
nhfin chfnh nfim d vide "hfiu chiln" gifia
hai miln, ndn cfic Chfia Nguyin dfi khflng
cdn chfi trpng nhilu din linh vyc qufin afi.

Dfidi thdi Chua NguySn Phfic Khofit, theo
nhu mo ta eua thUdng nhfin ngUdi Phfip
Pierre Poivre, efic chiln thuyin cvia Chfia
"dl tigu khiln hdn lfi dfing vfio cdng vide",
khi nhin mpt chiln thuyen lue nfiy "Tfli dfi
dupc chiing kiln canh nhfi vua di cfiu cfl vl
vdi t i t ca so thuyin ciia ngfidi" (28).
Cung trong khoang, thdi gian nfly, theo
bien nifin sii, sau nhieu nfim cfit cfi vfi hopt
ddng tren danh nghia lfi Chua, mfia Ha
thfing 4-1744 "Biy gid cfl dilm tit cfiy sung
nd hoa, bdy tdi lfi bpn NguySn Dflng Thjnh
dang bieu xin chua len ngdi vUdng", sau
dfic fi'n Quic vfidng, chfnh thfle ldn ngdi
vua d Phfi Xufln. Khfii nidm Dinh coi nhfi
cd quan hfinh ehfnh tinh nhfi mdt "dpo
qufin" Ific nfiy cung mfi't ddn ^ nghia qufin
sy ro rpt ciia nd, ft dfipc thiy xufi't hi^n hdn
trong Phu biin tgp l{ic. Cfing vdi dd Ifl phfin
chia dinh thfinh phu (hay huydn) trong t h l
ky XVIII, mpt ten goi dfi dfipc sfi dyng Ifiu
ddld phfa Bfic (29),..
Trong hfing ngu quan Ipi trong vfidng
phu, dja vj cua cfic quan v5 dang cd chilu
hfidng giam sfit. Cho di'n giUa thiky XVIH,
vi thi cua Nguyin Ddng Di, Nguyin Cu
Trinh... dupe dgt d vi tri cao hOn bdt cd vi
quan vdn ndo, song chiiu hUdng tfidng tiin

ciia cdc quan vdn Id khdng thi ddo ngitpc,

ciing vdi dd Id cu^ tranh gidnh dnh httdng
dd bdt ddu. Trdn vfing ddt ring ldn ngfi>
cfing trai dfii vl phfa Nam, dfi bfit ddu xudt
hidn cfic vpng t ^ vfin thdn bdn epnh nhflng
t h l gia vd tfidng nhfi Nguyin Dfing d Thiia
Thidn vdi Dfing Trj - Dfing Dd, Dflng Thjnh
- Dfing Tiln, eha con Dflng Trj • Dfing
Thinh, Dfing D | - Cu Trinh... Vfin milu
ddu tidn dupe xfiy d Trfiii Bign (Biln Hda)
nflm 1715(30).
Nhu v^y, trUdng thfinh lfi mdt vfin quan,
xufi't thfin trong gia dinh cfl truyin thing
khoa Cli, vfin hoe, NguySn Cfi Trinh lai
dfipc dam nh^n nhilu nhi^m vy quan trpng
trong qufin dpi. Theo dfl, 3 nfim sau ngfiy
gifi ehfic Tudn vu Quang Ngfii, nfim 1753,
"Mfia xuan, thfing 3, lfi'y NguySn Cu Trinh
lfim K^ lyc dinh Bo Chfnh. Bdy gid hofing
tli nhfi Ld lfi Duy M^t g i | n hp Trjnh Igb
tilm, hpp qufin dflng gifi thfinh Trtnh
Quang thupc Trflii Ninh, mfiu dipt hp
Trjnh, Trjnh Doanh sai qufin cac dao di
dfinh, khflng dupc, muin mUpn dudng d ta,
dfia thfi xin theo dfidng Trflii Ninh (thudc
Quang Binh) d l tiln danh. Chda sai Cit
Trinh ldm thu khUde tii. Doanh bin thdL.
Mfia ddng, thfing 11, sai Cai dpi Thi^n
Chfnh (khdng ro hp) Ifim thong sufi't, K^ luc
NguySn Cfi Trinh ifim tham mfiu, diiu
khiln tfidng si nfim dinh Binh Khang, Binh

T h u ^ , Trfi'n Bien, Phien Trln, Long Hd,
sang dfinh Chfin Lpp. Hp tiln dflng qufin h
Ngfiu Chii [Bin Nghd], d i ^ g dinh trpi (Bdy
gid gpi lfi dinh Ddn, tfic nay lfi chp Diiu
Khiln, thudc Gia Djnh), kin qufin Ifnh,
chfia nhilu Ifidng thfic de lfim k i k h a i thfic"
(31). Hdn nhiln, ngay tit ddu Ddng Troi^
chu trUang xdy dUng mdt chink quyin qudn
sU, song viic kit hap vd sd dung ding thdi
Id ddc trUng rdt ro nit trong qud trinh
chuyin ddi sang md hinh mang tinh ddn sif
han.


Rguy&i Cu: Trinh vo vung dfit...
Nhu da trinh bay, trong bdi canh xa hpi
Dfing Trong dang vfin hfinh vfi chuyen dd'i,
lue nfiy vi$c quan vfln ngfiy efing cd tilng
ndi da gdp them vfio chfnh sfieh ddi ngopi.
Trong cflng cupe md rpng vl phfidng Nam,
ddi sfieh ciia Chua NguySn da trd ndn mim
deo, thpc t l hdn. Theo dd, si^ kidn nflm
1755-1756 da cho thiy sy chuyin hfidng
mpnh me. Chfnh sfi nhfi NguySn chdp:
"Nfic Nguydn nfidc Chfln Lpp trtnh bfiy
rdng vipe danh efidp Cfln Man lfi do tfidng
Chieu Chfiy Ech gfiy ra, nay xin hien dfi't
hai phii Tim Bdn, Ldi Lpp vfi ndp bfi ll
cong cdn thilu vl ba nflm trfidc dl chupc
tdi... Chua bid't lfi ndi ddi, khdng y ldi xin".

Nguyen CU Trinh tflu: "Tfi xfia vide dyng
binh chflng qua lfi de trfi di^t bpn ddu sd vfl
md mEuig them ddt dai... Nlu bd gdn edu
xa, e rdng hinh thd' cfich trd, binh dfin
khflng lien tiep, ldy dfipc tuy dS, mfi gifi
thfic lfi khfl. Khi xUa md mang phii Gia
Djnh tdt phai trfidc md d i t Hung Phfic, rdi
din dfi't Ddng Nai, khiln cho qufin dan
ddng du, roi sau mdi md din Sai Gdn. Dd Id
cdi ke tdm dn ddn... Thdn xem ngfidi Con
Man gidi nghe bp chiln, ngfidi Chan Lap
ciing da sd lfim. Nlu eho hp dfi't Sy khid'n hp
chong gifl, "ldy ngitdi Man ddnh ngUdi
Man", cUng Id ddc sdeh. Vfiy xin eho Chfin
Lap chupc tfli, ISiy dfi't hai phu fi'y, uy cho
thdn xem xdt hinb thl, dfit luy dflng qufin,
ehia efi'p rupng dfi't cho quan va dan, vach
ro dja gidi, cho Id vfio chfiu Dinh Viin, de
thu lly tofin khu", Chua bdn y cho" (32).
Trong khu vyc, nhfin to Xiem ddng vai
trd dang k l trong vipe hoaeh djnh chfnh
sach cua ehfnh quyln Chua NguySn. Nfim
1756 (Canh HUng thfi 16), nfidc Xifim giii
thfi din ehinh quyen Dfing Trong nhfic lai
"vipe hda than lau ddi" vfi de nghj tao diiu
kipn cho thdng thUdng. Hdn lfi, dn dfing
sau nhfing ngdn tfi ngoai giao dd lfi nhfing

toan tfnh vl ngopi giao vfi md rpng anh
hfidng, nhfi't Ifl vdi vfing dfi't phfidng Nam

(33). Tfi ddng thfii trong m^i bang giao khu
vpe, trdn f nghia ddi vdi vide xac l^p thfim
vfio lanh thd' vfing dfi't mdi, nhilu nhfi
nghien cflu eho rfing B-[1 ki^n nfim 1756
dfinh dfi'u chfnh sfieh "tdm thitc" h i t sfic
khoan ngoan. Dli vdi NguySn Phfic Khofit,
"lfi ngfidi thdng minh, cfidng nghj, tham
lam tfin nhdn, nhilu dye vpng, vide ^ ciing
qua quylt lfim..." (34); song cung lfi ngfidi
chfim lo ehfnh afi, luu tfim d^c bidt din tfli
hda qud'e gia, thfidng aai quan di tudn cfie
dinh trfiii, rfin trfing cfic quan hfiu trfieh...
nhd kheo khu xi vdi XUm, can thidp vfio
ndi tinh cua Chaji Lap nSn da thu trpn
vfing ddt Nam Bd. Do nhu edu khai thfic,
md rdng, bao vp, chinh sach ddi vdi vflng
dfi't phUdng Nam da "mim hda" tinh chdt
eflng rdn cua che dp quan chinh trong td
ehfic chfnh quyln d dfiy. Trong nhuing
thanh edng ehung eua Chua, phdn nao
trong dfl cd dfide tfi nhiing tham mfiu sang
suit eua b l tdi nhu Nguyen Cfi Trinh, mot
tu duy the eye, nhay cam thdi eudc va
nhflng toan tinh chien Ifidc lau dai.
Din nfim 1757, tiep tue nhfin dfipc sy
tham mxfti tfi Trfidng Phfic Du vfi NguySn
Cu Trinh, Chua Vo vfidng quyd't djnh chinh
phue efic vfing dfi't Nam Bp bfing con dfidng
hda binh. Theo dfl, nfim 1757, Nfic Nguydn
nfidc Chaji Lap chet, N^c N h u ^ (chu hp)

tam coi vipe nfidc. Bien thdn tfiu xin nhfin
dd Ifip Nhufin d l to an nghla, eho vflng biSn
cfidng. Chua bfit phai hiin hai phii Trfi
Vinh, Ba Thfic, rdi sau mdi y eho. Khi fly
xay vipe con r l N^c Nhu^n lfi N^e Hinh
giet Nfic N h u | n de cUdp ngfii, con Nflc
Nhufin Ifl N^e Tdn chay sang Hfi Tifin.
Thing sufi't Trfidng Phue Du thfia t h l tiln
danh. Nfic Hinh chay din Tdm Phong Xuy,
bj quan phifin Oc Nha Udng gilt chit. Biy


nghl&n Clhi Ljch ad", atf 4.2011
gid Mpe Thien Tfi (35) cung tfiu giup eho
N$c Tdn.
Chinh sii nhfi NguySn ehdp: "Chua bdn
sfic phong cho N^c Tdn Iflm vua nfidc Chfln
Lpp, sai Thidn Tfi cfing vdi tfidng si nflm
dinh hd ting vl nfidc. N$c Tdn bdn dflng
dfi't Tdm Phong Long. Phue Du vd Cu
Trinh tdu xin ddi dinh Long Hi din xCt
Tdm Bdo (nay lfi thdn Long Hi, tfic Ifl tinh
ly Vinh Long). Lpi d^t dpo Ddng Khdu d xfi
Sa Ddc, dpo Tfln Chfiu d Tiln Giang, dpo
Chfiu Die d H^u Giang, Iiy qufin dinh
Long Hd dl trfi'n fip. Bfi'y gid N$e Tdn lpi
eflt nflm phii Hfidng tc, Cdn Vpt, Chfin
Sum, Sfli Mpt, Linh Qu^nh di tp dn Mpe
Thien Tfi, Thifin Tfi hiin cho trilu dinh.
Chua cho Id nflm phu fiy vfio quan hpt Hfi

Tidn, Thien Tfi lpi xin dfit Gifi Khe lfim dpo
Kifin Giang, Cfi Mau lfim dao Long Xuydn,
deu dat quan lai, chieu dan cfi, Ifip thdn fl'p,
lfim eho dja gidi Hfl Tien ngfiy cfing them
rpng" (36). Cac sy kipn nfiy diu dfipc phan
finh trong tai li$u lich aii Chfin Lpp vdi
nhfing ldn chuyin nhfipng, cfit dfi't, dfing
d&'t de "tra dn" (37).
Nhfin ro vj tri chiln Ifipc quan trpng Ifiu
dfli, nhilu mfit eua d i t Tdm Phong Long
(hilm ylu, nui cao, sdng dfii, nhilu rflng
rfim, dfin efi thfia thdt, dS phdng thu) (38),
ddi vdi miln Nam adng Tiln, NguySn Cfi
Trinh cfing Trfidng Phue Du xin Chua
NguySn ddi dinh Long Hd (dl kilm aofit
Tiln Giang, hai bdn bd H^u giang, bao
trfim vfing vjnh Xiem... dyng y dl khong
c h i Cao Midn (39)) d$t dpo Ddng Khfi'u, dpo
Chfiu Die..., dfit cde ddn d Tfiy Ninh. Hdng
Ngfi, Cli lao Gieng, Sa Ddc, Chfiu Die vfi t l
ehfic cfic tram lien lac thfidng xuyin hpp
tdc vdi Mpe Thidn Tfi d Hfl Tien khi edn
thilt... Vfl qua trinh dd "dfi gdp them
nhfing minh chfing sinh ddng vfi thuylt
phyc di Ifim rd hdn ljeh aii dfing nfidc vfi

gifi nUdc eua dfin t^c d vfing d i t phUdng
Nam" (40).
Trong tinh t h l vfi mli tUdng tac quyln
li^e khu vijfc, vide cd t h l chii ddng giao trpng

trfieh cho Mpe ThiSn Tfl diiu hda mil quan
hd gifla Hofing ttf nfidc Chdn Lap vfi sau
nfiy vdi Hofing tfi Xidm Chilu Thdy vfi
Chilu Xi Xoang (1764) cho thtfy sy tin
tudng cua Chfia NguySn (41), mfic dfl vfyy
Chfia cflng ludn l^nh cho qufin d^i d Gia
Djnh trfi'n di theo "hd vidn". Von ndi php
vfio dfi't Chfla NguySn, hp Mpe thfla hiiu
mli quan hd gifla hai cfidng qudc Xidm vfi
Dfing Trong, trong vai trd diiu phli dd, ban
nhidn Hfi Tifin cung ed dUpc nhilu lpi Ich.
Ddi khdi Quang Ddng tfi sau nhflng biln co
chinh trj d Trung Qudc, sau mdt thdi gian
npi tiiudc Chfln Lpp, hp Mpe, mdt ngopi
kilu, ngopi tpc, sy nhpy bdn ciia mpt
thUdng nhfin, cfl du thdi gian chfing ki6i
nhflng biln dflng chfnh trj vfi tUdng quan
quyln Ifie Xiem - Chfin Lpp - Dfing Trong.
Lfi dfin di cU, vdi truyin thing budn bfin,
Mpe Ciiu da sdm phfit triln viing ddt Hfi
Tifin trd thfinh mpt trung tfim thUdng mpi
"ghe thuyin d sdng biln qua lpi ndi dfiy
nhfi mflc Clii, th^t lfi ndi dpi dd hpi". Sy ldn
mpnh cua "cpng ding Hoa kilu", "khdng
gian Hoa kilu" d dai dfi't rdng ldn (42), eCmg
thfli dd khdn ngoan vdi chfnh quyln ad tai,
ngfidi Hoa adm trd thflnh mdt t h l lye kinh
tl, vfi nhOng can thidp mang tfnh chfnh trj
gia tfing d dfiy. Diing vi chiin li/pc vdi
chinh quyin Ddng Trong, hdnh d^ng do

cdng ldm cfuj mdt quan hi giUa Hd TUn vdi
chinh quyin trung itOng trd nin chdt chi,
cdng cd lai trong cdng cudc binh dink vUng
ddt mdi ndi thudc (43).
Ngofii vide triln khai cfie boat d^ng an
ninh quoc phdng, Nguyen Cu Trinh cdn rit
coi trpng cfic vdii d l kinh tl*, xfl hpi, vl an
sinh, tilp nhfin, t l ehfic sinh hopt cho Ifiu


Rguy£n Cu Trtnh va vflng dot...
dfin khdn hoang ipp Ip, eung nhfi trong
mil quan hp vdi nhflng t h l li^c nhfi Chan
Lpp, hp Mpe (44) hay xa hdn lfi XiSm luc
nfiy, Vfing Long Hd, dfidi quyln cai quan
ciia NguySn CU Trinh lfi thdi 1^ binh yfin.
Sau mdt thdi gian cdn cfl lao ddng, khai
hoang md coi lai dfipc thidn nhidn fiu dai,
tfin dyng vfi khai thfic tridt dl nhflng ylu
to khfich quan, de'n luc nfiy ed dUpc di$n
mao mdi "ddng npi mflu md, rupng vfidn
xanh tot", "thfic fin nhilu" lfi vfing "dfi't
hfia" cua ngfidi dan cfie ndi di cvt tdi. Dfin s l
Long Hd tilp tyc dfipc phflt triln, sinh hopt
vfin hda tinh thdn cung ngfiy cfing phong
phfi. Gdn 10 nfim eai quan dinh Long Hi
(1757-1765), NguySn Cu Trinh cung ddng
cam vfi thdu bilu noi thd'ng kho ciia ngUdi
dfin tren vfijig dfi't mdi hoang sd tpo l^p
cudc sing, tfi dd cfing gifip flng tfln tfim

phfit triln, nfing cao ddi song nhan dfin,
cung nhu tham gia khai hfla v l mfit dfin tri,
vfln hfla...
Sfi sach vfl nhfing nghien cfiu trfidc nay
chUa cho biet nhieu ve quang thdi gian gdn
10 nam boat ddng eua Tham mfiu Dilu
khiln Ngu Dinh Nguyen Cfi Trinh d vfing
dfi't Nam Bd. "U ngodi bUn mUdi ndm, oai
vgng ldy lOng, ddn Viit, ngUdi Man thdy
diu khdm phue", tfl thyc tien bieu hi^n nfiy
cfl the binh dung phdn nfio tfi'm long vdi
vfing dfi't, giai doan dUdc coi lfi binh yen,
phat triln, dflc bipt tao nen tang rfi't quan
trpng trong qufi trinh binh djnh trgn ven.
Trong khoang thdi gian nfiy, ehung tdi
xin Ivtu y qufi trinh trfin thii vfi md rpng
lanh tho cd vai trd quan trpng cua "gia
(finh" Nguyen Cfi Trinh. Theo nghidn cfiu
cua tfic gia Trfidng Minh Dpt, Hipp tr&i Hfi
Tien, Anh Dfie Hdu lfi con trai ca cua fing
ten lfi Nguyin Cfi Dfit (huy danh Tfn) (45).
TrUdc dd, Cai ba Ky lue sy dinh Trfi'n Bien
NguySn Cu Cdn, anh trai eua NguySn Cfi

Trinh da bj sfit hpi tpi Trfi'n Bign (Bifin
Hda) (sau dfipc truy tpng hflm Dpi 1^ Ty
khanh, thyy lfi Trung Nghj). Trong v i ^ xfi
1^ nhfing mdl tfidng quan chfnh trj, ngopi
giao, qufin sy vdi Mpe Thidn Tfi, Npc
Nguyfin, hay vi^c bo tri eiing nhfi cd nhflng

d$n dd vdi Anh Dfle Hdu... kifi'm ehl Mae
Thidn Tfi "Thudn chi tdt khaeh. nghich chi
tdt tri ky tin dd", NguySn Cfi Trinh eho
thdy ban linh, vfi dti khdn ngoan t$n dyng
t h l bo tri qufin sy, tilm lyc, sfic manh gifia
cfic ben hidn did" d vfing dfi't rdng ldn luc
nfiy, Cho nfin "chi trong vdng mdy ndm tit
1755 din 1759, Nguyin Cu Trinh dd hodn
thdnh cude liin kit Gia Dinh - Hd Tiin, thu
phue Mgc Thiin l^h vd kiem, sodt Ngc
NguySn, khdng hao tin tUdng, sdt nhdp
trgn ven dong bdng sdng Cdu Long..." (46).
Nhfi ehung tdi da triiih bfiy, khi Thing
sufi't Thi^n Chfnh dfide eii di danh ngUdi
Khmer (1755), vfi kit cue bi tham cua vj
tfidng nay cung dfide nhin nhfin tfi cuflc
xung dpt gifia vo quan vfi vfln quan. Trong
xu t h l dfl, vipe chfia xfing "Vfidng" nflm
Gifip T^ (1744) eung lfi mot nguyfin nhfin,
Theo dfl, hfing loat nhflng thay ddi da dien
ra: Chfia Phu thfinh didn, cae vfin ban
trtnh len chua tfi thfln ddi thfinh tflu, dfing
nien hi$u vua Le, nhfing dra vdi thuflc quoc
thi dfing Thien vfidng, due I n quic vfidng,
dfl'i Tfi dudng thfinh Tflng mieu, thfinh l^p
Lyc bp, dfl'i thfin qufin thfinh Vu lfim qufin,
efic Vfin ehfic doi thfinh Hfin lfim vipn, dinh
quan phyc vfln quan vfi vd quan... Phu
Xudn trd thdnh mgt dd hgi phdn hoa, dep
de, chUa titng thdy (47)... Ddng thdi, khi

nhin nhfin lai ljch sfi sau sy ki^n qufin sfi
nfim 1755, eho din culi ddi chua Vo vfidng,
ehfnh sii dfl khdng ghi nhfln mdt ldn ddng
binh nfio khae (48). Trong suit thdi kjf trj
vi ciia Vo vfidng Nguyen Phue Khofit (17391765), khuynh hudng ehfnh trj vfi doi ngopi


Rghian cun Ljch siJ-. atf 4.2011
hda hiiu da thu dUpe nhflng kit qua rfi't
Idn. Sii sflch dfl tflng chdp vl Chfia vdi
"nhiiu dge vgng", vi|c ^ dfl quylt thi Iflm,
song thyc t l da minh chflng thfii dd vfi
ddng thfii kha mim deo vfl nhfing toan tinh
khdn ngoan cua vj Chua nfly. M$t khfie,
eung vi mdi vi|c xUng "VUdng", lo ciing c l
vl ddi ndi vfi ddi ngoai ndn Vfl vUdng td ra
giao hao, hfiu nghj vdi khu vfic vfi vdi nhfi
Thanh. Gop ehung vdo ddng chu lUu do, vai
trd ciia nhiing udn thdn dd tde ddng mgnh
din thdi dd ciia ngUdi ddng ddu Ddng
Trong td kinh nghiim xd ly todn ctfc, thdu
tinh dgt l^ trin ea sd y thde ddn tdc mgnh
me. Ro rfing, lue nfiy "Dfing Trong cdn mdt
dpi ngu tri thfle cd ca kien thfle 1^ thuylt
ldn nfing lpc thyc tiSn dam nh^n nhflng
trong trfieh... vi chinh tri, ngogi giao vd
qudn sU... vfi d Nam Bp t h l ky XVIII-XIX
hdu nhu khdng ed loai nhd nho bdc thdng
kinh sd theo kiiu ehl gioi viic trich cd tdm
chuang", do vfiy efic nhfi nho d dfiy nflm

dfide xu t h l cua ddi song, nguypn vpng eiia
nhan dfin, tfi dd dl dfiii thfin, fing xii phfl
hdp, de I ^ dfi'u Sn tren nhfing hopt dpng
"hflnh dpo" cua Nho gifio Dfing Trong (49).
Vfi, Nguyen CU Trinh Id gitang mat diin
hinh cua mgt quan chdc - tri thdc khai hda
trong qud trinh md nUde cda chua Nguyin,
ngudi phdt ngdn eho nhiing suy tit trdn trd
cua bd phdn nho sl, hdng hdi ddn thdn
nhitng cUng ddy trdeh nhiim, bdc xuc day
ddt trUdc thUc tiin thdi dg.i.
Qua trinh md rdng vfing dfi't Nam Bd
ciia Chua NguySn chii ylu thdng qua khai
phfi hda binh k i t hpp vdi dfim phfin ngopi
giao dl khfing djnh chu quyln. Trong qufi
trinh dfl, v i ^ bao vd dfin chfing khdn hoang
vfi xfie Ifip ehii quyln Ifi hai qufi trinh aong
song vfi trpng dpi, Cho din gifla t h l ky
XVIII, tofin bd khu vitc Nam Bd da hofin
tofin thudc quyln cai quan cua Chua

NguySn, nhanh chflng trd thfinh vfing phat
triln kinh t l nfing d^ng (50). Trong nhflng
bfidc phdt triln quylt djnh, nhfi't Ifl gifla
t h l ky XVIII, NguySn CU Trinh ddng vai
trd rfi't to ldn (61).
Tuy vpy, tfi nhflng nfim cuoi ddi Vo
vfidng, Dfing Trong dang suy thofli mpnh.
Thye t l lfi, trong Idng ciia xfi hpi Dfing
Trong, mpe dfi d thdi doan eye thinh nhdt

vfi qufi trtnh hda trpn, tilp biln diln ra hit
sfie mpnh mg, nhfing ddng vfin hda • xa hpi
ehu dpo "thdi thupng" ngdm chay lH sing
"kilu Bfic" (Dfing Ngofii): "ulng chdn sfi bjt
bpc vfi n h l Ing ddng thau, dia bfit fin ulng
thi khdng cdi gi Id khdng phdi hdng Bdc"
(52), "Ba phii Quy Nhdn, Quang Ngai, Gia
Djnh thi thde gpo khdng xilt kl, khdch Bdc
budn bdn quen khen khflng bao ngdt" (53),
gidi quan ehfic tham nhfing dua nhau lfim
gifiu... Cdn bp mfiy hfinh chfnh mang nfing
tfnh qufin sp - sy lya chpn "khdng tranh
khdi" eua hp NguySn thdi gian ddu. Do
ehfia cd mpt eai nhin so sfinh tfl nhiing thl
e h l khae trong khu vfic Ddng Nam A nen
"vide hfinh ehfnh ed cfii gi giong nhu d Nhfit
vfi d Tfiu", mpe dfi "theo tinh thdn ciia dfin
tpc minh" (64), md i^ng dfi't lfi md rpng bd
mdy quan lieu bdy nhieu, "Qufin dfin hai
xfl thfin yfin tfn phyc, cam nhfin min dflc,
ddi ddi phong ttfc" (55) cung cho thdy sp
quy thu^n vdi chfnh quyln Dflng Trong, tao
mcfi dofin k i t vdi ngUdi Vipt, nhiing d mpt
khfa cpnh nfio dd, cung phai thdy mpt thfic
t l lfi qufi trinh Vi^t hfla dfi diSn ra mpnh
mfi, dfidng nhien d chS cd mfic dp ty cU cao
(66).
Tfl hai phfidng cfich mang dpm tfnh chit
Bfic dfl dfi cho thfi'y no Ific trd vl vdi md
hinh Nho gifio "chfnh thong" dang ddn Ian

tda vfi thdt ehpt mdt chfnh t h l t^p quyln
truyin thing. Vl qufi trtnh nfly, Li Tana
nhpn djnh "cupe khdi nghia cua Tay Sdn da


RguySn Cxt Trtnh va vfing dtit...
lam gian dopn no Ific xfiy dfing mpt nin
hflnh chanh d^m mau sfle dfln sfi hdn tpi
Dfing Trong", tren h i t vdi nhfing yeu td' cu,
mdi, vi$c xay dfing nhU t h l nfio thi "Dflng
Trong khdng phai lfi phdn phfa Nam ciia
Dfing Ngoai. Vfidng quoc cua hp Nguyen cd
qua nhilu ylu to' khfic bi^t" (57). Hp
Nguyin trong thdi gian ddu da td ra thflnh
edng trong vipe xii ly cfie ylu to dd, nhfing
sau nfiy vdn lya chpn md hinh kinh diln
theo ehfnh the dp c h i tfi phfidng Bfic, mpt
t h l c h i mfi qua nhilu t h l ky suy sup, lpi
vfia CO gfing troi ddy... Cd t h l ndi, thilt ehl
Dfing Trong lfi phifin ban mdi eiia mpt mfl
hinh cu; dd'n eudl thdi Chua Vo vfidng, nd
da d dinh dilm ciia sy phfit t n l n , tilp c|in
den mpn sfidn suy thofii.
Sau kbi Nguyen Phue Khofit mit, fiu
Chua (Nguyen Phfic Thudn, 12 tuoi) len k l
nghipp, Trfidng Phfic Loan lfi'y quyen Qudc
phd, xem trilu thdn chfing cd mot ai,
chuyen quyln, gid't hai ngfidi ngay, bfin
quan, tdm thau moi viee trong tay mpt
minh... "Trfidng Phfic Loan cdm quyen,

ehfnh tri tfi chuyen. Ndi hfiu chfidng dinh
Tfln Thfit Nghiem, chudng Thuy cd Tfln
Thfi't Vien (dfi'u lfi con Dfin quoc cflng Tfln
Thfi't Dien, bfiiy gid ngudi ta gpi lfi Nghiem
qufin cdng) ddu dUdc chfia thfin yeu, nhfing
ehi say me tfiu sfle, khflng de ^ den vi^c
nUdc. Loan thdy the bfin khdng kifing ne gi,
bfin quan, budn tfide, fln tiln tha tpi, hinh
phat phien nhiSu, t h u l mfi nfing nd, nhfin
dan diu lfi'y lfim kho. Trong khoang 4, 5
nflm, tai dj hipn ra ludn, dfi't dpng, nui Id,
sao sa, nUdc dd, trflm hp dfli kdm, trdm
efidp tfi tung. Trong nUdc tfi dd sinh nhilu
vi^e" (58), Chua Dup Tflng ehl nghi din vui
chdi, xa xi. TrUde tinh hinh do, Nguyen Cu
Trinh, dUdc dieu v l Phfi Xuan, thflng Lai
bp, cung nhfi nhflng trong thdn khae "cung
khdng ngfin dUde tinh hinh rm ren", khung

hoang tfi trong vfidng trilu din ngofli xa
hpi. "Trai qua thdi NguySn Phue Khofit bfio
phdng bflt chfide nhau, lfim thflnh thfli
quen. binh si diu ngoi chie'u mfiy, dfia qua
tUa hoa, dm Id hfidng cl,., Coi vfing bpc nhU
cat, thdc gao nhfi bfin, xa xi rfi't mfic",
TrUdng Phfie Loan "nhfi chfia vfing bpc vd
sd*', NguySn Noan "lfi'y 120 vp 16, budng aau
chfia ddy chfiu ngpc", ndn "Diing ngUdi nhU
thi, hoi sao khdng md't nUdc\" (59).
Vdi NguySn CU Trinh, trung thfinh vdi

ehe dp, sdm phfit hi^n ra nhfing mfiu
thufin, khuylt tfit ciia the chfi', nhfing mong
gdp ^ dl cai thidn nhfing da bfi't Ific. Lfi
ngfidi "dfing binh cfidng quyd't... vfio culi
ddi, cd dfing sd to efio tp quan trfidng nhung
nhieu do sU chfi'p chinh cua quyln thdn
Trfidng Phfic Loan", nhieu ldn phan fing
quyet hdt trfidc mpt TrUdng Phfic Loan...
song khflng xoay ehuyin dfide gi trong boi
eanh ehinh trj • xa hdi luc nay. Hai nfim
sau ngfiy Vo vfidng mfi't, mua He nfim 1767,
NguySn Cfi Tnnh lfim b^nh vfi qua ddi, khi
dd 52 tufl'i.
3. Nhan xet
40 nfim sau ngfiy mfi't, nam Gia Long
thfi 5 (1806), NguySn CU Trinh dfipc truy
tfln lfim Kiln Cfidng Uy Dofin Thdn Nghi
Thanh Du Nhfin Tfi Du$ Tri Hie'u Vu
hoang dl, mieu hipu la The tflng, lfing gpi
lfi Trfidng Thfii; nfim 1839, vua Minh Mang
xem Thfic lyc efic thfinh thiy NguySn Cu
Trinh nhieu mUu kl, cd chid'n edng, sfi
nghidp rfic rd, mfi Ifiu chfia thd phyng d
milu dinh, bfin chudn y bd Le bfin, tflng
phong quan tfide, cho thd phy d Thfii
mieu... Dfl lfi ghi nhfin vfi danh gifi toan
dipn cupe ddi boat ddng eiia Nghi Bilu hdu
NguySn Cfi Trinh,
NguySn Cu Trinh Id hinh mdu cua gidi
nho si Nam Hd tiin ky: trpng thfie hpc.

Rghian eijru I4ch ai. atf 4.2011
khdng nd khoa bang, nhfin quan thodng
md, cd ban vdn dya vfio chudn hd truyin
thong Nho gifio, nhfing ed pha trdn thim ttf
chfi't vfin hda dfin gian, thyc tiSn, trfio
phfing eiia vfing dfi't phfidng Nam, ft xd
efing gifio dilu (60).
Nhin lpi ljch sii cd thl thfi'y, cu^ ddi
quan Id cda Nguyin Cu Trinh triing vdi
thdi tri vi cua Chua Nguyin Phue Khodt.
Trong nhflng thfinh edng chung cua chfnh
quyln Dfing Trong hdn khing thl khing kl
din vai trd ciia NguySn Cfi Trinh, d$c bi^t
ddi vdi vflng dfi't Nam Bd. Cupe ddi vfi sy
nghidp cua Nguyen Cfi Trinh lfi mdt cudc
trfidng ehinh Nam tiln.
Cho tdi sfi kipn nfim 1757, hdu nhU
khdng cd nhdng bii'n d^ng ldn, cdn bdn
duac xdc ldp td budc ngodt cudi thiky XVII
dNam Bd. Hdn nfla, sy phfit tnen cua vfing
dfi't mdi cai quan d ddu t h l ky XVIII vl mpi
mfit dd cd tde ddng din khu vUe khdc, gdp
phdn thuc ddy nhanh qud trinh xde ldp chu
quyin. Ngfidi Vipt din ngfiy cfing ddng, anh
hfidng manh me vfl trd thfinh chii nhfin
thye sfi eiia vfing dit. Nam Bd trd thfinh
dja bfin sinh ty, vflng dfi't di cU, ndi giao
tranh gifia cfie t h l Ific, dl rdi euH efing

ngfidi Vidt, trong ay ung hp vfi fing xii
khoan dung, hda hpp vdi cfie cpng ddng cfl
dfin ban dja vfi cde ldp ngfidi din trfidc, vdi
tdm nhin sfiu ring, f chf mfinh li^t ca sy hy
sinh to ldn dfl xfie ldp dUpc chii quyln thi^c
tl. Viic chua Nguyin ddn xdc ldp chinh
thdc vdo gida thiky XVIII Id xu thi tdt yiu
trin ed sd eua tdt cd cdc yiu tdchu quan vd
khdch quan cdng tdn.
Qud trinh chuyin dli md hinh kinh t l xfi hdi Dfing Trong tfl gifla t h l ky XVIH,
trong dd san xufi't vfi thUdng mai hda thfle
gpo lfi mdt trong nhflng biln c l ddy J
nghia. Nd trd thfinh ddng Iflc thuc diy
bfidc phfit triln xa hdn nfla xuIng phfa
Nam vfi tpo cd hdi ddy trpng tam kinh t l
xutfng phfa Nam ciia ngfidi Vi$t. Hp
NguySn gia tfing hdng dfia dong bfing sdng
Cvtu Long vfio trong hd thing chinh trj vfi
kinh t l ciia minh. No Ific dd gfip phai sp
dyng dd vdi Xiem dang bfinh trfidng sang
phfa Ddng, cung nhfi cu^c npi chiln quylt
lidt vdi Tfiy Sdn tfi tb^p nidn 70 vfi thfle t l
dfi khiln hp lao dao vfi di vfio con dfidng
suy vong. Tuy vfiy cura cflng, ddng bfing
sdng Ciiu Long, viing dfi't Nam Bp da cflu
hp NguySn,

CHU THtCH
(1). "Chdn Lgp: Tfln nu6c, d vi phfa nam L6m

Ap. Theo Dudng ihii Chfin Lfip cdn c6 tSn 1ft Cftt
Mi#t (Kha Me). Chfln L^p vin xUa 1ft thuflc quflc
cua Phfl Nam, aau nftm Thfin Long (705 • 706) dcli
Dudng, chia Iflm hai: nfla v6 phfa bftc cfl nhifiu gfl
niii, g9i Ifl Lyc Chfln L^p, tflc nay 1ft Cao Mifln;
nfia cl phfa nam liin biln, nhidu hff, nhilu chim,
nfln ggi 1ft Thuy Chin L^p, nay 1ft eftu tinh Nam
Ky". Khdm dinh Vift sU thdng gidm cUtfng mi^c,
Nxb. Giflo dye, D i NSng, 2007, tr. 193,
(2), "T^i sao nhQng nUSc Lflm ftp, Phfi Nam,
Chfln L^p, Al Lao, tuy diu 1ft nhfing nU6c nho mgn

mft cfln cfl qufln tnl5ng, khfing din nSi 1$ t h u ^ qufi
nhu nudc Nam minh?". Phan Huy Chu, Lich tniu
hii'n chuang logi chi, Nxb, Khoa hgc Xe h^i, Hft
NOi, 1992, tr. 34-36.
(3). "Sd niBn, hi§u Khai Nguy§n (713 • 714),
cua Huyin Tfing, so&i truSng Giao Chfiu Ifl Mai
Thfle Ix)an Iftm phan, hi^u zong Ifl Hflc Dl, ngofli
k i t giao vdi qufin cua LAm ip vft Chfln L9p, t^^p
hpp dupc 30 Vfn qufln BI, chiim cfi nudc An Nam*.
Ll Tflc, An Nam chi litgc. Nxb, Thuftn Hfia - Trung
tflm Vfln hfla NgSn ngO Dfing Tfly, Hfl N§i, 2002,
tr.117-118.


RguySn Cu- Trinh vo vflng dit...

37

(4). "Thdn Tong, nflm Thi§n Thufin thfl 5
(1132), Nhftm Ty, ngUcli nudc Chifim Thflnh 1ft bgn
Cy Ban trffn v l nudc, di d i n tr^i Nh§t 1^ thi ngitcli
tr^i fi'y bat diigc giai v l Kinh sU. Chiim Thflnh bfin
cflng Chin Lgip h^i qufin vfto cu6p Ngh§ An. Chfln
Lfp tflc Ifl nU3c Cao Miin ngfty nay. IA Quf Dfin,
Phi bUn tgp tfic. Nxb. Vfln hfia Thfing tin, Hft,
NOi, 2007, tr. 39-40.

tmh binh vft thu$c binh. Md r^ng dfit dUpc nghin
d$m, dupc hdn 4 vfn h^. bfin chiSu m$ nhiing d i n
xifiu dft tfl B6 Chtnh trd v^ Nam cho din d cho
dfing. Thilt l^p xa thfin phudng ft'p, chia cflt gidi
ph^n, khai kh^n ru^ng nilOng, djnh l^nh t h u l tS
dung, Iflm B6 dinh diln... Qufic sif quin trilu
Nguyin. Dgi Nam thtfc luc, tfip 1, Nxb. Giflo d\ic,
HflN^i, 2004, tr. H I

(5). Chu Dft Quan, Chdn Lgp phong thi ky,
Nxb, T h l gidi, Hft N^i, 2006, tr. 22-24,
(6), (33). Nguyin Vin Kim: "Nam B? Vi?t Nam
- Mfil tracing kinh t l biln vfl mfii quan h? vdi cfle
qu6c gia khu vpc t h l ky XVI-XVII", T^p chi
Nghiin ctfu Lich sH, si l(357)-2006.

(10). Theo GS.TS, Yumio Sakurai, khfii m$m
"V/aUr Frontier" nin dupc hiiu theo hai nghia: Thfl
nhfit, n6 nhAm xfie djnh vi trf mQt trung tflm mdi
nfi'i d Dfing Nam A hai dao, ghi nh(ln vai trS cua
ngudi Hoa trong qui trinh phflt t n l n dfi. Ddng thdi

cSn cho thfi'y m^t khSng gian md r^ng cho nhOng
nhfl du hflnh ngUdi Hoa m i A.Reid ggi li "Chinese
Century" 6 Dfing Nam A. Thfi hai, trln quan dilm
r^ng ldn vl hoft dgng hing hai cua ngUdi Hoa d
Dfing Nam A, m^t m{Lt. khii nifm niy chi ra m$t ky
nguyfin chuyin tilp gifia cfic th} trUdng v i mfng
ludi bufin bin d$c trUng ciia Ky nguyen ThUdng mfi
v i d u tnic n h i nUdc kilu Mandala t h l ky XVII;
mfit khic, nin hai thUdng mdi nfi'i 6 t h l k j XVIII
zufi^t hi^n nhu nhQng n h i nUdc dia phUdng md rgng
gfin din gldl hfn cua nS d tiln-thpc din mft ky (late
pre-colonial). Xem Yumio Sakurai, EighteenthCentury Chinese Pioneers on Water Frontier of
Indochina, trong Water Frontier: Commerce and the
Chinese m the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880,
Rowman and LittleSeld Pubhshers, INC, 2004, pp.
35-36, 41.

(7). Nam Bd tii thi ky VII din thi" ky XVI
(PGS.TS NguySn Vfln Kim chu nhi^m) thu^c D l fln
KHXH d p Nhfl nudc: Qud Irinh hinh thdnh vd phdt
triin viing ddt Nam Bd (GS, Phan Huy L§ chu tri).
(8), Nguyin Hflu Canh (Nguyin HQu Kfnh) 1ft
con thfl cua Nguyin Hau D?it vft Ifl em rufit ciia
Thong suft't Nguyin HOu Hfto. Nftm 1692, fing Iftm
Tgng binh danh dfp gi^c Bfl Tranh tfi Thu^n
Thflnh, sau dfi du^c cfl Iflm Trfi'n thu dmh Binh
Khang. Nguyin Hfiu Canh mflft tfi Sfim Giang
t r l n dudng nit quin v l Gia Djnh. Chila t^ng
phong Hi^p tfin cong thfin. D$c tiln chudng doanh,
thyy Trung Cfin. Ngudi Chfln Lfp l$p din thd d

dfiu bai Nam Vang... Nim 1813, vua Gia Long eai
sfla din thd Khai qufic cfing thfin Nguyin HQu
Kinh. (Din d Nam Vang; trUdc kia Nguyin Hiiu
Kfnh di kinh lUpc Chin Lfp dfing quin d dlfy; aau
khi chit, d i n Chfln Lfp Iftm din thd ngay Hy, ggi
Ifl din Ll cfing). Xem th€m QuSc afi qufin trilu
Nguyin; Dgi Nam liet truydn, t^p 1, tiln bien,
Nxb. Thuftn HSa, Hul, 2005. tr, 126-128.
(9), Dgi Nam thtfc luc ch6p: Bflt dfiu d$t phu
Gia Djnh. Sai ThS'ng sufft Nguyin HQu Kfnh kinh
lupc dfi't Chin Lfp. chia dfl:t Dfing PhS'. Ifi'y xfi
Dfing Nai Iflm huy^n Phue Long (nay t h i n g Iflm
phu), d i ^ g dinh Trfi'n Bien (tfic Bifin HSa ngiy
nay), lfi'y xfi Sfli Gon Iflm huy§n Tfln Binh (nay
thfing Iflm phu), dpng dinh Phiin Trfi'n (tfic Gia
Dinh ngfty nay), moi tlinb diu d$t cfic chflc Iilu
thii, cai bf, k j lyc v i cac cO d$i thuyin thuy b§

(11), (15), (17), (23), (31), 32), (36), (58). Qufic
afi quin trilu Nguyin, B^i Nam thtfc lgc, tfip 1,
Nxb. Gifio dye, H i Ngi, 2004, tr. 112, 148-172,
156-157, 163-165, 166-167, 165-172.
(12). Vii Minh Giang: Chu quyin ldnh thi cua Vift
Nam trin vdng ddt Nam Bd trong M^t sd'v&i di lich
sCe viing ddt Nam B^ din cwSJ thiky XIX, Ky ylu H§i
thao Khoa hpc, Tp. H 6 Chi Minh, 2006. tr. 385.
(13), H$i Khoa hgc L^ch sfl Vift Nam: Lupc sU
vdng dd't Nam B0, Nxb. T h l gidl, Hfl Nfi, 2008, tr.
32-33.
(14). H§i Khoa hgc Ljch sii Vift Nam: Z^pfc ad"

vung ddt Nam B(S, Nxb. T h l gidi, Hfl Nfi, 2008, tr.
33, Xlm thSm NgS Vfln Lf, Vdng ddt Hd Tiin vd


Rghian eijru Lfch ai^. stf 4.2011
vifc md rgng ldnh thi, xdc l^p chu quyin vd thtfc
thi ckH quydn cua Chiia Nguyin dNam fl(5, trong
Thdnh phi Hi Chi Minh hudng vi 1000 ndm
Thdng Long - Hd N^i, Nxb. Tfi'ng hpp Tp H3 Chi
Mmh, 2010, tr. 666-676, Nguyfin Vftn Kim; "Nam
Bf Vift Nam - MSi trudng kinh t l biln v i mfii
quan hf vdl cfic quSc gia khu vpc t h l ky XVIXVII", Tfp chf Nghiin ctfu Lich sH, stf l(367)-2006,
(16) Son Nam, Lich sti khin hoang miin Nam,
Dfing Phfi, Sil GSn, 1973. tr. 35,
(18), Nguyin Phiic Chu, Hiin Tfing Hiiu Minh
(Qufic Chiia, 1691-1725); Nguyin Phue Chii (Trd),
Tiic Tfing Hiiu Ninh (Djnh Qufic Cfing, 17251738), Nguyin Phdc Khoit (Vfl vUdng, 1738-1765).

duy tri qudn ddi. Li Tana: Xtf Ddng Trong. Lich sH
kinh tixd h^i Vift Nam thiky 17 vd 18. Nguyin
Nghj djch, Nxb Tr4, Tp. Hd Chf Minh, 1999, tr. 79,
Xem thim Nguyin Mfnh Dfing: Nhin lgi m6 hinh
phdt triin kinh ti- xd h0i Ddng Trong thiky XVIXVIII. Trong TrUdng Dfi hgc KHXH&NV, Khoa
QuSc t l (DHQGHN), Dfi hgc Nantea. Angers,
Maine (Phip): Ddng gdp cua Khoa hgc xd h^i vd
nhdn van trong phdt tnin kinh ti • xd h^i. Ky ylu
Hfl thfio Qufic tl, Hfl Nfi, 8-9/4/2011.
(25). Xem Qufic afi qufln trilu Nguyin: Dgi
Nam lift truyfn, tfip 1, tiln bifin, Nxb. Thufin Hfia,
Hul, 2005 (myc Truyfn Nguyin Cu Trinh); xem

thfim Cao Tp Thanh, Nho gido d Gia Dinh. Nxb
Vfln hfia Sfti Gfin, 2009, tr. 35,

(19), Sai Chinh thing cai cd Nguyin Cfiu Vin
(con Nguyin Cfiu Dye) ddnh Ch&n Lgp vft dUa Nfic
Yem vl nUdc.
(20). Nhfin sai Cai cd Ta bf dinh Binh Khang Ifl
Nguyin Cfiu Trifim lanh 26 thuyin qufln thuy bf
cua dmh Binh Khang dl flng tilp, lfi'y qufin 4
thuyin cd Ta thuy dinh Quang Nam dl tilp giQ
dinh Binh Khang,

(26), (49). Cao Tp Thanh, Nho gido d Gia Dinh.
Nxb. Vftn hfia S i i GSn, 2009, tr. 37, 40-42,
(27). Nftm tfi't, nftm x&u dugc do bfing lUpng
thuyin din Dflng Trong trong mft nflm. Li Tana:
Xtf Ddng Trong. Lich sH kmh tixd hdi Vift Nam
thiky 17 vd 18. Sdd, tr, 134

(21). Sai Dilu khiln Nguyin HQu Dofin di dflnh
Chfin Lfp d?p yfin,
(22). N^c Nguyfin nUdc Chin Lfp xfim Ifin
ngUdi Cfin Man. (Bfi'y gid bf Ifc cua til trudng
Thufin Thinh c6 nhilu ngudi xifiu dft sang h dfit
Chin Lfp, ggi l i Cfin Man, cfi tfin nQa 1ft Vfi T;^
man), Thu tudng bfio Ifin. Chiia ding bfiy tfii bftn di
dinh, bfin sai sfl dUa thu aang cho nudc Xilm nfii
rflng: "Dfl'ng vUOng gia diing binh Ift dl dgp lofn
gilt bao, cho nfin vua Vfln vUdng gifin [rp Silng
Mfit] bfi't kfnh, vua Tuyfin vUOng dflnh [rg Hilm

Dofln] chiim dfit, dfi l i vifc bfit dflc dl chfl khfing
phai Ua thfch chiln tranh. Nudc Chfin Lfp bfi nho
kia 1ft phiin thfin ciia nudc ta, mft dim ty hgp cfin
At, dua t h l Ifin ndi bifin gidi. Vifc Iftm nhu thl,
dSu nudc Xifim ciing phai gh^t vfiy. Nay sai quan
v6 dem qufln hdi tfi, chiing tft't ngSng gifi mft tan
chfy, gifin hofic chiing cfi chfy aang nU6c Xilm, tflc
thi nfin bfit giao cho qufln thfl, dfing dl cho kl b l
tSi phan nghich dupc trfi'n biia riu",

(29). (57). Li Tana: Xtf Ddng Trong. Lich sUkinh
ti-xd hdi Vift Nam thiky 17vdia. Sdd. tr, 82, 83.
(30). Nguyin Hoii Vin: Dgi cUtJng lich sH ttt
tudng chinh tri Vift Nam - Ttf thiky XVII den thi
ky XIX, Nxb. Chfnh trj quSc gia, H i Nfi, 2010. tr.
150. Xem thfim Cao Tfl Thanh: Nho gido 6 Gia
Dinh. Nxb Vfln hfia S i i GSn, 2009, tr 55,

(24). Pham Nguyin Du (1739-1787) k i t lufin ep
syp dS' Ifl hg Nguyin dfi sUt ci d&n qud ndng di

(28), Oeuvres completles de P.Poivre. Intendant
des Isles de France et de Bourbon, correapondant
de I'academie des sciences, etc; Paris. 1797. Notice
sur la vie de P.Poivre, Ancient intendant des Islet
de France el de Bourbon, in nftm 1786; Li Tana: Xii
Ddng Trong. Ljch stf kinh tixd h^i Vift Nam thi
kyl7vdl8.S
(34), (52), (53), (55), (59), Ll Qu^ Dfin: Phu

Biin tgp l{tc. Nxb. Vfln hfia ThSng tin, H i Nfi,
2007, tr 82-83, 430, 433, 62, 430.
(35). Theo tfic gia TrUdng Minh Dft, Mfc Thifin
Tfl (Tfch) ainh nftm 1718. nftm mfi't Ift 1780. Xem
TrUdng Minh Dft; Nghiin ctfu Hd Tien, Nxb. Tti,
Tfp chf xua v i Nay. Tp. Ho CM Minh, 2008.
(37). Nguyin Tufin Anh: Nam B6 trong mil
quan hf giita Chtfa Nguyin vdi Chdn Lgp vd XUm


RgiiY&i Cir Trinh vh vflng d6i...
ttf thiky XVH din thiky XIX (trong each nhin cua
mdt so tdc gid Campuehia), trong Mdt si vin di
lich si viing ddt Nam Bd din cudi thiky XIX, Ky
ylu Hfl thao Khoa hgc, Tp. H i Chf Minh, 2006.
(38). Trfin Thj Mai: Vi cdng cudc khai phd vttng
ddt Tdm Phong Long (Ttf giiia thi ky XVIII din
gitfa thiky XIX). Ky y l u Hgi thao khoa hgc: Chua
Nguyin vd VitOng triiu Nguyin trong lich si Vift
Nam ttf thi'ky XVI di'n thiky XDC, tfi Thanh Hfia,
ngfty 18-19/10/2008, Nxb, Thigidi, Hft Nfi, 2008,
(39). Sdn Nam, LicA su" khin hoang miin Nam,
Dfing Phi, Sfli GSn, 1973, tr, 36,
(40). Lfi HQu PhUdc: Ttf dinh Long Hd den dinh
Vinh Trd'n. Ky ylu Hfi thao khoa hgc: Chua
Nguyen vd ViiOng triiu Nguyin trong lich su! Vift
Nam tii thi'ky XVI di'n thiky XIX, tfi Thanh Hfia,
ngfly 18-19/10/2008, Nxb. T h l gidl, Hfl Nfi, 2008.
(41). Hd Tiin Trd'n hifp trd'n Mgc thi gia phd.
Hd Tifn. Kien Giang, Nxb. T h l gidi, Hft Nfi, 2006,

tr. 43-47.
(42), Nhft nghifin cfiu A.Reid cho rfing t h l ky
XVIII Ii t h l ky cua ngudi Hoa (Chinese Centuiy).
Xem trong Anthony Reid, Chinese Trade and
Southeast Asian Economic Expansion in the Later
Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: An
Overview, trong Water Frontier: Commerce and the
Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880,
edd, pp. 21-34.
(43), Sy kifn 1757 cSn cho thfiy vifc hofch djnh
dudng bifin gifla Chiia Nguyin vdi t h l lyc Mac
Thifin TCi, hay gifla Dfing vfl Tfly Water Frontier
nhu nhilu hgc gia da nfii din. Xem Yumio
Sakurai, Eighteenth-Century Chinese Pioneers on
Water Frontier of Indochina, sdd, p. 44.
(44). Sfl chip: "khi d Gia Dinh. ding vdi T^ng binh
H i Tien MfC Thifin TQ thudng Ifiy thd vfln tfijig nhau,
c6 tfip Hd Tiin thdp vinh luu hinh". Qufic sfl qufin
trilu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thtfc lgc, tfip 1, Nxb. Gifio
dye. H i Nfi, 2004, tr, 170-172. Tofln bf sy nghifp vftn
hgc gftn vdi tfim ap vft chf khf kinh bang t l thl. gfin
vdi cugc ddi hof t dgng (Lfi Qu^ DSn).
(45). Xem thfim Qu6c sfl qufin trilu Nguyin:
Dai Nam liet truyfn, tfip 1, tiln bifin, Nxb. Thuftn

HSa, Hul, 2005, tr. 162-167.
(46). TrUdng Minh Dft: Nghiin ctfu Hd Tien.
Nxb, Tr6, Tfp chf XUa vft Nay, Tp. Hfi Chf Minh,
2008, tr. 202-205. Xem them: Ddng hg Nguyin CU
Trinh - M^t thi gia vpng tdc dHui, trong Hfi thfio

khoa hgc: Danh nhdn Nguyen Cu Trinh vdi vifc
xdc l^p chi quyin vdng dit An Giang vd Nam Bd
gitfa thiky XVIH, ngfly 31-3-2011 tfi An Giang.
(47). Phan Khoang, Vift si xtf Ddng Trong,
Nxb. Vfln hgc. Hft Nfi, 2001, tr. 178-179
(48). Opt Nam thtfc l^c cho bilt tinh hinh
nhQng nim 1758, 1759. 1760, 1761. 1762 diu
khfing cfi diln biln quin ay; nfing nflm 1764;
hoftng tfl n h i Le l i Duy Mfit aai ngUdi din dinh Ai
Lao cfiu vifn. ThU dfi lUpc ndi rfing: "Mfit [Le Duy
Mfit] thf n minh l i con vua. rfit cfim mtfi thii nUdc.
nhUng t h l ylu djch mfnh, nhilu Ifin khdi sy
khSng xong... Vfiy xin sdm djnh cd nghi, chgn ngfty
tiln quin, ciing nhau flng tilp. NhU t h l till gific
nudc mdi trfl xong, thil ta mdi tra dUpc, m i cic
tifin lift Cling rfng rd thfim". Chiia khdng muin
gdy hiim khich ndi biin gidi, nen h^u ddi ngiidi
dUa thu, rSi cho vi...
Quoc afi quan trilu NguySn, Btfi Nam thtfc luc,
tfip 1, Nxb. Giao dye, Hft Nfi, 2004, tr. 165-172
(60). d ^ nghla khac, Ifin dfiu tien, lanh t h l do
ngUdi Vift cai quan da tdi tfin Tay Water Frontier,
tfi dfi da dyng dg trpc tilp vdi t h l lyc Mf c Thien
Tfl. Yumio Sakurai, Eighteenth-Century Chinese
Pioneers on Water Frontier of Indochina, add, p. 42
(51). N h i nghifin cflu Sdn Nam vilt "Cdrig lao
sau cdng iy, phin ldn Id cia Nguyin Cii Trinh".
Sdn Nam: Tim hiiu ddt Hdu Giang, Nxb. PhQ Sa,
Sii Gfin, 1959. tr, 39.
(54). Christophoro Borri: Xtf Ddng Trong ndm

1621, Nxb. Thinh phtf H i Chf Minh, 1998, tr. 70,
(56). Xem thfim bfti vilt Ho Trung Tii: Bdn sdc
Qudng Nam ttf gde nhin phdn ky lich si. Tf p chf
Xua vd Nay, ai 342, thfing 10-2009,
(60). Tic gia xin tran trong cam dn PGS.TS.
Nguyin Thiia Hy da dge vft cfi nhiing gfip y cho bii
vilt nfty.