807
B312GI
Iran Dinh SO (Chu bien)
N-H-G
J
A.N G
TRAN
DINH SU"
(Chu
bien)
BINH
GIANG VAN 12
CHON LOG
NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU" PHAM
Tdc
gid
CO
irong sdch nay:
LE
HUY BAG - NHI CA - NGUYEN THI THANH CANH -
DANG ANH DAG - PHAN CU Dfi - NGUYEN DANG DifiP -
PHAN
HUY DUNG - NGUYEN HAI HA - NGUYEN THI BICH HAI
- NGUYfiN VAN HANH - DO
KIM
HOI - VU THI THU HI^N -
DANG
HIEN
- DO DLfC
HIEU
- LE QUANG HUNG - NGUYEN

XUAN
LAC - HUY
LI6N
- NGUYEN VAN LONG - DANG LUU
- NGUYfiN DANG MANH - TRAN HA NAM - DAO THUt
NGXTi^N
- NGUYEN PHU0NG - NGUYEN DtfC QUYEN -
CHU
VAN SON - TRAN DINH SU" - NGUYEN THANH TU -
NGUYEN TUAN - DO
NGQC
THONG - NGUYEN QUANG
TRUNG - CAT
VAN
- CHE LAN
VlfiN.
Ma so:
02.02.918/933
PT2009
BlNH
GIANG
VAN 12 CHON LQC - Tr^ Dinh Su chu blgn
©Trung
tarn
Van hoa
Ngon
ngu
Dong
T^y to
chiic

bi§n
so^ vk giu ban
quyen.
L6I
NOI DAU
Cac
em
hoc
sink
thdn
men!
Muon
hoc gioi vSn, viet dUdc bai van hay, dat diem cao trong cac ki thi tot
nghiep va thi dai hoc, dieu diu tien cac em phai hoc doc hieu van. Hieu chfl, hieu
cau, hieu
hinh
tUdng, hieu ca tac ph^m. Co thiic sU hieu roi mcii c6 cd sci de ma nhan
dinh,
danh gia,
ttJfc
1^ binh lu^n ve gia tri, y nghIa cua mot tac pham. Khi da c6 y roi
cac em se c6 diiu kien de l^m b^i vkn hay. C6 y ki^n rieng, cam
nhkn
rieng, viet
m6i
c6 hiing
thii,
bM viet se c6 cam xuc, c6 mku sSc, ha'p din. Rut cuoc ai doc hieu
van
c^g sau sic, c^ng c6 dieu kien lam vkn hay.

Muon
doc hieu thi phai doc
ki,
doc
ch^m,
khong c6 con diidng nao khac.
So tac ph^m trong chUdng trinh 16p 12 cung khong nhieu, cac em hoan toan c6
the hoc tot.
De
giiip cac em hoc tot, chung toi tuy^n chon cac bai phan tich, binh
giang
c6
gia tri giiip cac em doc
hi§'u.
Moi bai viet thUctog chi
xoay
sau, nhan manh vao mot
so diem nao do ma ludt qua diem khac, \ vky chiing toi chon nhieu bai de cac em
thara khao. H^u het nhan de moi bai deu do chung toi dat de
nhKn
manh cac chu
di^m rieng. Khi hoc nen doc tac ph^m
trade,
sau do doc tham khao, cuoi cung doc
lai
tac ph^m, suy nghi ve nhuttig diem thu vi, nhiJng diem chifa hieu, tim each hieu,
chic
ch&n
cac em se thknh cong.
Cac

bai dUdc tuyen chon c6 each viet khac nhau, c6 ngifcJi phan tich chat che,
CO
ngifcJi dien dat bay bu6m, gdi cam, c6 ngUdi viet de hoc, de thuoc, bai nao cung bo
ich
cho cac em.
Chiic
cac em hoc gioi van.
Nhan
dip cuon sach ra mit ban doc chung toi xin tran trong cam dn cac tac gia
da vui long cho chiing toi tuyen chon va sii dung bai viet vao trong sach nay.
Ngifdi tuyen chon
TRAN
DINH
SLT
BtNH
GIANG
VAN
12
CHQN
LQC ^ 3
Tuinthvt2vi3
H6
CHI
MINH
TUYEN
NGON DOC LAP
Bail:
AM
HirdNG
HUNG

BIEN
TRONG
TUYEN
NGON DOC LAR'^
Nguyen
Dang Manh
Muon
hieu va danh gia dung cac bai van, hki thd ciia Chii tich Ho Chi
Minh,
tnf6c het phai nkm vutng quan diem
sang
tac ciia Ngifdi. Dieu nay, nhieu ngiidi
phan tich tac pham cua Bac chila chii y dung miic.
Doi
v6i Bac Ho, moi van ban viet ra deu
\h.
nhiing hanh vi chinh tri tnic tiep.
De nhuing bai viet cua minh dat hieu qua chinh tri cao nha't, khi cam
biit,
bao
gicJ
NgUdi
Cling
tu dat cho minh cau hoi: Viet cho ai? Viet vi muc dich gi? Sau do m6i
quyet
dinh Viet cdi gi (noi
dung)?
va
each
Viet thenao (hinh thdc)? Nhxi the nghia la

viec
xac dinh doi tifdng tac dong, thuyet phvic va muc dich chinh tri
cvia
van ban la
van de then chot. Khong nAm vflng dieu do, khong the hieu difdc chinh xac va d^y
du
tac pham cua Ngiidi tit noi dung den hinh thiic ngh$ thuSt.
Nam dUdc quan diem
sang
tac ciia Ngiidi
chUa
du, con can phai hieu dac
diem ve mat the loai cua moi tac pham cua Ngifdi niia. Van chinh luEln hay van
tham
mi,
thd tuyen truyin hay thd
nghe
thuat, kh6ng phan biet diidc dieu do, sU
danh gia khong tranh khoi ho do. Ngoai ra, con phai biet diidc phong
each
viet ciia
Bac nijta. Net noi bat cua phong
each
vkn xuoi Bac Ho la gian
di,
trong
sang,
ngSn
gon, sue tich.
Dau de do NBS dat.

BINH
GIANG
VAN 12
CHON
LOG <^ 5
Chung ta hay van dung nhiJng hieu biet noi tren vao viec phan tich ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc
lap cua Chu tich Ho
Chi
Minh.
Tuyen ngon Doc lap la mot bai van chinh luan. Van chinh luan thuyet phuc
ngiicii ta hkng nhutng
H
le, ne'u danh dich thi cung danh dich bang nhflng
K
le. Ldi
khi cua no la nhflng li le danh thep, nhijfng lap luan chat che, nhutog bang chijtng
khong ai choi cai difdc. Van chinh lu^n neu c6 dung den hinh anh, c6 gcfi den tinh
cam thi chang qua ciing
chi
de phu giup them cho
sU
thuyet phuc
b&ng
li le ma thoi.
Chung ta se noi den cai
hay,
cai tai cua Tuyen ngon
Doc

lap theo quan niem do.
Ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap viet cho ai? Cau hoi dat ra c6 ve nhu thtfa. B& vi ldi
giai dap da
c6
sin trong van ban.
"Hdi
dong bdo
cd
nitdc"

"Chung
toi
( )
trinh trong tuyen bovdi thegidi rang^.
Nhii vay la Bac viet cho dong bao ca nu6c va nhan dan the gidi chii con cho
ai niJa?
Con viet de lam gi, thi viet de 'Tuyen ngon Dociap" chul con c6 muc dich
nao khac?
ThUc ra van de khong han chi c6 the. Neu chi viet cho dong bao va the gi6i
chung chung thi chac Ngifdi khong phai dung den \im
h'
le nhif
vay,
va chiia hkn da
can phai mci dau bang nhutng cau trich trong hai ban Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap va Tuyen
ngon Nhan quyen va Dan quyen cua
Mi
va Phap t\i the ki XVIII.

Vay do'i tUdng va muc dich cua van kien lich sk nay phai diidc tim hieu can ke
hdn niJa. Can thay r^ng, khi Bac Ho doc ban Tuyen ngon thi h phia Nam, thUc dan
Phap nap sau liing quan doi Anh (thay mat Dong minh vao giai giap quan doi
Nhat) dang tien vao Dong Diidng, con
cl
phia BSc thi bon Tvfcing Gi6i Thach, tay sai
cua de quoc Mi, da chuc san b bien gi6i. NgUdi viet ban Tuyen ngon ciing thvte hieu
rSng "mau thuan giiia Anh - Mi - Phap va Lien X6 c6 the lam cho Anh, Mi nhan
nhUdng v6i Phap va de cho Phap trci lai Dong Diidng*". Va ten thiic dan nay, de
chuan bi cho cuoc xam lifdc thijf hai ciia minh, da tung ra trong dii luan quoc te
nhijtng li le "hiing hon" ciia bon an cifdp: Dong DiJdng von la thuoc dia ciia Phap,
Phap
CO
cong khai hoa dat midc nay, nay trb lai la le dUdng nhien, khi phat xit Nhat
da
bi
Dong minh danh bai.
Nhii vay la ban Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap khong chi doc tnfdc dong bao va mot the
gidi trifu tUdng, ciing khong phai chi de tuyen bo doc lap mot each ddn gian. Doi
tUdng "the gidi" d day, tnidc het la bon de quoc Mi, Anh, Phap va sU khing dinh
(1) Nhan dinh cua Hoi nghi toan quoc ciia Dang hop ngay 15
-
8
-
1945 (phu tich H6 Chi Minh
- Ban Nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang, 1970, tr. 64.)
6 TRAN DINH
SU"

(Chu bien)
quyen t\i do doc lap cua dan toe, ci day
dong
thdi
la mot
cuoc
tranh luan nhAm bac
bo
li
le cua bon xam lifdc tnidc
d\l
luan the gi6i.
Trong tranh luan, de bac bo luan dieu cua mot doi thu nao day, khong gi thu vi
va dich dang hdn la dung chinh H le cua do'i thu Sy. Ngifdi ta goi the la "lay gay ong
dap
liftig
ong".
Bac Ho da khSng dinh quyen doc lap tu do cua dan toe ta
bang
chinh nhiing led
le cua to tien ngiidi Mi, ngiidi
Phap
da ghi trong hai ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap va
Tuyen
ngon
Nhan
quyen
va Dan

quyen
tvtog lam ve vang cho truyen thong
tii
tUcing
va van hoa cua nhiing dan toe Sy.
Cach
noi,
each
viet nhu the la vvfa
kheo
leo viia
kien
quyet'".
Kheo
leo, vi to ra rat
tran
trong nhiing tuyen
ngon
bat hu cua ngiidi
Phap, ngiidi Mi. Kien quyet vi
nhac
nhci ho dvftig c6 phan boi to tien minh, diing c6
lam
vSiy
biin
len la cd nhan dao cua nhiing
cuoc
each
mang vi dai cua nii6c Phap,
nu6c

^C, neu nhat dinh tien quan xam lUdc Viet Nam.
Ngoai ra, mci dau ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap cua Viet Nam ma nh&c den hai ban
Tuyen
ngon
noi tieng trong lich sk nhan loai cua hai nii6c 16n
nhii
the, thi ciing c6
nghia la dat ba
cuoc
each
mang ngang hang nhau, ba nen doc lap ngang hang nhau,
ba ban Tuyen
ngon
ngang hang nhau. Mot
each
kin dao hdn, ban Tuyen
ngon
cua
Bac Ho diidng nhif muon gdi lai niem
t\l
hao cua tac gia bai
Binh
Ngo dai cdo
ngay
xUa, khi mci dau tac ph^m
bang
hai ve can xiing
nhii

de dat ngang hang
trieu
Dinh,
Li,
Tran cua Nam
quoc
vcli Han, Diidng,
Tong,
Nguyen cua BSc
quoc.
Ma dang do'i, can xiing ciing la phai, vi
cuoc
Cach
mang thang Tam 1945, thiic
ra
da giai quyet dung nhiing nhiem vu cua hai
cuoc
each
mang ciia Mi
(1776)
va
cua
Phap
(1789).
Ban Tuyen
ngon
da neu ro: "Dan ta da, ddnh do cdc xieng xich
thiic
dan gan mot tram nam nay
degdy

dUng
nen
nUdc
Viet Nam doc lap". Do ciing
la
yeu cau dat ra cho
CUQC
each
mang nii6c Mi: dau tranh giai
phong
cac ddn toe
thuoc
dia Bac Mi ra khoi ach thiic dan Anh. Ban Tuyen
ngon
cung
viet: "Dan ta lai
ddnh
do che do qudn chu may
miC(A
theki ma lap nen
chedq
Dan chu
cong
hod".
Day ciing la
tinh
th^n cd ban cua
cuoc
each
mang nhan quyen, dan quyen cua

Phap
theki
XVIII.
Nhiing
de doi thoai vcli bon de
quoc
xam lifdc, luc bay gid van de hang dau dat
ra
la van de doc lap dan toe. Dieu do giai thich vi sao ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap da
mb dau
nhii
the:
- "Tat cd mgi ngubl sinh ra cd
quyen
binh dang. Tao hod cho hp
nhHtng
quyen
khong ai cd the xam pham duac. Trong nhiing
quyen
ay c6
quyen
di/dc
song,
quyen
tU
do vd
quyen
miiu cau hanh phuc. Ldi bat hu ay d trong ban Tuyen

ngon
Doc lap
(1) 6 Dai hoi Tan Trao, Bac Ho noi, d6i vdi ke dich "chung ta phai khon kheo kien quyet"
(Chu
tick Ho Chi Minh, Sdd.).
BINH
GIANG
VAN 12
CHON
LQC ^ 7
nam
1776
cua
ni/dc
Mi. Suy rgng
ra,
cdu dy
c6
nghia
Id:
Tdt cd
cdc
ddn
tgc
tren
the'
gidi, sinh ra deu binh dang, ddn tgc ndo cung
c6
quyin
song,

quyin sung
sUdng
vd
quyin tvt
do".
Y kien "suy rong ra" ay qua da la mot dong
gop
day y nghia cua Bac Ho
doi
v6i
phong trao giai phong dan toe tren the gi6i. Mot nha van hoa
nxidc
ngoai da viet:
"Cong
hien ndi tieng cua Cu Ho Chi Minh Id d
chS
Ngi/di dd phdt trien quyin
Icfi
cua
con ngudi thdnh quyin
Icfi
cua ddn
tgc.
Nhu vdy tdt cd mgi ddn tgc deu
c6
quyin
tU
quyei dinh
Idy
van menh

cua
niinh"^^\
Vay thi c6 the xem cai luan diem "suy rong ra" kia la phat sung lenh khcli dau
cho bao tap each mang
ci
cae thuoc dia se lam sup dd ehu nghia thUc dan tren khSp
the
gi6i vao
niia sau the ki
XX?
Nhiing ke thu trUe tiep va nguy hiem nhKt de doa nen doc lap eua dan toe ta
khi ban Tuyen ngon ra ddi la bon xam liide Phap. Day
ICii
nguy
cd
ay se phai la euoc
ehien dau vu trang lau dai cua toan dan. Nhifng cuoe ehien dau ay rat can den sii
dong tinh va iing ho cua nhan loai tien
bo.
Muon vky, phai xac lap cd sd phap li cua
cuoe khang ehien, phai neu cao chinh nghia eua ta va dap tan nhiing luan dieu xao
tra eua bon thUc dan muon "hdp phap hoa" cuoe xam lifdc cua chung tnicic dii luan
quoc te. Ban Tuyen ngon da giai quyet dilde yeu e^u ay bang mot he thong lap luan
het Stic ehat ehe va danh thep. ThUe dan Phap muon khoe khoang cong lao khai
hoa cila chung doi v6i Dong DUdng if? Thi ban Tuyen ngon da vach tran nhutag
hanh dong "trai hSn v6i nhan dao va ehinh nghia" cua chung trong 80 nam thong
tri
nUcic
ta: thu tieu moi quyen tii do dan chu, chia re ba
ki,

t^m mau cae phong trao
yeu nii6c va each mang, thi hanh chinh sach ngu dan, d^u doc bang thuoc phien,
nJdu eon, boe lot vd vet den tan xUdng tuy, cuoi cung, gay ra nan doi khien "tii
Qudng Tri den Bdc Ki
hcfn
hai trieu dong boo ta hi chei
doi".
Thvtc dan Phap muon
ke cong "bao ho" Dong Dudng a? Thi ban Tuyen ngon da chi ro do khong phai la
eong ma la
toi,
vi 'Hrong 5
ndm,
chung dd ban
niCdc
ta hai Idn cho
Nhaf^'.
ThUe dan Phap tuyen bo, Dong DUdng la thuoc dia ciia chung va chung c6
quyen tvd lai Dong DUdng if? Nhifng Dong Difdng
eo
eon la thuoc dia cua Phap niia
dau? Ban Tuyen ngon vach ro: "Su that Id
ti£
mita thu ndm 1940,
nUdc
ta dd thdnh
thuoc dia cua Nhdt, chii khong phdi thuoc dia cua Phdp niia. Khi Nhdt hdng Dong
minh thi nhan ddn cd
nUdc
ta dd ndi day gidnh chinh quyin, lap nen

nUdc
Viet
Nam Ddn chu Cong hod. Sit that Id ddn ta dd Idy Igi
nUdc
Viet Nam tit toy Nhdt
chit khong phdi til tay
Phdp".
Luan diem nay, diing ve y nghia phap
H cUe
ki quan
H6
Chu tick trong long nhan dan the gidi. NXB Sii that, H., 1979, tr. 96.
Mua thu nSm 1940 Phap m3 ciia cho Nhat v^o Dong DUdng va ngay 9-3-1945, quy goi dau
hang
Nhat.
8 O- TRAN DINH
SU"
(Chu bien)
trong. No se dan t6i Idi tuyen bo tiep theo cua ban Tuyen ngon: "Bdi the cho nen,
chung toi, Idm thdi Chinh phu cua
niCdc
Viet Nam mdi, dai bieu cho todn dan Viet
Nam,
tuyen bothodt li han quan he thiic dan vdi Phdp, xod bo hei nhiing hiep
Udc
ma Phdp da ki ve niCdc Viet Nam. Xod bo mgi doc quyen cua Phdp tren dot nildc
Viet
Nam".
SvLc
manh cua chinh nghla bao gid ciing dong thdi la stic manh cua sU

that. Va khong c6 li le nao c6
sxic
thuyet phuc cao hdn la li le cua sU that. Vi the,
Ngiidi viet Tuyen ngon luon luon lay di lay lai hai chii "sii
thaf:
"sU
that
Id ",
"sU
that
Id ".
Va cuoi ciing
thi:
"Ni/dc
Viet Nam
c6
quyen hi/dng tii do vd doc lap, vd si/
that dd thdnh mot
niidc
tvt
do,
doc
lap"
Day la nhiing diep khiic tiep noi nhau tang
them am hiiSng hung bien ciia ban Tuyen ngon. Day la he thong
H
le bac bo lu^n
dieu cua bon de quoc, thiic dan. Con doi v6i dan toe Viet Nam? Dan toe ta c6 xiing
dang dvJde hifSng doc lap ttf do hay khong? Co dii i\i each lam chu dat nvf6e minh
hay khong? Ban Tuyen ngon da diia ra nhOtng li le, khong phai de bac bo ma de

khang dinh:
Neu thiic dan Phap
c6
toi phan boi Dong minh, hai Ian ban re Dong Diidng cho
Nhat, thi dan toe Viet Nam dai dien la Viet Minh, da diing len ehohg Nhat ciiu
nU6c va cuoi eimg gianh diide chu quyen ti( tay phat xit Nhat.
Neu thUe dan Phap hoc
16
tinh chat de hen, tan bao va phan dong cua chiing
h
hanh dong "thdng tay khung bo Viet Minh, thdm chi den khi thua chay, chung con
nh&n
tarn
giei mot sodong tii chinh tri d Yen Bdi vd Cao Bang" thi nhan dan ta vin
giii thai do khoan hong va nhan dao ngay doi
vdi
ke thu da that the: "Sau
cugc
bien
dong ngdy 9 thdng 3, Viet Minh dd giup cho nhieu ngiCbi Phdp chay qua bien thuy,
lai citu cho nhieu ngUdi Phdp ra khoi nhd giam Nhat vd bao ve tinh mang, tdi sdn
cua ho".
Mot dan toe phai ehiu biet bao dau khd difdi ach thilc dan tan bao, da anh
diing chien dau cho doe lap'tii
do,
da diing h4n ve phe Dong minh chohg phat xit, da
neu eao tinh than nhan dao, bac ai nhif the,
"Dan
tgc
do phai

dUdc
tu
do!
Dan
toe
do
phai
diMc
doc
lap.'".
Tinh than khang dinh trong Idi ket luan, con dUdc tang cap len mot bac nuta:
hiiclng
doc
lap tii do khong phai ehi la mot cai quyen phai
c6,
khong phai chi la mot
tif each can c6, ma do la mot hien thiic:
"Ni^dc
Viet Nam c6 quyen
hicdng tU
do vd
doc lap vd
sU
that da thdnh mot nitdc
tU
do,
doc lap". Va vi the "Todn the dan toe
Viet Nam quyet dem tat cd tinh than vd lUc lUdng, tinh mang vd cua cai
degiiJC
vitng

quyin tit
do,
doc
lap ay".
Ngiidi ta goi bai Binh Ngd dai cdo cua Nguyin Trai la "Thien co hiing vdn".
Ciing
CO
the noi nhii the ve ban Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap cua Chu tich Ho Chi
Minh.
Tat
nhien ban Tuyen ngon ra ddi khong con
cl
thdi ki van hoe nguyen hdp, van sil bat
phan nuta de diia vao bai chinh luan eila minh nhiing hinh tiidng hao hiing, tang
BINH GIANG VAN 12 CHON LOG ^ 9
tang 16p 16p
nhif
bai Cdo cua
ngifdi
xifa.
Ngay nay, van chinh luan la van chinh
luan.
Tai
nghe
d day la dan dUng diidc mot lap luan
chat
che, dua ra diidc nhiing
luan

diem, nhiing bang chting khong ai choi cai dUdc. Va dang sau nhiing h le ay la
mot
tam tvf tvtSng, tam van hoa 16n, da tdng ket difdc trong mot ban Tuyen ngon
ngSn gon, trong
sang,
khiic
chiet,
kinh
nghiem cua nhieu the ki dau tranh vi doc
lap tu do,
vi
nhan quyen, dan quyen
ciia
dan toe va cua nhan
loai.
Chinh
Bac Ho
ciing
tii danh gia day la thanh cong
thii
ba khien
Ngiidi
cam
thay "sung
siidng"'"
trong ca
cuoc
ddi
viet van lam bao day
kinh

nghiem cua minh.
(Theo
Tap
chi
V^n
hoc va Tudi
tres613
-14 nSm 1996)
Bai
2:
TRCJI
CAO
XANH
NGAT
SANG
TUYEN
NGON
CheLanVien
Khi
Bac doc ban Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap b Ba
Dinh,
Thu do Ha
Noi,
thi toi dang
song
cl
Quy Nhdn. The nhifng cai cam giac cua toi luc bay gid la ngS
nhii

minh dUdc
thay hinh Bac, diidc
nghe
tieng Bac,
tU
hao thay minh c6 cai
vinh
d\l diidc sinh dong
thdi
cung
sU
kien
lich
svL
kia.
Toi
thifdng yeu cac cau noi cua
ngifdi
xiia.
Ciia
Ba Trieu: "Toi
muon
cdi
cOn
gio
manh, dap luong song dU d bien
khcfi,
ddnh duoi quan Ngd
chii
khong chiu

lam ti
thie'p".
Cua Li ThUdng
Kiet
viet trong Lg bo: "Nay ban
chvCc
vdng minh
quo'c
viCdng,
chi dubng tien quan len Bac,
muon
dep Idn song yeu nghiet, chi coy
phdn biet
quo'c
tho, khong phdn biet chung ddn. Ta nay ra quan de
ciiu
vdt
muon
ddn khoi nOi chim dam". Cua Quang Trung Nguyen Hue khi tien danh quan
Thanh: "Ddnh cho no chich luan bat phdn,
phie'n
gidp bat hodn. Ddnh cho
sic
tri
Nam
quo'c
anh hung chi hitu chu". Sung siJdng thay cho nhiing
ngiidi
nao difdc
song trong

thdi
c6 cac cau noi ay, dong
thdi
v6i no. Va toi dang song dong
thdi
v6i
ban Tuyen ngon md n\idc, cua
Viet
Nam Dan chu Cong hoa, cua
Viet
Nam xa
hoi
chu nghia hay cua n\idc
"Viet
Nam mdi"
nhii
each
goi gian di trong ban
Tuyen
ngon,'
Ban Tuyen ngon c6 the va phai dem giang
d
gid
Lich
sil, d gid Chinh
tri
va
cl
gid
V6

Nguyen
Giap.
Nhiing nam
thdng
khong the nao quen. NXB Quan doi Nhan dan, H, tr.
424 - 427.
10 <>
TRAN
DINH
SU"
(Chii
bien)
Ngut
van! The thi dau la cho khac nhau gii3a ba gici ay? Co le sd gid Van
trung
lap
lai
cac gid kia, toi biet c6 mot ong
giao
day van da dem so chut cua bai, so" cau cua
bai.
Nhiing cau dai nhat va cau ng^n nhat. Khong phai la v6 ich. Toi cung thi dem:
CO
gan 20 chvi quyen. Bai van nay la cua Chinh phu, chinh quyen diing trong the doi
cac quyen ma viet. No tiep tuc ban Yeu sack cua nhdn dan Viet Nam nam 1919 ciia
Nguyin
Ai
Quoc,
ban yeu
sach

c6 ten la Quyen cua cac dan tgc. No cung mcl dau cho
Dieu
I,
Chiidng I cua ban Hiep phap nam 1980: "Niidc Cong hod Xd hoi Chit nghia
Viet Nam Id mot nildc doc lap c6 chu quyen". No de han ra mot chutdng cua ban
Hiep phap, Chifdng Quyen vd Nghla vu
ccf
ban cua cong dan.

Cong
dan c6 quyen tham gia quan
U
cong
viec
cua Nha nifclc va ciia xa hoi.

Cong
dan c6 quyen c6 nha d
Ngifdi lao dong c6 quyen nghi ngdi v.v
Va
thoi,
the la khong the nao khi giang van chi thuan ban ve van dvfdc. Van da
an
sang dia hat khac roi. Ciing c6 H
hikn
cho rang lam nhvf the khong dung. Giang
van thi hay quen di cai ngoai van, xa van
nhif
lich
sxi, xa hoi, ddi tac gia v.v

Theo
K
luan ay thi hai cau "Cot dong Dong Han ndo dau thdy, Chi thdy Tdy Ho bong
niCdc
giCdn^'
c6 the la cua mot ngifdi yeu nu6c. Thd noi cai
cong
Ma Vien ddi Dong
Han
xay dong tru chi la
cong
c6c. Vi cuoi cung ton tai chi la ve dep cua dat nif6c
Viet
Nam ta.
Ay the, nhuJng khi biet hai cau nay la cua ten ban niidc Hoang Cao
Khai,
thi
ta khong the giai thich
nhif
the nfla. Ma cau thd lai c6 nghia the nay: Lich
sh
chi la hu v6. Chi c6 trang nif6c, nhan du m6i la
vinh
ciiu.
Khi
doc van Tuyen ngon ta khong the thuan noi chinh
tri,
thuan noi Uch sh,
ma ciing khong the rut ve dem chut binh van. 6 day la tim ra cai lien he,
tUOng

quan
giiia
van va chinh
tri,
Uch'sii, giuta van
vcli
tac gia, va giai thich vi sao van viet the
nay
chii
khong viet the kia, van noi cai nay ma khong noi cai khac, vi nhutng lien
he,
tiidng
quan ay.
Khong phai chung ta ap dung phifdng phap mac xit vao phe binh, nghien cutu
van hoc, m6i binh luan van bang
each
lien he den nhiing chuyen xa van, dang sau
van,
b ben ngodi van nhu vay. Ngay Taine, ngay Nietzche, rat xa va c6 khi
trai
ngiJdc ta ve quan diem, ciing da ap dung ba M vao
cong
viec
phan
tich.
M mot la
Milieu
(hoan canh), M hai la Moment (giai
doan)
va M ba la Mode (mot, thi hieu,

phong trao) luc c6 bai van.'
V6i
Jakobson, mot nha ngon ngut hoc noi tieng
thdi
nay, thi cac yeu to' khia
canh can
chii
y phan
tich
khong phai chi c6 ba ma lai la sau. Bdi van, ngUdi tiep
nhdn
bdi van, ngubi phdt, hodn canh phdt vd
nghe
bdi vdn, nhiing sU hieu ngdm,
cai
code,
ma giiia ngUbi noi vd ngtCbi
nghe
vd sau roi Id nhitng cai raw ria khac
BINH
GIANG
VAN 12
CHON
LOG ^ 11
lam cho ngUdi noi tiep xuc v6i ngiicii nghe, giii viing cuoc do'i thoai giu[a hai ngudi.
Vi du:
Ngitdi noi. NgUdi noi d day la Bac. Nhiing Bac
ci
day c6 cho khac vcii Bac may
hom tnicic khi Bac chu toa cac cuoc hop cua Thifdng vu Trung ifdng Dang, quyet

dinh s6m cong
bo'
ban Tuyen ngon, s6m cong bo danh sach Chinh phu lam thdi. May
hom tra6c,
ci
cac cuoc hop kia, Bac la ngUdi dai dien cho Dang (chiia lam
16
minh ra)
dong thdi la dai dien cho Mat tran Doan ket dan toe, Chinh phu Lien hiep lam thdi.
Mat tran liic ay cung chiia thvfa nhan
sxL
lanh dao cua Dang nhii ngay nay, hdn the,
trong Mat tran, trong Chinh phu Lien hiep lam thdi ay, c6 khai dong Viet Quoc va
Viet Cach thu dich vcii Dang. Chinh trong chi thi cua Bac thang 7 nam 1939, Dieu 6
Bac da bao: "Dang khong thedbi hoi thiia nhan quyen lanh dao cua minh, ma phdi
to ra Id mot ho phan trung thdnh nhat, hoot dong nhat, vd chdn that nhat" (Hoan
canh luc ay la nhif
vay).
Vi le ay, ngi/di noi phai noi sao cho \bi van van la cua minh, cua Dang, nhvftig
dong thdi nhiing ngtfdi trong Mat tran, ban hay thu, du khong tan thanh cung phai
vui long chap nhan Idi van.
Ngiidi nghe. Bac noi cung ai? "Ho, dong bdo cd nitdc" Idi mci dau cua ban
Tuyen ngon da chi ro Nhifng c6 phai chi noi v6i dong bao ta khong? "Chung toi
trinh trong tuyen bo vdi the gidi rang " do la Idi ve cuoi cua ban Tuyen ngon. Vi
noi v6i dong bao, Idi noi ciia ban Tuyen ngon xiet bao xuc dong: "Chung lap ra nhd
til nhieu hon triibng hoc. Chdng thdng tay chem giei nhiing ngitdi yeu
ntCdc thUcfng
noi cua ta. Chung tdm cdc cuoc khdi nghia cua ta trong nhiJtng be mdu Tii do
dan ta chiu hai tang xieng
xich

Tie do dan ta cdng
cxic
kho, ngheo ndn".
Vi tuyen bo v6i the gi6i nen giong van cua ban Tuyen ngon sic ben van dung
li le.
Nhiing ngoai dong bao ca nxidc, ngoai nhan dan the gi6i noi chung, con mot
doi tifdng tiep nhan rat la cu the: nhiing ke diing dau cac nxidc Dong minh, cu
the hdn, diing dau phe txl ban, de quoc trong khoi Dong minh luc ay, diing dau
la Ml.
Ngiicii nhif Bac, cang thay ro doi tildng nghe do, Bac da ttog cham mat
M3
tren
khip the gidi, titag song hai nam
ci
khu Harlem, va nhat la ttog tiep xuc v6i Mi t\i
nam 1919, khi c6 Hoi nghi Hoa ifcic Versailles, Bac da tim gap dai bieu cac nifdc
Dong minh de diJa yeu sach. Dai bieu nu6c nao ciing tra Idi cho Bac mot
thif.
Rieng
dai bieu Mi tra Idi lien tiep hai thu, thu sau cang nong nhiet hdn thU trU6c.
Ngay 19 - 6 - 1919, mot thU gtd Bac bao da nhan dUdc yeu sach, du6i ki "Dai dien
Sii qudn Mt\g ngay ngay 20, thi lai tong tinh them mot thU "Kinh thi/a ong
NguySn Ai Quoc. Toi lay Idm hdn hanh bdo de ong biei chung toi da nhan
ditOc
thU
12 TRAN DINH STjr (Chu bien)
ong de
ngay
18 • 6 - 1919 vd xin noi rang chung toi se trinh bay thii do Jen Tong
thong".

Ki
difcli
thu khong phai la ten dai bieu s\i quan hom qua, ma lai la
"ThU
ki
rieng
cua Tong thong Mt'. Mi da he thay, danh
hcii
thay cai bat on cho ong ban
Dong minh
Phap
tai Dong
Difdng
nay. Va
lieu
Mi
c6 the nhay vao day chil?
Ngay nay nhan luc Nhat Ban bai tran, nhan
liic
ong ban
Phap
kiet que roi.
Ml
v6i tU
each
la Dong minh
cang
di vao lap cho trong hdn. Chiing ta hieu vi
sao, ban Tuyen ngon da
chan

hong,
chan
ban tay cua Mi
bang
each
nh&c cho Mi
nhd Viet Nam da la mot dan toe gan gdc ditng
ve
phia Bong minh.
Ciing
hieu vi
sao m6 dau ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap cua ta lai la mot cau trong Tuyen ngon Doc
lap
nam 1776 cua
Mi.
Trong viec
trich
cau ay, c6 dieu cd ban nay, chinh yeu nay
ciia
Bac, la Bac muon cho
Viet
Nam ta tiep thu
tinh
hoa nhan
loai.
Cau "Tat cd
mgi
ngiCbi
sinh ra cd quyen binh dang " trong ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia Mi
la

ket qua dau tranh gianh doc lap ciia nhan dan
Mi.
Ban Tuyen ngon ay chinh
la
"Tuyen bocdc xii thuoc dia la nhUng
niCdc
tyt
do,
doc lap tdch ra khoi
pham
vi
cua nQ
hodng Anh".
Ciing
nhii
vay, cau Bac
trich
tiep
theo
"Ngiidi ta sinh ra tU do vd binh dang
vi
quyen
Idi"
tvi ban Tuyen ngon Nhan quyen va Dan quyen cua Cach mang
Phap,
ciing
la mot danh ngon ciia cac hoc gia thuoc phai Anh
sang
Phap
the ki thut

XVII.
Ban Tuyen ngon nay c6 anh
hiicing
rat 16n trong
cuoc
dau tranh cua nhan dan
Phap
chong phong kien.
Bac
trich
Tuyen ngon
Mi,
Tuyen ngon
Phap,
ciing
nhif
b Di
chuc,
Bac
trich
thd
Do
Phu, chiing to Bac, ngiJdi cua
Viet
Nam, ciing la
ngiidi
cua nhan
loai.
Chinh vi
the ma toan nhan loai

kinh
yeu
Ngiidi.
Nhifng
nhiing mot viec lam c6 the c6 hai,
ba dung y. Nhutag cau Tuyen ngon
trich
kia
viia
la qua tao doi vdi chiing ta,
viia
la
qua hiu dan doi v6i ke
thii.
"Khac
chdng
cho
ra, nuoi chdng
vdo"
doi
vcli
bon chiing.
Gay ong dap
liing
ong, cai gay ciia cha ong
chiing.
Bac
diing
de dap ngay vao
liing

chiing,
cai
gfty
doc lap tU do danh vao
liing
nhiing
ke
thii
ciia doc lap tU do.
Hoan
canh
ra ddi,
phat
va tiep nhan ban Tuyen
ngon.
Ngay 25 - 8 Trung
lidng
cvi
dong chi Le
Diic
Tho len don Bac tai Tan Trao, 26 - 8 Bac c6 mat d Ha
Noi,
28 - 8
Bac va Thiidng vu Trung
lidng
da duyet xong danh
sach
Chinh
phii
lam

thdi.
Va
ngay 2 - 9 Bac doc Tuyen
ngon.
Tat ca trong ngoai mot tuan le.
Dong chi V6 Nguyen Giap viet: "Bac da ve Ha Noi, sau tran 6m nang d Tan
Trdo
viia qua Bdc vdn chita lai sik. The md bay gib ndo hoi hop, ndo di cong tdc,
ndo tiep khdch, du cdc thii
khdch,
vd con chong chat rat nhieu cong
viec
khdc nhau
niJCa.
Budi sdng, Bdc
thiCdng
ban den
mUbi
hai gib
hodc
mot gib tnia. Luc xuong an,
Bdc
an theo mot chedg
nhiC
hei
thay
cdc
anh em Idm
viec
d Phu Bdc bg

bay gib,
ccfm
vbi
thik dn dd nguoi lanh cd. An xong, Bdc len Idu
dUa
ghe, chop mat mot Idt roi
dihig
ten,
di hoi y vbi Thiibng vu cua Trung
itOng,
di
lo
gidi quyei cong
viec,
cvC
don
BINH
GIANG
VAN 12
CHON
LOG
<• 13
dap nhU the cho tdi
chieu
toi, tdi
niCa
dim.
Nhitng
Bdc vdn
nhanh

nken,
sang
suoi
trong
mgi
cong
viec.
Chi trii
nhitng
luc Bdc
chap
mat,
thay
mo hoi vd ra day trdn,
mdi
biei
Bdc da
cogdng
qua
siic
nhii
thendo".
Bac viet Tuyen
ngon
trong hoan canh
nhii
vay sau khi Bac di bo t^ Tan Trao
ve, Bac viet tren mot
chiec
ban tron tai mot can buong nha so 48, Hang Ngang, can

buong cha may tien nghi, ci mot khu pho ngay dem am
i.
Tinh
hinh dat
niJ6c
con bat on
hdn
Tuy la chi trong 12 ngay (ti 14 den 25-8
-
1945),
quyen thong tri cua
Phap
xay dUng tren ngot mot the ki, che do quan chu
ton
tai hang nghin nam da bi nhan dan lat do. Tuy tii 19 - 8 thu do Ha
Noi
da nic
bay
CO
do sao vang Nhufng Lai Chau vin con nSm trong tay cua tan
>
uan
Phap
nit
ve do tii.sau ngay Nhat dao chinh 9 - 3. Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Mong Cai nSm
trong
tay cua bon Tau tran vao day tvf thang 8. 6
Vinh
Yen, bon
Quoc

dan dang
chiem dong
tinh
li va nhieu ndi
vcli
sii
giiip
stic
ciia quan doi Nhat. Ngay tai thu do,
cung
CO
may sao huyet v6 trang cua bon
Quoc
dan dang. "Hoa quan nhap Viet" s^p
keo vao tif6c vu khi cua quan doi Nhat, de lay cd chiem luon midc Viet Nam nay. 0
mien
Nam, thi quan doi Anh. Con
tifdng
Dd-G6n,
ngUOi
giai phong nii6c
Phap
lai
tuyen
bo trUcic sii hoan ho cua dam dong dang hang say vi thSng
Idi:
"Chung
ta se trd lg,i
Dong
Duong

vi
chung
ta
manh
hcfn,
Hd Nqi,
chang
dubng
gidi
phong
cuoi
cung ".
Bac ci
giiJa
Ha Noi ay, trong can buong 48 Hang Ngang ay, viet ban Tuyen
ngon
vao ngay thang ay ch^c khong the viet kieu nghin dcii chai chuot
tiing
chut,
tittig
cau, ve no, ve kia doi nhau can xiing
nhii
cac trieu dai qua da viet.
Kho gi loi van ay, den mot Tu Diic khiep nhiidc trUcic Tay, con viet dutdc
"Niidc
Dai Nam ta, hd coi
vach
ra tii
ddi
phuc

hong
gay diMg tii
thud
than
truyen,
thdnh
noi
diic
hdu cfn sau" nfia la. Tu
DTIC
viet am i hao hoa nhu the ma lai cam
dan ban chuyen danh Tay, neu c6 han chi
difdc
ban chuyen hoa binh dau hang
quan
giac
"d
ngoi
thdp
md noi mdi len cao, the Id c6 tqi, se
phdi
tong
di xa cho
trieu
dinh
ditdc
nghiem.
Bdn hod Id
ngiCdi
c6

cong,
bdn
chien
Id ke co tqi,
phdp
ludt
that
Id
dung
dan ".
Van keu de ma nhif vay! Binh Tuyen
ngon
Dqc lap, vi the, dau phai
binh
van, tuy
r&ng
day la mot ang van 16n
thdi
ta va ciia cac
thdi.
Nhiing
cai 16n cua
ang van nay la
ci
noi dung chii khong phai
cl
PT/
kcu cua no.
Ban than ban Tuyen
ngon.

Theo
toi, ban Tuyen
ngon
dSn ra rat nhieu y,
nhUng
day la 4 y chinh:
- Viet Nam da gianh doc lap.
- Viet Nam da \ki do che do quan chu va thanh mot midc cong hoa.
- Viet Nam b trong phe Dong minh nen c6 quyen
dUdc
hucing doc lap.
- Viet Nam rat gan goc trong
viec
chien dau bao ve nen doc lap cua minh.
14 ^ THAN
DINH
SU"
(Chu
bien)
Ve
doc lap:
Mci
d^u tac gia din ngay mot cau trong Tuyen ngon Doc lap cua
Mi.
Khong nhutng din lai con "suy rong ra". Suy
rang
ra, cau not ay cd nghia la: tat
cd
cdc
dan

toe
tren
thegidi
deu
binh
dang.
Roi
dan ngay mot cau trong Tuyen
ngon
Nhan quyen vd Dan quyen cua
Phap.
Sao
lai
Phap?
Vi
Phap
la ke can phai chiu
roi
don cua chinh cau nay.
Sau hai doan Tuyen ngon noi den quyen cao ca thieng lieng cua con
ngifdi,
cua
cac dan toe, doi choi lai la mot doan van dai ta cac toi ac
trdi
khong dung dat khong
tha cua
thilc
dan
Phap.
Sau 13

chii
quyen,
quyen, la 14 cau, cau nao cung c6 chut
chung
mci
dau nang nhu bua ta.
"Chung
tuyet doi khong cho nhdn dan ta mot chut tu do Chung thi hdnh
nhitng
luatphap
da,
man
Chung
cUdp
khong
rugng
dot,
ham
mo,
nguyen lieu".
Va
moi chQ chung ay, m6i toi ac cua chung ay,
nhif
tnit
xuong nhutng chut ta
lam
xiic
dong long
ngtfdi.
"

cUdp
ddt
nUdc
ta, dp hiic dSng bdo ta, tuyet doi khong
cho
nhdn dan ta mot chut tU
do
Chung
ciidp
boc lot dan ta den tan
xiCOng
tuy,
khien
cho
dan ta
ngheo
nan,
thie'u
thon,
nUdc
ta
xOxdc,
tieu
dieu "
Gan may
chuc
chut ta
lien
tiep
nhif

vay. Vi ngiicJi
nghe
la ta la dong bao, nen
Tuyen
ngon da
nhSc
nhijtng dieu tren.
Nhifng
vi
ngiidi
nghe
con la Dong minh, nen
Tuyen
ngon da
nhSc
den mot toi ac
khac
cua
Phap.
Doi v6i Dong minh, toi nay c6
khi
con nghiem trong hdn nuta kia. Do la
toi
Phap
da quy goi dau hang Nhat, ke thu
cua Dong minh, dang Dong
Difdng
cho Nhat lam mot can cil danh Dong minh.
Phap
khong con t\l

each
gi la Dong minh de
trci
lai day
nijta.
Va dan ta da gianh doc
lap la tvf tay Nhat,
chti
khong phai
tvL
tay
Phap,
gianh bang sU noi day
ciia
chinh
minh,
gianh tnldc khi Dong minh ben mang den xd nay.
Viet
Nam da doc lap, do la
thiic
te
(de
fait).
Viet
Nam phai difdc doc lap do la
theo
cac nguyen tic
(de
principe)
•

cua Hoi nghi CUu Kim Sdn .cua cac nif6c Dong minh. Van viet: "Nudc Viet Nam c6
quyen hiidng tU do vd doc lap, vd
thUc
te da trd thdnh mot nitdc tU do doc lap".
Chinh
la nhan manh ca hai phia
sU
va
H
ay, Dong minh kho bat be mot
li
nao.
Ve
dan chu cgng
hod:
Van de nay quan trong ngang
v6i
van de doc lap. Tham
chi
mai sau khi doc lap khong con la van de
riiia,
thi cong hoa, thi xa hoi chu nghia,
cong san chu nghia, thi che do se irb thanh van de so mot kia. Mac du the, ci day
nhutng y ve che do difdc thu nho lai va nhd hai ban Tuyen ngon cua hai che do cong
hoa
khac
noi thay cho. Van kien chi
noi
c6 hai cau, nhvtog hai cau da thu tom ca
lich

s^ da qua va
lich
sut
trvfdc
mlt:
"Phap
chay, Nhat hang, vua Bdo Dai thodi vi Dan ta lai ddnh do che dp
quan chu may mildi theki md lap nen
che
do Dan chit
Cong
hod".
Viet
Nam dan chu cong hoa, mai sau se la
Viet
Nam xa hoi
chii
nghia ay, luc
ay chi c6 cai ten gian ddn:
"niidc
Viet
Nam mdi. Chung
toi,
Chinh phu Idm thbi cua
BINH
GIANG
VAN
12
CHON
LQC

<• 15
nUdc
Viet Nam mdi, dai bieu cho toan nhdn dan Viet Nam ". Vi sao ngln gon nhu
vay? Chung ta nh6 den thanh phan chinh phu, doi Wdng tiep nhan, nghe ngong bai
van, hoan canh thcJi khSc phat. Doc Mp iJ? Cai do tam diJdc, nhvfng che do, ii, cai
nay la ca mot van de
v6i cac doi
tUdng nay,
vao luc
nay.
Doc Tuyen ngon la phai doc giiia hai dong, doc nhflng y
cl
ngoai Idi,
ci
sau Idi,
nhflng y khong noi ra ma la
c6
day
Ve
van
de
Viet Nam b trong phe Dong
minh:
Giijfa viec trich Tuyen ngon cua cac nif6c Dong minh luc mci dau, va vien den
nhiing nguyen tac cua Hoi nghi CUu Kim Sdn cua cac niidc Dong minh gan cuoi,
van kien ke ra cac sU kien cu the. Khong nhOng Viet Nam diing trong phe Dong
minh ma la gan goc diing va diing i\i lau nQa kia. Khong nhflng d&ig, ma la ndi
day, b^ng siic minh noi day lam cuoc each mang cua minh. Nhiing y ve Dong minh
rai ra tren khap bai van do la mot nghe thuat, chii nao ciing la vi(a
tU

bieu diidng
minh, vvfa buoc toi Dong minh, va
buoc toi
Phap.
'Todn the dan
toe
Viet Nam quyet dem tat
cd
tinh than va
lUc
lii<mg,
tinh mang
va cua cai
digiU
viJtng quyen tU
do,
doc
lap dy".
Do la cau ket thiic ban Tuyen ngon. Nhiing chinh cau ay bao hieu va mb ra
cuoc khang chien lau dai vi dai, het danh Phap den danh Mi den danh quan banh
tnidng Trung
Quoc ve
sau.
Tinh than quyet tam giQ viing nen doc l£lp khong phai chi nSm trong cau do.
Ma no toat ra trong toan
bai.
"Mof dan
too
da,
gan

goc
chong dch no
le
cua Phdp
hcfn
80 nam nay, mot dan toe
da,
gan goc diCng ve phe Dong minh chdng phdt xit may
nam nay, dan
toe
do phai
dUOc
tU
do!
Dan
toe
do phai
dUdc
doc lap". Hai Ian nhan
manh chii gan goc, bon Ian nhan manh chii dan tqc, roi hai cau lap lai nhii nhiing
nhat dao m5i luc chem xuong manh hdn: "Dan toe do phai diiOc tU do! Dan toe do
phai
diidc doc
lap.'".
Doc
len sang khoai biet chiing
nao.
NhiJtng
dieu khong
noi.

Cai hieu ngam cai ma,
code,
dm hieu giCta ngifdi noi va
ngiidi nghe. Toi nghi ngay den mot cau cua Bac trong Tuyen ngon: "Bon
thvtc
dan
Phdp hoac
bo
chay,
hoac ddu hang. The Id chang nhitng chung khong
"bdo
ho"
dUOc
ta,
trdi
lai
trong 5 nam, chung dd bdn
nitdc
ta hai
Idn
cho Nhat".
Toi chac Bac mim cifdi thu
vi,
km dvmg hai chii "bao
ho"
day. Va 50 van nhan
dan Ha Noi hom ay nghe den chii "hko ho" chSc phai cu:di Ian. Vi ngUdi nghe va
ngiidi noi deu c6 mot
code
rieng de tra cai nghia chii "bao

ho"
ay, no khong giong cai
nghia tii dien
nao,
chii
"bao
ho"
ay ngang
v6i cac
chii mlu
quoc,
"niidc
me"
Nhd nhiing
siJ
hieu ngam nhii vay ma ban Tuyen ngon noi diidc bao y khong c6
trong
Idi
van.
Ai khong biet Bac la mot ngUdi tvf nam 1922 da diing den hai chii cong san
16 TRANDINHSirCChubien)
trong tac pham.
6
tap chi Cong sdn Phap ngay 14 - 5 - 1921, Bac viet: "Do lich sie
cho phep, chu nghia Cong sdn tham nhap di dang
vdo
chdu A
hcfn
Id
veto

chdu Au".
'"Trdch
nhiem cua chung toi noi len d day de
nhiJtng
dong chi cua chung ta c6 nhiet
tinh truyin
bd
chu nghia cong
sdn".
The nhung 23 nam sau, khi lam Chu tich mot mldc Cong hoa, vi sao trong ban
Tuyen ngon khong
c6
chiJ cong san ay? Va sSp xep cac giai cap nhvi
cl
cau sau nay,
cung khong phai la each sSp xep cua mot ngifdi cong san, thUdng hay xep cong nhan
len tren
het;
cong nong
di v6i
nhau ngay:
Chung "lam
cho
dan ta, nhdt
Id
dan cay vd dan
buon,
trd nen ban
cung.
Chung

khong
cho
cdc nhd
tiC
sdn ta
ngoc
ddu
len.
Chung
bdc
lot cong nhdn ta mot each vd
Cling tdn nhdn".
Trong ban Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap le ra nen nhic chuyen nghin ddi, va nhkc den
nhiing ke thvi nghin ddi cua dan
toe.
Viet Lich
sic
nUdc
ta
{ivi
nam 2979 tnf6e Cong
nguyen den nam 1942)
Bac c6
den hang
ehue
cau nhin ke thii ay:
Niidc Tdu
cay

the
dong
ngUbi
Keo qudn dp biic giong noi Viet Nam
roi:
Anh hiing thay 6ng Li Bon,
Tdi kiem van vd,
sHc
hOn
mudn
ngUbi.
Ddnh Tdu duoi
sgch ra
ngodi
Cong Mai Hac Bediing ra ddnh Tdu
dng Trdn Hitng Dao cam ddu
Diing mitu du kich ddnh Tdu tan hoang
Nguyin Hue
Id
bdc phi
thiCdng
May Idn ddnh duoi qudn xdm gidc Tdu
The
sao ci
day khong nhae mot ehien cong nao nhif vay?
Chung ta nhin lai hodn cdnh: Hoa quan sip nhap Viet roi, chung ta nhin lai
ngiCbi
nghe: trong Dong minh hoi ay c6 Tau, chung ta nhin lai
ngi/cn
noi: Bac bay

gid
vHa
la Nguyen Ai Quoc,
viLa
lam nhiem vu Ho Chi Minh. Chu tich Ho Chi Minh
vHa
dai dien cho Dang
viXa
dai dien cho mot Chinh phu lam thdi, trong ay
c6
\im ke
than Tau va Chinh phu ay
c6
quyen hoac duyet tnfde hoac phan ling sau ban Tuyen
ngon Bac
doc.
Nhiing gifla ngiidi noi va nhan dan da c6 mot hieu ngam 16n, mot thong cam
16n.
Cling mot each hieu ngira rieng de dien dich
Idi
van. Theo code ay, ong Ho Chi
Minh tiic la ong Nguyin Ai Quoc. Va nhu the Viet Nam mdi tiic la Cong hoa dan
chu roi, Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia mai sau nfla. Ciing theo code ay, thi c6 nhiing
dieu ta khong
noi,
khong can
noi
het, nhiing ta
se
lam nhieu.

rrr,
— BINH GIANG VAN
12
CHON LOG 17
"T6i
noi dong bdo
nghe
rd
kkong?'.
Va do la sU "tiep xiic" gifla Bac va
dong
bao,
dong
bao khong nhutng cua thu do ma ca
nU6c,
khong nhiing d
thdi
dai Ho Chi Minh
ma mai mai sau nay.
Ngay
nay Bac khong con la vi Chu tich cua Chinh phu lam
thdi
phttc tap ay,
Ngifdi
nghe
dau con cac
thil
Dong
minh can tranh thu kia, nhuing noi dung doc lap,
cong

hoa ciing diidc nang len nhiing t^m cao hdn, sung man hdn,
dong
bao ca nii6c
Cling
da thanh dan toe anh hiing. The nhiing gia
tri
ban Tuyen
ngon
khong he thay
doi
Trai
lai, hinh
nhii
di xa trong
thdi
gian, gat bo cai
tinh
chat tam
thdi,
no
cang
CO*
tinh
vinh
cvLu.
Vinh c\ia trong ay la van de Ian dau tien nhd c6 Bac, nhd c6 Dang,
dan la chu, lam chu non
song
va chu
cuoc

ddi minh. "Toi noi dong bdo
nghe
rd
khong?'
- Thiia Bac, Bac di xa roi, nhiing chiing con con
nghe
ro. Con
chau
muon
ddi
sau con
nghe
ro Khong nhiing
nghe
ma con nhu thay ca bau
trdi
xanh cao ca,
cua
sang
Tuyen ngon.
(Theo
Che'Lan
Vifin
-
Ngoai
vi tba,
NXB
Thuan
Hoa,
Hu6',

1987)
Bai3:
BAN
HUNG VAN CUA DAN
TOC
Phan
Huy Diing
' I. HOAN CANH RA DC)I VA VI TRI LICH SU" CUA
TUY^N
NG6N
DOC LAP
Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap
dvidc
khdi thao tai can nha so 48 ph6' H^ng Ngang (Ha
Noi) sau
ngay
nhan daii Thu do gianh diidc chinh quyen (19 - 8 - 1945) va sau
ngay
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh tii Viet Bic ve Ha Noi (26 - 8 -
1945).
Ngay
2 - 9 - 1945,
Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap da diidc Ho Chi Minh thay mat Chinh phu lam
thdi
cua midc
Viet Nam Dan chu

Cong
hoa doc tai quang- tnidng Ba Dinh tni6c hang
chuc
van
dong
bao.
Tuyen ngdn Doc lap la van kien lich s\i quan trong bac nhat cua Viet Nam
trong
the ki XX. No tuyen bo
cham
dijtt
che do thuc dan,
phong
kien ci ntrdc ta va md
ra
ki nguyen doc
Ifip
tii
do cua dan toe. Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap da dat den
dinh
cao cua
the van ehinh luan v6i
nghe
thuat lap luan chat che, sic ben va Idi le hung hon, day
loi
cuoh.
18 A
TRANDtNHSlJ(Chubi6n)

IL
DOI
TtrONG
TAG
DONG
VA MUC DICH Hl/dNG T6I CUA
TUYEN
NGONDOCLAP
Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap la tac ph^m thi hien rat ro quan diem "viet" cua Ho Chi
Minh.
Hai
vftn
de
viet
cho ai va
viet
de Idm gi da difdc Ngiidi quan
triet
that sU
sau sac.
Can
CTj[
vao cau chiJ ndi tren be mat van ban, ta biet doi tifdng hiJ6ng tdi tnfdc
het cua ban Tuyen
ngon
chinh la
dong
bao ca midc va nhan dan the gicli noi chung.

Dieu nay mang
tinh
chat hien nhien, khong c6 gi phai ban cai.
Tuy nhien, van de doi tiidng tiep nhkn ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap khong
hoan
toan ddn gian nhu vifa
tiinh
bay. Su thiic \k khi viet Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap, Ho Chi
Minh
con nghi den sU tiep nhan n6 cua lu ke cii6p dang mUu toan bop
chet
chinh
quyen
each
mang non tre cua chung ta. Lu ke cxidp do la quan Tu^ng Gicli Thach cl
phia Bkc va quan Anh cl phia Nam. Di sau Ivfng quan Anh la quan Phap. Do dang
nuoi ke
hoach
tai chiem
Dong
Difdng nen
Phap
da tung ra luan dieu:
Dong
Diidng
von la

thuoc
dia cua Phap,
Phap
c6
cong
khai hoa xii sd nay nen bay gid trd lai la le
difdng nhien khi phat xit Nh&t da bi
Dong
minh danh bai.
T\i
nhiing dieu da phan
tich,
ta hieu ro muc dich hu6ng t6i cua ban Tuyen
ngon
la tuyen bo' nen doc l&p cua n\idc Viet Nam, khang dinh sii ton tai hdp
phap
cua Chinh phu lam
thdi
nU6c
Viet Nam Dan chu
Cong
hoa va dap tan
nhuing
lu^n dieu xao tra ma bon de
quoc
difa ra nhSm don dildng cho mot ke
hoach
xam li/dc mdi.
HI.
BO cue VA TfNH THUYET PHUC TRONG CACH LAP LUAN CUA

BAN
TUYEN NGON
1.
Phan
trich
dkh md dau tac pham
Md
dau ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap cua
nvfdc
Viet Nam Dan chu
Cong
hoa, Ho
Chi
Minh da din ra nhCtag
Idi
bat hu trong ban Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap 1776 cua Mi va
ban Tuyen
ngon
Nhan
quyen
va Ddn
quyen
1791 cua
each
mang Phap. Day la sii
mci dau c6 can nhkc

ki,
the hien
each
danh dich
bang
chien thuat "g4y ong dap
liing
ong" (dung
H
le cua ke
thii
de phan bac lai chung).
V6i
hai
doan
trich
din tieu bieu, Ho Chi Minh muon nhkc
\u
de
quoc
nh6 lai
nh-ang
Idi
day chi U cua cha ong chiing v6i mot chiit ran de: hay coi chvtag, cac
ngUdi
dang di ngUdc lai nhflng U tUclng cao quy ma moi
ngiidi
thijfa
nhan, dang lam vay
b^n

ngon
cd nhan dao ma to tien cac
ngifdi
ttfng
giUdng
cao.
Cung v6i phan
trich
dkn nay, Ho Chi Minh da lam
sang
to
tinh
chat hdp
quy luat cua
each
mang Vi^t Nam trong xu the ^hat
trien
chung cua
each
mang the
BtNH
GIANG
VAN 12 CHQN LQC ^ 19
gi6i,
da nghiem nhien dat cuoc Cach mang thang Tam cua ta ngang hang
v6i
nhiing
cuoc
each mang
noi

tieng khac cua the
gi6i
trong thdi can daL
Khi chon each mci dau Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap nhu da noi, Ho Chi Minh gian
tiep khang dinh ban Enh van hoa vQng vang cua ngifdi Viet Nam
-
cai ban linh cho
phep ta tiep thu va chuyen hoa difdc nhiJng thanh qua cua cac nen van hoa khac va
cua nen van minh nhan loai. Ho Chi Minh da chi ro: cuoc Cach mang thang Tam
khong phai la
cuoc
each mang cua chii nghia dan
toe
hep hoi.
Nhin chung, nhd uy tin khong ai choi cai diidc ciia hai ban Tuyen ngon da
diidc trich din, F, Chi Minh da xac lap
dUdc
tii tUdng nen tang cho ban Tuyen ngon
cua
niicic
Viet N .a Dan chu Cong hoa, dung no lam ch6 diia de khang dinh chan
H
sang ngdi cua each mang Viet Nam va de bac bo thijt
li
luan an ciidp ma bon de quoc
da tung ra.
Can noi them la trong khi trich din hai ban Tuyen ngon cua Mi va cua
Phap,

Ho Chi Minh da chu y phat trien
cac
tif tiicing da
c6.
Su "suy rong"
tvi
quyen
Idi bat kha xam pham cua ca nhan con ngiidi sang quyen binh dang c6 tinh chat
difdng nhien cua cac dan toe qua la mot dong
gop
h luan day y nghia
cho
phong trao
giai phong dan
toe
tren the gidi.
2.
Phan ke toi thi^c dan Phap
Phin thijf hai cua ban Tuyen ngon bat dau tvf hai chii "the ma" chijta diing
nhieu kich tinh va c6 tinh chat nhif mot cai ban le. Trong phan nay, Ho Chi Minh
da tap trung li le de chijtng minh cho nhan dan the gidi thay ro nhiing toi
16n
khong
the dung thii cua thiic dan Phap doi vdi dan toe Viet Nam. Co the noi mot each
ng^n gon ve toi cua chung la da ap biic tan te dan ta va da bo rdi niidc ta khi phat
xit Nhat tien
vao
Dong Dildng.
Viec ke toi thuc dan Phap cho thay nhan quan chinh tri nhay ben cua Ho
Chi Minh va cua nhiing ngiidi lanh dao each mang Viet Nam khi

do.
Vao thdi diem
nay, ke thu nguy hiem tnidc mat chiing ta chinh la thUc dan Phap. Nhiem vu dat
ra la phai phu dinh nhiing
H
do ma chung da diia ra nhim hdp phap hoa ke hoach
tai chiem Dong
Diidng,
ivi
do,
tranh thu sii ung ho cua nhan loai tien bo
doi v6i
cuoc
khang chien sdm muon cung
se
bat dau.
Dau tien, tac gia Tuyen ngon noi tdi "cong lao khai hoa" cua thUc dan Phap
bang mot loat dan chiing mang tinh chat phan de. Cac dan chiing do rat cu the
ma ciing rat toan dien vi chiing diidc tap hdp tren hai nhom
Idn:
chinh tri, van
hod
va kinh te. Tac gia cho thay trong hdn 80 nam do ho, thiic dan Phap da dat dUdc
nhiing "thanh tich": thu tieu moi quyen tii do dan chii, chia re ba ki, tam mau cac
phong trao yeu nvfdc va each mang, thi hanh chinh sach ngu dan, diu doc dan ta
bang thuoc phien, riidu con, vd vet tai nguyen, cua cai, dat ra nhieu thut thue v6
20 TRAN DINH
SU"
(Chu bign)
li,

chen
ep cac nha tii san Viet Nam, lam ban
cung
hoa cac tang 16p nhan dan
lao
dong,
Trong phan tiep do, de dap lai nhiing Idi
khoe
cong
"bao ho" cua bon thvtc
dan, ban Tuyen
ngon
da chi ro: "trong 5 nam, chung da ban nii6c ta hai Ian cho
Nhat"
va vi hanh
dong
do ma chiing da gay nen nan doi tham
khoc
cuoi 1944 dau
1945. Khi noi den sU dau hang cua Phap, ban Tuyen
ngon
muoh chi cho phe
Dong
Minh
thg^y rang thiic dan
Phap
da phan boi ho, da khong chiu lam
theo
chu trifdng
lien

ket cac lUc lifdng
chong
phat xit cua ho, te hdn, da hen ha giet nhieu tu chinh
tri
khi
chay
tron Nhat. Dac biet, khi de cap van de nay, ban Tuyen
ngon
da ch&ig
minh
tinh
chat dieu tra cua cai
lu£ln
dieu cho r^ng:
Dong
Difdng vkn la
thuoc
dia
ciia Phap,
Phap
van c6 quyen cai tri
Dong
Dudng. Ho Chi Minh da may Ian dung
hai
chii "sii that" de h' le dua ra cua ban Tuyen
ngon
them vutag vang, chat che: "Su
that
la tif mua thu nam 1940, nildc ta da thanh
thuoc

dia cua Nhat, chii khong phai
thuoc
dia cua
Phap
nQa", "Su that la dan ta da lay lai nii6c Viet Nam tuf tay Nhat
chii
khong phai tvi tay Phap".
Cach
diing tvi cua Ho Chi Minh trong phan viet nay het siic dich dang.
Trong dai tif "chung" diidc lap lai nhieu Ian de chi bon thUc dan
Phap
ta thay don tu
bao sU cam gian va khinh bi. Them vao do, v6i cum tvt "quy go'i dau hang'', tac gia
da thiic
sU
phdi
tran
ban chat de hen cua ke luon v6 ngiic tu xifng minh la an nhan
ciia
ngiidi
Viet Nam.
Sau tat ca nhCfng Idi
buoc
toi day can cii tvi goc do cua nan nhan, ban Tuyen
ngon
di t6i mot tuyen bo' c6 y nghia
phap
li het siic quan trong: "Bcii the cho nen
chung toi. Lam
thdi

Chinh phu cua nii6c Viet Nam mdi, dai dien cho toan dan
Viet Nam tuyen bo thoat li han quan he v6i Phap, xoa bo het nhutng hiep
if6c
ma
Phap
da ki ve niidc Viet Nam, xoa bo tat ca moi dac quyen cua
Phap
tren dat
nU6c
Viet Nam".
L6-gic
cua van de ci day qua la mot
16-gic
thep!
3. Phan neu cao vai tro lanh dao each mang cua Viet Minh cung
siic
manh cua kho'i doan ket toan dan
•
Trong khi lot bo cai mat na gia nhan gia nghia cua thiic dan Phap, Ho Chi
Minh
da
dong
thdi
lam ro vai tro lanh dao
each
mang c6 hieu qua va khong the phu
nhan cua Viet Minh ciing nhif no lUc cua toan dan Viet Nam quyet tam gianh
tii
do,
doc lap.

Ban Tuyen
ngon
da nhieu Ian
dong
nhat Viet Minh v6i dan toe, khang dinh
Viet Minh la mot to chiic
each
mang chan chinh da diing ve phe
Dong
minh
chong
phat xit, da lanh dao dan toe "danh do cac xich xieng thiic dan gan 100 nam nay de
gay dung nen
nU6c
Viet Nam doc lap", da "danh do che do quan chu may mUdi the
BINH
GIANG VAN 12 CHON LQC 21
ki
ma lap nen che do
cong
hoa". Mot to chiic nhxi the, mot hie liidng nhu the lam gi
ding quang minh chinh dai ma hanh
dong
cxhi giiip ke thu cu luc chiing that the la
mot bieu hien
sang
ngdi.
T\i
cho neu len nhiing s\i that ranh ranh nhxl vto phan tich, ban Tuyen
ngon

diia
ra tuyen bo: "Mot dan toe da gan goc
chong
ach no le cua
Phap
hdn 80 nam
nay, mot dan toe da gan goc diing ve phe
Dong
minh
chong
phat xit may nam nay,
dan toe do phai
dUde
tu do! Dan toe do phai
dUde
doe lap!". De Idi tuyen bo nay eo
them siic nang, tac gia Tuyen
ngon
da nh^c cac niidc de
quoc
nhd lai
viec
ho cam ket
cong
nhan nhiing nguyen t^c dan toe binh
dSng
b hai hoi nghi to chiic
each
day
chiia lau tai Te-he-rang va Cilu Kim Sdn.

Viec
vien din thiic te va
that
buoc
ve li le
nhii
the qua het siic diing cho va can thiet, lam tang them siic manh lap luan cho
toan tac pham.
Ket thue ban Tuyen ngon, Ho Chi Minh neu len mot kha nang hien thiic c6 thi
khien
lii de
quoc
phai de chiing, e ngai: "Nifdc Viet Nam eo quyen hiiclng tU do va
doc lap, va sii that da thanh mot niide tii do, doe lap.
Toan
the dan toe Viet Nam
quyet dem tat ca
tinh
than va liic lUdng,
tinh
mang va cua cai de
giii
vQng quyen tii
do, doc lap ay". Vdi
doan
viet nay. Ho Chi Minh da lam ndi ro siic manh cua chung
ta
vC(a tren phifdng dien
H
le viia tren phiidng dien thiic

liie.
IV.
KET LUAN
Tuyen
ngon
Doc lap xiing dang la ban hung van cua dan toe ta. No da diide Ho
Chi
Minh viet ra v6i biet bao tam huyet va trong niem
sang
khoai
tinh
thin
v6 tan.
Doc ban Tuyen ngon, ta thay ro quan diem
sang
tac cua Ho Chi Minh, du ang van
nay da diidc viet ra thay mat ca mot dan toe anh hung;
22 TRAN DINH SU" (Chu bign)
TuantM4
PHAMVAND6NG ,
NGUYEN DINH CHIEU, NG6I SAO SANG
TRONG VAN NGHE CUA DAN TOG
Bai 1:
MOT BAI VAN NGHI LUAN SAU SAC VA CAM
DONG
Do Ngoc Thong
1.
Lau nay, trong chifdng trinh mon Ngfl van
b
nha tnfdng pho thong, van nghi

luan chi diidc chii trong
ci
phan Lam van; viec phan tich, doc - hieu, giang van cac
tac ph^m van nghi luan it difdc chu
y.
So tac ph^m nghi luan hien dai dufdc difa vao
giang van, phan tich va hif6ng din hoc sinh doc - hieu la rat it so v6i van chifdng
hinh tUdng (truyen ngftn, tieu thuyet, but ki, thd,
v.v ).
Viec day va hoc mot so tac
pham nghi lu£ln (trung dai va hien dai) cung con phien dien. Khi phan tich nhiing
tac pham nhu Hick tiidng si (Tr£n Quoc Tuan), Dai cdo hinh Ngo (Nguyen Trai),
Tuyen ngon
Doc
lap (Ho Chi
Minh),
phan 16n giao vien va hoc sinh chi chu y den
noi dung, tap trung khai thac tU tifcing yeu nvicic, cam thu giac, tinh than quyet
chien, quyet thing, niS'm tu h^o dan toe, v.v Viec khai thac nhiing noi dung, tii
txidng
sau sic trong cac tac puam % la hoan toan dung, tuy vay neu chi c6 the thi
jhiia dii, can thay diy con la nhang ang van nghi luan miu
mUc.
Tiic la can phan
tich, hinh gia ve dep nghe ihuat cua nhiing ang van do. Noi dung hdn la phai xuat
phat tii dac tning
v&n
nghi lufin, tii cac yeii to hinh thiic nghe thuat cua loai van
nay de chi ra ve dep cua noi dung, hi
Uidng.

Qlimg c6
nghia la thay difdc
sU
gin bo
giiia noi dung va hinh thiic cua van ban
-
tac phiim.
Vay dac tning cua van nghi luan la gi? Nfoi mot each khai quit, van nghi hxkn
la mot the loai nham phat bieu tii tiicing, tinlh cam, thai do, quan diem ciia ngiidi
BIN H GIANG VAN 12 CHON LOG 23
viet mot each tnic tiep ve van hoc hoac chinh tri, dao
dijtc,
loi song, nhiing lai diidc
trinh bay
b&ng
mot thii ngon
ngQ
trong
sang,
hung
hon,
vcii nhCtng
l^p luan chat
che,
mach lac, giau
sxic
thuyet phuc. Tuy nhien, c6 mot thUc te, nhieu khi noi den van
hoc,
van chifcfng ngifdi ta thiidng
chi

nghi den nhflng sang tac bang tifcing
tiidng,
hvi
cau nhu
thd,
truyen ngdn, tieu thuyet, truyen ki, v.v ma it nghi den van nghi luan.
Quan niem nhvf the tat nhien la phien dien, chua day du. Neu van hoc la "loai hinh
nghe thuat sang tao bSng ngon
ttf'*"
thi van nghi luan difdng nhien phai difdc
coi
la
van hoc. T\i dien Bach khoa toan thiC cvia Mi cung dinh nghia: -"Van hoc la nhiing
san pham viet cua xa hoi bang van xuoi hoac thd. Theo nghia rong, van hoc bao
gom tat ca cac kieu viet theo loi hii cau (fiction) hoac khong hxi cau (nonfiction)
nhkm muc dich xuat
ban"®.
Cung theo phan loai cua
\xL
dien nay, van nghi lulin
(essay/literature criticism) dUdc xep vao dang thiic khong hvf c^u (forms of
nonfiction). Hii cSii la mot hoat dong
cd
ban cua tvf duy hinh tiidng.
Do
la loi i\i duy
diia vao tri tu6ng tifdng de sang tao ra, "bia ra"
(nhvT
M. Go6c-ki noi) nhflng nhan
vat, cau chuyen, tinh tiet, trong cac tac pham nghe thuat. Van nghi luan khong

dung hif cau, khong
dUa
vao tri tiicing tifdng ma dila vao tii duy 16-gic nh^m tnnh
bay tu tUcing, quan diem nao do cua
ngUdi
viet.
Khac v6i van hinh tUdng, van nghi
luan trinh bay tif tifcing va thuyet phuc ngifdi doc chu yeu bang h le va lap luan.
Neu nhvf van hu cau nh^m kich thich tri
tUcing
tifdng, xay d\ing
6c
quan sat tinh te
v6i tinh cam chan thiJc va nhiing kham pha hon nhien ve thien nhien, ve ddi song
gia dinh, xa hoi, v.v thi van nghi luan nhSm hinh thanh, phat trien kha nang lap
luan chat che, trinh bay nhiing
U
le va dSn chiing mot each sang sua, giau siic
thuyet phuc; dien ta nhiing suy nghi va neu y kien rieng cua minh ve mot v^'n de
nao
do
trong cuoc song hoac trong van
hoc,
nghe thuat.
De bai van c6 siitc thuyet phuc cao, ngUdi viet phai dila ra nhiing
U
le, nhiing
lap lu&n va cac bang chttog tieu bieu, xac dang. Li le va lap luan giup ngiidi doc
hieu,'c6n bang chijtng lam ngiidi doc tin vao van de ngutdi viet neu ra. Mot khi da
hieu va tin tiic la da bi thuyet

phuc.
Li le
va lap luan trong bai van nghi luan muon
chat che, phai xuat phat tvi mot chan li hien nhien hoac mot y kien da difdc nhieu
ngiidi thCfa nhan. Nhiing y kien ay thifdng la ciia nhflng ca nhan
c6
uy tin (cac lanh
tu, cac nha van, nha khoa hoc, nha van hoa
16n,
v.v ). Li le cua bai van nghi luan
the hien
ci
he thong
cac
luan diem cua bai viet, con lap luan la each thiic tiinh bay li
le, each din dat va each neu vmi
de
cua ngifdi viet.
van nghi luan noi chung la san pham cua tii duy 16-gie, suy
li,
v\e y tii
Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sit, Nguyin KhSc Phi (dong chu bien), Tii dien thuat ngU van hoc,
NXB GD, 1992.
Encarta Encyclopedia 2000
-
Literature.
24 0- TRAN DINH
SU"
(Chu bien)
phai ro rang, lap luan phai chat che, van phong phai sang sua, bao dam do chinh

xac,
giau siic thuyet phuc, Tuy nhien, noi nhii the khong c6 nghia la van nghi
hikn chi trinh bay van de mot each kho khan, triiu tifdng, tii choi moi cam xuc va
hinh anh. Trai lai muon tang them stic thuyet phuc, ben canh
viec
"go"
vao
U
tri,
bai
van nghi luan can tac dong manh me vao tinh cam cua ngUdi doc. Muon the, ngiidi
viet van nghi luan can phai
c6
tinh cam, cam xiic
cao
do.
Ngon ngQ van nghi luan cung
cin phai hap din, loi cuon bang
cac
tii
ngU
giau hinh anh va
c6
stjtc bieu cam
cao.
Bai Nguyen Dinh Chieu - Ngdi sao sang trong van nghe dan toe la mot bai
van nghi luan tieu bieu, sau s^c cua co Thu tii6ng Pham Van Dong, vi the khi
phan tich, doc-hieu, khong the khong chii y den nhCtng net dac trvfng cua van nghi
luan
vvtSi

neu.
2.
Ngay cau
mci
dau bai viet, tac gia Pham Van Dong da nhan manh "Ngoi sao
Nguy§n
Dinh Chieu, mot nha thd 16n cua nif6c ta, dang le phai sang to hdn nuta
trong bau trdi van nghe cua dan toe, nhdt
la,
trong lue nay". Liic nay la luc nao?
Thdi diem ay rat
eo
y nghia doi v6i viec tim hieu, phan tich bai van nay.
C5
cuoi bai
viet, tac gia ghi ro: "Nhan ki niem ngay mat cua nha thd Do Chieu (3 - 7 - 1888),
dang tren Tap chi Van hoc thang
7 -
1963".
Nhvfng nam 1963 va quang thdi gian do
la nhiing nam thang nhif the nao? Vao luc Sy, dan toe ta, dat nii6c ta dang xay ra
nhCtng sU
kien gi trong dai, nhat la
b
Nam
Bo,
d
Ben Tre, que hvfdng eua nha thd Do
Chieu? Va tai sao trong boi canh lich
svi

do lai cang can lam sang to hdn ngoi sao
Nguyin Dinh Chieu?
Co the noi do la nhiing nam thang ca mien Nam song trong mau 1^, ehiu
diing biet bao hi sinh mfil'mat, dau thifdng ma vln ngang cao dau. Nh€fng thang
nam bi
hvmg
ay
eon
in dam trong thd
To
HiJu:
Co
nhitng oijg
gia.
no khdo tra
Chang khai, no chem
giiJta
san nha
Co
chi gdn sinh, khong chiu nhuc
Lay vo no dap, vot thai ra.
Oi
keldm sao hei
diCdc
anh!
Bao nhieu mau ehdy, hay dong kenh
Phai chi em gM cho anh duac
Nam dat dang nong
lica
dau tranh!

(Ld thie Ben Tre)
Do
la nhiing nam thang chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem diide sUung
ho
cua quan
Ml, nim chic bo may canh sat va quan doi, trien khai quoc sach
to
eong, truy na
nhiing ngifdi khang chien evi, biie hai nhiing gia dinh c6 ngifdi theo Caeh mang, le
BINH GIANG VAN 12 CHON LOG <- 25