Homework advanced course of glycobiology and glycotechnology phamkhanh dung d1
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Homework
ADVANCED COURSE OF GLYCOBIOLOGY AND GLYCOTECHNOLOGY
Pham Khanh Dung - D1
1. Explain my research interest
Nowadays, the oily industry in Japan has problems, the degree of self-sufficiency in
edible oil is only 3% and most of them is imported from abroad. Beside, biodiesel industry has
become important due to the shortage of the fossil oil and increasing awareness of environmental
issue. However, use of sustainable biomass for biodiesel production is undoubtedly a globally
attractive field of biofuels study as the interest in alternative energy source increase. Traditional
production of biodiesel is based on plants oils, animal fats and waste oils resulting in
competition with the agriculture and food industry. Therefore, it is primarily necessary to insure
that triacylglycerol ( TAG) can be produced continually without affecting food security in the
world. Recently, the scientists are paying their attention into microorganisms which is capable to
accumulate oil in the body. Some oleaginous microorganisms have been reported to have their
exceptional ability in converting carbohydrates into lipids including TAG that subsequently
could be accumulated in cell. Yeast do exhibit advantage for lipid product over other source.
Namely, their duplication times is usually lower than one hour, they are far less affected than
plant by season or climate conditions, and their cultures are more easily scale up than those of
microalgae. In specially oleaginous yeast R. toruloides can accumulate lipids to above 70% of its
dry cell weight from monosaccharaides. In addition, their growth is not in competition either
with food, feed crops, or with agricultural land. To carry out more effective lipid production by
R. toruloides for industrial use, it is essential to elucidate lipid production mechanism of R.
toruloides. In our research, we created mutant strains and comparing genes of mutants and wild
type strains to find genes involved in lipid accumulation.
2. Summarize the article: Glycome Diagnosis of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem
Cells Using Lectin Microarray
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can now be produced from various somatic cell
(SC) lines by ectopic expression of the four transcription factors. Base on many aspects, cell
surface glycans are considered to be ideal targets for analyzing or identifying the phenotype of
each cell in a direct manner. They performed a systematic analysis of cell surface glycans of a
large set of human iPSCs (114 cell types) and ESCs (9 cell type) using a high density lectin
microarray. The obtained results, undifferentiated iPSCs and ESCs were clustered as one large
group, however, they were clearly separated from the group of differentiated SCs, whereas the
four SCs had apparently distinct glycome profiles from one another, demonstrating that SCs with
originally distinct glycome profiles have acquired those similar to ESCs upon induction of
pluripotency. Among the 38 selected lectins to exam how glycan structures altered during the
induction of pluripotency, 35 lectins were categorized into six groups based on their glycan
binding specificities, from which glycan alterations having occurred upon induction of
pluripotency were estimated, whereas the 3 lectins with broader specificities (wheat germ
agglutinin (WGA), a Sia binder; rRSIIL and aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), broad Fuc binders)
were not included in this categorization. Beside, following the result obtained by lectin and DNA
microarrays, they concluded that the expression of α2-6-sialylation, α1-2-fucosylation, and type
1 LacNAc is increased, whereas that of α2-3-sialylation and tetra-antennary N-glycans is
decreased upon induction of pluripotency. Next, rBC2LCN was selected as the best lectin probe
to evaluate pluripotency among the 96 lectins. rBC2LCN could be used to probe glycoproteins
and possibly all glycoconjugate carrying Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAc(GalNAc), whereas antiSSEA3 and anti-SSEA4 specially target glycosphingolipids. Thus, this lectin could be a versatile
probe to evaluate pluripotency. It was concluded that the high density lectin microarray has
proved to be valid for not only comprehensive analysis of glycans but also diagnosis of stem
cells under the concept of the cellular glycome.
