AFFORDANCES OF HERITAGE ENVIRONMENT:
A CONSERVATION APPROACH TO
HANOI ANCIENT QUARTER IN VIETNAM








NGO MINH HUNG
(BArch, UCE; Msc, AIT-Thailand)



Volume 2 of 2


A THESIS SUBMITTED

FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE


2009

228

- Appendix A -


PUBLICATIONS
 Ngo Minh Hung, Wong Yunn Chii and Heng Chye Kiang (2008), Examining
Conservation Possibilities on Urban Heritage Environment- Its User relation in
Hanoi, Vietnam. HERITAGE 2008, PORTUGAL.
 Ngo Minh Hung, Wong Yunn Chii (2006), A schema for the Conservation of Tube-
Houses (Hanoi, Vietnam). CONSERVATION IN CHANGING SOCIETIES,
Leuven, BELGIUM.
 Ngo Minh Hung (2005), Re-planning structure and Socializing conservation of
“Hanoi Ancient Quarter” towards Sustainable Urban Development in Vietnam.
6th APRU, Oregon, USA.

229

- Appendix B -




FIELD SURVEYS

STATISTICAL DATA & TABLES
SKETCHES & DRAWINGS
SEMI- STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
IN- DEPTH INTERVIEW


230


B1- STATISTICAL DATA & TABLES

Summary of statistical data (Semi-structured Interview) in three blocks
Of Hanoi Ancient Quarter
Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang
Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
Ancient Quarter image
Cultural- Religious buildings - - 17 21.0 8 14.5
Traditional house (tube) 22 39.3 29 35.8 39 70.9
Traditional commerce 34 60.7 30 37.0 8 14.5
Traditional- Cultural activities - - 5 6.2 - -
1. Streetscape
a Perception of famous streets? (see tables/ figures below) 50 (M.A
1
) 100.0 52 (M.A) 100.0 48 (M.A) 100.0

b. Place for Trad. Cul Activities? (Y:12)
26.7%
(N: 33)
73.3%
(Y:11)
22.0%
(N:39)
78%
(Y:21)
42.0%
(N:29)
58.0%
c. How do you involve in these activities? 32 100.0 55 100.0 48 100.0
Decorate street elements 17 53.1 10 18.2 13 27.1
Prepare flat, surfaces available - - 13 23.6 10 20.8
Give suggestions/ Knowledge 11 34.4 16 29.1 6 12.5
Other 4 12.5 16 29.1 19 39.6
d. What elements of street do you like to use, restore,
rebuild, revitalize for making better cultural space?
96 100.0 72 100.0 50 100.0
Pedestrians oriented 35 36.5 26 36.1 19 38.0
Rudimentary transport 12 12.5 6 8.3 10 20.0
Merchant streets 30 31.5 27 37.5 9 18.0
Street lighting - - 13 18.1 12 24.0
2. Street meaning & Its characteristics
a. What street means to you 72 100.0 74 100.0 87 100.0
an integral part of your whole life 46 63.9 44 59.5 37 42.5
a place for such commercial activit y 26 36.1 28 37.8 36 41.4
A historic, professional street - - 2 2.7 6 6.9
b. Is there any specific/ unique characteristics of the street

you know?
50 100.0 52 100.0 54 100.0
developmental history, and its functions throughout periods 37 74.0 35 67.3 24 44.4
architectural typology/ vernacular architecture 4 8.0 9 17.3 18 33.3
properties, settings 9 18.0 8 15.4 12 22.2
c. What do you do with those things? 62 100.0 58 100.0 54 100.0
develop professional occupations and products 40 64.5 40 69.0 9 16.7
adaptive- use for present/ future Hanoian style 11 17.7 2 3.4 20 37.0
remodel elements of the street for private purpose and use 11 17.7 16 27.6 25 46.3
3. Roofscape
a. Is there any specific roof-style for this area? (Y:39) 78.0
%
(N: 11)
22.0%
(Y:45)
90%
(N:5)
10%
(Y:36)
72.0%
(N:14)
28.0%
b. What is salient character of roofscape of the Ancient
Quarter?
50 100.0 54 100.0 101 100.0
slope (terracotta) with fire-protected wall, wooden structure
(traditional roof)
40 80.0 45 83.3 45 44.6
flat (concrete) 10 20.0 5 9.3 19 18.8
Others 4 7.4 37 36.6

c. What do you do to accelerate local identity of the
Quarter?
40 100.0 53 100.0 49 100.0
continue using traditional roof for new/ present construction 39 63.9 38 60.3 17 34.7
green-roof oriented (bonsai art/ planting tree…) 5 8.2 8 12.7 7 14.3
Others 17 27.9 17 27.0 25 51.0
d. There wasn’t a specific roof type for the Ancient Quarter
but I (neighborhood families) reconstructed/ repaired it to
61 100.0 58 100.0 48 100.0

1
M.A: Multiple Answers/ Choices

231

Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang
Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
make a difference.
roof repairs 34 55.7 36 62.1 24 50.0

roof replacements 5 8.2 17 29.3 13 27.1
Construction or repair of mansard roofs 22 36.1 5 8.6 11 22.9
4. Street (housing) facades
a. Is this street façade is different to others in your area? (Y: 42)
84.0 %
(N: 8)
16.0%
(Y:39)
78%
(N:11)
22.0%
(Y:33)
66.0%
(N:17)
34.0%
b. (Yes) what features of street facades is important to your
beneficiary?
58 100.0 58 100.0 60 100.0
ancient/ vernacular architecture of tube-house 46 79.3 23 39.7 23 38.3
French architecture and details on 8 13.8
hybrid architecture of the façade 6 10.3 21 35.0
New storefront / modern style (transparent/ dark glass…)/
sign design
12 20.7 18 31.0 8 13.3
Others 3 5.2 8 13.3
c. What are you using the façade for? 64 100.0 59 100.0 59 100.0
creating a marking point as a “SELF” symbol to draw
people attention for your business (restaurant, hotel, food
stall, retail…)
18 28.1 16 27.1 12 20.3

hanging tourist products on and placing advertisement
signboard
30 46.9 19 32.2 15 25.4
no use 11 17.2 9 15.3 21 15.3
Others 5 7.8 15 25.4 11 18.7
d. If there are no façades specific as you like, what would
you do to make such façade for your “SELF” within an
ancient environment?
119 100.0 152 100.0 102 100.0
Windows 10 8.4 10 6.6 8 7.8
Doors 27 22.7 21 13.8 13 12.7
Signage 16 13.4 30 19.7 15 14.7
Awnings 18 15.1 22 14.5 16 15.7
Lighting - - 5 3.3 9 8.8
Painting 13 10.9 7 4.6 7 6.9
Fencing 8 5.3 2 2.0
additions to exiting structures 5 4.2 20 13.2 17 16.7
Repair or creation of features not compatible with the
original architecture
30 25.2 29 19.1 15 14.7
5. Landscape
a. Is there existing a system of street trees? (Y: 30)
60.0%
(N: 20)
40%
(Y:41)
82.0%
(N:9)
18.0%
(Y:27)

54.0%
(N:23)
46.0%
b. What kind of trees should be planted in the Ancient
Quarter?
65 100.0 89 100.0 65 100.0
milk- flower tree (Cay si) - - 20 22.5 5 7.7
insult tree (Cay Da) - - 11 12.4 17 26.2
Dau Da Xoan 35 53.8 22 24.7 29 44.6
shadow (small, medium, big) 18 27.7 21 23.6 8 12.3
height (low, medium, high) 12 18.5 15 16.9 6 9.2
c. How do you use those trees? 39 100.0 48 100.0 52 100.0
religious activities - - 13 25.0
business advertisement - - 33 68.8 7 13.5
padded waves/ rural activities around its root 16 41.0 8 16.7 11 21.2
Others 23 59.0 7 14.6 21 40.4
d. How do you bring greenery/ tree- benefit into your living
space?
42 100.0 54 100.0 67 100.0
take care the tree associated with façade of buildings for
better landscape
25 59.5 43 79.6 22 32.8
occupy the tree for private business (commercial, hotel,
restaurant aims)
5 11.9 6 11.1 14 20.9
limit activities around tree-roots because it is a religious
symbol of locality
9 21.4 - - 13 19.4
cut it down due to its location blocking commercial/
economic activities

1 2.4 - - 3 4.5

232

Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang
Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
don’t consider that tree because it belong to public area,
local authority
2 4.8 3 5.6 12 17.9
Others - - 2 3.7 3 4.5
6. Commercial cultural spaces
a. Is there a cultural space for you to express your
“SELF”/community identity?
(Y:14)
28.0%
(N: 36)
72.0%
(Y:45)
90.0%

(N:5)
10.0%
(Y:38)
76.0%
(N:12)
24.0%
b. Where are you selling your handicraft/ rural/ traditional
products/ tourist- goods?
42 100.0 61 100.0 71 100.0
sidewalk, pedestrian area 4 9.5 10 16.4 21 29.6
front-shop of tube-house 25 59.5 41 67.2 14 19.7
inside the house/ corridor 6 14.3 4 6.6 29 40.8
anywhere possible/ available 7 16.7 6 9.9 7 9.9
c. How do you use those spaces? 37 100.0 54 100.0 75 100.0
occupy it for your own 26 70.3 37 68.5 34 45.3
be willing to share it with relative/ neighboring to get benefit - - 8 14.8 25 33.3
share space with certain condition - - 7 13.0 16 21.3
don’t use because I/ family don’t have economic and other
demand
- - 2 3.7 - -
Others 11 29.7 - - - -
d. There wasn’t a really cultural commercial space but I and
families arranged/ revitalize a space for retaining your rural
culture, and characteristic
43 100.0 61 100.0 65 100.0
adaptive- use 26 60.5 46 75.4 40 61.5
change structure, objects of the space - - - - 6 9.2
new installation and set-up 6 14.0 5 8.2 4 6.2
reconstruct space’s settings 6 14.0 8 13.1 5 7.7
Others 5 11.6 2 3.3 10 15.4

7. Dwelling, religious and historic buildings
a. Is there any buildings that need to be preserved? (Y:28)
56.0%
(N:22)
44.0%
(Y:18)
36.0%
(N:32)
64.0%
(Y:37)
74.0%
(N:13)
26.0%
b. How do you/ people/ professional groups utilize these
buildings/ its elements?
46 100.0 68 100.0 60 100.0
organize religious events and ceremonies 10 21.7 15 22.1 22 36.7
perform cultural and rural social festivals and so on 12 26.1 12 17.6 15 25.0
remodel it for tourist purpose 19 41.3 16 23.5 19 31.7
revitalize it for residential/ other target 5 10.9 5 7.4 4 6.6
Others 20 29.5
c. What should you do to preserve the buildings for next
generation?
39 100.0 62 100.0 74 100.0
move out of the building (don’t misuse the building
function?
- - 7 11.3 21 28.4
restore original architecture and function 9 23.1 7 11.3 30 40.5
retain detached architectural/ art objects only 17 43.6 29 46.8 12 16.2
rebuild a part of the building for tourist development - - - - 5 6.8

replace decayed structure of the building with your
supports, capacity
- - 7 11.3 2 2.7
do nothing due to its belonging to the community and public 7 17.9 7 11.3 2 2.7
Others 6 15.4 5 8.1 2 2.7
8. Surfaces
a. From you observation, is there any ancient architecture
style still being existed in your area?
(Y:28)
56.0%
(N:22)
44.0%
(Y:23)
46.0%
(N:27)
54.0%
(Y:32)
64.0%
(N:15)
30.0%
b. Which are architectural details old in your construction? 69 100.0 84 100.0 55 100.0
Façade 29 42.0 33 39.3 18 32.7
Housing structure 19 27.5 5 6.0 11 20.0
Architectural details - - 15 17.9 5 9.1
Roof 21 30.4 17 20.2 16 29.1
Column, Pillar - - 14 16.7 5 9.1
c. How do you know these surfaces that contained
particular values (historic, cultural, local identity)?
47 100.0 67 100.0 51 100.0
Features, materials, age of the surface 5 10.6 26 38.8 11 21.6

architectural detail, structure of the surface 30 63.8 29 43.3 21 41.2

233

Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang
Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
literature, historic records and mono- research 5 10.6 2 3.0 11 21.6
information, stories inherited from previous generations 7 14.9 7 10.4 8 15.7
Others - - 3 4.5 - -
c. What do you like to do with these specific surfaces? 45 100.0 56 100.0 44 100.0
Protect/ maintain some of them as religious symbol 24 53.3 21 37.5 13 29.5
use it carefully for retaining memories of the past
generations
16 35.6 14 25.0 10 22.7
improve its quality for art purpose 5 11.1 5 8.9 10 22.7
remove it, replace it for new use/ development - - 16 28.6 11 25.0
d. If there is no unique architectural surface, what should
you do to make a particular surface for your utilization?
41 100.0 59 100.0 36 100.0

Decorate it for business related to tourist industry/ service 7 17.1 16 27.1 4 11.1
adapt it into reproducible preservation oriented/ future
repair of the house
24 58.5 24 40.7 16 44.4
rebuild it for new idea/ business 10 24.4 12 20.3 14 38.9
Others - - 7 11.9 2 5.6
9. Detached/ Attached objects
a. Is there any architectural objects as an integral part of
the Quarter
(Y: 15)
30.0%
(N:35)
70.0%
(Y:20)
40.0%
(N:30)
60.0%
(Y:26)
52.0%
(N:15)
30.0%
d. If there is lacking architectural objects appropriate to
ancient Quarter environment, what would you do to make it
for enhancing identity of this area?
16 100.0 28 100.0 38 100.0
design new objects to display “SELF” of Hanoian - - 12 42.9 19 50.0
reproduce old style- objects 9 56.3 9 32.1 9 23.7
replace old objects by modern/ fashionable objects for
commercia l/ tourist activity
- - 7 25.0 8 21.1

others 7 43.8 - - 2 5.3
10. The corridor
a. Is there, in your tube-house/ place, a featured corridor for
social activity/ family communication?
(Y: 45)
90.0%
(N:5)
10.0%
(Y:36)
72.0%
(N:10)
20.0%
(Y:31)
62.0%
(N:19)
38.0%
b. What is predominant function of the corridor you
perceived?
55 100.0 40 100.0 78 100.0
storage of things (bikes, goods and junk) 9 16.4 24 60.0 17 21.8
stoves for cooking - - - - 20 25.6
drive motorbike from the street to the courtyards 12 21.8 5 12.5 17 21.8
sell clothes- goods, rural foods of several rear households 8 14.5 5 12.5 19 24.4
others 26 47.3 6 15.0 5 6.4
c. How do you utilize the corridor? 55 100.0 43 100.0 70 100.0
divide concrete area for each family’s use (social
boundaries, limitations?)
13 23.6 23 53.5 34 48.6
use it for communication and transport 25 45.5 8 18.6 25 35.7
gain more space for private activities against less space in

common use
10 18.2 7 16.3 5 7.1
organize the long/ narrow space for famous/ localizable
eating & drinking
7 12.7 3 7.0 6 8.6
others - - 2 4.7
d. There wasn’t a corridor wide enough for your family,
what would you like to do to make one?
49 100.0 54 100.0 62 100.0
remodel its structure, component and surfaces for adaptive-
use
9 18.4 21 38.9 28 45.2
decorate interior with other households to make use of its
function
4 8.2 22 40.7 13 21.0
rebuild corridor with new measures 26 53.1 4 7.4 4 6.5
others 10 20.4 7 13.0 17 27.4
11. Inner courtyards
a. Is there fully featured and structured courtyards? (Y: 17)
34.0%
(N:33)
66.0%
(Y:21)
42.0%
(N:29)
58.0%
(Y:24)
48.0%
(N:26)
52.0%

b. What functional components of the corridor did you
perceive?
28 100.0 40 100.0 40 100.0
spaces for washing, drying, preparing food and cottage
industry
- - 2 5.0 13 32.5

234

Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang
Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
refreshing space (decorative plants, rocky garden, goldfish
pond…)
11 39.3 22 55.0 14 35.0
space for further development 8 20.0 3 7.5
public and household gathering and meeting 4 14.3 6 15.0 8 20.0
others 13 46.4 2 5.0 2 5.0
c. How do you use the courtyards for various purposes? 28 100.0 44 100.0 39 100.0
use its surface, attached objects (air well, others) for

everyday activities of Hanoian (other style) family
13 46.4 15 34.1 15 38.5
wash and dry clothes, prepare food 11 39.3 4 9.1 11 28.2
keep chatting, meeting and gathering - - 14 31.8
organize cultural mini-space and tea-drinking, traditional
food atmosphere
- - 6 13.6 11 28.2
others 4 14.3 5 11.4 2 5.1
d. There wasn’t appropriate courtyards for your activities,
what would you do to design one/ two yards for
households/ families
34 100.0 39 100.0 31 100.0
restore original structure/ settings for the ancient tube-
house
13 38.2 - - 3 9.7
repair old/ decayed components/ objects to adaptations for
use (props, separations, connections)
10 29.4 6 15.4 15 48.4
improve space’s quality by displaying “Self”
(personalization, identification, group membership)
- - 9 23.1 6 19.4
protect whatever belonging to you and your grandparents 11 32.4 20 51.3 7 22.6
others - - 4 10.3 - -
12. Open- space
b. What are characteristics of above open-spaces that you
suppose useful for ancient quarter’s life?
64 100.0 90 100.0 104 100.0
where people play games and do everyday exercise 9 14.1 25 27.8 16 15.4
where people purchase traditional goods (flowers, bonsai
trees….)

13 20.3 13 14.4 24 23.1
where community/ groups perform cultural festivals/ events 27 42.2 17 18.9 24 23.1
where tourist is attracted by ancient urban forms,
vernacular architecture, art details
11 17.2 15 16.7 23 22.1
where people come and sense Hanoian lifestyle and
atmosphere of 4the Ancient Quarter
4 6.3 20 22.2 17 16.3
c. How do you/ neighboring use these spaces? 47 100.0 74 100.0 72 100.0
use vacant/ clean flat areas for private/ group activities 15 31.9 15 20.3 21 29.2
prefer to use fully furnished and facilitated places for short
relaxation
6 12.8 11 14.9 9 12.5
use area where have lighting system, trees and furniture 4 8.5 35 47.3 21 29.2
selling instant foods/ occupy a place for peddled waves,
private use
14 29.8 8 10.8 14 19.4
others 8 17.0 5 6.8 7 9.7
d. What would you do to arrange a place in this space for
these purposes?
69 100.0 57 100.0 73 100.0
set-up/ add new objects into a certain space - - 2 3.5 13 17.8
use private signage to make sure your boundary 20 29 12 21.1 22 30.1
replace existed facilities, furniture by others for your/ group
preference
17 24.6 5 8.8 21 28.8
repair/ improve bad surfaces, objects for your utilization 28 40.6 6 10.5 10 13.7
others 4 5.8 32 56.1 7 9.6
13. Cooking spaces
a. Is there any a sharing kitchen/ a place for cooking? (Y:32)

64.0%
(N:18)
36.0%
(Y:30)
60.0%
(N:20)
40.0%
(Y:48)
96.0%
(N:2)
4.0%
b. What are functions of the cooking spaces useful to you? 58 100.0 52 100.0 63 100.0
food/ meal preparation for the family at a bounded area 45 77.6 44 84.6 42 66.7
cook traditional foods in important events (wedding,
funeral…)
13 22.4 5 9.6 6 9.5
make traditional/ professional products (candy, salted dry
apricot, Hanoian presents of foods…)
- - - - 15 23.8
illustrate lifestyle, identity, culture of Hanoian through
spatial organization
- - 3 5.8 - -

235

Site 1(smallest)
Hang Dao- Cau Go- Dinh
Liet- Gia Ngu
Site 2 (medium)
Luong Van Can- Hang

Gai- Hang Dao- Hang Bo
Site 3 (big)
Ta Hien- Ma May- Luong
Ngoc Quyen- hang Bac


Environments’ characteristics
Case % Case % Case %
c. How are you using this space? 60 100.0 50 100.0 65 100.0
use a occupied place for such cooking everyday meal 39 65.0 45 90.0 45 69.2
use this space/ area with other families/ relatives in
different time
10 16.7 - - 4 6.2
apply a part of kitchen for producing Hanoi presents of
foods
- - 3 6.0 14 21.5
exploit its present structure/ settings for economic
development activities/ tourist service and cultural
demonstration at the rear of the house
11 18.3 - - - -
others - - 2 4.0 2 3.1
d. If there is a poor cooking place, what would you like to
form a better one for your family and neighboring?
45 100.0 54 100.0 48 100.0
repair surfaces, improve facilities for better social
communication and relationship
- - 12 22.2 28 58.3
reconstruct entire cooking space referring to its original
organization, settings
14 31.1 10 18.5 4 8.3

restore parts of sharing kitchen for temporary its existence 11 24.4 12 22.2 3 6.3
others 20 44.4 20 37.5 13 27.1
14. Other places
a. Is there other places for cultural/ social activities (Y:12)
24.0%
(N:38)
76.0%
(Y:3) 6.0% (N:44)
88.0%
(Y:0) 0% (N:50)
100%


236

1. Streetscape
a Perception of famous streets?
Which block Total
Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Count Col %
street

Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %
0
1

1.9%

1 .7%

Hang Dao

30

60.0%

48

92.3%

34

70.8%

112

74.7%

Gia Ngu
10

20.0%

5

9.6%

15

10.0%

Dinh Liet

21

42.0%

9

17.3%

10

20.8%

40

26.7%

Cau Go
5 10.0%

4

7.7%

8 16.7%

17

11.3%

Luong Van Can

5 10.0%

17

32.7%

16

33.3%

38

25.3%

Hang Bo
5 10.0%

13

25.0%

4 8.3%

22

14.7%

Hang Gai
7 14.6%


7 4.7%

Ta Hien
6 12.5%

6 4.0%

Luong Ngoc Quyen
4 8.3%

4 2.7%

Ma May
11

22.0%

14

26.9%

5 10.4%

30

20.0%

Hang Bac
41


82.0%

48

92.3%

32

66.7%

121

80.7%



Responses
street1(a)
N Percent
Percent of
Cases
0
1

.2%

.7%

Hang Dao
112


27.1%

74.7%

Gia Ngu
15

3.6%

10.0%

Dinh Liet
40

9.7%

26.7%

Cau Go
17

4.1%

11.3%

Luong Van Can
38

9.2%


25.3%

Hang Bo
22

5.3%

14.7%

Hang Gai
7

1.7%

4.7%

Ta Hien
6

1.5%

4.0%

Luong Ngoc Quy en
4

1.0%

2.7%


Ma May
30

7.3%

20.0%

Hang Bac
121

29.3%

80.7%

Total
413

100.0%

275.3%



27.1%
3.6%
9.7%
4.1%
9.2%
5.3%

1.7%
1.5%
1.0%
7.3%
29.3%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
Hang Dao
Gia Ngu
Dinh Liet
Cau Go
Luong Van Can
Hang Bo
Hang Gai
Ta Hien
Luong Ngoc Quyen
Ma May
Hang Bac

Perceptions of Famous streets of the Blocks

237

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Hang Dao
Gia Ngu
Dinh Liet
Cau Go
Luong Van Can
Hang Bo
Hang Gai
Ta Hien
Luong Ngoc Quyen
Ma May
Hang Bac
Place for Trad.Cul Activit ies
Decorate street element
Prepare flat, surf aces
Give suggestions
Other
Pedestrians orient ed

Rudimentary trans port
Merchant streets
Street lighting
1a 1b 1c 1d
Percentage
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3

Streetscape

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
an intergral part
commercial place
historic, merchant street
History, its function
ARC typology
Properties, settings
Pro. Carrier, products
Hnoian style
element remodelling
2a- Perceived 2b- Utilized 2c- Shaped

Percentage
Street meaning & characteristic
site 1
site 2
site 3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Streetfacade
-
difference
vernacular architecture of
…
French architecture
Hybrid architecture
Modern style
Other
Marking point/ SELF symbol
Hanging tourist product/
…
No use
Other

Windows
Doors
Signage
Awanings
Lighting
Painting
Fencing
Additions to existing
…
Incompatible repair/
…
4a
-
ST
4b
-
Perceived
4c
-
Utilized
4d
-
Shaped
Percentage
Street (housing) facade
site 1
site 2
site 3



238

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Perceiving of street trees
Milk
-
flower tree (Cay si)
Insult tree (Cay da)
Dau Da Xoan
Shadow
Height
Religious Act
Business AD
Rural Act
take care
occupy
limit activity
cut down
do nothing
other
5a-

LS
5b- Kind of trees 5c- Utilized 5d- Shaped
Percentage
Landscape
site 1
site 2
site 3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Building needs
preservation
ritual/event ORG
remodelling
-
tourist
residential revitalization
others
move out
restore ori. Arch
retain arc/ art objects
rebuild a part
replace decayed structure

do nothing
others
7a- Perceived 7b- Utilized 7c- Shaped
Percentage
Architecture objects
site 1
site 2
site 3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Existed Ancient Aki style
Façade
Housing structure
Arc details
Roof
Column, pillar
Surface features
Arc details
Literature
Inherited stories
others
Protect
Use carefully

Improve its quality
remove it for new
…
Decorate (business)
Adapt
Rebuild (new idea)
Others
8a- Surface8b- Perceived 8c- Perceived 8d- Utilized 8e- Shaped
Percentage
Architectural Surfaces
site 1
site 2
site 3



239

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Featured corridor existence

storage
stoves for cooking
selling goods
others
divide (for HHs)
transport
gain more space
eating & drinking
remodelling its structure
decorating interior
rebuilding (new measures)
others
10a-
COC
10b- Perceived 10c- Utilized 10d- Shaped
Axis Title
The Corridor
site 1
site 2
site 3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Featured/ structured
…

washing,drying, prepa
…
refreshing space
future development
HHs gathering
others
daily activities
washing,drying, prepa
…
chatting, meeting
cultural mini
-
space
restore original
…
repaire old/decayed
…
improve, display SELF
protect
others
11a-
IC
11b- Perceived 11c- Utilized 11d- Shaped
Percentage
Inner Courtyards
site 1
site 2
site 3

0

10
20
30
40
50
60
Play games, do exercise
Purchase traditional
…
Perform cultural
…
Tourist attraction
Hanoian lifestyle
-
sense
Use vacant/clean flat
…
Full funished/
…
Lighting
…
Selling foods, peddled
…
Other
Add new objects to a
…
Private signs for
…
Replace existed
…

Improve bad
…
Others
12b- Perceived 12c-Utilized 12d- Shaped
Percentage
Open-Space
site 1
site 2
site 3




240


Summary of discussion contents with representative of the user- groups (In-depth
Interview)
 Site One: Smallest site
User profile Name/
address
Key issues
from Interview sheets
1. The traders
- Traditional trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr. Do Van

Can (76yo)
103 Hang
Dao
Old tube-
house
(30 July 07)
- Rented from the State since 1955.
- Before: Clothes- trade
- Now: Watch- business (trader: his son)
- HAQ: 1 storey-building, slope-roof, read tiles (exp: Communal
house- 90 Hang Dao and the buildings had located along Dong Xuan
street). Urbanization

no more those.
- Rarely few people understood about the Ancient Quarter.
- The building (semi-ancient and modern architecture >100 year old)
was repaired by the State in 1968- 1968. Rental price:
>100.000VND/ month (6USD/month). The State replaced slope roof
by flat concreted roof.
- If present owners want reparations

no difficulty
- Before: Communal house 90 Hang Dao/ 38 Hang Dao (cultural,
clan, ancestor events)
- Now: No more events in 90 Hang Dao/ 38 Hang Dao (after the State
managed the buildings)
- Main purpose: Residential focus
- Main timber panels were replaced to be open- metal grills
- Trade activity: Selling clothes, watches (no advertising signboards)
- He wanted to repair ancient architecture of the building façade, but

it needs a research on those details for restoration.
- No street- trees this street over a- hundred years, very narrow
sidewalk surfaces, security issues ( If trees planted, local people
would cut it down)
- Building corridor: The State had build up a hard partition to divide
shop- living spaces
- There is one wet yard and communication path
- Everyday exercises surrounding Hoan Kiem lake (or) flat- roof (3
rd

floor)
- Insufficient financial capacity to conserve the building
- All the families are using the shared kitchens
- Can change interior with “no- problem”
- Speculative trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr. Ha
Tuan Kiet
(45yo)
92 Hang
Dao
Rebuilt
building
(2 Aug 07)
- Now: Selling clothes
- HAQ image: Hang Dao- main street, centre of the area, commercial
and tourist activity

- Main elements of the front: sidewalk, ancient tube-house, walking
street
- Pavement is using for public and trade activity
- The façade needed to be preserved
- Maintained ancient building is Communal house 90 Hang Dao
- Hang Bac- more ancient buildings, 47 Hang Bac- poor physical
quality
- Preference: Modern architecture, redevelopment
- The building is rebuilt (3 storey) (1998)- No need preservation
- No street- trees
- Preference: Wide shop and pavement
- Main purpose: Trade activity, direct contact to the shopper/ tourist/
visitor
- Population: One family only
- No more corridor, traditional tube-house layout,

241

- Air well mixed staircase; First floor: Shop; Second floor- Kitchen/
living rooms; Third floor- living rooms.
2. Non- residential (State- employees, pensioner)
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr.Trinh
Dinh Hai
(68yo)
93 Hang
Dao

Rebuilt
building
- House status: Rented from State
- The building was rebuilt (by himself (he is building engineer) in
1997
- Lacked knowledge of ancient architectures

misused architecture
styles for the tube-house style
- Traditional culture is impossible to be preserved
- Trading different goods compared to before
- Preference: No walking street (ineffective)
- Front shop mixed the corridor

limited commutes, family
communications
- The building is French style (2 storey)
- There is a dry- yard as public area used for parking motorcycles,
building staircases as new attachments.
- No- shared kitchen, private toilet and kitchens
- Main purpose: For living maintenance, no knowledge of
preservation
Households
85 Hang
Dao

- Living rooms are too small (1.5-2.0 m2/ 3 persons (Mrs. Hieu, Her
son, son’s child))
- The building is wooden structure
- Mr. Nguyen Phung Hai’s family is staying on flat roof (12m2) of

public toilet, which is shared property of 6 inside households, over 30
years; Poor roof- structure
- No. 52 Hang Be; 100 people/ 01 wooden tube-house; each family
(4-6 people)- 9-10m2, using wooden partitions to make private
rooms.
- Those households are using a public lavatory pan- toilet for 100
people; someone has to wake up at 3 or 4 am for toilet usage.
Anh Bùi
Nhật Tiến
(20 Hàng
Lược):

- All family activities are in a 36m2- room (4 households; 20
members)
- The outdoor kitchen (đun nấu ngoài trời)
- No public yards
- Those hhs are gathered to open the front shop, their economic
sources are based on the shop. If moving out- no more economic
sources.
- If the State makes a re-allocation, should focus more on rear people
- All are using the shared toilet; Insufficient living environment
(Nguyen Thi Lan)
- Mr. Hoang Mai (24 Lo Su): Stayed in the block because of close
relationships, getting used the way of life of rural villages. Living
areas are too cramped. Many families have stayed by 3-4 generations
event lighting up 24/24.
-
Nguyễn
Hồng Hạnh
(Phố Hàng

Ngang)
- Relationship between speculative trader and neighboring is
complicated (getting commitments for shared walls, areas…). In sum,
the lives are too complex for renter, whom came from outside. Due to
making money, the renters are accepted to do business in this limited
condition.

3. The owner
- Secondary owner
+ Name:
+ Location:
Mrs. Ngo
Minh Thi
(71yo)
42 Luong
Ngoc Quyen
- Moved from khu giap Thanh Hanoi to Luong Ngoc Quyen since
1979 and worked as small-trade/ vendor.
- Previous buildings were one-storey and built by Chinese.
+ Building
style:
Shop vendor
(Pho gap co
- Her family is stay inside the block- a collective block
- Running a teashop on the pavement (đầu ngõ) near by electric pole

242

ban An Do
khi dang

ngoi uong
nuoc)
- Attaching product on the front façade (outside wall surface), using
movable chairs/ table.
- Low income group

 Site Two: Medium site
User profile Name/
address
Interview summary
1. The traders
- Traditional trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr. Quang
(70yo)
48 Hang
Dao
Old tube-
house
- Preference: wide, clear front shop
- Yes, no tree along Hang Dao street due to narrow pavement
- The State is looking after tree- system; local people are unable to
protect those
- Selling goods at corridor head (đầu ngõ) by an insider
- This building is “chồng diêm” style, an inner courtyard, living
rooms
- High population (7 families, 50 dwellers), the building spaces are

divided into smaller pieces
- Should repair the shop and public yard and toilet; maintain building
structure, roof system and proportions
- An old wooden staircase
- Redevelop rear sections of the building
- Should repair the shop to make a corridor separating footpath and
shop space
- The staircase must be preserved
- Main issues: poor public toilet, kitchen
- Back corridor- used by families; store their stuffs.
- Participate in cleaning the corridor/ public areas bounded by wall-
fence
- Speculative trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr. Ngo
Van Tan
40 Luong
Van Can
The shop at
collective
complex
- Shop renter (10 years), came from different commune of Hanoi
- Image of HAQ: vendors, shops
- Narrow pavement, huge transport- flow

Trade activity is
encroaching pavement and road surfaces

- Need wider pavement surfaces for trade activity, motorbike- park
- Almost buildings are rebuilt by the State’s company with modern
architecture. Typical building is Thang Long theater…
- Preference: New modern architecture, high/ low-rise buildings (4-6
storeys)

trade activity.
- Use simple signboards and advertisings on glass-doors;
- Temporary share in using the front, sidewalk area in front of the
shop
- Few trees on one street-side (even number)- benefits: shade,
parking, placing goods, chatting seat…
- Cultural places: needs easy accessibility, parking areas…
- Walking street during weekend, but not in this street (Luong Van
Can)
- The shop should be repaired and the front
- Low-rise buildings were repaired for commercial activities by
repairing shop-door, façade for the accessibility.
- Footpath paving surfaces are used for trade
- Many interior ancient items were disappeared and unable to be
conserved.
- New construction: Air-wells, staircase, toilet are combined and in
the middle
- Synchronic construction to entire building
- Need to improve living quality for dwellers in the back of buildings
2. Non- residential (State- employees, pensioner)

243

Ms. Nguyen

Van Anh
(32yo)and
her father
36 Luong
Ngoc Quyen
- Stayed from 1978
- Each family is owned a 10m2 room, no-toilet. This consequence is
resulted in illegal encroachments for individual purposes.
- There is no- more ancient physical characteristics. Memorial
images are kept for architectural variations. The building was
repaired since 79’s- 80’s.
- Inside ½ air well was encroached by internal families (1
st
& 2
nd

floor)

no more place for clothes- dry.
- Preference: Like to move out (selling the house, buying new one).
Her parent wanted to stay here because of good relations, easy
purchase of everyday foods. Central location…
- To her, no attractive points about the Quarter.
- The building is maintained 2-storey by frequent repair; Better one is
retained vernacular architecture like this.
- The family was bought the building from the State; received “red
book”.
- Toilet is big problem in the area. Good social security (motorbikes
are unlocked- no problem).
- There are several riches; almost are medium and poor- buying

expensive motorbikes and hi-tech stuff rather than repairing the
house…etc.
- New building and redevelopment, theoretically, are prohibited, but
residents have different approaches to rebuild/ redevelop buildings.
- Illegal buildings (without license)are larger than legal ones
(granted license)
- Her mother is normally going to Ngoc Son temple, Phu Tay Ho
(outside place); and Bach Ma temple.
- Herself is rarely going to temple….
3. The owner
- Primary owner
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mrs. Ngan
20 Hang
Dao
Old tube-
house
(2 storey)
- The building is ancient tube-house
- The building was a property of the families (5 sisters) inherited from
the father who stayed and bought from the Indian owner.
- Main architectural elements: Tree, electric pole, Quan Hoa
school…
- Sharing sidewalk paving surfaces to public people
- Should protect and preserve the building after return of the shop,
which occupied by the State.
- Vernacular architecture (slope roof, 2 courtyards, living rooms,

rear toilet)
- Original structure retained in poor condition, several functions
were added
- “Traditioning” phenomenon (kept functional places, rooms for the
father died)
- The owner is reclaiming the shop from the State.
- Self- repair and protect original structure and etc.
- Secondary owner
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Nguyen Van
Hiep (65yo)
48 Hang
Dao
French
architecture
(2storey)
- Before: retired State- employee
- Physical symbol: 90 Hang Dao, Tu thuc school
- Preference: New- Modern architecture for better living quality of
life
- The building is French style, only shop section maintained. The rest
is redeveloped. Tiled roof. ~ 80 years
- Rear building sections were rebuilt and concretized to design
enclosed rooms, kitchen, and toilet for private use- surrounding a
central dry-yard.
- Interior design: good quality, wooden floor



244

 Site Three: Largest site
User profile Name/
address
Interview content
1. The traders
- Traditional trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Ong Son
4 Hang Bac
Rebuild
buildings
(80’ style):

- The building is rebuilt, concretized as a 2 storey- shop building,
80’s architecture style
- Retained a part of traditional tube-house layout: Shop +
manufacture + living areas in the first floor.
- The trader is considerable as one of last traditional traders in Hang
Bac guild. Unfortunately, he is quite old and weak, so that no-one
produces golden products and just sell products imported from
outside. Then, shop-area is still alive. Other ones are not useful any
more.
- The places are lacking light and opening the front maximally
- Ong Gia, om, ko che tac vang bac mya, chu yeu ban hang, gia cong

cho khac
- Speculative trader
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mrs. Tran
Thi Hien
(35yo)
51 Hang
Bac
The
reproducible
tube-house
- Shop- renter in short time (2-3 years); came from Bac Ninh
province
- Selling tourist products and presents (7.mil.VND/ month (2006)
~ 500USD/month).
- HAQ image: traders, dense population, old tube-house, easy
business
- The building is reproduced by French funding and expert’s
technical assistance.
- 2- storey outside; 3-4 storey inside- good quality and regulations
are applied

All changes are not allowed unless no-permissions
from the authority.
- The renter wants clear front, but may conflict small shop/ mobile
shop’s location of the insider.
Cung Duc

Duy Son
(36yo)
85 Hang
Buom
(17/3/06)
- All traders are taken full advance of all space of the front they
occupied.
- Several 1m- corridors were used to park motorbikes along due to
prohibition towards motorbikes on pavements then they was narrower
and more difficult to move through.
- Second floor- windows were repaired by putting metal panels
temporally.
- The balcony was converted to living rooms; rendered brickwork was
not repaired in a long time and was destroyed if no-one repairs it due
to multi-ownerships.
- Living rooms are small, clothes are hanging up outside the
corridors
- Over-used public areas… extending balcony on public areas
affecting surrounding families; limiting lights, ventilations of those
households
- Different repairs caused various consequences by different
materials (glass, aluminum frame- windows…)
- First floor is normally destroyed; ancient features of second floor
are kept partly
- Signboards (font, text, color) in first floor are placed
inappropriately. Who is managing those?
- Small modernization on second floor by adding glass window, metal
frame…
- A lot of migrants due to economic attractions; a place in any
pavement can help them to make money. Therefore, many of them are

low-income people.
- Sometimes, small trader could not find out a location for placing
signboard, so they hang it up on the window and fully cover the

245

window- when can obtain light and ventilation for the building.
-
Shop vendor
53 Hang
Buom
+ First person (62yo)
- Limited understandings of this area. She was married and migrated
from Nam Dinh to the area in 1970.
- A religionist
- Now: Owner of a teashop;
- Before: Worked for the State. The building belongs to the State.

+ Second person- He stay in second floor
- Total population: >100 people/ 40 households
- This area belonged to Ministry of Transport. Some rooms were sold
out; the rest is collective buildings and blocks.
- His family was granted a 18m- room and a 26m-room for 3 people.
- Easy money- earnings
- Staying in tiny rooms but manageable and controllable based on
good relations.
- Social issues/ conflicts: parking motorbikes disorderly due to small
public areas
- Each household has private electric/ water counters, private toilet in
the first floor; public toilet in 2

nd
& 3
rd
floor.
2. Non- residential (State- employees, pensioner)
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Mr. La Van
Bao (66yo)
33 Luong
Ngoc Quyen
French
building
- Luong Ngoc Quyen & Ta Hien- almost migrants
- HAQ image: Bach Ma temple.
- The owner, originally- poor person, came from outside province
(Ha Nam Ninh)
- The building is private property after received “red book” from the
State in 2006.
- Front part of building is architecturally unchanged. Each household
self- constructed a public corridor and extension. A public bathroom;
narrow private toilets.
- Selling dumpling (bánh bao) in nighttime for further earnings.
-Each household owned a 16.5m2 room and an attached kitchen.
- There are more and more hotels and migrants

difficulty in
preserving the built heritages. Rich is buying old buildings for new

developments.
- No more tree (Dau Da Xoan) due to it blocked front shop

cut
down
- Many hotels were built by outsiders (Lang Son province)
- Bach Ma temple- religionists make huge distributions (financial
supports). But local authority pays attention or not??
- A very good relationship between households in the building.
- About 20% of wooden houses in the Ancient Quarter
- Exploiting full roof system for clothes- dry. No more place for public
activity.
Mr. Pham
Bang Hai
(78yo)
53 Hang
Buom
Old tube-
house
- Previous buildings were tube-house form. This tube-house was
medical shop, without spatial partitions.
- Stayed here from 1972 in a 7m2- room. After 4 time- repairs, the
room was enlarger.
- Total population: (Before- 10 hhs; Now- 48 hhs/ 200 people)
- Purchasing houses, properties privately without public
announcements to neighboring.
- His wife sells cakes, candies besides Bach Ma temple until Tet
festival.
- Almost of local residential are low-income people.
- Preference: Shifting out due to very limited living spaces;

unhygienic toilet.
- Present demands- economic development effects community
relationship
- Service fee for cleaning public toilets, which are used by 25

246

households is about 250.000VND- 300.000VND/ month (18-
20USD/month). The rest of them are used private ones.
- His family owns a 15m2-room, lacking lights, clothes-dry…
- Each household pays 2000-3000VND/ person for those who did not
use public toilets; 10.000-15.000VND/ person for those who directly
use the toilets about hygienic matters.
Mr. Ba
(90yo) & his
daughter
31 Hang day
Rebuilt
building
- Hanoi/ traditional lifestyle is less and less. This street retains few
families retained this style like her/his family.
- The owner easily allows to park motorbikes/ place items in the front.
New traders never allow anything located in front of their shop.
- If building owner has certain relations to the authority, they could
reconstruct their building up to 6-7storey. If not, only 3-4 storey.
Easy redevelopment when having money.
- The Hanoi Board had published a policy, but no one follows (limited
perception).
- Throw waste away on the road…
- Less then 10% of ancient tube-houses

- The family moved to the area since 1947.
- The front shop is used for family activities, not for rental or business
due to money influences to family’s aspects.
- The building is rebuilt, 3 storey, 4 years ago.
Mr. Bui Van
Manh (60yo)
Hang Buom
- A former soldier
- Migrated to the area since 1978.
- Should remain 2-storey buildings (low-rise), vernacular
architecture (windows, balcony…)
- propose to remove parking areas along the road for pedestrians
- Most families in the collective block are hanging up clothes outside
the road. Motorbike is parking on the road surfaces

seriously
lacking living space.
Mr. Nguyen
Van Ngan
(Quang)
52 Hang
Buom
- Retaining rituals in Bach Ma temple, Phu Tay Ho (outside)
- Temporary repairs for the roof (due to decayed roof) by plastic
panel-floors under tiled roof. Readjustment of roof tiles.
- After many roof- repairs

mưa vẫn dột
-Rotten handrail, collapsed balcony & staircase. The State did not
have fundng


Each family had invested by themselves, causing
architectural difference compared to the origin.
- 3 households in a 30m2 room; His family has 4 people. Total: 13
people.
- Very tiny living spaces; Some of them are workers; carpenter for a
State unit.
- Main issue: public toilet for the households. Public courtyard was
divided into small piece for the families. After that, some was
encroached.
- Rear toilets (2
nd
floor) are permanently occupied by close families.
The other families have to share the rest.
- Rental fee of the State-owned house: 50.000VND/ month
(3.5USD/month)
- Family income: 1.400.000VND/ month (90USD/monhth, 2006)
- Mr. Quang income (retired): 500-600.000 VND; His wife’s income:
1.300.000VND.
- Low awareness of each family of preservation or destroy/
modernization
- Repair: The State sends his labors/ worker for the building; The
owner pay labor fees and materials for the repair. If the State has
more funding

repair the building better?
- Major attractiveness is commercial activity for tourist
- Doing rituals in Ngoc Son temple, Ba Da pagoda- two are outside
spiritual symbols of the Quarter.
Mrs. Nguyen

Van Sam
- Parking motorbikes along the roads caused unsafe transportation in
Hang Ngang and Hang Dao street, if the park lots occupied about ½

247

85 Hang
Buom
road. In other case, it occupied 1/3 road surface could be ok from his
view.
- The State should remove these parking lots away to particular
places, under the Long Bien bridge for example.
- Moved to this place since 1975; in a room provided by the State.
Now, they received a “red book”; if the State asks for preservation,
restoration We are willing to follow that plan event having the red
book.
- The building was constructed by Chinese for opening restaurant and
moved back China since 1979. After that, the building was managed
by the State.
- Total population: 25 people/ 5 households

living rooms are
sufficient and wide enough;
- Maintaining good relations between households.
- Public areas are wide and shared to each family, self-repair,
protection and care

good spatial quality.
- All take care of public areas, facilities together (theo thứ tự phân
công nhau hang tuần) and clarify responsibility for hygienic issues.

3. The owner
- Primary owner
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Khu dan cu
91b Hang
Bac

- Rear toilet- concerning problems (hygienic, deterioration, collapse
anytime)
- The building is nearly 200 year old
- Public space in front of the toilet is used for clothes-dry, storage,
cooking area
- The toilet is public; no-one is in charge; user number is increasing;
difficulty in improving its quality due to old underground sewage
system.
- Secondary owner
+ Name:
+ Location:
+ Building
style:
Bà Nguyễn
Thị Lan (79
Hàng
Buồm):
- The family is sharing toilet with others
- Living environment is insufficient but trade activity is economic
source for whole family.

- If shifting out of the area, who will ensure our lives? Modern and
better environment?
Ms. Thu
86 Hang
Bac
Old tube-
house
- The toilet is too old and left fallow. Its roof could be collapsed
anytime and used by 4 of 15 families everyday.


248


B2- SKETCHES & DRAWINGS
Building No. 20 Hang Dao and its surrounds


249


Corridor- No. 22 Hang Dao

















250


Building No. 48 Hang Dao and shared place- usage






251


Building No. 90 Hang Dao