VIEN KHOA HOC XA H0I VIET NAM
VIEN NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT
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BAO CAO TOM TAT

D e tai:

NANG CAO HIEU LUC, HIEU QUA QUAN LY NHA
nit 6 c v e b Ao v e NGircn t ie u d u n g d nltcjc t a

Chu nhiem de tai:
Thu ky d€ tai:

Ca quan chu tri de tai:

PGS. TS. Nguyen Nhir Phat
Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat
TS. Bui Nguyen Khanh
Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat

Vien Nha nirox va Phap luat
Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam

Ha Noi, 12/2009

CAC THANH VIEN THAM GIA NGHIEN CU'U DE TAI

1. PGS. TS. Nguyen Nhtr Phat -Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat
2. TS. Bui Nguyen Khanh -Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat
3. PGS. TS. Pham Duy Nghia - BHQGHN.
4. TS. Bang Vu Huan - Bo Tu Phap.
5. GS. TSKH. Dao Tri Uc - Hoi Luat Gia Viet Nam.
6. TS. Dinh Thi My Loan - Bo Cong Thuang.
7. TS. Le Mai Thanh -Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat.
8. PGS. TS. Dinh NgQc VirQUg-Vien Tu dien hoc va Bach khoa thu.
9. PGS. TS. Pham Hiru Nghi -Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat.
10. TS. Nguyen Dire Minh-Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat
11. Ths. Nguyin Linh Giang -Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat
12. Ths. Dinh Thi Mai Phircmg - Bo Tu Phap

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MUC L y c
Ldi noi dau
Phan thu* nhat:
Yeu cau va pham vi quan ly Nha nirdc ve bao ve ngu’di tieu dung trong
bdi canh hoi nhap kinh te qudc te
I. Yeu d»u quan ly Nha nirdc ve bao v? ngu’di tieu dung trong boi canh
hoi nhap kinh te quoc te
1. Viet Nam hoi nhap: Co hoi cho hang chat lugng thap cua nude ngoai va
nguy co cho ngudi tieu dung
2. Thai do cua nha nuac trong viec bao ve ngudi tieu dung

3. Quan ly nha nude nghia la nha nude phai lam gi
4. Ba van de can tranh luan ve quan ly nha nude
5. Co quan nao quan ly nha nude ve bao ve ngudi tieu dung
6. Giu hien trang, lam cho co quan thuc thi doc lap khoi chinh sach
7. Noi dung quan ly Nha nude ve bao ve ngudi tieu dung
8. Ai h6i thuc dinh chuan
9. Phan anh cua bao chi
10. Sue ep cua cutri
11. Su doc lap cua dan bilu
12. Trach nhiem giai trinh
13. Nghia vu cua doanh nghiep
14. Co quan tu phap tham gia bao ve ngudi tieu dung
15. Ket luan so bo
II. Pham vi bao ho cac quyen cua ngircri tieu dung trong dieu kien hoi
nhap kinh te qudc tS
1. Qua trinh hoan thien chinh sach bao ho quyen lgi ngudi tieu dung
2. Xac dinh pham vi bao ho quyen lgi ngudi tieu dung
3. Pham vi bao ho trong cac van ban phap luat lien quan
III.^ Y thirc phap luat va trach
nhifm
phap ly cua ngu’di tieu dung trong
*
i
*
dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te
1. Thuc trang ve y thuc phap luat cua ngudi tieu dung Viet Nam
2. Trach nhiem phap ly cua ngudi tieu dung
3. Yeu cau nang cao y thuc phap luat cua ngudi tieu dung trong boi canh hoi
nhap quoc te
Phan

thir hai:
_
w
Thirc trang ccr che bao ve ngircri tieu dung d Viet Nam hien nay.
I. Luge sir hinh thanh va hinh thanh va phat trien cua phap luat ve bao
ve ngircri tieu dung d Viet Nam
II. Thirc trang phap luat ve bao vf ngircri tieu dung o’ nirdc trang hien
nay
1. Cac quy dinh phap luat v6 quy6n va nghia vu bao ve ngudi tieu dung
1.1 Cac quyen cua ngudi tieu dung
1.2 Nghia vu cua to chuc, ca nhan san xuat, kinh doanh hang hoa, djch vu
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2. Thirc trang ve cac thiet che bao ve quyen lgi cua ngucri tieu dung
2.1 He thong cac ca quan quan ly nha nuac
2.2 H? thong toa an nhan dan cac cip
2.3 To chuc bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
3. Cac bien phap phap ly bao ve quyln lgi nguai tieu dung a nuac ta hien
nay
3.1 Bien phap hinh su
3.2 Bien phap hanh chinh
3.3 Bien phap dan su
3.4 Bien phap kinh te
3.5 Bien phap nang cao y thuc phap luat
III. Danh gia chung ve ca che phap ly ve bao ve ngiroi tieu dung if nirdc
ta hien nay
1. Ve the che
2. V l thi It che
3. Ve cac bien phap bao ve
Phan thir ba
Nhan dang cac hanh vi vi pham quyen loi cua ngiroi tieu dung va thirc

trang quan ly Nha nirdc ve bao ve ngiroi tieu dung if Viet Nam hien nay
I. Nhan dang cac hanh vi vi pham quyln lgi ngiroi tieu dung dien hinh if
Viet Nam hien nay.
II. Thirc trang cua sir phoi hop gifra cac ca quan quan ly nha nirdc
trong bao ve quyen loi ngiroi tieu dung
1 Noi dung phan chia tham quyen quan ly giua cac ca quan quan ly nha
nuac trong lTnh vuc bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tieu dung
1.1 Pham vi va mure do tham gia cua cac ca quan quan ly nha nuac trong
lTnh vuc bao ve quyln lgi nguai tieu dung
1.2 Phan chia tham quyen quan ly nha nuac trong lTnh vuc bao ve quyen lgi
nguai tieu dung
2 Thuc trang cua su phan cong, phoi hgp hoat dong giua cac ca quan quan
ly nha nuac trong bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
2.1 Ve phan cong nhiem vu bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
2.2 N&ng luc quan ly cua ca quan bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
2.3 Pham vi ph6i hgp hoat dong gifta cac ca quan quan ly nha nuac trong
bao ve quyln lgi nguai tieu dung
2.4 Thuc trang hoat dong bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung cua he thong toa
an nhan dan
2.5 V l nguon lire cho hoat dong bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
III. Hieu qua ap dung cac che tai cua phap luat bao ve ngiroi tieu dung
if Viet Nam hien nay
1. Danh gia chung v l cac che tai phap luat bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
a Viet Nam
2. Danh gia ve ca quan ap dung cac che tai phap luat bao ve quyen lgi cua
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nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam
Phan thu* tir

Kinh nghiem dieu chinh phap luat ve bao v§ ngiroi tieu dung 6* cac nirfrc
tren the gioi va nhirng bai hQC doi voi ViSt Nam
I. Phap luat bao ve NTD cua mot so quoc gia dang phat trien
1. Thai Lan
1.1 Cac Luat lien quan din bao ve NTD a Thai Lan
1.2 He thong bao ve NTD hien hanh cua Thai lan
2. Indonesia
2.1. Cac Luat lien quan den bao ve NTD a Indonesia
2.2. Cac ca quan, t6 chuc bao ve nguai tieu dung va ca che giai quyet tranh
chap cua Indonesia
3. Malaysia
3.1. Cac Luat lien quan den bao ve NTD
3.2 Ca quan bao ve NTD Malaysia - Hoi dong Tu vin NTD qu6c gia
4. An Do
4.1. Giai thieu Luat bao ve NTD cua An Do
4.2. Ca quan bao ve NTD va ca ch6 giai quyet khieu nai cua NTD a An Do
5. Trung Quoc
5.1. Giai thieu Luat bao ve NTD cua Trung Quoc
5.2. Ca quan quan ly nha nuac ve bao ve NTD
5.3. T6 chuc bao ve NTD a Trung Qu6c
II. Phap luat bao vS NTD cua mpt so niro’c, lanh tho phat trien
1. Canada
1.1 Van phong bao ve NTD
1.2 Hoi nguai tieu dung (Option Consommateurs)
2. Vuang quoc Anh
2.1 Ve ca quan bao ve NTD
2.2. Nhung quy dinh cua phap luat Anh ve bao ve NTD
3. Hoa Ky
3.1 Ve ca quan bao ve NTD
3.2 Nhung quy dinh ve bao ve NTD a Hoa Ky

4. Australia
4.1 Ca quan bao ve NTD Australia
4.2 Quy dinh phap luat ve bao ve NTD
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4.3 Mot so hoat dong thurc tien
5. Dai Loan
III. Danh gia phap luat bao ve ngiroi tieu dung cua cac nirdc va bai hoc
kinh nghiem doi voi Vi?t Nam
Phan thv nam
Cac nguyen tic va giai phap nh&m nang cao hieu lye va hieu qua quan
ly Nha nircyc ve bao ve ngircri tieu dung o’ niro’c ta hien nay
I. Cac nguyen tac nham nang cao hieu lire va hieu qua quan ly Nha
nircrc \k bao ve ngircri tieu dung fr nirdc ta hien nay
1. Baof ve* nguai tieu dungf la nhiem vu chung cua
he thong phap luat
f
2. Khac phuc tinh trang bat can xung trong moi quan he giua NTD va nha
cung cap
3. De cao trach nhiem cua to chuc, ca nhan kinh doanh hang hoa, dich vu
4. Nang cao hieu qua hoat dong cua bo may co quan bao ve quyen lgi NTD
tien toi xa hoi hoa cong tac bao ve quyen lgi NTD
5. Cong tac thanh tra, kiem tra, xu ly vi pham
II. Cac giai phap nh&m nang cao hieu lye va hieu qua quan ly Nha niro’c
ve bao ve ngiroi tieu dung cf niro’c ta hien nay
1. Xay dung Luat Bao ve quyen lgi NTD
1.1 Quy dinh lien quan den quyen va trach nhiem cua NTD
1.2 Quy dinh lien quan den trach nhiem cua to chirc, ca nhan san xuat kinh
doanh hang hoa, dich vu

1.3 Quy dinh lien quan den quan ly nha nuoc ve bao ve quyen lgi NTD
1.4 Quy dinh lien quan den giai quylt khieu nai, to cao va xu ly vi pham
1.5 Quy dinh lien quan d6n to chuc bao ve quy6n lgi NTD
1.6 Cac quy dinh khac
2. Giai
phap tang cuong nang lire thuc thi phap luat bao ve quyen lgi NTD
—
2.1 Tang cuong trach nhiem cua to chuc, ca nhan san xuat kinh doanh
2.2 D6i moi to chuc, hoat dong cua cac t6 chuc bao ve quy6n lgi NTD
2.3 Doi moi cong tac quan ly nha nuoc va nang cao nang lire bo may ve bao
ve quyen lgi NTD
2.4 Nang cao nhan thuc v€ quydn va trach nhiem cho NTD
2.5 Nghien cuu noi dung, yeu ciu bao ve quydn lgi NTD trong qua trinh hoi
nhap kinh te quoc te
2.6 Giai quyet khieu nai, khieu kien cua NTD
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L d l NOI d Au
Viec thira nhan nln kinh te thi truang, hoi nhap vai the giai ben ngoai
dang lam thay doi can ban nhung v&n de ve nhan thuc va phuang phap dieu
tiet cua Nha nuac trong viec bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam. Tir vai tro
cua nguai buoc phai chip nhan san phim trong ca che kinh te cu, nguai tieu
dung Viet Nam da tra thanh nguai chip nhan gia. Nguai tieu dung la
“Thuang Be” do ho co kha nang, dilu kien va mot pham vi lira chon rong lan
- quyen bo philu bang dong tiln. Song cach hieu nay cung cin phai co dieu
kien vi ky thuat han chi kha nang lira chon cua nguai tieu dung do nen san
xuit khong vuot qua giai han kha nang san xuat. “La phieu” bang dong tien
cua nguai tieu dung khong the quylt dinh dugc vin dl phai san xuat hang gi,
cung ung dich vu nao vi phu thuoc vao sir cung ung cua nha kinh doanh. Vai
tinh cach la chu the cua quyen lire cong, Nha nuac trong nen kinh te thi
truang hien dai phai co nhiem vu dam bao canh tranh, dam bao nguai kinh
doanh va nguai tieu dung khong thi lai dung uu thi cua nhau trong he thing
thi truang. Vi the, quan ly Nha nuac v l bao ve nguai tieu dung luon la mot
nhiem vu quan trong cua cac quoc gia co nen kinh te thi truong.
Mac du da tra thanh thanh vien chinh thuc cua To chuc quoc tl ve
nguai tieu dung (Consumers International - Cl)1 tir thang 6 nam 1991, song 8
quyen ca ban cua nguai tieu dung2 lin dau tien mai dugc ghi nhan trong he
thong phap luat Viet Nam trong Phap lenh bao ve nguai tieu dung nam 1999.
Vi nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, phai dgi den 2 nam sau, chung ta mai co
Nghi dinh 69/2001/NB-CP ngay 2.10.2001 huang din thi hanh Phap lenh
nay. Ben canh do, quyen lgi cua nguai tieu dung con dugc ghi nhan va bao ve
trong nhieu van ban quy pham phap luat nhu: Bo luat hinh sir, Bo luat dan sir,
Luat canh tranh, Luat thuang mai, Luat bao ve sue khoe nhan dan, Luat bao
ve moi truang, Luat ve tieu chuan va quy chuan ky thuat... Tuy nhien, thuc
tien trong nhung nam qua da chung to ring, he thong phap luat thirc dinh co

vai tro rat han che trong viec bao ve nguai tieu dung a nuac ta.
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1 To chuc quoc te nguai tieu dufng dugc thanh lap nSm 1960 bai mot s6 to chirc nguai tieu dung quoc gia vai
ten goi ban dau la International Organization o f Consumer Unions. N3m 1994, Dai hoi thS giai qu6c te nguai
tieu dung to chuc tai Montpellier (Phap) quyet djnh doi ten to chuc thanh Consumers International.
2 Ngay nay, tam quyen ca ban sau day cua nguai tieu dung da dugc Lien hgp quoc, cong d6ng qu6c te va cac
chinh phu thira nhan: Quyen dugc thoa man nhu cau co ban; Quyen dugc an toan; Quyen dugc thong tin;
Quyen diroc lua chon; Quyen dugc ling nghe; Quyen dugc khieu nai va b6i thuang; Quyen dugc giao due va
dao tao ve tieu dung; Quyen dugc co moi truang song lanh manh va ben vung.

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Han nu:a, sir phat trien nhu vu bao cua khoa hoc va cong nghe trong boi
canh toan c&u hoa va hoi nhap kinh t£ quoc te da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho
sir ra dai va phat trien cua nhi6u phuang thuc kinh doanh hien dai va khong it
trong so do da dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam3. Xu huang phat trien nay da dat
nguai tieu dung vao mot khung canh mai - do la su dan xen giua nhOng tien
ich va pham vi lira chgn rong rai la nhung phuang thuc kinh doanh gian doi,
thieu trung thuc va dugc nguy trang duai nhi6u hinh thuc tinh vi han. Khong
hiem cac truang hgp cac doanh nghiep da sir dung thi truang Viet Nam lam
nai giai quy6t hang kem chat lugng, hang t6n kho, hang co chi din gay nham
lan hoac true tiep tien hanh cac bien phap khuyen mai, quang cao gay nham
lln cho nguai tieu dung Viet Nam - nhom nguai tieu dung chua co nhieu ca
hoi dugc giao due va dao tao ve tieu dung trong ky nguyen toan cau hoa.
Mac du Hoi tieu chuan va bao ve nguai tieu dung (VINASTAS) da
dugc thanh lap, song nguai tieu dung Viet Nam hien nay vln phai doi mat
hang ngay vai nhung nguy ca cua viec sir dung nhung san pham dich vu
khong dat tieu chuin an toan, dac biet la doi vai thuc pham, dugc pham va
my pham. Mac du co nhieu sang kien trong viec bao ve nguai tieu dung, song
Hoi tieu chuan va bao ve nguai tieu dung Viet Nam chua dugc phap luat trao
cac quyen va pham vi dai dien can thiet cho nguai tieu dung trong sir nghiep
bao ve nguai tieu dung a nuac ta.
Them vao do, hoat dong quan ly Nha nuac ve tieu dung da va dang tiep
tuc boc 16 tinh thieu hieu qua va tri tre rat dang lo ngai. Viec cham cong bo
gan 7 nam chat gay ung thu 3-MCPD trong ket qua kiem dinh nuac tuang cua
Sa Y Te TP. Ho Chi Minh la mot minh churng dien hinh.
Thuc trang thuc thi phap luat bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam da
cho thay phai co lai giai dap cho nhirng van de sau:
Su xuat hien ngay cang ph6 bien cua cac hanh vi canh
tranh khong lanh manh va han ch6 canh tranh.
Su an toan cua nguai tieu dung khi su dung hang hoa va
dich vu - Trach nhiem san phim cua nguai kinh doanh

Nhan thirc cua nguai tieu dung va nguai kinh doanh ve
bao ve quyen lgi cua nguai tieu dung
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3 Thi du nhu ban hang da dip, kinh doanh nhuong quyen, djch vu qua canh hang hoa, dich vu logistics...

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Vin de khieu nai va ca che boi thuang thiet hai cho nguai
tieu dung
Tinh trang thilu nang luc phan ung cua cac ca quan quan
ly Nha nuac ve bao ve nguai tieu dung
Bao ve quyen thong tin va quyen dugc giao due ve tieu

dung cua nguai tieu dung.
Vai tro cua cac t6 chuc bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet
Nam.
Tir nhung nguyen nhan da trinh bay tren, co thi khang dinh ring, mot
nghien cuu ve nang cao hieu lire va hieu qua quan ly Nha nuac ve bao ve
nguai tieu dung a nuac ta hien nay la mot viec lam rat cap bach va co y nghTa
thuc tiln to lan.
Tuy co tim quan trong nhu vay, song phap luat ve bao ve nguai
tieu dung a nuac ta mai chi dugc quan tam dung muc va bat dau co mot so
nghien cuu quy mo trong thai gian gan day. Dilu dang noi la, cac ket qua
nghien cuu thu dugc cho den nay con hit sue khiem ton. Phan lan cac cong
trinh khoa hgc ve lTnh vuc nay dugc cong bo duai hinh thuc cac bai viet dugc
dang tai tren cac tap chi khoa hgc chuyen nganh luat hoac tham luan trong cac
Hoi thao quoc gia va quoc te. Quan trong nhat trong so do co the ke den bai
viet cua PGS. TS. Nguyen Nhu Phat, Dieu kien thuang mai chung va nguyen
tac tu do khe uac, Tap chi Nha nuac va Phap luat s6 6 nam 2003; PGS. TS.
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Nguyen Nhu Phat, Doi tuang dieu chinh cua phap luat chong canh tranh
khong lanh manh, Tap chi Nha nuac va Phap luat so 9 nam 2000; Thac sy
Ngo VTnh Bach Duang, Bao ve quyen lai nguai tieu dung trong phap luat
canh tranh, Tap chi Nha Nuac va Phap luat so 11 nam 2000; Doan Van
Truang, Nhimg van de ve viec bao ve quyen lai nguai tieu dung cua Viet
Nam, Vien nghien cuu khoa hoc thi truong va gia ca, Bo Tai Chinh, 2003;
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Dang Vu Huan, Phap luat va van de bao ve nguai tieu dung, Tap chi Dan chu
va Phap luat, so chuyen d l v l phap luat va tieu dung thang 1 nam 2005; To

Giang, Quyen lai nguai tieu dung van chua duac dam bao, Tap chi Dan chu
va Phap luat, so chuyen de v l phap luat va tieu dung thang 1 nam 2005; Ky
yeu Hoi thao day manh cong tac bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam, Sang
kien trong khu6n kho du an 7UP2 ngay 20/3/2006 do Cue Quan ly canh tranh,
Bo Thuang mai chu tri tai Ha Noi...
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Dang chu y la, mot so cong trinh dugc bien soan duai dang sach
tham khao ve phap luat v l bao ve nguai tieu dung da dugc cong bo trong thai
gian gin day song noi dung cua no mai chi dung lai a viec giai thieu va cung
cdp nhung thong tin v l kinh nghiem dilu chinh cua phap luat nuac ngoai va
buac diu da co nhung danh gia tong quat ve thuc trang phap luat ve bao ve
nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam. Ve loai cong trinh nay, co the ke den: Vien Nha
nuac va phap luat, Tim hieu Luat bao ve nguai tieu dung cac nuac va van de
bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban lao dong 1999; PGS. TS.
Nguy In Nhu Phat - PGS. TS Trin Dinh Hao (chu bien), Canh tranh va xay
dung phap luat canh tranh a Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Cong an nhan dan, Ha
Noi, 2001; He thong cac quy dinh ve bao ve quyen lai nguai tieu dung, Nha
xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia, 2004; Tim hieu phap lucit bao ve quyen lai nguai
tieu dung, Nha xuat ban Tu phap, 2005; Cue quan ly canh tranh, So tay cong
tac bao ve nguai tieu dung, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia, 2006...
Co the noi, cho den nay vln chua co cong trinh khoa hoc nao di sau
nghien cuu mot cach ca ban va co he thong ve yeu cau va pham vi quan ly
Nha nuac ve bao ve nguai tieu dung Viet Nam trong b6i canh hoi nhap kinh
te qu6c te; thuc trang ca chi bao ve nguai tieu dung va he thong cac che tai
ap dung doi vai cac hanh vi vi pham quyln lgi cua nguai tieu dung a Viet
Nam hien nay; thuc trang quan ly Nha nuac ve bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet
Nam hien nay; xu huang da dang hoa cac bien phap phap ly nham bao ve
nguai tieu dung a cac nuac tren the giai; de xuat cac nguyen tac va giai phap

nham nang cao hieu lire va hieu qua quan ly Nha nuac v l bao ve nguai tieu
dung a nuac ta hien nay.
Chinh vi vay, xet trong pham vi nhiem vu, chuc nang cua minh, Vien
Nha nuac va Phap luat nhan thay can co su tap trung nghien cuu mot cach
day du, toan dien cu the ve nang cao hieu lire va hieu qua quan ly Nha nuac
ve bao ve nguai tieu dung a nuac ta hien nay.
Day la van de can nghien cuu mot cach ca ban, tong the va rat than
trong vi hoat dong quan ly Nha nuac ve bao ve nguai tieu dung co y nghTa
quyet dinh den su phat trien cua mot thi truang van minh, nhan dao va cong
bang xa hoi.
Nhung noi dung chinh cua d! tai dugc triln khai nhu sau:
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PHAN THU NHAT
YEU CAU VA PHAM VI QUAN LY NHA NUOC VE BAO VE NGUOl
TIEU DUNG TRONG BOI CANH H 0I NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE
I. Yeu diu quan ly Nha nirdc ve bao ve cac quyen cua ngircri tieu dung
trong dieu ki@n hoi nhap kinh te quoc te
Sua vua dSt vira co nguy co nhilm melamine, do choi tre em, quan ao
nhiem doc hai sue khoe, do go, kinh xay dung, thep chat lugng thap dang
muon leo im un do ve nude ta. Xuat di 1 dong, nhap ve 5 dong hang hoa tu
nuac lang gieng Phuang B&c, cang tang hoi nhap, that dang canh bao rang

nlu khong kheo chung ta cang tao nhieu cong an viec lam cho ngudi nude
ngoai. Ai lo tham thung thuang mai, ai lo sue khoe va bao ve quyen lgi ngudi
dan trudc hang ngoai nhap kem pham chat; mai nha chung, ai bay gid lo giu?
Su thd a cua chinh quyen doi vdi du loai tai hoa rinh rap dan ngheo tir
hang ngoai nhap kem pham la cai gia ma chung ta phai tra cho mot bo may
thilu vang su uy tri true tiep tir nai dan. Neu lanh dao it ra d cap xa dugc bau
true tiep, neu thanh vien hoi dong nhan dan d dia phuang gan bo tu nhien han
vdi cir tri, nhung ngudi dan bieu iy se deo bam va hoi thuc chinh quyen manh
me han. Han nua, thdi cua md cira va tu do thong tin, du rang sir trung thanh
cua cac quan chirc chinh tri can dugc d l cao, song d6i vdi cap chuyen vien tu
van can de cao ky tri. Chi co mot bo may chinh quyen bi thach thuc va soi xet
lien tuc bdi y kien nhan dan, mdi mong biet cach phan ung mot cach khon
ngoan d! bao ve nhan dan trudc nhung nguy ca lau dai cua hang ngoai nhap
kem pham.
Bo hep bdi nhung lgi ich dia phuang, thoa hiep vdi nhung nhom quyen
luc dang duy tri chuc vu cua minh, trong cau true quan tri quoc gia chung ta
thiy ndi len hau h it la lgi ich cac tinh, cac nganh ma thieu vdng cac thilt che
dai dien cho lgi ich toan quoc gia. Cung nhu Dai hoi dai bilu toan quoc cua
Dang vdi so phieu dugc phan bo cho doan dai bieu cac tinh, Quoc hoi nude ta
ve ca ban la dien dan de doan dai bieu cac tinh va dai dien cac nganh bay to
quan tam den lgi ich dia phuang minh hoac nganh minh. Lui hui vdi nhung
dan diu hep, ai se lo cho mai nha chung?
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1. Viet Nam hoi nhap: Cor hoi cho hang chat Urging thap cua nirdc
ngoai va nguy ca cho ngircri tieu dung
Hoi nhap kinh te cua Viet Nam trong cac nam vua qua, neu dugc danh
gia vao thoi diem hien nay, trade het mang lai lgi ich to Ion cho cac nha san
xuat Trang Quoc. Can can thuang mai cua Viet Nam-Trung Hoa trong 06
thang d&u nam 2009 nhu sau: N6u trong nua nam, Viet Nam xuat dugc 1,72
ty USD sang Trang Qudc thi nhap hang tu Trung Hoa ve khoang 5,16 ty USD
[4]. Nhung con so thong ke ay chua the bao gom viec nhap khau bien mau
ngay dem tuon hang Trang Quoc vao Viet Nam, nhat la hang hoa chat lugng
thap dang du thura tir Trang Qudc [5]. Trong 4 ty USD tham hut thuang mai
cua Viet Nam trong nua dau nam 2009, phan Ion dugc danh cho ban hang
Trang Quoc. Ba Pham Chi Lan cho rang co mot “lo thung trach nhiem” tu ca
quan bao ve bien giai cho tai nhirng tuyen quan chuc phia sau, da giup hang
chat lugng thap tu Trang Quoc tran ve nuac ta. Nguai khac cho rang hang rao
ky thuat cua Viet Nam con thua that. Du cuoc tranh luan vua mai khai mao
da bi Trang Quoc de doa, cho rang mot so bao chi Viet Nam co ngon tu
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khong than thien vai Trang Hoa [ ], song mot thuc te khong the ne tranh la
nguai tieu dung Viet Nam can dugc bao ve truac nhung hang hoa kem chat
lugng cua cac nha san xuat trong nuac va nha san xuat nuac ngoai, nhat la
hang chat lugng thdp e thua tu Trang Quoc. Day cung chinh la mot cach dat

van de tu goc nhin hep cho chuyen de duai day. Khac vai cac nam truac day,
hoi nhap kinh t6 qu6c t6 dat n€n kinh t6 y6u cua Viet Nam trade nguy ca bj
lan song hang gia re kem pham nhan chim, nhat la cac dgt song hang hoa tu
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Trang Quoc. Day chinh la boi canh kha dac thu cua de tai nghien cuu nay.
Hoi nhap co lgi cho nguai ban dugc hang, co lgi cho nguai co nang lire canh
tranh, song ngay cang tudc di ca hoi cho nguai ngheo va nhung doi tugng it
co nang lire thuang lugng hoac canh tranh, trong do co nguai tieu dung.
2. Thai d§ cua nha nirdc trong viec bao ve ngiroi tieu dung
Co quan diem cho rang, do ngudi Viet Nam co nhu cdu hang chat
lugng thdp, thu hang do mdi d i ban d Viet Nam; co cung thi at co cau. Cung
co y khac cho rang chat lugng san phim phu thuoc vao thi tradng co kho tinh
hay khong, su kho tinh ky lai phu thuoc vao ca hoi lira chon cua ngudi tieu
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dung. Mot khi thu nhap thap, ngudi tieu dung d nhung nude ngheo cung it co
co hoi lira chon. N6u cam chiu mot thai do buong xuoi nhu vay, nha nude
dudng nhu khong can thiep vao thi trudng va bo mac ngudi tieu dung. Mot
thai do nha nude thu dong, vo trach nhiem ay hien nay kho co the dugc chap
nhan, ke ca d nhung nude co vu manh nhat cho thi trudng tu do va cong khai
gidi han quyln luc nha nude nhu d Hoa Ky. Tren thuc t! Viet Nam da tuyen
b6 mot thai do can thiep manh me hon vao thi trudng nham bao ve ngudi tieu
dung. Luat phap ve tieu chuan va quy chuan (2006), quy dinh bao ve ngudi
tieu dung da dugc ban hanh. Song, tir tuyen bo den cac hanh vi cu the cua ca
quan nha nude co nhilu viec cu the cin phai lam. Trong cac sue ep hien huu,
lam the nao de bao ve ngudi tieu dung trudc hang hoa chat lugng thap cua
Trung Qudc la mot thach thuc ldn, cin tdi nhung doi sach cu the, han la
nhung ly luan chung.
3. Quan ly nha nutfc nghia la nha nu’o’c phai lam gi?
Trong mot cuoc tra ldi chat van trudc Quoc hoi ve an toan thuc pham,
Bo trudng Bo Y t! Viet Nam Nguyen Quoc Trieu than dai y rang tir md rau
tdi mon sa-lat tren ban an, co it nhat 03 bo cung chiu trach nhiem: Bo
NN&PTNN cho chit lugng rau, Bo Cong thuang cho hang hoa luu hanh va
Bo Y te cho ve sinh khi thuang pham trd thanh thuc phim. Ong Trieu van tat:
"Quy trinh che bien tie trang trai den mam cam tuc la che bien, luu thong,
cong nghe, phu gia... thuoc Bo NN&PTNT va Bo Cong thuang. Cdn Bo Y te
chi la nguai gac barie a mam cam". [ ] Neu xem lai bang ghi hinh ong bo
trudng, ngudi ta cam nhan thay ba dieu: thu1nhat, ngudi dung dau nganh y te

dudng nhu rat tu tin ma khong phai lo d6i pho vdi cuoc chat van cua Quoc
hoi, bien phien chit van thanh cuoc phiem dam mang tinh giai bay, thu hai,
ngudi no day trach nhiem cho ngudi kia, suy cho cung khong co ai chiu trach
nhiem neu rau muong nhiem chi hoac dugc trong bang nude thai dugc su
dung lam thuc pham, thu* ba, ngudi ta thay hinh nhu nha nude la tap hgp cua
cac bo va giua cac bo hau nhu rit it sir hgp tac lien thong. Tren thuc te, cac
dao luat thudng co mot chuang rieng quy dinh ve quan ly nha nude ve cac
lTnh vuc kinh te hoac xa hoi, cac chuang do thudng liet ke cac cong viec ma
nha nude muon lam va chi dinh nhung ca quan nao co tham quyen thuc hien
cong viec do. Quan ly nha nude v6 bao ve ngudi tieu dung hien nay cung
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dang dugc thi6t kS nhu mot chucmg trong Du thao luat bao ve ngudi tieu dung
vdi ba dieu va dudng nhu ngudi ta dang co y tudng thanh lap mot ca quan
nganh doc co chan ret tir trung uang tai dia phuang, co the true thuoc cac sd
cong thuang.
4. Ba van de can tranh luan ve quan ly nha nirdc
Tu thoi quen va cach hieu ve quan ly nha nude nhu d tren, cho thay
khai niem quan ly nha nude dugc nhan manh tdi tham quyen va sir phan cong
tham quyen giua cac ca quan nha nude, han la trach nhiem dam bam dich vu
cong cong cua nha nude d6i vdi ngudi dan. Muon thay doi ve quan ly nha
nude doi vdi bao ve ngudi tieu dung, co le trudc het phai bat dau bang cuoc
nhan thuc lai ve khai niem nay. Tir cai tri, quyen lire, thim quyen, phan cong,
quan ly nha nude phai dugc hieu la trach nhiem phuc vu cua ca quan cong
quyen. Khai niem nay nhat thi€t phai gan vdi sir giam sat cua ngudi dan, trach
nhiem giai trinh va phan ung trudc nguyen vong cua nhan dan, va co le cung
phai co nhirng “che tai”: tuc la nhirng hau qua phap ly va chinh tri du sue ran
de khi ca quan nha nude khong thuc thi mot cach dang mong dgi nghia vu
cung cip dich vu cong. De h6i thuc quan ly nha nude hieu nang han, viec
dieu chinh va lam mdi bo may la chua du, manh me han phai lam cho bo may
ay co trach nhiem va co the thach thuc hoac thay the bdi nhan dan. Quyen
phan ung cua ngudi dan- neu dugc thuc hien - co le cung la mot phuang cach
thuc day thay ddi quan ly nha nude, tuy nhien tu ben dudi len, chu1khong tu
tren xuong nhu cach hieu pho bien hien nay. Theo quan sat cua toi, trong cach
hieu ve quan ly nha nude, dugc thi6t k6 trong du luat bao ve ngudi tieu dungcung nhu trong cac dao luat khac, the hien it nhat ba diem dudi day can dugc
thao luan them:
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■=> thu nhat, ngucri soan luat quan tam din tham quyen va quyen lire,
phan cong quyen lire cho cac ca quan nha nuac, ma it tu duy v l trach nhiem
phuc vu va giai trinh cua ca quan nha nude truac cu tri, truac nhan dan, truac
nhung nguai duac goi la d6i tuang ap dung cua luat.
*=> thu hai, nSu liet ke nhiSu ca quan trong cac dao luat khac nhau, su
ph6i hop ngang gifta cac ca quan nay rfit y6u; trong vi du dugc neu bo Y tS, bo
NN&PTNN, bo Cong thuang duang nhu khong co trach nhiem va dong ca hop
tac.

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■=> thur ba, muon thay d6i cach nhin ve quan ly nha nude, ngoai tam
nhin tir nguai quan ly (tren xu6ng) cSn b6 sung tam nhin khong ch6, h6i thuc va
r&n de ngucri quan ly, giam sat ho tur sue ep cu tri va trach nhiem giai trinh
(duai len), giam sat ho bai bao chi doc lap, bai nen tu phap doc lap va cac tieu
chi' cua nSn hinh chinh minh bach.


Tom lai: bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung a nuac ta thieu va yeu co
phan nguyen nhan tir the che, bo may nha nuac chua chiu trach nhiem, chua
co sue ep phai phan ung truac dan nguyen, chua lo sg bi thay doi bai la phieu
cua cu tri. Tuang tac giua nhu cau cua nhan dan va nhu cau cua bo may nha
nuac la mot chu de can quan tam, han chi la tang cudng bo may va tham
quyen.
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fhay do
q uan niei n
i Viequan 1y
iha nuds
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5. Ca quan nao quan ly nha mrfrc ve bao ve ngvoi tieu dung
Cai “lo thung” trach nhiem ddi vai bao ve nguai tieu dung a Viet Nam
khong phai tai d nuac ta chua co ca quan chuyen trach ve bao ve ngudi tieu
dung; ma bo may nha nude ay co d&u hieu thd a vdi noi dau cua ngudi dan,
thd a vdi nhung nguy ca d6i vdi sue khoe va tuang lai dan toe. Cuoc tranh
luan hien nay trong khi soan luat la co nen thiet lap mot ca quan chuyen trach
ve bao ve ngudi tieu dung tir trung uang xuong cac dia phuang hay khong, bo

may ay neu co se lam nhung viec gi, tir giai quyet khieu nai cua ngudi tieu
dung, kiem tra, giam dinh hang hoa, kiem soat tham dinh cac hgp dong mau
cho tdi cac chuc nang phan xu, xu phat vi pham. Y tudng nay kha la va khong
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co tien le trong kinh nghiem quoc te, bdi may le: thu nhat, hang hoa va djch
vu dugc tieu dung da dang din mure khong thi mot co quan nao co du chuyen
mon, tiem nang va sue manh giam sat chung; giam sat nhu the la giam sat
toan bo thi trudng, toan bo ddi s6ng kinh tl; thu hai, ban chat cua bao ve
nguai tieu dung b it diu tu dinh chuin, dang ky chuan, ho trg lien ket sue
manh cua nguai tieu dung, cho tai thuc thi phap luat, nhung cong viec nhu
vay thuoc nhilu td chuc nhu hiep hoi, truyen thong, bao chi, hanh chinh, cong
td va toa an, kho co mot ca quan nao kha dT co the bao quat va thuc hien
dugc. Tom lai, khong th i ma co mot ca quan bao ve het thay quyen cua nguai
tieu dung, tu mua hang cho tai dich vu. Mot ca quan nhu vay la khong tuang.
Bao ve nguai tieu dung can tai rit nhilu ca quan vai nhung chuc nang dac
thu khac nhau, trong do co nhung viec nha nuac phai lam, co nhung viec nha
nuac ung ho hoac tao kinh phi, ca hoi de cac to chuc truyen thong, hiep hoi,
xa hoi dan su true tilp lam.

6. Gift hien trang, lam cho ca quan thirc thi doc lap khoi chinh
sach
Y tuang ve mot tdng cuc bao ve nguai tieu dung vai cac dau moi a cac
so cong thuang cap tinh co the hieu dugc trong quan tinh hanh chinh hien
nay, song du doan co the se khong dong gop dang ke de bao ve ngudi tieu
dung, Ngugc lai, mot he thong nhu vay co the gop phan lam phinh to bo may
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cong quyen va can trd hoat dong cua chung. Quan ly dugc, thuc pham chuc
nang, thuc tham, rau qua tuai sdng, chat lugng quan ao, thilt bj, may moc,
cho tdi bit dong san va cac dich vu tai chinh, ngan hang, hien nhien vln thuoc
cac ca quan chuyen nganh. Nhieu hay it, d cac ca quan nay da co nhung ca
quan thanh tra nganh, cac cuc hoac tong cuc co chuc nang quan ly thi trudng,
chdng gian lan thuang mai. Nhung ca quan nay nen dugc doc lap han, tach
din khoi ca quan bo, chung dugc quyen tu do trong ngan sach, chinh sach
nhan su cung nen tach khoi ca cau cua bo, nhiem vu cua chung chi la thuc thi
chinh sach, khong dugc quyen ban hanh van ban phap quy, khong dugc quyen
de xuat chinh sach, song toan quyln quyet dinh viec dieu tra, xu phat. Theo
thien nghi cua tdi, muon tang cuong hieu nang cua ca quan nha nude, khong
chi tang cudng hieu luc cho chung, lam cho chung manh me va co nhieu
quyen han, ma ngugc lai cung phai tang cudng giam sat chung, lam cho
chung phai chiu trach nhiem mot cach cu the trudc du luan, trudc cu tri.
Quyen luc, kinh phi, trang thiet bi, quyen cap phep va thu hoi giay phep kinh
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doanh co dieu kien can dugc trao cho nhung thiet che da co san trong bo may
nha nuac hien nay, vi du Cue Dugc, Cue ve sinh an toan thuc pham (Bo Y

te), Cue quan ly thi trudng (Bo cong thuang), Tdng cuc do ludng va quy
chuan. Can lam cho cac ca quan nay doc lap, khong le thuoc vao cac bo chu
quan, chung can co quyen rong rai trong thuc thi phap luat. Dudng nhu bo
trudng chi chiu trach nhiem ve chinh sach trong nganh, con ngudi dung dau
cac tong cuc hoac cuc thuc thi chuc nSng giam sat thi trudng toan quyen thuc
thi luat va cac quy che hanh chinh, khong nen dugc hieu la ca quan true thuoc
bo theo nghia le thuoc ve nhan su, ngan sach va cac quyet dinh ve chuyen
mon.
7. Noi dung quan ly Nha ntrdc vS bao ve ngiroi tieu dung
Ngan can hanh vi gay hai cho ngudi tieu dung trudc het phai bat dau
bang xay dung tieu chuan ky thuat, cac quy chuan va chuan muc. Ngan can
hang kem pham tu Trung Quoc, cach pho bien va hgp phap nhat, la xac lap
cac hang rao ky thuat. Qua trinh nay gom nhilu budc, co the phac thao nhung
budc chinh nhu sau:
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■=> Du nhap, xay dung tieu chuin, quy chuin
■=> Lap hang rao ky thuat
■=> Tang sue manh cho ca quan giam sat tai cua khiu
Thuc thi luat tieu chuin, quy chuan, ke ca tang hinh phat, tang mure
phat hanh chi'nh va tang b6i thuang thiet hai, dao ngugc nghta vu chung minh,
don phi tin phap ly va to tung buoc nguai kinh doanh phai chju va giam ganh
nang v l chi phi giam dinh, chung cir va t6 tung cho nguai tieu dung.

Mot dao luat v l tieu chuan va quy chudn da dugc ban hanh tu nam
2006, dgn dudng cho viec tiep tuc ap dung cac chuin cu, va tot nhat la nen du
nap cac chuan muc nude ngoai. Toi khong cho ring qua kho khan de tim
chuan nude ngoai, bdi nen kinh te Viet Nam co dinh hudng xuat khau, cac
nganh hang ve ca ban deu da uon theo chuan nude ngoai, chi dec rang thi
trudng trong nude lai khong tuan thu cac chuan do. Co the xay dung mot lo
trinh du nhap chuan nude ngoai, khong cin tu xay dung nlu da t6n tai nhung
bo tieu chuin, quy chuan pho biln d nude ngoai. Day chinh la mot noi dung
cua chinh sach cong hay luat kinh te cong, mot de tai it dugc nghien cuu va
giang day d Viet Nam.
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8. Ai hoi thuc dinh chuan
Lieu vai co chura formaldehyde gay ngua cho da hay khong, ty le chat
nay trong vai dung cho quan ao cho nguai lan va cho tre em dugc cho phep la
bao nhieu, ve ca ban chi co ngudi chuyen nganh ve vai sgi, chuyen gia y tl
cong cong mdi co the hieu. Kho co the thu dong chd ca quan nha nude lap de
an va dinh chuan, chinh cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh nganh hang nay phai
chu dong lien ket, gay quy, van dong chinh sach de tieu chuan va quy chuan
do hg de ra dugc ca quan nha nude chap nhan. Theo y hieu cua tdi, chuan
muc dugc tao ra trudc het do nhu ciu cua doanh nghiep, nhfim tao niem tin
cua ngudi dan, tao dilu kien tdi thieu gia nhap thi trudng, tu bao ve thi trudng
cua minh trudc hang kem phim. Can co nhung dieu tra them, vi sao lien kit
giiJa cac doanh nghiep hien nay mang dang dip cua hoi qudc doanh, chi dugc
thiet ke chu yeu vi muc dich pho bien, tuyen truyen chinh sach cua nha nude,
han la tao lien ket va sue manh van dong hanh lang. Them nua. quan chuc
nha nude den tuoi ve him thudng sang phu trach hiep hoi, cach gay quy, td

chuc van dong hanh lang va gop phin xay dung chinh sach cua cac hoi con
rat han che. Dieu nay cho thay mot diem yeu trong cac the che xa hoi d Viet
Nam. Mot khi ca quan nha nude thieu dong luc, cac doanh nghiep khong bilt
cach lien ket, thi nhu cau lap tieu chuan va quy chuan thap.
9. Phan anh cua b&o chi
Quan ly nha nude trong thdi budi hien nay khong the nhin nhan tach
rdi, duy y chi nha nude can phai lam gi, bdi bo may quan lieu va nhung cong
chuc quen thira hanh co nhung lgi ich va quan tam rieng, tu than bo may iy
khong nhan ra nhu cau bao ve ngudi tieu dung. Muon tang vai tro cua nha
nude trong bao ve ngudi tieu dung cin tdi nhung cong cu khac, ben ngoai bo
may nha nude. Bao chi, truyln thong la kenh thong tin va tao dung du luan
quan trong nhim gay sue ep vdi khu vuc doanh nghiep va cac nha lam chinh
sach. Thong thudng truyln thong bi le thuoc vao nguon thu tu quang cao,
phan ldn cung tu cac doanh nghiep, va bi le thuoc vao cac ca quan chu quan
nha nude. Vi vay, neu khong co lgi ich lau dai, khong mot td bao hay ca quan
truyen thong nao sSn long doi mat vdi cac luc lugng tren de bao ve ngudi tieu
dung. Dieu nay co the quan sat tren thuc te, tuy mot so td bao da md cac trang
hoac goc danh cho khieu nai cua ngudi tieu dung, vi du goc quyln cua ngudi
tieu dung tren trang Vietnamnet, song day chua phai la viec pho biln. D l bao
chi co the doc lap han trong dieu tra cac vu vi pham quyen cua ngudi tieu
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dung, trong viec to cao hanh vi cua cac doanh nghiep vi pham luat, trong viec
h6i thuc nghien cuu, dilu tra.. c§n co nhung cai cach va quan niem lai ve
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quyen luc bao chi trong tuang quan vai quyen luc nha nuac. Quyen duac biet
va dugc noi dugc nang da bdi truyen thong va bao chi tu do; neu de cao dan
quyln, thi phai d l cao bao chi va truyln thong, lam cho chung khong chi la ca

quan tuyen truyen cua nha nuac.
10. Sire ep cua cu* tri
Nang cao quan ly nha nuac khong chi la them quyen, them ca quan,
them ca sa trang thiet bi, thim quyen, nhan luc va che tai. Do la mot cach
nhin. Mot cach nhin khac la: nha nuac se quan tam den quyen cua ngudi tieu
dung hon, neu cu tri co the gay sue ep ngay cang true tiep han den bo may
nha nude. Lo lang cho sue khoe cua con em minh, bao ve lay moi trudng
song, cir tri phai co quyen len tieng, trudc het vdi chinh quyen dia phuang.
Thuc ph&m khong sach cho din dich vu cong cong kem chat lugng, trudc het
thuoc ve chinh quyen dia phuang; cu tri phai co nhung kenh tao sue ep true
tilp it nhat la tdi chinh quyln dia phuang. Ngudi tieu dung se kho co tieng
noi, neu chinh quyen cap tinh dugc in dinh khong phai bdi tu sue ep cua cu
tri. Mudn lam dugc dilu nay, can co mot tu duy cai cach the che, lam cho
chinh quyln it nMt d cap dia phuang gan vdi dan hon. Nhung de xuat cai
cach, vi du tu Da Nang, nham bau true tiep chu tich thanh pho hoac thi diem
blu chu tich uy ban cac phudng xa co thi la nhung budc di rat thich hgp
nham xa dan mo hinh chinh quyln tap trung kieu Xo Vilt. Co dugc su uy tri
tu cu tri, nhung ngudi dung dau chinh quyen dia phuang nay se co su tu tin
han trong hanh xu de bao ve lgi ich cua cu tri, neu mudn giil dugc niem tin
cua hg.
11. Su* doc lap cua dan bieu
Ngudi tieu dung can tdi nhung thiet che da dang khac nham tao len
tilng noi cua minh (trong tuang quan vdi nhung lgi ich manh me cua khu vuc
doanh nghiep va quan chuc). Cac cuoc tiep xuc vdi dan bieu, van phong dan
bieu, don thu khieu nai, vi du khieu nai ve dich vu cong cong cua cac cong ty
xe buyt, dien, nude, cac cong ty doc quyen kinh doanh nganh hang nhu xang
dau, sach giao khoa... co the tao nen nhung kenh da dang nay. Sau khi thu
nap dugc nhung du luan do, dan bieu can co nhung cong cu gay sue ep doi
vdi ca quan dan cu, chi it d cap dia phuang. Mudn sue ep tu nhan dan doi len
cap chinh quyen dia phuang, can tdi nhung cai cach dang ke trong che do bau

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cu a dia phucmg, phan tach khu vuc bau cu theo dan so han la theo khu vuc
hanh chinh, m6i dan vi bau cu chi nen chon lay mot dan bieu, dan bieu phai
co van phong, nhan su giup viec va kinh phi du de duy tri cac moi lien he vai

cu1tri. Nhung cai cach nay giup dan bilu noi len dugc tieng noi cua nguai tieu
dung, nhit la doi vai cac dich vu cong cong dugc thuc hien bai cac doanh
nghiep doc quyen do nha nuac lam chu.
12. Trach nhiem giai trinh
Quan ly nha nuac se hieu nang han, neu ca quan nha nuac buoc phai
co trach nhiem giai trinh (accountability) truac bao chi, truyen thong, du luan,
cu tri, va dac biet la truac sue ep cua cac dan bieu. Day cung la mot loi nghi
h6i thuc ca quan nha nuac phai lam viec (sue ep tu duai len- bottom up), bo
sung cho viec tang cuang thim quyln va bo may- (cai cach tu tren xuong-top
down approach). Minh bach thong tin va quy trinh hanh chinh, tach truyen
thong ra khoi bo may nha nuac, to churc cac phien dieu tran trong cac uy ban
cua ca quan dan cu dia phuang, to chuc chat van va bo phieu tin nhiem doi
vai quan chuc hanh chinh.. it nhit a cip dia phuang la nhung bien phap cu
the theo huang nay. Thieu trach nhiem giai trinh thi van de co the dugc neu ra
song khong co ai giai quylt, thuc phim khong hgp ve sinh, hang qua han vin
dugc bay ban, tieu chuin khong dugc tuan thu, song khong co quan chuc nao
phai chiu trach nhiem true tiep, khong co chinh khach nao phai tu bo chuc vu
cua minh. Mo bo may chay y cham phan ung co nguyen nhan sau xa tir thieu
vfing trach nhiem giai trinh truac cur tri. Vin d l chung nay cung dugc ap
dungtrong lTnh vuc quan ly nha nuac nham bao ve nguai tieu dung.
13. NghTa vu cua doanh nghifp
De ban dugc hang va dich vu, neu canh tranh dien ra, doi khi bao ve
cham soc khach hang la cach duy nhit giup doanh nghiep ton tai, thanh ra bao
ve, cham soc nguai tieu dung la mot tieu chi canh tranh, duang nhu mot dong
ca de ton tai cua nha san xuit va cung ung dich vu. Nhu da trinh bay, doi khi
nha san xuat phai tu lien ket de dinh chuan, de van dong nha nuac cong nhan
djnh chuan do va hoi thuc loai bo hang hoa/dich vu khong dat chuan khoi luu
thong. Tuy nhien, neu sir canh gac cua nha nuac, hoac khong ton tai, hoac
kem hieu qua, hoac bi vo hieu hoa bai du loai sue ep, nha nuac buoc phai
cuang che thuc hien cac tieu chuan va quy chuin. Thuc thi chuan muc mot

cach bat buoc tra thanh mot chu de lan, bao gom hai van de lan: cach thuc to
chuc thuc thi cac tieu chuan, quy chuan va cac thiet che dam nhan viec thuc
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thi cac chuSn do. V6 ca ban, doanh nghiep buoc phai tuan thu cac loai nghia
vu pho quat duai day:
O NghTa vu dang ky chat lugng, tieu chuAn hang hoa/dich vu truac khi
luu hanh;
■=> NghTa vu thu h6i hang hoa khong du dilu kien luu hanh va boi hoan
cho nguai tieu dung trong cac truang hop hang hoa co khuyet tat theo quy djnh
ve trach nhiem san phdm d6i vai nha san xuit;
=> Buoc ap dung trach nhiem phap ly cho cac hanh vi khong tuan thu
phap luat bao ve nguai tieu dung; cac chi tai nay nen truy duoi cac lgi ich kinh
tl, lam cho mure xu phat co mure ran de nghiem trong, k l ca ap dung bien phap
hinh sir ha khac d6i vdi nhung hanh vi vi pham nghiem trong quyln lgi cua
ngudi tieu dung; cSn suy tfnh hinh sir hoa cac hanh vi vi pham luat kinh tl
cong;
>=> Ngoai phat tien, dinh chi, cam kinh doanh, co the ran de doanh
nghiep bang cach cong b6 danh sach den cac doanh nghiep vi pham phap luat
bao ve ngudi tieu dung, loai cac doanh nghiep nay khoi cac danh sach hang
hoa/djch vu co chat lugng, bang cach do bao dong, giup ngudi tieu dung cach
tay chay nhung nha cung cip thieu tin cay.

14.
Ca quan tir phap tham gia bao ve ngiroi tieu dung
Su tu tin cua ngudi tieu dung se tang len dang ke, n6u cac ca quan tu
phap the hien ro han quan dilm bao ve ho, luu tam den th6 yeu cua ho trong
tuang quan vdi cac doanh nghiep. Day cung la mot khia canh quan ly nha
nude nham bao ve ngudi tieu dung, nhat la trong cac thu tuc tu phap nham

khoi phuc lai cac quyen lgi cua hg. Dudi day la mot so suy tinh can dugc xem
xet trong qua trinh soan thao Luat bao ve ngudi tieu dung:
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■=> Dao nghia vu chung minh v l loi: Lgi thi trong cac vu kien tung
thudng d kha nang chung minh, kha nang tai chinh cho viec huy dong chung
cu; niu nghta vu chung minh dugc dao ngugc, trach nhiem chung minh tuan
thu phap luat thuoc v l ngudi kinh doanh, ngudi tieu dung co thi de dang han
khi khai kien doi quyln lgi cua minh.
■=> Ngudi tieu dung van co nghta vu chung minh thiet hai, mac du co
thi dao ngugc nghta vu chumg minh loi cho cac nha san xu&t hoac cung ung
dich vu. N6u cac hoi bao ve ngudi tieu dung co the trg giup kinh phi tham dinh
va chung minh thiet hai, thi ngudi tieu dung co the s6 tu tin han trong cac vu
kien nha san xu&t/cung ung dich vu.

21


O Trg giup phap ly va nghTa vu xS hoi cua luat su: Nguai tieu dung co
the cin dugc trg giup phap ly. Trg giup cho din nay thucmg chi dugc hilu la

dugc giai thich phap luat, dugc ph6 bien, phan chia thong tin phap luat. Xa han
nura, tu vin va dai dien trudc c&c ca quan t6 tung cung co thi xem la trg giup, vf
du cac luat su ngoai thu phi cho djch vu cua minh cung con phai co nghTa vu xa
hoi, vi du djnh ky phuc vu dai dien mien phi cho ngudi tieu dung trong cac thu
tuc to tung trudc ca quan hanh chi'nh hoac tu phap.

15. Ket luan so b§
Neu bao ve nguai tieu dung la mot chinh sach, mot tuyen bo cua nha
nuac, thi nha nuac phai dung ra to chuc lam viec ay. Tuy nhien, tu than nha
nuac khong co dong ca va lgi ich dang k l de bao ve nguai tieu dung, neu nha
nuac do khong chiu sue ep va giam sat tir cac quyen luc ngoai nha nuac.
Quan ly nha nuac vi the khong chi la dinh ra quyen luc va chi dinh thiet che
thuc thi quyen do, ngugc lai con phai suy tinh de nha nuac do dugc dan quan
tot han. NghTa la nguai tieu dung phai co thong tin, phai co tieng noi, phai co
diln dan, giai truyen thong ung ho, phai co nhung kenh doi thoai va giam sat,
hoi thuc chinh quyen bao ve minh. Muon quan ly nha nuac hieu nang hannham bao ve nguai tieu dung, vi vay khong chi nen nhin tir tren xuong, vi du
xac dinh quyen va phan bo quyen, ma con phai nhin nha nuac trong tuang tac
vai truyen thong, xa hoi dan su, cac to chuc dan cu va tu phap. Nha nuac chi
quan ly tot han khi no bi dan chung ep buoc phai hoat dong. Trong boi canh
hoi nhap, nguai dugc lgi nhat la nguai co kha nang ban dugc hang. Hang
ngoai nhap kem pham dang de doa nguai tieu dung Viet Nam, song nang luc
va y chi phan ung cua nha nuac ta rat han che. Dilu nay co nhieu ly do tir ca
cau chinh quyen va the thuc to churc xa hoi. Vi the, mot cuoc cai cach the che
cung rat can cho muc dich bao ve nguai tieu dung.
II.
Pham vi bao hp cac quyen cua ngiroi tieu dung trong dieu kien
hoi nhap kinh t i quoc te
1. Qua trinh hoan thien chinh sach bao ho quyen loi ngiroi tieu
dung
Van ban phap luat bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung mang tinh chuyen

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biet can phai de cap den la Phap lenh bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung do Uy
ban thuang vu Quoc hoi da thong qua nam 1999 (sau day vilt tit la “Phap
lenh”).
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Theo nhu cau thuc t6 dilu chinh phap luat, cac quy dinh chung cua
Phap lenh dugc chi tiet hoa bdi Nghi dinh so 69/2001/ND-CP do Chinh phu

ban hanh quy dinh chi tiet thi hanh Phap lenh Bao ve quyen loi nguai tieu
dung va sau do dugc thay the bai Nghi dinh so 55/2008/NB-CP ban hanh
ngay 24 thang 4 nam 2008.
Nhin chung, Phap lenh cung nhu cac van ban huang dan thi hanh
khong xac dinh pham vi bao ho mang tinh nguyen tac ma nang ve cac quy
pham mang tinh liet ke quyen cua nguai tieu dung, trach nhiem cua nha san
xuit va van de quan ly Nha nuac. Trong do, vai tro quan ly Nha nuac cua Bo
Khoa hoc, Cong nghe va Moi truang (nay la Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe)
theo Nghi dinh 69/2001/NB-CP da chuyen sang cho Bo Thuang mai (nay la
Bo Cong thuang) chiu trach nhiem trong viec quan ly nha nuac ve bao ve
quyen lgi nguai tieu dung - cu the chuc nang nay hien nay do Cue Quan ly
canh tranh, Bo Cong thuang dam nhiem.
Ngoai Phap lenh va cac van ban huang din thi hanh, khung phap luat
bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung con dugc ghi nhan tai cac van ban phap luat
lien quan khac nhu: Bo luat Dan su, Bo luat Hinh sir, Luat Thuang mai, Luat
Canh tranh, Luat Tieu chuin va Quy chuin ky thuat, Luat Bao ve moi truang,
Luat Chit lugng san pham hang hoa, Phap lenh Ve sinh an toan thuc phim ...
Vai khung phap luat hien hanh, pham vi bao ho quyen lgi nguai tieu
dung khong duoc xac dinh ro. Van ban chuyen biet - Phap lenh bao ve quyen
loi nguai tieu dung con nhieu bit cap, trong do khong an dinh pham vi bao ho
ma chi ghi nhan cac quyen ca ban cua nguai tieu dung, trach nhiem cua nha
san xuit, cac vin d€ quan ly Nha nuac khac... Vai pham vi bao ho khong xac
dinh ro nhu vay, quyen cua nguai tieu dung chi co the dugc bao ve tren ca sa
cac quy pham mang tinh chat dinh lugng (tren ca sa cac quyen cu the) ma
thieu yeu t6 dinh tinh (cac nguyen tic ca ban).
Xuit phat tir nhu ciu dieu chinh phap luat, viec soan thao va ban hanh
van ban phap luat co hieu lire phap ly cao han Phap lenh bao ve quyen lgi cua
nguai tieu dung da va dang dugc tien hanh. Trong qua trinh soan thao, cac
gop y lien quan den nhung van de chung trong do bao gom viec xac djnh
pham vi dieu chinh cua Luat co dugc de cap den. Tuy nhien, pham vi chuyen

de nay khong theo huang gop y pham vi dieu chinh Luat ma nhin nhan pham
vi bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung duai goc do phap ly noi chung.
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2. Xac dinh pham vi bao ho quyen loi ngiroi tieu dung
Pham vi bao ho quyen lgi ngudi tieu dung can dugc xac dinh ro rang
tren co sd can bang lgi ich giua ngudi tieu dung va nha san xuat/cung cap
dich vu, pha bo nhung dieu kien bat lgi doi vdi ngudi tieu dung khi tham gia
giao dich trong thi trudng; ben canh do, pham vi bao ho can dugc xem xet
tren kha nang ngudi tieu dung nhan biet ro va thuc hien cac quyen cua minh
tren co sd khung phap luat huu hieu va co che bao ve quyen lgi ngudi tieu
dung mang tinh kha thi.
Nguyen tac ca ban trong giao dich dan su la nguyen tac binh ding thoa
_
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*
thuan. Tuy nhien, thuc te tieu dung trong nen kinh te bao cap trudc day cho
thay, yeu td binh dang thoa thuan hiu nhu khong tdn tai; moi giao djch mang
tinh ap dat, mot chieu theo cac dieu kien cua ben cung cap hang hoa/dich vu.
Trong nen kinh te thi trudng hien nay, thuc tl cho thay nhung van de kinh
dien lien quan den su bat binh dang doi vdi ngudi tieu dung trong quan he vdi
nha san xuat/cung cap dich vu van tdn tai va tdn tai d mure do canh bao nang
ne tai thi trudng Viet Nam.
Nhung van de do co the lien quan den kha nang tiep can thong tin cua
ngudi tieu dung ve hang hoa/dich vu do nha san xuat/nha cung cap dich vu
cung cip; Thong tin co thi khong dugc cung cip cu the, khong dugc cung cap
day du bdi nha san xuat/nha cung cap dich vu. Ngoai nhung thong tin sai su
that, thong tin lua doi ngudi tieu dung la nhung thong tin ma ngudi tieu dung
“thong thai” co the tu danh gia; nhung thong tin xac thirc nhung khong day
du, khong cu thi v l hang hoa/dich vu cung co thi dan den hau qua gay nham
lln cho ngudi tieu dung. Hay noi cach khac, viec cung cip thong tin tu phia
nha san xuit/cung cap dich vu phai dugc tiln hanh vi quyln lgi ngudi tieu
dung ma khong vi muc tieu vu lgi cua nha cung cap.
Ben canh do, mot trong nhung van de quan trong la xem xet kha nang
thuc hien quyen cua ngudi tieu dung trong viec thoa thuan, lira chon hinh thuc
va noi dung hgp dong giao ket vdi nha san xuat, nha cung cap hang hoa/dich
vu trong qua trinh yeu cau cung cip hang hoa/dich vu; trong do, ngudi tieu
dung tu vi tri chu dong dat hang lai co thi chuyen sang tu cach chip nhan
“chao hang” mot cach miln cudng, ap dat do bi day vao tinh the “bi dong”
trong quan he vdi nha cung cap.
Dac biet, hau qua cua qua trinh tieu dung hang hoa/dich vu vdi nhung
trai nghiem ve chat lugng hang hoa/dich vu luon do ngudi tieu dung ganh
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chiu. Cac nha san xuat/cung cap dich vu chi tham gia chiu trach nhiem boi
thuang thiet hai sau khi nguai tieu dung len tieng vai dieu kien tuan thu cac
trinh tu thu tuc khong may hop ly do cac nha san xuat/cung cap hang hoa/dich
vu an dinh mang tinh bat binh dang.
Thuc t€ cho thiy, quydn lgi nguai tieu dung khong chi bi han che bai
t
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thieu thong tin ve hang hoa/dich vu ma con bi han che boi sir thieu thong tin
tu phia nha san xuit/cung cip hang hoa/dich vu ve nhung hau qua, rui ro
trong lich sur qua trinh tieu dung hang hoa/dich vu do ...Hay noi cach khac, he
thdng canh bao mang tinh chat xa hoi khong phat huy tac dung va viec thuc
hien trach nhiem cua cac nha san xuat/cung cap hang hoa/dich vu trong viec
canh bao nguai tieu dung cung khong duac thuc hien trong da so cac truong
hop xay ra nguy ca thiet hai a dien rong doi vai nguai tieu dung. Da phan
trong nhung sir kien nay, viec phat hien va len tieng canh bao xuat phat tu cac
ca quan chuc nang ma viec trdng cha vao su phat hien cua cac ca quan chuc
n&ng se day quyen lgi nguai tieu dung vao the bi dong.
Co the noi rang, do nhu cau sinh hoat, nguai tieu dung vo hinh chung
bi thi6u thong tin, thi6u sir lua chon phuang thuc giao ket huu hieu va bi day
vao quan he vai nha san xudt/cung cap hang hoa/dich vu trong trang thai thieu
kha nang duac bao ve va den bu thiet hai khi su co xay ra trong qua trinh tieu
dung.
Nhung thuc trang tren da pha va nguyen tac ca ban cua phap luat dan
su trong quan he mua ban thoa thuan giira nguai tieu dung va cac nha san
xuat/cung cap dich vu. Vay neu dat muc tieu bao ve quyen lgi nguai tieu dung
trong moi quan he v6i nha san xuat/cung cap dich vu thi can phai pha va
nhung rao can thuc te, tao ca hoi cho nguai tieu dung thuc sir tham gia vao

cac giao dich thoa thuan binh ding, dam bao kha nang cua nguai tieu dung
duac dap ung cac nhu cau ve thong tin, dap ung cac nhu cau ve the hien y chi
trong quan he “dat hang”, lira chon hinh thuc giao ket hop dong, duac huy
hop dong theo nhung dieu kien thuang mai nhat dinh, duac chia se rui ro ve
chit lugng hang hoa/dich vu trong qua trinh tieu dung; duac khieu nai ve chat
lugng hang hoa, yeu ciu b6i thuang thiet hai; duac canh bao kip thai v6 cac
rui ro trong qua trinh tieu dung hang hoa/dich vu...
Vai nhung khia canh phap ly nhu vay, pham vi bao ve quyen lgi nguai
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tieu dung thuc su rat rong va mang tinh lien ket tren ca sa nhin nhan trong
moi tuang quan vai nhidu lmh vuc phap luat khac. Viec xac dinh pham vi bao
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